Oguche, Ma ia; Ka iuki, Julie ; Bi ne , Regina; Chagunda, Mizeck
A icle — Published Ve sion
Is he e un ecognized po en ial in neglec ed li es ock
species in Sub-Saha an A ica? A sys ema ic e iew o ou
selec ed species
Food Secu i y
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Sp inge Na u e
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Oguche, Ma ia; Ka iuki, Julie ; Bi ne , Regina; Chagunda, Mizeck (2024) : Is he e
un ecognized po en ial in neglec ed li es ock species in Sub-Saha an A ica? A sys ema ic e iew o
ou selec ed species, Food Secu i y, ISSN 1876-4525, Sp inge Ne he lands, Do d ech , Vol. 17, Iss.
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REVIEW
Is he e un ecognized po en ial inneglec ed li es ock species
inSub‑Saha an A ica? Asys ema ic e iew o ou selec ed species
Un ecognized po en ial in neglec ed li es ock species in A ica
Ma iaOguche1 · Julie Ka iuki1,2· ReginaBi ne 2· MizeckChagunda1,3
Recei ed: 28 Feb ua y 2024 / Accep ed: 20 Oc obe 2024 / Published online: 18 No embe 2024
© The Au ho (s) 2024
Abs ac
O e he ecen yea s, Sub-Saha an A ica (SSA) has seen an inc ease in popula ion g ow h, u baniza ion, and pe capi a
income. As a esul , he e has been a co esponding inc ease in he demand o animal sou ce oods. In o de o mee his
demand, mos coun ies ha e eso ed o in ensi ying he p oduc ion o con en ional li es ock. Howe e , his inc ease in
p oduc ion comes wi h se e al en i onmen al, nu i ional, gende - ela ed and economic challenges ha a e a ising conce n.
I is he e o e impe a i e o explo e he compa a i e ad an ages and disad an ages o o he li es ock species, which a e
cu en ly consumed in SSA bu a e no ecognised in widely adop ed policies. He ein, using a no el concep ual amewo k,
we p esen a sys ema ic e iew o ou selec ed neglec ed species, namely, g asscu e , guinea owl, guinea pig, and abbi .
The e iew was conduc ed ollowing he checklis o P e e ed Repo ing I ems o Sys ema ic Re iew and Me a-Analysis
(PRISMA), and 89 sou ces o li e a u e we e included. The esul s highligh ha emb acing hese neglec ed li es ock spe-
cies could con e se e al bene i s, including an en iched nu i ional p o ile (high-quali y p o ein, low a , high d essing pe -
cen age), inc eased g oss economic e u ns, en i onmen al sus ainabili y, and sus ained empowe men o mino i y g oups,
especially women. O e all, his e iew shows he un apped nu i ional and socio-economic po en ial o neglec ed li es ock
species, which, i inco po a ed in o mains eam p oduc ion, could imp o e ood secu i y and educe unemploymen in SSA.
Keywo ds Food Secu i y· Nu i ion· Ru al households· Animal-sou ced Food· En i onmen al sus ainabili y
1 In oduc ion
Li es ock plays an impo an ole in p omo ing ood secu-
i y in sub-Saha an A ica (SSA) (McDe mo e al., 2010;
T ao é e al., 2018). Li es ock con ibu es app oxima ely
40% o he ag icul u al g oss domes ic p oduc (GDP), ang-
ing om 10 o 80% in indi idual A ican coun ies (Malabo
Mon pellie Panel, 2020). The demand o li es ock in SSA
has been on a s eady ise and is expec ed o con inue o g ow
subs an ially due o inc easing human popula ion, u baniza-
ion, and aising incomes (Balehegn e al., 2021). The expan-
sion and in ensi ica ion o li es ock could be employed as an
impo an s a egy o educing po e y and hunge , includ-
ing he “hidden hunge ” ha is caused by mic onu ien
de iciency (He e o e al., 2014; Molina- lo es e al., 2020).
Using his po en ial o li es ock is pa icula ly impo an
in Sub-Saha an A ica, whe e, acco ding o he Food and
Ag icul u e O ganiza ion (FAO), o e 270 million people
* Ma ia Oguche
[email p o ec ed]
Julie Ka iuki
j.ka [email p o ec ed]
Regina Bi ne
[email p o ec ed]
Mizeck Chagunda
Mizec[email p o ec ed]
1 Animal B eeding andHusband y in heT opics
andSub opics, Uni e si y o Hohenheim, 70599S u ga ,
Ge many
2 Social andIns i u ional Change inAg icul u al De elopmen ,
Uni e si y o Hohenheim, 70599S u ga , Ge many
3 Cen e o T opical Li es ock Gene ics andHeal h,
Uni e si y o Edinbu gh, Eas e Bush Campus,
Midlo hianEH259RG, UK
162 M.Oguche e al.
a e unde nou ished, making he con inen he mos ood-
insecu e egion in he wo ld (FAO e al., 2024).
Al hough he e m li es ock has been used mainly o umi-
nan s, he FAO de ini ion o li es ock en ails e es ial, domes-
ica ed animals aised in an ag icul u al se ing o p o ide ac-
ion o p oduce commodi ies such as mea , milk, eggs, hides,
ib es and ea he s (FAO, 2024). While inc easing li es ock
consump ion has he po en ial o imp o e human nu i ion and
comba po e y, he expansion and in ensi ica ion o li es ock
p oduc ion in ol es a - eaching ade-o s. The no able expan-
sion and in ensi ica ion o con en ional li es ock species, ha is
ca le, sheep, goa s, pigs and poul y, has o e he las wo dec-
ades, esul ed in se e al undesi able consequences, including
indi ec changes in land use, o e use o an ibio ics, and exces-
si e wa e consump ion (He e o e al., 2009; McDe mo e al.,
2010; Wo ld Economic Fo um, 2019). Addi ionally, inc eased
li es ock p oduc ion has led o highe global g eenhouse gas
emissions because o he me hane emissions gene a ed om
en e ic e men a ion in uminan s (Da is e al., 2015), in addi-
ion o he emissions caused by li es ock-induced land use
change. Mo eo e , un egula ed g azing has nega i ely a ec ed
he agile Sahelian and i s neighbou ing Sa annah landscapes
(He e o e al., 2009). Fu he mo e, inc easing consump ion o
ed mea om con en ional li es ock is associa ed wi h a ange
o heal h complica ions, such as co ona y hea disease, cance ,
and s oke (Meh abi e al., 2020).
In iew o hese ade-o s in li es ock de elopmen ,
he ques ion a ises whe he uncon en ional o neglec ed
li es ock species ha e a po en ial o add ess some o hese
ade-o s in Sub-Saha an A ica. The ollowing a gumen s
ha e been made in he li e a u e in a ou o such li es ock
species: nu i ional ad an ages o low choles e ol wi h high
p o ein con en (Ibi oye e al., 2019; Mo eki & Seabo, 2012a,
2012b; Yild im, 2014), subs an ial economic easibili y
(Kale e al., 2016; Se em e al., 2013) and empowe men
oppo uni ies (Adedeji e al., 2015; Lamme s e al., 2009;
Niba e al., 2012). In spi e o such po en ial ad an ages, he
economic signi icance o such species is o en discoun ed, as
hey a e gene ally assumed o be less p o i able han he con-
en ional li es ock species. Addi ionally, poo ins i u ional
s uc u es, unsuppo i e policies, and he lack o buy-in om
bo h public and p i a e sec o s ha e limi ed he u iliza ion
o hese species as al e na i e animal-sou ced ood (Ebeg-
bulem, 2018; Gono e al., 2013a; Kosgey & Okeyo, 2007).
Mo eo e , he e is no s anda dized name o his ca ego y
o species, and compa ed oplan b eeding, animal b eed-
ing gene ally ecei es less unds, u he con ibu ing o
he unde u iliza ion o non-con en ional li es ock (Assan,
2013). Consequen ly, he e has been inc eased e o o ad o-
ca e o mo e p oduc ion o hese neglec ed li es ock species
(Assan, 2014; Kosgey & Okeyo, 2007; O e & Knips, 2005).
In spi e o hese calls o p omo ing neglec ed li es ock
species, he e a e knowledge gaps on whe he neglec ed
li es ock species would, in ac , help o add ess he ade-
o s in ol ed in li es ock in ensi ica ion ou lined abo e. The
answe may well be con ex -speci ic, implying ha he com-
pa a i e ad an age o neglec ed li es ock depends on local
en i onmen al and socio-economic condi ions. Ins ead o
calling o a gene al p omo ion o neglec ed li es ock spe-
cies, a “bes - i ” app oach (Bi ne e al., 2009)1 may be jus i-
ied, which implies ha neglec ed li es ock species should
be p omo ed unde condi ions whe e hey in ac ha e com-
pa a i e ad an ages o e con en ional li es ock species.
To con ibu e o he goal o iden i ying “bes - i ”
app oaches o neglec ed li es ock species, his pape p e-
sen s a sys ema ic e iew o he li e a u e on ou neglec ed
li es ock species. The pape is based on a no el concep ual
amewo k, which makes i possible o iden i y he speci ic
ad an ages and disad an ages o neglec ed li es ock species
by compa ing hem wi h con en ional li es ock species ha
ha e b oadly simila p oduc ion goals. The ou neglec ed
species co e ed in his pape a e guinea owl (Numida
meleag is), g asscu e s (Th yonomys swinde ianus), guinea
pigs (Ca ia po cellus), and abbi s (O yc olagus cuniculus).
They ha e been pu posely selec ed o co e di e en animal
g oups (bi ds and mammals), ep esen di e en le els o
domes ica ion, and display di e ences in nu i ional p o-
ile om con en ional li es ock species. Mo eo e , hese
ou species ha e been s udied mo eex ensi ely han o he
neglec ed li es ock species in he same animal g oups, p o-
iding a ela i ely ich empi ical da abase, hus se ing as
sui able case s udy examples o he b oade ques ion o
neglec ed li es ock in Sub-Saha an A ica.
This pape is s uc u ed as ollows. Sec ion2 p esen s he
concep ual amewo k used o his s udy, s a ing wi h a no e
on he e minology. Sec ion3 desc ibes he me hodological
app oach, which ollowed he “P e e ed epo ing i ems o
sys ema ic e iew and me a-analysis” (PRISMA). Sec ion4
p esen s he indings, which a e discussed in Sec .5. The las
sec ion p esen s conclusions and policy implica ions.
2 Concep ual amewo k
2.1 A no e on e minology
To de elop he concep ual amewo k o his s udy, i
was impo an o i s unde s and he concep o neglec ed
1 A “bes - i “ app oach was sugges ed in a widely quo ed pape on
ag icul u al ad iso y se ices (Bi ne e al., 2009), which a gued ha
he compa a i e ad an ages and disad an ages o di e en ypes o
ad iso y se ices depend on con ex ual ac o s. The e m “bes - i ” is
used he e in a simila sense, a guing ha he compa a i e ad an ages
and disad an ages o neglec ed li es ock species depend on con ex-
ual ac o s.
163
Un ecognized po en ial in neglec ed li es ock species in A ica
animal species by de ining e ms commonly used wi h
li es ock. Fo his pu pose, we d ew pa allels o e ms ha
ha e al eady been es ablished o neglec ed and unde u-
ilized species o c ops (NUCS) (see appendix Table2).
Se e al e ms ha e been used o c ops, mainly o desc ibe
neglec ed bu nu i ious and en i onmen ally obus c op
species (Padulosi e al., 2019). The e ms used include
“neglec ed”, “ adi ional”, “indigenous”, “new/ u u e”,
and “o phan” c op species (Mabhaudhi e al., 2017a,
2017b). Be o e a consensus was eached by collabo a i e
e o s o a ious in e na ional o ganiza ions and esea ch
bodies. no ably, Biodi e si y In e na ional, FAO and he
Consul a i e G oup on In e na ional Ag icul u al Resea ch
(CGIAR) on he e m “o phan c ops”, also known as
“Neglec ed and unde u ilized species (NUS) “, e ms
such as “mino ”, “ o go en”, “neglec ed”, and “unde u i-
lized” c ops we e used sepa a ely (Chi enge e al., 2015).
None o he li e a u e sou ces ha we e iewed used he
e ms “neglec ed” and/o “unde u ilized” in li es ock
esea ch. The indings also e eal he lack o a s anda d-
ized and uni e sally ecognized name o he ca ego ies
o li es ock e iewed he ein, which was no he case o
neglec ed c ops. Fo example, while he e exis s an A i-
can O phaned C ops Conso ium o neglec ed c ops, he e
is no such ins i u ion o unde u ilized li es ock species.
Such ins i u ions ha e p omo ed he de elopmen o uni-
e sally acclaimed e ms o unde u ilized c op species,
when he e a e s ill no s anda dized names o neglec ed
li es ock. Food secu i y was he main mo i a ing ac o o
he es ablishmen o a conso ium and consensus de ini ion
o unde u ilized c ops (Hend e e al., 2019; Padulosi e al.,
2013). Acco ding o he Ox o d and Me iam-Webs e dic-
iona y, he wo d/ e b “neglec ed” means “no ecei ing
p ope a en ion; dis ega ded; su e ing a lack o p ope
ca e.” Using he consensus abou NUS in c ops as guid-
ance, we p opose he e m “Neglec ed Li es ock Species”
o he case o li es ock as a gene al e m ha accoun s o
mul iple cha ac e is ics o he species. The e ms “mic o-
li es ock” o “mini-li es ock”, which a e used o li e-
s ock he li e a u e (see Appendix Table2), appea less
sui able, since hey e e s o body size only and do no cap-
u e aspec s o unde u iliza ion o neglec . Mo eo e , he e
a e also con en ional animal species wi h small body size,
such as chicken. “neglec ed”, as indica ed in he dic iona y
de ini ion quo ed abo e, be e cap u es he cha ac e is ics
o he li es ock species ha a e he ocus o his pape .
2.2 S uc u e o heconcep ual amewo k
The concep ual amewo k shown in Fig.1 was de eloped as
basis o analysing he e iewed a icles, d awing pa allels
om simila esea ch ocusing on NUS in c ops (Con i e al.,
2019; Ebe , 2014).
The amewo k iden i ies he i e dis inc bio-physical
cha ac e is ics o he neglec ed li es ock species, which a e
assessed in compa ison o con en ional species o de e mine
o wha ex en he neglec ed li es ock species ha e com-
pa a i e ad an ages o disad an ages. The cha ac e is ics
include eeding beha iou , p oli icacy, e iciency, disease
esis ance and nu i ional p o ile o he animal p oduc s.
The compa a i e ad an ages o disad an ages can be eco-
nomic, social and en i onmen al in na u e. Compa a i e eco-
nomic disad an ages a e possible easons o he neglec o
a species, whe eas compa a i e en i onmen al and social
ad an ages may no educe neglec , i hose ad an ages a e
posi i e ex e nal e ec s, such as educed g eenhouse gas
emissions pe uni o ou pu . Compa a i e ad an ages ha
a e “me i goods” will also no educe neglec , since hey a e
by de ini ion no ully app ecia ed by consume s. P oduc s o
neglec ed li es ock species may ha e a supe io nu i ional
p o ile, e.g., hey may ha e a nu ien con en , bu his will
no inc ease he demand o such p oduc s o he espec i e
neglec ed li es ock species, i consume s a e unawa e o i .
As indica ed in he amewo k, he neglec o a species
may also ollow om p e ailing policy in e en ions. Fo
example, i publicly unded b eeding p og ams ocus on
con en ional li es ock species only, he esul ing imp o ed
pe o mance o con en ional species will inc ease hei
compa a i e ad an age o e ime, hus con ibu ing o he
neglec o o he species. The e o e, his e iew also explo ed
he possible in e en ions and policy implica ions ha may
inc ease he u iliza ion o hese species in li es ock en e -
p ises while a he same ime dec easing he compa a i e
disad an ages.
Wi h ega d o he inc easing demand o li es ock men-
ioned in he in oduc ion, i is impo an o assess how
compa a i e ad an ages o disad an age will change, when
he p oduc ion sys em is being in ensi ied, which ypically
equi es highe capi al inpu s, especially in o m o imp o ed
eed. One can hypo hesize ha species wi h small body size
will ha e a compa a i e ad an age o esou ce-poo house-
holds, since hey acqui e ela i ely less capi al. Sheep and
goa s a e known o i be e in o esou ce-poo households
han ca le, and his a gumen can be ex ended o li es ock
species o s ill smalle body size, such as abbi s o guinea
pigs. Hence, he compa a i e ad an ages and disad an ages
o neglec ed e sus con en ional species depend on ame
condi ions, such as he weal h s a us o he households,
which is indica ed by he “ ame condi ions” a ow in he
concep ual amewo k (Fig.1). Ano he ame condi ion ha
in luences he compa a i e ad an age o disad an age o di -
e en species is he a ailabili y o local odde sou ces. Fo
example, he sca enging eeding beha iou o a species such
as guinea owl will only ha e a compa a i e ad an age in a
na u al en i onmen whe e sca enging is possible.
164 M.Oguche e al.
In he ollowing, he amewo k depic ed in Fig.1 will
guide bo h he choice o he neglec ed li es ock species o
be included o he e iew.
3 Me hodology
We conduc ed a sys ema ic e iew o exis ing li e a u e on
neglec ed li es ock, published be ween 1990 and Decembe
2020. The selec ion c i e ia o he species, iden i ica ion o
sea ch e ms, he li e a u e sea ch and he exclusion condi-
ions a e highligh ed in he ollowing sec ions.
3.1 Selec ion c i e ia o hespecies
Acco ding o om B ocke e al. (2009) he i s s ep in a
li e a u e e iew is o ha e a b oad unde s anding o wha
is al eady known abou he subjec , egion, o loca ion in
ques ion. The e o e, we conduc ed a sea ch o hese animal
g oups; poul y, oden s and o he mammals, which ha e
been ca ego ized as neglec ed li es ock species wi hin SSA.
We iden i ied a ange o species based on e idence in he
li e a u e ha hey a e kep less equen han con en ional
li es ock and di e om con en ional li es ock e ms o
he cha ac e is ics iden i ied in he amewo k: eeding
beha iou , p oli icacy, e iciency, disease esis ance and
nu i ional p o ile o he animal p oduc s. Wi hin he h ee
g oups, we iden i ied he species o which mos li e a u e
is a ailable. Fo ins ance, he guinea owl was mo e ep-
esen ed in li e a u e compa ed o o he neglec ed poul y
such as quails, pigeons, o do es. In addi ion, we ook he
le el o domes ica ion in o accoun so as o include he en i e
ange om ully domes ica ed species o hose ha a e ye o
be domes ica ed. Based on hese c i e ia, he ollowing ou
species wi hin he animal g oups we e pu posely selec ed:
Fo he g oup o he oden s, he g asscu e (Th yonomys
swinde ianus) (as non-domes ica ed species) and he guinea
pig/Ca ies (Ca ia po cellus) was selec ed. Among he g oup
o he o he mammals, he abbi (O yc olagus cuniculus)
was selec ed and in he poul y g oup, he choice was he
guinea owl (Numida meleag is), as al eady indic ed abo e.
Fo he compa ison, con en ional li es ock species we e
selec ed as ollows: simila animal g oups o bi ds and
mammals; p oduc s and se ices hey o e and he cha ac-
e is ics as ou line abo e o he neglec ed li es ock species.
3.2 Li e a u e sea ch andexclusion
The ini ial sea ch used o selec he species led o he iden-
i ica ion o ele an keywo ds (Appendix Table3) and he
de elopmen o a p o ile o exis ing e minologies ha bes
desc ibe neglec ed li es ock species, associa ed bene i s,
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Inc ease
Dec ease
Fig. 1 Concep ual amewo k
165
Un ecognized po en ial in neglec ed li es ock species in A ica
ba ie s o a ming as well as hei po en ial socio-economic
and nu i ional bene i s.
The ollowing da abases we e used o iden i y ele an li -
e a u e: Resea chGa e, Scopus (Else ie ), Seman ic Schola ,
Wo ld Bank, Sp inge , PubMed, and FAO. These da abases
we e selec ed ollowing key p inciples om he “P e e ed
epo ing i ems o sys ema ic e iew and me a-analysis”
(PRISMA) checklis c i e ia (Libe a i e al., 2009), wi h he
aim o gene a ing and syn hesizing in o ma ion on bo h exis -
ing and no el neglec ed li es ock species (Lesnikowski e al.,
2011). In addi ion, we used o ganiza ional da abases, such as
hose om Biodi e si y In e na ional, he Wo ld Economic
Fo um, and he A ican Union—In e A ican Bu eau o
Animal Resou ces (AU-IBAR). We also ob ained in o ma-
ion om cong esses and li es ock associa ions, such as he
Wo ld Rabbi Associa ion. The Boolean sea ch s ings we e
used wi h a combina ion o hemes such as “Mic o-Li es ock”
AND “A ica OR Sub-Saha an A ica”, and “ ood secu i y”
AND “neglec ed li es ock species (g asscu e s OR abbi s
OR guinea owls OR guinea pigs)”. Li e a u e sea ching and
sc eening o ma e ials was conduc ed be ween May 2020 o
Janua y 2021 and included only publica ions made in English
be ween 1990–2020. The yea 1990 was chosen based on he
assump ion ha e y ew s udies, i any, on his opic, we e
published be o e hen.
F om he sea ch, 1,262 a icles/publica ions we e gen-
e a ed and hey consis ed o jou nal a icles, con e ence
pape s, abs ac s o execu i e summa ies, o ganiza ional
publica ions, go e nmen al epo s, echnical documen-
a ions, and heses (Fig.2). We excluded 17 non-English
publica ions, 32 duplica ions as well as i les and abs ac s,
and he emaining 1,213 sou ces we e subjec ed o u he
sc eening based on he ollowing wo c i e ia:
1. The ole o he species in p omo ing ood secu i y, and
o he socio-economic and nu i ional me ics.
2. Speci ic ocus on SSA.
O he 1,213, 706 pieces o li e a u e we e excluded om
his sc eening s ep. A ull a icle sc een was hen conduc ed,
and his u he excluded 418 a icles. A o al o 89 a icles
(see appendix Table4) ha ma ched he inclusion c i e ia we e
inally selec ed o a de ailed quali a i e syn hesis o neglec ed
li es ock species. No ably, a inal sc eening s ep was in o-
duced o g oup hese a icles in o wo ca ego ies. The i s ca -
ego y ocused on a leas one o he neglec ed species o in e -
es (g asscu e s, abbi s, guinea owls, and guinea pigs), while
he second ocused on unde u ilized c ops, o help d aw com-
pa isons o neglec ed li es ock species. This e iew included
non-pee - e iewed li e a u e o help add ess he gaps in exis -
ing publica ions and p o ide bo h comp ehensi e insigh s and
da a ha a e lacking in pee - e iewed jou nals (Hopewell e al.,
2007; Mahood e al., 2014; Schöp el, 2010).
O e all, 83% (74 a icles) o he a icles ocused on a
leas one o he ou neglec ed li es ock species o p ima y
ocus in his s udy, while 17% (15 a icles) included NUS
c ops, which we used o compa e wi h he uncon en ional
li es ock species o in e es he ein. Wi h ega d o species,
a icles on he g asscu e we e he mos abundan .
F om he selec ed a icles, he e minologies used o
desc ibe hese neglec ed and unde u ilized species (c ops
o animals) we e e iewed.
Fig. 2 Flow cha showing he dis ibu ion o li e a u e and selec ion p ocess o he s udies
166 M.Oguche e al.
4 Resul s
4.1 Desc ip i e o e iew o e iewed li e a u e
A o al o 74 e iewed a icles/publica ions abou he
neglec ed li es ock species o in e es we e used o he
desc ip i e s a is ical analyses shown in he subsequen
sec ions.
4.1.1 Scope o li e a u e
Figu e3 illus a es he numbe and geog aphical dis ibu ion
o he e iewed li e a u e. O all he e iewed a icles, 13
epo ed indings om SSA in gene al, 10 epo ed esul s
om ac oss de eloping egions o he wo ld, and 51 we e
speci ic o a ious SSA coun ies. Gene ally, i was obse ed
ha he species’ popula i y in a ious SSA egions, la gely
con ibu ed o he geog aphical dis ibu ion o he ele an
li e a u e. Fo ins ance, li e a u e on he g asscu e mos ly
in ol ed case s udies om Nige ia and Ghana, sugges ing
ha he species is na i e o Wes e n A ica. On he o he
hand, li e a u e on he guinea pig mos ly clus e ed a ound
Cen al A ican na ions such as Came oon. Howe e , pub-
lica ions on he guinea owl and abbi we e dis ibu ed
ac oss he con inen , encompassing Wes , Eas , and Sou h-
e n A ica.
4.1.2 Type o s udy
The s udy designs, me hodologies and ypes o he e iewed
a icles we e also examined (Fig.4). Case s udies anked
highes a 51% (n = 38), while c oss-sec ional s udies based
on su eys accoun ed o 4% (n = 3) o all he a icles. A
o al o 38% (n = 28) o he a icles we e li e a u e e iews
while he emaining 7% (n = 5) applied a combina ion o
me hodologies.
4.1.3 P oduc ion sys ems
In iew o he ele ance o in ensi ica ion o he compa a-
i e ad an age o disad an age o a li es ock species om
a “bes - i ” pe spec i e (see Sec .2), we classi ied he p o-
duc ion sys ems o which he a icles e e ed acco ding o
hei in ensi y. Figu e5 p esen s he indings, indica ing he
e ms used o desc ibe he le el o in ensi y in he e iewed
li e a u e. Almos hal (47%, n = 35) o he e iewed pape s
did no men ion o a p oduc ion sys em. Fo he o he hal ,
he e iew showed ha neglec ed li es ock species co e ed
by he pape s we e mo e equen ly ea ed in ei he in ensi e
o semi-in ensi e sys ems han in ex ensi e ( ee- ange) o
mixed sys ems. 20% (n = 15) o he a icles in ol ed in en-
si e sys ems, whe e he species a e kep in husband y condi-
ions ha a e conduci e o high pe o mance, such as con-
ined mode n houses, eeding wi h comme cial eeds and
p o ision o egula heal h in e en ions (Yeboah, 2009; Fon
e al., 2014; Mus a a e al., 2015; Asuk e al., 2017). Th ee
o he ou species included in o he e iew we e p oduced
unde his sys em, namely g asscu e s, abbi s, and guinea
pigs. Howe e , gi en ha g asscu e s a e na u ally wild spe-
cies, mos pape s e e ed o his in ensi e sys em as subjec -
ing he animals o “cap i i y” (Adu e al., 1999; Jo i e al.,
2005; Yeboah, 2009). The semi-in ensi e sys em was also
e e ed o as “backya d illage” o “smallholde sys em”.
19% (n = 14) o he pape s e e ed o his sys em, which
in ol es p o iding li es ock sheds o he nigh alongside
wi h eed and/o wa e . In addi ion, he animals a e allowed
o sea ch o hei own eed (Adu e al., 2017; A o nyo e al.,
2016; Mo eki & Seabo, 2012a, 2012b). This sys em was
epo ed o be common wi h guinea owls, guinea pigs and
Fig. 3 Geog aphic and indi idual coun y dis ibu ion o species-speci ic li e a u e in A ica
167
Un ecognized po en ial in neglec ed li es ock species in A ica
abbi s. The ex ensi e ( ee- ange) sys em, epo ed in 10%
(n = 7) o he e iewed a icles, is one whe e he species end
o hemsel es wi hou con inemen . This sys em was mainly
common wi h he guinea owls (Balma & Richa d, 2016;
Ebegbulem, 2018; Gono e al., 2013a, 2013b; Houndon-
ougbo e al., 2017).
The mixed sys em, epo ed in 4% (n = 3) o he e iewed
a icles, is one whe e he p oduc ion o one o mo e species
o li es ock is explici ly mixed wi h c op a ming (Molina-
lo es e al., 2020; Niba e al., 2012), no wi hs anding ha
neglec ed li es ock species may ypically kep by households
ha also g ow c ops. Al hough he sys em could sus ain-
ably be employed o he p oduc ion o guinea pigs, guinea
owl, and abbi s, i was imp ac ical wi h he g asscu e
which is conside ed an ag icul u al pes o ce eals o o he
c ops (Jo i e al., 2005; Yeboah, 2009). Finally, in 20%
(n = 15) o he a icles, whe e he p oduc ion sys em was
e med in ensi e, he species we e kep o esea ch pu poses
and no wi h he aim o comme cializa ion o household
consump ion.
4.2 Compa a i e ad an ages anddisad an ages
o neglec ed li es ock
4.2.1 Compa a i e ad an ages
The e iewed li e a u e p o ides e idence ha he ou spe-
cies unde e iew ha e compa a i e ad an ages in e ms o
hei nu i ional p o ile. The mea om all he selec ed spe-
cies is epo ed o be ich in nu ien s, by i ue o i s high
p o ein con en and low choles e ol le els, making i sui -
able o consump ion by all age g oups (Adedeji e al., 2015;
Akinola e al., 2015; Mo eki & Seabo, 2012a, 2012b; Yi a
e al., 2014). In addi ion, g asscu e mea is epo ed o be
Fig. 4 Dis ibu ion o he
e iewed a icles based on he
ype o s udy
51%
4%
38%
7%
Li e a u e dis ibu ionbased on ype o s udy
Case s udies C oss-sec ional s udies Li e a u e e iew Mixedme hods
Fig. 5 P opo ions o he di e -
en ypes o p oduc ion sys ems
epo ed in he e iewed
li e a u e
10%
19%
20%
47%
4%
P oducon sys ems
Ex ensi e ( ee- ange) sys em
Semi-in ensi e ( backya d illage
o small-holde ) sys em
In ensi e ( cap i y) sys em
No menoned
Mixed a ming sys em
168 M.Oguche e al.
excep ionally delicious (Ibi oye e al., 2019) and is gene -
ally p e e ed by he local popula ion o e he less expensi e
op ions such as lamb, chicken, bee o po k (Anno e al.,
2014). Fu he mo e, compa ed o b oile s, guinea owl mea is
epo ed o ha e lowe le els o a (Madzimu e e al., 2011).
Consis en ly, Mo eki and Seabo, (2012a, 2012b) epo ed ha
guinea owl mea and eggs a e highe in p o ein and lowe in
a , compa ed o chicken mea . The low choles e ol le els and
high p o ein con en in guinea pig mea makes i aluable han
chicken, bee , and lamb. Addi ionally, he e is no eco d o
eligious es ic ions o hei consump ion, as is o en he case
wi h po k (Lamme s e al., 2009; Yi a e al., 2014).
The li e a u e also p o ides e idence ha he neglec ed
species unde e iew p o ide income gene a ion oppo uni ies
and economic bene i s, since he p ice o hei mea and eggs
ha a me s a e able o ecei e is gene ally highe compa ed
o ha o con en ional li es ock p oduc s. Fo ins ance, g ass-
cu e mea is mo e expensi e han bee , chicken, mu on,
po k, o che on in Wes A ica (Yeboah, 2009). In addi ion,
Benjamin e al., (2009) epo ed ha , in No he n Nige ia,
g ass cu e s we e sold in amilies o i e (one male and ou
emales) a a much highe p ice han he equi alen p ice o
a single male adul s would be, indica ing addi ional income
oppo uni ies. Rabbi s we e shown by The Peace Co ps
(2014) and by Ume & Ezeano, (2017) o be economically
p o i able han o he li es ock as hey h i e on lowe -quali y
eeds bu s ill p oduce be e -quali y mea and u . In a g oss
ma gin analysis conduc ed by Adedeji e al. (2015), abbi
p oduc ion was shown o be desi ably p o i able in Nige ia.
The high e u ns on in es men ha we e epo ed om abbi
and guinea pig p oduc ion we e a ibu ed o he high p o-
li icacy and sho ges a ion pe iods inhe en o hese species
(Kale e al., 2016; Lamme s e al., 2009). Fu he mo e, Balma
and Richa d (2016) conduc ed a bene i –cos a io analysis
and showed ha he a e age ne e u ns om guinea owl sales
a e subs an ially highe . These economic bene i s could help
in main aining ood secu i y in imes o c isis, especially o
ulne able g oups such as women and child en.
The e iew p o ides e idence ha he species unde
e iew ha e compa a i e ad an ages in e ms o eeding
beha iou , since hei eed can o en be sou ced locally (Adu
e al., 2017; Maila ia e al., 2011; Mo eki & Seabo, 2012a,
2012b), u he solidi ying he case ha hei inc eased
p oduc ion would be a sui able s a egy o imp o e amily
nu i ion. These species we e also shown o be capable o
adap ing o a ious clima ic condi ions, making hei p o-
duc ion mo e sus ainable (Adu e al., 2017; Ebegbulem,
2018; Na ional Resea ch Council, 1991).
A simila obse a ion was made o he guinea pig whose
eed is much cheape han ha equi ed o o he li es ock
species (Niba e al., 2012).
Acco ding o he concep ual amewo k, disease esis -
ance can also p o ide compa a i e ad an ages. The e iew
indica ed ha , in pa icula , guinea owl was ound o be
mo e esis an han chicken o mos poul y diseases, such
as he Newcas le disease (Ebegbulem, 2018). This inc eases
he compa a i e ad an age o guinea owl o esou ce-poo
a me s, who ha e mo e limi ed access o p ope e e ina y
se ices han be e -o a me s.
The li e a u e e iew also indica es social ad an ages o
neglec ed li es ock species, as he p oduc ion o hese li e-
s ock species has been shown o p omo e women empowe -
men . The ela i ely small body weigh o he espec i e
species allows o easy handling wi h li le equi emen o
manpowe and space (Yi a e al., 2014; Adedeji e al., 2015).
This makes hese li es ock species sui able o being han-
dled by women. This in u n p o ides al e na i e sou ces o
income o sus ain hei household (Mo eki & Seabo, 2012a,
2012b; Niba e al., 2012; Se em e al., 2013). Fu he mo e,
some go e nmen al and non-go e nmen al o ganiza ions
use abbi p oduc ion as a pla o m and s a egy o women
empowe men (Adedeji e al., 2015; Kale e al., 2016; Oseni
& Luke ah , 2014). In Came oon, o example, he Hei e
P ojec In e na ional-Came oon abbi p ojec (HPI-CAM) is
epo ed o ha e inc eased he numbe o women- un abbi
p ojec s in a bid o p omo e gende awa eness and he social
s a us o women (Niba e al., 2012).
Addi ionally, all he ou species ha e o he compa a i e
social ad an ages as hey a e epo ed o play signi ican
socio-cul u al oles in he socie y, because hey a e used o
dow y paymen s, adi ional medicine, deco a ion, and a -
wo k (AU-IBAR, 2012; Akinola e al., 2015; Ebegbulem,
2018). Fo example, in he Sou he n pa o Ghana, g asscu -
e hai o u is used o deco a ion, and he ee h a e used
in place o cow ies o adi ional ca d eading (Foli se &
Man eaw, 2019).
The li e a u e e iew also iden i ied some compa a i e
en i onmen al ad an ages o neglec ed li es ock species.
G asscu e s – in spi e o hei name—a e none-g aze s
and he e o e pose no isk o en i onmen al deg ada ion
esul ing om o e g azing, which is a majo conce n wi h
uminan li es ock (Yeboah, 2009). Mo eo e , hese spe-
cies p oduce nu ien - ich by-p oduc s such as dung and
d oppings which a e conside ed a iche sou ce o manu e
han ha ob ained om some o he con en ional li es ock.
Fo ins ance, The Peace Co ps, (2014) epo ed ha abbi
manu e can be applied di ec ly o plan and/o oo s wi hou
he isk o plan bu n, which is commonly obse ed when
poul y manu e is used. Howe e , hese ad an ages a y
ac oss species and may no necessa ily be consis en among
hem.
4.2.2 Compa a i e disad an ages
The e iewed li e a u e e ealed se e al compa a i e dis-
ad an ages, which cons i u e ba ie s o he p oduc ion o
175
Un ecognized po en ial in neglec ed li es ock species in A ica
Appendix3
Table 4 Lis o li e a u e e iewed
S/N Au ho s Ti le Yea Da e accessed
1 Jo i, F., Edde ai, D., & Houben, P Po en ial o oden s o minili es ock in A ica 2005 03/05/2020
2 Fon, Do o hy E
Felix, Meu chieye
Niba, a T
A Gende Pe spec i e o Ca y Fa me s’ Li elihood Analysis o he Wes e n
Highlands o Came oon
2014 03/05/2020
3 Mo eki, John Cassius
Mpho, Kennedy
Manyeula, F eddy
A su ey on abbi p oduc ion in he ci y o Gabo one, Bo swana 2019 26/01/2021
4 Hend e, P. S., Mu hemba, S., Ka iba, R., Muchugi, A., Fu, Y., Chang, Y., Song,
B., Liu, H., Liu, M., Liao, X., Sahu, S. K., Wang, S., Li, L., Lu, H., Peng, S.,
Cheng, S., Xu, X., Yang, H., Wang, J., … Jamnadass, R
A ican O phan C ops Conso ium (AOCC): s a us o de eloping genomic
esou ces o A ican o phan c ops
2019 11/05/2020
5 A ican Union In e -A ican Bu eau Fo Animal Resou ces B eeding (AU-IBAR) B eeding o guinea owls as a iable op ion o inc eased poul y p oduc ion in
A ica
2012 03/05/2020
6 Ibi oye, O., Kolejo, O., & Akinyemi, G Bu geoning and Domes ica ion o G asscu e (Th yonomys swinde ianus) in a
Pos -Ebola E a: A Reassessmen o i s P ospec s and Challenges in Nige ia
2019 03/05/2020
7 Yi a, C. H., E, F. D., Felix, M., & Niba, A. T Ca ies o income gene a ion, manu e o he a m and mea o he able 2014 03/05/2020
8 Houndonougbo, P. V., Bindelle, J., Ch ysos ome, C. A. A. M., Hammami, H., &
Gengle , N
Cha ac e is ics o Guinea owl b eeding in Wes A ica: A e iew 2017 03/05/2020
9 A o nyo F K, Sali u S, Panyan E K, Al-Hassan B I, A. M. and Y. F Cha ac e is ics o guinea owl p oduc ion sys ems in no he n Ghana. A baseline
s udy o 20 dis ic s in no he n Ghana
2016 02/06/2020
10 Se em, J. K., Wanyoike, M. M., Gachui i, C. K., Mailu, S. K., Ga humbi, P. K.,
Mwanz, R. N., Kia ie, N., & Bo e , D. K
Cha ac e iza ion o Rabbi P oduc ion Sys ems in Kenya 2013 04/05/2020
11 Mus a a, M. O., Akinyemi, I. G., Adewale, M. I., Odeleye, O. A., & Abdulazeez,
F. I
Compa a i e Assessmen o G ow h S uc u e and Li e Size o G asscu e
(Th yonomys Swinde ianus Temminck, 1872) B ed in Cap i i y
2015 18/01/2021
12 Isaac, O. G., & Chiedu, U. C Compa a i e e alua ion o nu i ional alues o guinea owl, duck and quail eggs 2016 03/05/2020
13 Gono, R. K., Dube, J., Sichewo, P. R., & Muzondiwa, J. V Cons ain s and Oppo uni ies o Guinea Fowl P oduc ion in Zimbabwe: A Case
S udy o he Midlands P o ince, Zimbabwe
2013 03/05/2020
14 Gono, R. K., Dube, J., Sichewo, P. R., & Muzondiwa, J. V Cons ain s and Oppo uni ies o Rabbi P oduc ion in Zimbabwe: A Case S udy
o he Midlands P o ince, Zimbabwe
2013 25/01/2021
15 Niba, A. T., Meu chieye, F., Fon, D., Laisin, A. G., Taboh, H., Njakoi, H., Bela
Tomo, A., Maass, B. L., Djikeng, A., & Manjeli, Y
Cu en si ua ion o ca y p oduc ion in Came oon: Challenges and oppo uni ies 2012 11/07/2020
16 Mo eki, J., & Seabo, D Cu en s a us, challenges and oppo uni ies o abbi p oduc ion in Bo swana 2012 26/01/2021
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2017 11/05/2020
18 Wilson, R. T Domes ic Li es ock in A ican Ci ies: P oduc ion, P oblems and P ospec s 2018 02/05/2020
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men o A ea o Ebonyi S a e
2017 25/01/2021
176 M.Oguche e al.
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S/N Au ho s Ti le Yea Da e accessed
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on he pe o mance o g owing g asscu e s
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Powell, W., G audal, L., Yana-Shapi o, H., Simons, A. J., & Van Deynze, A
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in Sunyani Municipali y, B ong Aha o Region, Ghana
2011 03/05/2020
23 G.F. Kouassi, G.A. Koné, M. Good, Ma yline Kouba Fac o s Impac ing Guinea Fowl (Numida meleag is) P oduc ion in I o y Coas 2011 21/01/2021
24 FAO—Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion o Uni ed Na ions P omo ing neglec ed and unde u ilized c op species 2019 11/05/2020
25 FAO—Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion o Uni ed Na ions Regional Wo kshop on Neglec ed and Unde u ilized Species o Ze o Hunge :
S a us, P og ess and Way Fo wa d
2017 26/01/2021
26 Yeboah, C. A Fea u es and p o i abili y o he domes ic g asscu e p oduc ion in he B ong
Aha o egion
2009 03/05/2020
27 Danso, B., Cann, R., Danso, B. A., Cann, R., Tsindi, A., & Ayenan, M. A. T Feeding A ica: Role o neglec ed and unde u ilized c ops species (NUS) 2019 11/05/2020
28 Padulosi, S., Thompson, J., & Rudebje , P Figh ing po e y, hunge , and malnu i ion wi h neglec ed and unde u ilized spe-
cies: needs, challenges and he way o wa d
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29 Adi , Vink Backya d g asscu e keeping 2014 23/07/2020
30 G. Ua o a, V., de Fa ima Mo ei a de Bai os, A., Gind i, D., San ini Leola o,
L., Cama go de And ade, G., Ne ling, D., S e en, D., A ijama, M., Hen iques
Razão, E., & Rocha, M
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32 Akinola, L., E ela, I., & Emie o, S G asscu e (Th yonomys swinde ianus) P oduc ion in Wes A ica: P ospec s,
Challenges and Role in Disease T ansmission
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33 Owen, O. J., & Dike, U. A G asscu e (Thyonomys Swinde ianus) Husband y in Nige ia: A Re iew o he
Po en iali ies, Oppo uni ies and Challenges
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go e nmen a eas in Edo s a e, Nige ia
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35 Aluko, A. F., & Salako, A. E G asscu e : A Re iew o he Habi a , Feeds and Feeding, Beha iou and Eco-
nomic Impo ance
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36 Aku u, E. A., Dim, C. E., Ozioko, C. M., & Ugwu, S. O. C G ow h pe o mance o g asscu e s ed die s con aining Mo inga olei e a lea
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2017 18/01/2021
37 Fayenuwo JO, Akande M, Taiwo A A, Adebayo A O, Saka J O, Lawal BO, T. A.
K. and O. P. O
Guidelines o g asscu e ea ing 2003 18/01/2021
38 Saina, H Guinea Fowl (Numidia Meleag is) P oduc ion Unde Smallholde Fa me Man-
agemen in Gu u e Dis ic , Zimbabwe
2005 20/09/2020
39 Mo eki, J. C., & Seabo, D Guinea owl p oduc ion in Bo swana 2012 21/01/2021
40 Manjeli, Y., Tchoumboue, J., Njwe, R. M., & Teguia, A Guinea-pig p oduc i i y unde adi ional managemen 1998 22/01/2021
41 Hend e, P., & Deynze, A. an How a conso ium is changing A ica’s ood sys ems. – A ican O phan C ops
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177
Un ecognized po en ial in neglec ed li es ock species in A ica
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2017 04/05/2020
43 Fon eh, F. A., Niba, A. T., Kudi, A. C., & Awah-Ndukum, J. T. and J In luence o weaning age on he g ow h pe o mance and su i al o weaned
guinea pigs
2005 23/01/2021
44 FAO—Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion o Uni ed Na ions In isible gua dians-Women manage li es ock di e si y 2012 03/05/2020
45 Mwalukasa, L. N Managemen , P oduc i i y and Socio-Economic A ibu es o Guinea Pigs in
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Acknowledgemen s We wish o acknowledge he e o s o ou e iew-
e s o hei meaning ul eedback and dono s o hei commi men
owa ds ag icul u al esea ch o imp o e ood secu i y. We a e g a e ul
o unding om he “P og am o Accompanying Resea ch o Ag i-
cul u al Inno a ion” (PARI), which is unded by he Ge man Fede al
Minis y o Economic Coope a ion and De elopmen (BMZ).
Funding Open Access unding enabled and o ganized by P ojek
DEAL.
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Ma ia Oguche Ma ia Oguche
is a PhD candida e and esea ch
assis an a he depa men o
Animal B eeding and Husband y
in he T opics and Sub opics,
Hans-Ru henbe g Ins i u e a he
Uni e si y o Hohenheim. Ma ia
holds a Bachelo and Mas e ’s in
Ag icul u al economics. He
p o essional and esea ch in e -
es s a e in he ield o li es ock
esea ch including ood secu i y,
sus ainable li es ock p oduc ion
sys ems, clima e change impac s,
gende and household nu i ion.
D . Julie Ka iuki Julie Ka iuki
holds a Ph.D. in Ag icul u al
Sciences, a Mas e o A s
deg ee in En i onmen , Cul u e,
and Socie y, and a Bachelo o
A s deg ee in Sociology. He
pos -doc o al esea ch ocuses on
unde s anding he social dimen-
sions o li es ock managemen
mos ly in sub-Saha an A ica
wi h a ocus on gende and
equi y. Speci ically, she has
wo ked on gende ed dimensions
in li es ock b eeding, ma ke ing,
isk managemen , and na u al
esou ce managemen . She has
expe ience in conduc ing quali a i e and quan i a i e esea ch o unde -
s and he in e - and in ahousehold dynamics o men and women in
li es ock-dependen households.
183
Un ecognized po en ial in neglec ed li es ock species in A ica
P o . D . Regina Bi ne Regina
Bi ne is Chai o Social and
Ins i u ional Change in Ag icul-
u al De elopmen a he Uni e -
si y o Hohenheim, Ge many.
He esea ch ocuses on policies,
go e nance and ins i u ions ha
a e essen ial o global ood
secu i y and ag icul u al de el-
opmen . Gende is a c oss-cu -
ing conce n o he esea ch. She
has mo e han 25 yea s o empi -
ical esea ch expe ience on
smallholde a ming sys ems in
A ica, Asia and La in Ame ica
and has published widely in his
ield. He la es esea ch deals wi h digi al inno a ions in ag icul u e.
Regina Bi ne is a membe o he Ad iso y Council on Ag icul u al
Policy o he Ge man Fede al Minis y o Food and Ag icul u e
(BMEL) and she was a membe o he Ad iso y Council on Bioec-
onomy o he Ge man Fede al Go e nmen . She is also ad ising in e -
na ional o ganiza ions, including he Wo ld Bank and he Food and
Ag icul u e O ganiza ion (FAO) o he Uni ed Na ions.
P o . D . Mizeck Cha-
gunda Mizeck Chagunda is he
Di ec o o Cen e o T opical
Li es ock Gene ics and Heal h
(CTLGH) and Chai o T opical
Li es ock Gene ics, Uni e si y
o Edinbu gh. P io o ha , he
was a Chai o Animal B eeding
and Husband y in he T opics
and Sub opics a he Uni e si y
o Hohenheim. P io o joining
he Uni e si y o Hohenheim,
P o . Chagunda was wi h Sco -
land’s Ru al College (SRUC) in
he UK. P e iously, P o . Cha-
gunda wo ked a he Uni e si y
o Aa hus in Denma k and LUANAR in Malawi a e ob aining his
doc o a e deg ee a he Uni e si y o Gö ingen in Ge many. P o . Cha-
gunda is a Quan i a i e Gene icis who is in e es ed in he use and
in eg a ion o knowledge and echnologies om di e en ields in o de
o con ibu e owa ds de eloping e icien ag icul u al sys ems ha
imp o e p oduc i i y, human heal h and sus ainable li elihoods while
p o ec ing he en i onmen .
