G ezes-Bu che , Sand a; G ezes, Vincen
A icle
Analysing and Designing Ci cula Value Ne wo ks o
Sus ainable Tou ism – a Case S udy
ENTRENOVA - ENTe p ise REsea ch InNOVA ion
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Ci cula Value Ne wo ks o Sus ainable Tou ism – a Case S udy, ENTRENOVA - ENTe p ise REsea ch
InNOVA ion, ISSN 2706-4735, IRENET - Socie y o Ad ancing Inno a ion and Resea ch in Economy,
Zag eb, Vol. 10, Iss. 1, pp. 234-254,
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Analysing and Designing Ci cula Value
Ne wo ks o Sus ainable Tou ism – a Case
S udy
Sand a G èzes-Bü che
Ins i u e o Tou ism, HES-SO Valais/Wallis
Uni e si y o Applied Sciences and A s Wes e n Swi ze land, Swi ze land
Vincen G èzes
En ep eneu ship & Managemen Ins i u e, HES-SO Valais/Wallis
Uni e si y o Applied Sciences and A s Wes e n Swi ze land, Swi ze land
Abs ac
This explo a o y s udy add esses he lack o li e a u e on ci cula alue ne wo ks in
sus ainable ou ism ecosys ems. The au ho s a gue ha ci cula , c oss-indus ial alue
ne wo ks can op imize he use o bo h angible and in angible esou ces wi hin a
ou ism egion, os e ing sus ainable de elopmen . This is pa icula ly ele an gi en
ou ism's signi ican CO2 emissions and i s ole in add essing SDGs such as goals 3
(good heal h and well-being), 8 (sus ainable economic g ow h), and 12 (sus ainable
consump ion and p oduc ion). The cen al esea ch ques ions a e: “How can unused
egional esou ces in a ou ism con ex be alo ised?” and "How does in eg a ing
ci cula alue ne wo ks in a ou ism des ina ion con ibu e o sus ainable
de elopmen ?" Using sys emic design me hodology (Ba is oni e al., 2019), he
esea che s iden i y unused esou ces and exis ing and po en ial c oss-indus ial
ci cula alue ne wo ks in he Regional Na u e Pa k P yn-Finges in he can on o Valais,
Swi ze land. They analyse selec ed alue ne wo ks, examining hei po en ial,
challenges, and impac on all h ee dimensions o sus ainabili y, and design ideal
alue ne wo ks based on hese indings. The s udy highligh s he signi ican po en ial
o unused esou ces o enhance ci cula mul i-ac o alue ne wo ks wi hin a ou ism
des ina ion, con ibu ing o all aspec s o sus ainabili y and boos ing he des ina ion's
esilience.
Keywo ds: Ci cula economy, alue ne wo ks, sys emic design, sus ainable ou ism,
egional na u e pa k
JEL classi ica ion: R11 Regional Economic Ac i i y: G ow h, De elopmen ,
En i onmen al Issues, and Changes
Pape ype: Resea ch a icle
Recei ed: 10 Ma ch 2024
Accep ed: 1 Sep embe 2024
DOI: 10.54820/en eno a-2024-0020
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In oduc ion
The ou ism indus y is acing nume ous challenges including clima e change,
en i onmen al deg ada ion, global compe i ion, e ol ing ou is needs, and global
heal h c ises like COVID-19, which ha e exposed i s ulne abili ies. Tou ism's
en i onmen al impac is pa adoxical: i signi ican ly ha ms he en i onmen h ough
high ene gy and wa e use, ood was e, CO2 emissions, and a ic, ye he appeal o
ou ism elies hea ily on he beau y o landscapes and p is ine na u e. Despi e global
e o s owa ds making ou ism sus ainable and esilien , p og ess emains insu icien ,
necessi a ing new s a egies o add ess hese mul i ace ed issues (Niewiadomski &
B oude , 2024).
The concep o Ci cula Economy (CE) is o en seen as a p omising app oach o
ope a ionalize he p inciples o sus ainable de elopmen (Ki chhe e al., 2017). A CE
p esen s an al e na i e o he linea ' ake-make-use-dispose' model by highligh ing he
need o con inuous ci cula ma e ial and ene gy lows, hus minimizing was e (Bo ello
e al., 2017). S a egies ha cha ac e ize a ci cula economy include op imizing
ma e ial usage, ex ending he li espan o p oduc s and hei componen s, and
enhancing he e iciency o p oduc use and manu ac u ing (Ki chhe e al., 2017).
To da e, CE esea ch has p ima ily ocused on he manu ac u ing sec o , wi h
pa icula emphasis on enginee ing and scien i ic echnologies (Rod iguez e al.,
2020). In con as , esea ch on se ice-o ien ed indus ies, such as ou ism, emains
limi ed (Eina sson & So in, 2020). Mo eo e , mos exis ing esea ch linking CE and
ou ism has concen a ed on mic o-le el applica ions, pa icula ly om en i onmen al
and business managemen pe spec i es, no ably wi hin ho els and es au an s
(Ren o s, 2022). Eina sson & So in (2020) emphasize ha collabo a ion and join alue
c ea ion among s akeholde s wi hin alue ne wo ks a e c ucial o he success o
ci cula and sus ainabili y ini ia i es. The e o e, mo e esea ch in ol ing ne wo k-le el
in es iga ions, and a mul i-s akeholde pe spec i e is needed (Ren o s, 2022).
This pape aims o ill his gap by iden i ying unused esou ces and explo ing bo h
exis ing and po en ial c oss-indus ial ci cula alue ne wo ks in he Regional Na u e
Pa k P yn-Finges, loca ed in he Can on o Valais, Swi ze land. The key esea ch
ques ions a e “How can unused egional esou ces in a ou ism con ex be alo ised?”
and "How does in eg a ing ci cula alue ne wo ks in a ou ism des ina ion con ibu e
o sus ainable de elopmen ?".
This explo a o y s udy adop s a sys emic app oach (Ba is oni e al., 2019),
conduc ing a holis ic analysis o he case s udy egion by examining i s po en iali ies
and c i icali ies, unused esou ces, and c oss-indus ial alue ne wo ks. The s udy hen
del es in o selec ed alue ne wo ks, e alua ing hei po en ial, challenges, and
impac ac oss all h ee dimensions o sus ainabili y. Addi ionally, i p oposes
enhancemen s o exis ing alue ne wo ks o op imize hei o e all impac . The au ho s
a gue ha be e managemen o bo h angible and in angible local esou ces
h ough ci cula app oaches and c oss-indus ial alue ne wo ks can signi ican ly
boos he sus ainable de elopmen and esilience o ou ism des ina ions.
Cu en s a e o knowledge
Ci cula Economy
The concep o a CE p o ides an al e na i e o he cu en linea and unsus ainable
economic model, which ollows a " ake, make, use, dispose" app oach (Ghisellini e
al., 2016; Ko honen e al., 2018). Ins ead, CE ad oca es o a ci cula and egene a i e
sys em ha minimizes esou ce inpu , was e, emissions, and ene gy leakage
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(Geissdoe e e al., 2017). As a egene a i e sys em, CE no only es o es na u al
esou ces bu also enhances human and social capi al by c ea ing meaning ul
employmen oppo uni ies and p omo ing a mo e equi able dis ibu ion o esou ces
and inancial capi al. The CE concep d aws inspi a ion om na u al ecosys ems
h ough biomimic y, aiming o main ain con inuous ma e ial and ene gy lows wi h
minimal was e (Bo ello e al., 2017).
Co e s a egies o p omo ing ci cula i y include app oaches ha di ec ly add ess
ma e ial and p oduc esou ces, as well as hose ha engage alue ne wo ks o
a ious s akeholde s. S a egies ocused on p oduc s ollow he R amewo k, which
anges om he basic 3 Rs ( educe, euse, ecycle) o he comp ehensi e 9 Rs
( eco e , ecycle, epu pose, emanu ac u e, e u bish, epai , euse, educe, e hink,
and e use). These s a egies aim o ex end he li ecycle and e iciency o p oduc s
(Geissdoe e e al., 2017; Ki chhe e al., 2017). In e ms o ne wo k c ea ion, ci cula
economy (CE) li e a u e has p edominan ly ocused on indus ial symbiosis ne wo ks,
which a e conside ed a p omising applica ion o achie ing esou ce e iciency.
Indus ial symbiosis in ol es a ious indus ies collabo a ing o gain a compe i i e
ad an age by exchanging ma e ials, ene gy, wa e , and by-p oduc s. The co e
elemen s o indus ial symbiosis include coope a ion and he syne gis ic oppo uni ies
a ising om geog aphic p oximi y (Che ow, 2000). Al hough he e m sugges s a
p ima y ocus on indus ial p oduc ion and p ac ices, i s scope ex ends beyond his
a ea. Indus ial symbiosis ne wo ks can b oaden hei exchanges o include sec o s
such as ag icul u e, ho icul u e, o es y, ishe ies, municipal and u ban (Ma in &
Ha is, 2018), and ou ism sys ems.
Fo CE ini ia i es o succeed, bo h angible and in angible esou ces, as well as
geog aphical and o ganised p oximi ies, play a c ucial ole. Local angible esou ces
encompass na u al esou ces, in as uc u e, equipmen , and bo h o ganic and
ino ganic was e ha can be ecycled o epu posed. Local in angible esou ces
include know-how, skills, cul u al he i age, and communi y ne wo ks, which play a i al
ole in shaping and implemen ing CE ini ia i es, e lec ing he a ea's iden i y and
alues. Geog aphical p oximi y s eamlines ma e ial anspo , p omo es esou ce
sha ing, and enables p ojec s o align wi h he unique a ibu es o he a ea. Mo eo e ,
i acili a es coo dina ion and communica ion among local s akeholde s. O ganised
p oximi y, cha ac e ized by he ela ional dynamics among local s akeholde s and
s eng hened by a sha ed sense o belonging and common alues, os e s a s ong
commi men o CE ini ia i es (Chembessi e al., 2024).
Chembessi e al. (2024) ca ego ize local esou ces in o ancho ed and ans e able
ypes. Ancho ed esou ces a e speci ic o a egion, such as local clima e, biodi e si y,
and adi ional p ac ices. T ans e able esou ces, like ene gy, wa e , and ce ain
knowledge, can be eloca ed and applied uni e sally. This dis inc ion unde sco es
ha while some CE solu ions a e globally applicable, o he s a e ailo ed o local
condi ions (Chembessi e al., 2024).
Ci cula economy and sus ainabili y
A CE closely aligns wi h he goals o sus ainable ou ism de elopmen (Ghisellini e al.,
2016; Ki chhe e al., 2017). In addi ion o i s en i onmen al objec i e o minimizing
ma e ial and ene gy inpu s wi hin p oduc ion-consump ion sys ems and educing
was e emissions, a CE also signi ican ly con ibu es o sus ainable de elopmen on
economic and social le els. Economically, implemen ing a CE seeks o lowe cos s
associa ed wi h aw ma e ials, ene gy, was e managemen , emissions con ol, and
he isks ela ed o en i onmen al egula ions and axa ion. I also aims o spu
inno a ion in p oduc design and c ea e new ma ke oppo uni ies o businesses. On
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a socie al scale, he undamen als o a sha ing economy ake p ecedence,
emphasizing he signi icance o a communi y o use s collec i ely sha ing alue,
se ices, o unc ions e icien ly, p io i izing his o e indi idual consump ion (Ko honen
e al., 2018).
Ne e heless, an analysis by Ki chhe e al. (2017) indica es ha mos au ho s and
p ac i ione s p edominan ly emphasize he economic bene i s o he CE model, wi h
en i onmen al conce ns ollowing closely behind. In con as , Geissdoe e e al.
(2017) disco e ed ha he ocus o mos scien i ic pape s leans owa d en i onmen al
issues. Howe e , bo h s udies concu ha social issues ecei e compa a i ely less
a en ion (Geissdoe e e al., 2017; Ki chhe e al., 2017).
When examining he con ibu ion o a CE o sus ainabili y, i becomes impe a i e
o e alua e he holis ic sus ainabili y impac o each case, as me e ma e ial cycling
o sha ing o goods does no gua an ee sus ainabili y. Fo example, u ilizing o es
esidues o enewable ene gy may appea sus ainable on he su ace, ye i could
dis up o es ecosys ems. Fu he mo e, he p oduc ion o enewable ene gy i sel
demands ene gy and esul s in was e gene a ion. Social and economic dimensions
a e also in luenced; o ins ance, he es ablishmen o a local ood ne wo k based on
CE p inciples migh inad e en ly diminish job oppo uni ies and gi e ise o new
challenges. This in ica e in e connec edness unde sco es ha ad ancemen s in one
domain may engende complexi ies elsewhe e (Ko honen e al., 2018).
Ci cula Economy and ou ism
While he CE has adi ionally been ocusing on p oduc manu ac u ing and esou ce-
in ensi e sec o s, i s applica ion wi hin se ice-o ien ed indus ies like ou ism is
inc easingly ecognized as c ucial. Eina sson & So in (2020) emphasize ha he CE
concep spans he en i e economy, equi ing engagemen om all s akeholde s
ac oss di e se indus ies o achie e he essen ial ci cula ans o ma ion. This is
pa icula ly impo an , as se ice-o ien ed indus ies like he a el sec o , wi h i s
ex ensi e alue chain and ecosys em, exe conside able demand on esou ces
anging om ma e ials and ene gy o land, buildings, ehicles, ex iles, and
consumables. Mo eo e , he ou ism indus y is complex and connec ed o many
o he sec o s, so sol ing i s p oblems needs comp ehensi e solu ions (B own & Wya ,
2010). The CE, being a sys emic app oach ha ope a es ac oss mic o, meso, and
mac o le els (Ki chhe e al., 2017), o e s e ec i e solu ions o he ou ism indus y's
social, economic, and en i onmen al issues (Eina sson & So in, 2020).
Ci cula ou ism encompasses ac ions such as eco e y, euse, e i aliza ion,
alo isa ion, and egene a ion o bo h angible and in angible esou ces. Rega ding
angible esou ces, Manniche e al. (2017) a gue ha i is c ucial o ecognize he CE
as an app oach ha in ol es eimagining ou ism companies as p oduce s o a ious
by-p oduc s and esou ces ha can be epu posed a he han disca ded. Fo
in angible esou ces, Gi a d and Nocca (2017) emphasize ha ci cula ou ism mus
also p o ec and in eg a e cul u al and na u al he i age. Reusing cul u al and na u al
asse s can c ea e jobs, s imula e new businesses, gene a e ax e enues, p ese e
wildli e habi a s, and enhance ec ea ional oppo uni ies while e i ing cul u al
alues. Addi ionally, ou ism can help sus ain unique local knowledge, including
alues, language, and skills. In his way, ci cula ou ism helps p ese e collec i e
memo y amid apid change (Gi a d & Nocca, 2017).
In he ou ism con ex , Janin & Pe on (2014) di e en ia e be ween gene ic
esou ces, such as uel, o undi e en ia ed ood p oduc s (such as milk and mea ),
and hose ha a e speci ic due o hei unique modes o p oduc ion o hei signi ican
in e ac ion wi h he e i o y and he his o ical con ex o he ac o s in ol ed. Examples
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in ou ism include Reblochon cheese in Hau e-Sa oie o silk p oduc ion in he Mon s
du Lyonnais. In ou ism, i is essen ial o adop an app oach cen ed on e i o ial
esou ces, con as ing wi h pu ely economic pe spec i es ha o en sepa a e sec o s
and indus ies. This e i o ial app oach b eaks down ba ie s, os e s collabo a ion, and
aims o add ess bo h ma ke and non-ma ke goals, including social and e i o ial
de elopmen . I also enhances economic g ow h by di e en ia ing p oduc s and
inc easing e i o ial appeal. Wi hin a e i o y, a esou ce is no jus “a p oduc and a
use”; i is sys emic, encompassing bo h ma e ial and imma e ial elemen s ha
dis inguish he e i o y. Valo ising hese unique esou ces di e en ia es he e i o y
and os e s “ e i o ial making,” in ol ing di e se use s, like esiden s and second
homeowne s (Janin & Pe on, 2014).
Ren o s (2022) e iewed ecen de elopmen s in CE esea ch in he ou ism sec o
and ound ha s udies ha e mainly ocused on mic o-le el applica ions, pa icula ly
in en i onmen al and business managemen a eas, such as ho els and es au an s.
Eme ging opics include ci cula consump ion beha iou , he in eg a ion o CE wi h
sma ou ism, local supply chain collabo a ion, and he c ea ion o ci cula ou ism
des ina ions. Ren o s (2022) sugges s add essing esea ch gaps by adop ing a mul i-
s akeholde app oach and expanding esea ch o he des ina ion le el, in ol ing a
wide ange o s akeholde s. She ecommends ha ou ism esea che s shi hei ocus
o he mac o le el o be e unde s and CE in ou ism, emphasizing he impo ance o
engaging local s akeholde s, such as hose in na u al cosme ics, ex iles, o u ni u e
indus ies, o ad ance CE ini ia i es.
To sum up, CE esea ch has p ima ily ocused on ma e ial and ene gy lows, wi h
less emphasis on in angible esou ces. Howe e , since CE encompasses he en i e
economy, i is logical o also in eg a e in angible esou ces. In he ou ism sec o ,
le e aging unique e i o ial esou ces is c ucial o di e en ia ing o e ings. These
esou ces can include bo h angible by-p oduc s and in angible cul u al he i age. The
au ho s a gue o conside ing a wide ange o esou ces, such as was e, human, and
inancial asse s. Addi ionally, cu en esea ch on ou ism and CE o en lacks a mul i-
s akeholde pe spec i e ha iews he des ina ion and i s in e sec ions wi h ela ed
indus ies as he p ima y uni o analysis. The e o e, he au ho s sugges a sys emic
app oach ha conside s he ou ism indus y's in e sec ions wi h sec o s like o es y,
ag icul u e, and cons uc ion.
Case s udy egion
The case s udy co e s he a ea o he P yn-Finges Na u e Pa k in Valais, Swi ze land
including he p incipal des ina ions o C ans-Mon ana and Leuk Leuke bad egion,
known o i s he mal ba hs. The P yn-Finges Na u e Pa k consis s o 12 municipali ies
wi h a o al a ea o 279 km², anging in ele a ion om 500 o 4,153 me e s. The C ans-
Mon ana municipal associa ion comp ises h ee municipali ies ha a e also pa o
he P yn-Finges Na u e Pa k and ex end up o he Plaine Mo e Glacie a nea ly 3,000
me e s in ele a ion.
Al hough he wo loca ions a e geog aphically close, hey exhibi signi ican
opog aphical and biological di e ences due o a ia ions in al i ude and e ain.
F om a ou ism pe spec i e, he wo egions also a ac e y di e en a ge g oups.
Addi ionally, he esiden s speak wo di e en languages: Ge man and F ench.
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Me hodology
The au ho s d aw on sys emic design me hodology (Bis agnino, 2011). This app oach
aims o con e heo e ical knowledge in o p ac ical change s a egies ailo ed o he
needs and capaci ies o speci ic egions o communi ies and de e mine he igh le el
o ep oducibili y (Ba be o & Bicocca, 2015). Fo his s udy, he me hodology was
modi ied as ollows:
1. Da a Collec ion: The esea che s conduc ed a holis ic diagnosis by collec ing
quali a i e da a om mul iple sou ces, including expe in e iews, desk op
esea ch, analysis o epo s and scien i ic s udies o he conce ned des ina ions,
di ec obse a ions, and in o mal discussions wi h key s akeholde s. The au ho s' in-
dep h knowledge o he egion and hei ex ensi e expe ience in ou ism esea ch
helped hem o connec and en ich he collec ed in o ma ion (Reason &
B adbu y, 2008). Fi e in e iews wi h des ina ion expe s we e conduc ed using he
snowball sampling me hod (Nade i a e al., 2017). This esea ch aimed o iden i y
esou ces in he ou ism indus y and ela ed sec o s, such as ag icul u e and
o es y, ha could be alo ised, as well as exis ing examples and ideas o ci cula
economy alue ne wo ks. The analysis also ocused on assessing he po en iali ies
and c i icali ies ela ed o hese examples and he des ina ions in gene al.
2. Da a Analysis and Sys em Design: The in o ma ion was o ganized in o a Rich Pic u e
(Checkland & Scholes, 1990), concen a ing on he ou ism se ice chain and i s
connec ions wi h o he sec o s. Exis ing ci cula alue ne wo ks we e analysed, and
new ela ionships we e de eloped o op imize esou ce u iliza ion and c ea e
sus ainable alue o all s akeholde s in ol ed.
3. Model Valida ion and Solu ion P io i iza ion: The esea che s p io i ize he solu ions
acco ding o he ollowing c i e ia: impo ance in a ou ism con ex , and po en ial
alue c ea ion on all h ee dimensions o sus ainabili y. They p esen ed he model
o s akeholde s o he na u e pa k eam o alida ion.
4. Hypo hesis Fo mula ion: Hypo heses a e o mula ed o be es ed in u u e esea ch.
The s eps o analysing po en ial esul s, implemen ing ac ions, and e alua ing
ou comes and eedback wi hin he sys emic design me hodology (Ba is oni e al.,
2019) a e no co e ed in his s udy and should be add essed in u u e esea ch.
The analy ical amewo k ou lined below ( igu e 1) aids esea che s in iden i ying
ele an unused esou ces, including e.g. o ganic and non-o ganic was e. While ood
was e ep esen s o ganic was e, ex ile was e exempli ies non-o ganic was e. The
amewo k also dis inguishes be ween esou ces on he supply side and he demand
side. Supply-side esou ces encompass ma e ial asse s and in as uc u e, such as
ho els, as well as in angible esou ces like knowledge and na u al esou ces, including
wa e and animals. On he demand side, esou ces include in angible asse s such as
knowledge and inancial esou ces. The au ho s a gue ha bo h angible and
in angible esou ces a e equally impo an , and hei u iliza ion can be op imized om
a CE pe spec i e.
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Figu e 1
Analy ical F amewo k
Sou ce: Au ho s’ illus a ion
Resul s
Iden i ied esou ces
Nume ous esou ces ha e been iden i ied in he case s udy egion ac oss a ious
ca ego ies o he analy ical amewo k, as shown in Figu e 2. Gi en he wide ange o
op ions, i is essen ial o p io i ize esou ces based on hei alignmen wi h he egion's
unique ou ism asse s and hei po en ial o maximize economic, en i onmen al, and
social alue. This p io i iza ion should conside he egion's s eng hs and challenges
and aim o c ea e inno a i e o e ings ha add ess ou is s' needs, engage
s akeholde s, and o m dis inc i e alue ne wo ks, ul ima ely bene i ing all pa ies and
suppo ing egional de elopmen .
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Figu e 2
Iden i ied esou ces in he case s udy egion
Sou ce: Au ho s’ illus a ion
Was e esou ces
The o ganic was e iden i ied in he case s udy egion p esen s p omising oppo uni ies
o alo isa ion, pa icula ly h ough he c ea ion o p oduc s and expe iences de i ed
om esidues o local ood and be e age p oduc ion. Addi ional examples include
ood was e such as unha es ed ui om esiden s and was e gene a ed by local
shops.
A p omising and well-es ablished example is he ans o ma ion o g ape seeds in o
lou and oil, which a e hen used o c ea e p oduc s such as b ead, pas ies, and
cosme ics, including soaps, c eams, and ex olian s. The bake y in ol ed in p ocessing
g ape seeds has buil an imp essi e ne wo k (see igu e 3) ha includes e.g. a cheese
dai y and a bu che shop. The dai y p oduces a cheese wi h a g ape seed ind, while
he bu che ma ina es his mea wi h g ape seeds.
This concep could be expanded o enhance he wellness expe ience, o e ing
ou is s he bene i s o ino he apy, including massages wi h g ape seed oil. This is
pa icula ly well-sui ed o he case s udy egion, which includes Leuke bad, enowned
o i s he mal ba hs and di e se wellness o e ings.
This ne wo k gene a es egional economic alue o all he pa icipa ing p o ide s
while also os e ing s onge connec ions be ween hem. This is a desi able
de elopmen in a egion whe e ou ism is o en cha ac e ized by small businesses ha
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Figu e 6
Value ne wo k based on ex ile was e
Sou ce: Au ho s’ illus a ion
Resou ces o supply side
The alo isa ion o esou ces on he supply side is o en closely ied o he challenges
aced by ou ism des ina ions, challenges ha a e sha ed by many o he s.
One o hose challenges is he sho age o housing o seasonal wo ke s. An idea o
add ess his is o s uden s om he Uni e si y o Applied Sciences in Sie e, a small ci y
in he case s udy egion, o sha e hei apa men s wi h seasonal wo ke s du ing
holiday b eaks. This app oach allows po en ially unde u ilized in as uc u e o be
e ec i ely epu posed. This a angemen could allow s uden s o sa e on en while
p o iding seasonal wo ke s wi h con enien housing. Howe e , his concep only exis s
as an idea, and i s implemen a ion would ace se e al challenges, such as gaining
he in e es and app o al o la owne s.
Ano he challenge is he limi ed employmen o seasonal wo ke s. Rega ding
imma e ial esou ces, such as wo k o ce, knowledge, o skills on he supply side,
employee sha ing p esen s an in e es ing app oach o add essing challenges like he
limi ed employmen o seasonal wo ke s. Fo ins ance, seasonal wo ke s employed in
ou ism du ing he win e could ansi ion o oles in companies ha need wo ke s
du ing he summe . A cu en example is ski ins uc o s who wo k o he na u e pa k
adminis a ion in he summe , o who ake on oles as o es e s du ing ha season. Such
p ac ices a e inc easingly common in a ious des ina ions. These app oaches o e
mul iple bene i s, including educed ec ui men e o s o companies, yea - ound
employmen o wo ke s, and co esponding economic and social ad an ages o
hem.
To ackle he sho age o skilled p o essionals, ou ism se ice p o ide s could ec ui
s uden s om he egional Uni e si y o Applied Sciences who a e en olled in ou ism
o managemen p og ams. This app oach bene i s bo h he ou ism indus y and he
s uden s, p o iding he la e wi h aluable hands-on expe ience. Howe e , a key
challenge is he equen u no e o s uden s, which equi es con inuous in es men
in aining. I could also be conside ed o in ol e e i ees o di e en asks o keep
hem engaged, a p ac ice al eady implemen ed in some ou ism egions o he
can on. This app oach p o ides bo h social and economic bene i s o e i ees and
businesses alike.
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Mo eo e , he e a e in angible esou ces, such as aluable local knowledge and
expe ise closely ied o he egion, ha can be le e aged o ou ism. Fo example,
in e gene a ional wisdom abou medicinal he bs and na u e can g ea ly enhance
ou ism, inc ease public awa eness, and p omo e be e heal h. The case s udy egion
al eady p o ides expe iences led by local expe s who ha e ex ensi e knowledge o
indigenous plan s and hei medicinal p ope ies. This p o ides local expe s wi h an
addi ional sou ce o income.
Two examples o u ilizing na u al esou ces a e pa icula ly no ewo hy. Fi s , animals
can be employed o manage landscapes, a key asse o ou ism. Fo ins ance, sheep
can g aze in ineya ds and o es s o help main ain ocky s eppes in conjunc ion wi h
goa s. This is al eady p ac iced in he na u e pa k egion. The second example in ol es
using wo ms o compos pomace ha would o he wise be disca ded. This me hod
o e s se e al bene i s: i educes eigh anspo , lowe s cos s and ene gy
consump ion ela ed o anspo a ion, and enhances ma ke ing, image, and
inno a ion o he business. Addi ionally, hese bene i s can be highligh ed and alued
du ing guided ou s. En i onmen ally, i also educes pollu ion. This app oach could be
applied o pomace ha is no epu posed o oil, lou , o cosme ic p oduc s.
Resou ces o demand side
In angible esou ces ela ed o he demand side encompass manpowe , knowledge,
skills, and capaci ies om ou is s, including second homeowne s and MICE (Mee ings,
Incen i es, Con e ences, and Exhibi ions) ou is s. No ably, second homeowne s o en
ha e a s ong a achmen o hei chosen loca ion and a e willing o in es in i . This
aligns well wi h he needs o small en e p ises ha may e.g. lack he knowledge and
wo k o ce equi ed o o ganize la ge e en s. The na u e pa k also in i es nea by
businesses, hei employees, local schools, and ou is s o pa icipa e in main aining
pas u es and es o ing s one walls, which a e c ucial o biodi e si y. This in ol emen
no only aises awa eness and sensi i i y o hese impo an issues bu also s eng hens
a sense o communi y.
Financial esou ces o ou is s and especially second homeowne s a e also
in e es ing esou ces o help he ou ism des ina ions. The au ho s ocus on inno a i e
app oaches ha go beyond adi ional ou ism axes, local p oduc pu chases, and
s anda d ou ism se ices. One challenge o o es e s e.g. is ha se ices p o ided in
he o es o ec ea ional pu poses incu cos s, bu ou ism des ina ions o en a e
unwilling o pay o hem. The e o e, i could be bene icial o second homeowne s o
inance o es y wo k in exchange o ee i ewood. Ano he example om a nea by
egion in ol es a sponso ship sys em whe e ou is s can become "adop i e pa en s"
o animals such as dogs, cows, o sheep, he eby p o iding addi ional income o
local a me s.
Discussion
One o he aims o his pape is o analyse how unused egional esou ces can be
alo ised wi hin a ou ism con ex . By adop ing a b oad de ini ion o esou ces, he
s udy iden i ies a ious egional asse s wi h alo isa ion po en ial, encompassing bo h
ma e ial and imma e ial aspec s. Addi ionally, he pape explo es how in eg a ing
ci cula alue ne wo ks in o a ou ism des ina ion can con ibu e o sus ainable
de elopmen .
Many examples highligh how by-p oduc s om local special ies p esen aluable
oppo uni ies o alo isa ion. These unique egional by-p oduc s can help di e en ia e
he des ina ion and enhance i s appeal (Janin & Pe on, 2014). A no able example
om he case s udy egion is he ans o ma ion o g ape seeds in o a ious p oduc s
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and expe iences. These alue ne wo ks in ol e nume ous s akeholde s and o e c oss-
indus ial collabo a ion oppo uni ies, bene i ing bo h local businesses and ou is s.
They also help build social capi al wi hin he egion and can posi i ely impac ou is s'
heal h, as by-p oduc s like g ape seeds con ain bene icial p ope ies such as
an ioxidan s. De eloping wellness o e ings a ound hese by-p oduc s c ea es
dis inc i e and memo able expe iences o ou is s. Mo eo e , hey o e an
oppo uni y o aise ou is s' awa eness abou sus ainabili y and he ci cula economy
issues. These alue ne wo ks con ibu e o egional added alue c ea ion and help
educe was e gene a ion.
Food was e om es au an s, ho els, and shops can be be e u ilized by enhancing
he en i e se ice chain, which in ol es add essing gaps in exis ing o e ings. Fo
example, a ood was e app ha lacks a anspo se ice could in eg a e wi h an
exis ing ecological anspo se ice in he des ina ion. I is c ucial o iden i y and
le e age exis ing se ices o enhance alue ne wo ks and c ea e a mo e in eg a ed
se ice expe ience. In he con ex o ood was e, aising awa eness is also impo an .
Fo example, by ha es ing and p ocessing unpicked ui om local esiden s, ou is s
can lea n abou he p inciples o a ci cula economy and he issues su ounding ood
was e. Alongside economic and en i onmen al bene i s, in eg a ing people wi h
disabili ies in o p ocessing ac i i ies can also gene a e social capi al.
O he o ganic esou ces associa ed wi h he egion's emblema ic p oduc s also
hold po en ial o ou ism alo isa ion. Fo example, old wine ba els can be upcycled
in o u ni u e o ho els and ou is s, while second homeowne s—who o m a signi ican
po ion o he case s udy egion and o en possess subs an ial inancial esou ces—
can con ibu e o his ma ke . Simila ly, old u ni u e om luxu y ho els can be
emanu ac u ed by local c a smen in o unique pieces wi h a dis inc his o y. This no
only adds economic and en i onmen al alue h ough p oduc li e ex ension bu also
os e s a sense o exclusi i y o he owne . This is pa icula ly in e es ing in he eme ging
ield o sus ainable luxu y ou ism esea ch (see Gu ung e al., 2022). The s o y elling
aspec o hese p oduc s is pa icula ly appealing in a ou ism con ex . The e o e,
each ou ism des ina ion should seek ou asse s ha can be upcycled and ha e
po en ial o s o y elling, e lec ing he e i o y’s unique he i age and his o y.
As he esul s o his s udy indica e, he alo isa ion o in angible esou ces is o en
connec ed o add essing cu en challenges in ou ism egions, such as wo k o ce
sho ages o he p e alence o seasonal wo ke s wi h limi ed employmen con ac s.
Be e managemen o esou ces on he supply side migh in ol e sha ing a wo k o ce
be ween en e p ises ha equi e employees ei he in summe o win e , employing
s uden s om a nea by uni e si y’s ou ism p og am o p o ide hem wi h p ac ical
expe ience, engaging e i ed indi iduals who wan o eel needed, o o e ing
oppo uni ies o unemployed people o u ilize hei skills. While hese s a egies p esen
ce ain challenges, hey o e po en ial bene i s o bo h he indus y and he
indi iduals in ol ed. This app oach gene a es economic bene i s, such as educing
ec ui men e o s o businesses, as well as social bene i s h ough he in eg a ion o
people wi h dis a ou ed wo king condi ions o in sea ch o wo k.
In addi ion o hese ob ious challenges, o he mo e implici issues can be
add essed by le e aging unused wo k o ce and knowledge. Fo example, he
challenge o p ese ing biodi e si y and main aining landscapes can be add essed
by in ol ing ou is s who a e in e es ed in lea ning abou he en i onmen and seeking
meaning ul expe iences du ing hei aca ions. This app oach aligns wi h he concep
o meaning ul a el (Câma a e al., 2023). In angible cul u al he i age, such as
ancien knowledge o local medicinal plan s, can also be alo ised in ou ism h ough
expe ien ial o e ings. This aligns wi h Chembessi e al.’s (2024) classi ica ion o
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esou ces, which includes knowledge on implemen ing ci cula and sus ainable
de elopmen p ac ices.
On he demand side, in angible esou ces can include aluable knowledge om
ou is s, such as managemen expe ise ha can assis small local businesses in
o ganizing e en s. Addi ionally, he e is po en ial o c ea i ely u ilize he inancial
esou ces o ou is s o suppo local communi y membe s, such as o es e s o a me s.
Fo example, hey could p o ide inancial suppo o hese sec o s in exchange o
bene i s such as ee i ewood o he oppo uni y o sponso a cow o sheep. Second
homeowne s a e pa icula ly ele an in his con ex , as hey o en ha e a deep
emo ional and cogni i e connec ion o he a ea, which os e s a desi e o p ese e
and engage wi h i , acco ding o place a achmen heo y (S ylidis e al., 2020).
Addi ionally, hei ex ended s ays, acili a ed by ha ing a aca ion home, u he
s eng hen hei in ol emen and commi men o he local communi y.
The s udy’s esul s emain b oad and wa an u he explo a ion in u u e esea ch.
I is c ucial o in eg a e CE p inciples in ou ism wi h eme ging app oaches like
egene a i e ou ism ha seeks o c ea e “ne posi i e e ec s by enhancing he
egene a i e capaci y o human socie ies and ecosys ems” (Bella o e al., 2023, p.
1034) could complemen he ci cula economy amewo k. This app oach ocuses on
es o ing economic, en i onmen al, and social capi al, as illus a ed in some o he
examples discussed.
Finally, he di e en insigh s p esen ed abo e lead o he ollowing hypo heses:
• H1: Regional alue ne wo ks based on by-p oduc s o local p oduc s es o e
social, en i onmen al and economic capi al
• H2: C ea ing expe iences and p oduc s ha ha e a posi i e en i onmen al
impac a ac s weal hy isi o s o m u ban a eas in sea ch o meaning
• H3: By engaging unde u ilized human esou ces, social capi al can be
es o ed.
• H4: By in ol ing ou is s in na u e p ese a ion e o s, he en i onmen al capi al
o he egion can be es o ed.
• H5: By ha nessing ex e nal human esou ces—such as he knowledge, skills, and
inancial suppo o second homeowne s—economically s uggling g oups in
ou ism des ina ions, like a me s and small en e p ises, can ind new
oppo uni ies o g ow h and sus ainabili y.
To sum up, he e a e nume ous oppo uni ies o le e age unused angible and
in angible esou ces wi hin a ou ism egion. The eal challenge lies in implemen a ion
and he willingness o a ious s akeholde s o sha e hei knowledge, emb ace
inno a ion, and b eak away om adi ional mindse s. A na u e pa k p o ides an ideal
se ing o expe imen wi h and de elop hese app oaches.
Conclusion
This explo a o y and holis ic sys emic s udy has iden i ied nume ous oppo uni ies o
in eg a ing unused esou ces in o ou ism o e ings h ough mul i-s akeholde alue
ne wo ks in a ci cula and egene a i e manne , esul ing in economic, social, and
en i onmen al bene i s. Fo example, g ape seeds, a by-p oduc o a local p oduc ,
can be ans o med in o aluable expe iences and p oduc s. Sha ing seasonal
wo ke s o ec ui ing unde u ilized labo can add ess cu en challenges aced by
ou ism des ina ions. Addi ionally, exchanging knowledge and skills be ween locals
and ou is s can os e communi y building and s eng hen social capi al. Inno a i e
s a egies can be de eloped o mobilize inancial esou ces o economically
s uggling s akeholde s in he ou ism sec o .
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This s udy con ibu es me hodologically by de eloping an analy ical amewo k
ha aids bo h schola s and p ac i ione s in iden i ying unused esou ces wi hin a
ou ism des ina ion.
The s udy also ad ances heo e ical unde s anding by emphasizing he
signi icance o mul i-s akeholde alue ne wo ks and a sys emic pe spec i e on
ou ism des ina ions wi hin he con ex o a ci cula economy. I unde sco es he need
o in eg a e complemen a y concep s, such as he ci cula economy and
egene a i e ou ism, ad oca ing o a holis ic app oach ha goes beyond he
adi ional ocus on ma e ial and ene gy lows associa ed wi h he manu ac u ing
indus y. In ou ism des ina ions, esou ces can be alo ised in a ious ways, o en
in ol ing he combina ion o di e en esou ce lows.
Gi en he explo a o y and holis ic na u e o his s udy, he esul s emain b oad.
Fu u e esea ch should del e deepe in o he a ious possibili ies, guided by
app op ia e heo e ical amewo ks. Mo eo e , u u e esea ch should ocus on es ing
he p esen ed hypo heses and e alua ing he easibili y, desi abili y, and iabili y o
he p oposed solu ions using a design hinking app oach. This includes c ea ing and
es ing p o o ypes, as well as de eloping quali a i e and quan i a i e indica o s o
assess hei impac on economic, social, and en i onmen al sus ainabili y. I is c ucial
o add ess he missing s eps in he sys emic design me hodology and ensu e ha
bene i s a one le el do no c ea e nega i e impac s a ano he . Addi ionally, i is
impo an o measu e whe he hese alues con ibu e o he es o a ion o economic,
social, and en i onmen al capi al wi hin a egene a i e ou ism amewo k.
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ENTRENOVA - ENTe p ise REsea ch InNOVA ion
Vol. 10 No. 1
Abou he au ho s
D . Sand a G èzes-Bü che is a senio esea che a he ou ism ins i u e o he Uni e si y
o Applied Sciences o Sie e. Deli e s lec u es on sus ainabili y, al e na i e economic
models and ecosys em analysis. She s udied geog aphy wi h a specializa ion in
sus ainable de elopmen and ecei ed he PhD om he Uni e si y o Be n . She
gained expe ience a he Swiss Na ional Pa cs Ne wo k, he Swiss Wo king Communi y
o Moun ain A eas, and he esea ch in e es s a e ci cula economy, sus ainable
ou ism inno a ion, egional de elopmen and u al a eas. The au ho can be
con ac ed a sand a.g ezes@he s.ch
D . Vincen G èzes wo ks as an associa e p o esso o inno a ion managemen , and
s a egic and in e na ional managemen a he Uni e si y o Applied Science Wes e n
Swi ze land (HES-SO) in Sie e, and is di ec o o he compe i i e in elligence ack a
he HES-SO Mas e o In eg a ed Inno a ion o P oduc & Business De elopmen in
Lausanne, Swi ze land. He ecei ed his PhD in economic and s a egic in elligence
om he Facul y o Law and Poli ical Science o he Uni e si y o Lyon 3, F ance. His
main esea ch in e es s a e compe i i e in elligence, he c ea ion o sha ed alues,
business model inno a ion and collabo a i e and open inno a ion. Au ho can be
con ac ed a incen .g ezes@he s.ch
