Alha bi, Khalid Mujahid; Mahgoub, Ib ahim G.
A icle
CSRD adi ional and con ex ual in luencing ac o s: he
case o Saudi A abia
Cogen Business & Managemen
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Alha bi, Khalid Mujahid; Mahgoub, Ib ahim G. (2024) : CSRD adi ional and
con ex ual in luencing ac o s: he case o Saudi A abia, Cogen Business & Managemen , ISSN
2331-1975, Taylo & F ancis, Abingdon, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 1-18,
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CSRD adi ional and con ex ual influencing
ac o s: he case o Saudi A abia
Khalid Mujahid Alha bi & Ib ahim G. Mahgoub
To ci e his a icle: Khalid Mujahid Alha bi & Ib ahim G. Mahgoub (2024) CSRD adi ional and
con ex ual influencing ac o s: he case o Saudi A abia, Cogen Business & Managemen , 11:1,
2336292, DOI: 10.1080/23311975.2024.2336292
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CSRD adi ional and con ex ual in luencing ac o s: he case o
Saudi A abia
Khalid Mujahid alha bia and ib ahim g. Mahgouba,b
a aibah uni e si y, al Madinah, saudi a abia; bMansou a uni e si y, el Mansou a, egyp
ABSTRACT
in oday’s economy, one o he mos appealing s a egy equi emen s o company
ope a ions is co po a e social esponsibili y. his pape e iews he exis ing bodies o
li e a u e ela ed o he de e minan s o co po a e social esponsibili y (cSR) wi h a
ocus on Saudi a abia. his pape s udies he li e a u e o cSR and cSR disclosu e
(cSRD). he s udy expands knowledge on cSRD h ough analyzing he his o ical
de elopmen o p e ious s udies, esea ch impac , heo ies u ilized, esea ch coun y/
con ex , and me hodologies and models used o cap u e cSRD. he analysis o he
exis ing li e a u e o cSRD in Saudi a abia shows ha he e is a need o mo e esea ch
examining no only adi ional de e minan s bu also, and mos impo an ly, con ex ual
cha ac e is ics. his is he i s known esea ch ha ho oughly examines he cu en
Saudi cSRD li e a u e and iden i ies con ex ual ac o s ha should be examined in
ela ion o cSRD. in summa y, he s udy highligh s a numbe o esea ch a eas, poin s
ou a numbe o gaps in he li e a u e, and p o ides a comp ehensi e and in e es ing
oadmap o u u e esea ch. he esea ch di ec ions iden i ied in his pape can be
used as guidance o u u e cSRD s udies o di e en eme ging coun ies.
In oduc ion
in oday’s economy, one o he mos appealing s a egy equi emen s o company ope a ions is co po-
a e social esponsibili y (cSR). co po a e Social Responsibili y (cSR) e e s o he me hod o epo ing
how i ms in e ac wi h he en i onmen , wo ke s, communi y, and cus ome s (al-Saki e al., 2014; nou
e al., 2020; 2022).
Since cSR ini ia i es is hough o be c ucial o companies, in o ma ion abou cSR e o s should be
epo ed o s akeholde s and he communi y. i gi es s akeholde s he abili y o choose i he company
is socially engaged o no , which would jus i y he company’s going conce n (nou e al., 2022). Fi ms
employ olun a y disclosu es like he cSRD o boos hei public ela ions, enhance hei public pe cep-
ion, and gua d agains public c i icism (nou e al., 2020).
consequen ly, many s udies in es iga ed, and p o ided e idence on, he de e minan s o cSRD du ing
he las wo decades. Howe e , his li e a u e p o ided mixed indings and a lo o g oups o de e mi-
nan s due o he di e ences be ween he scope o hese s udies (i.e. mic o and mac o ac o s) and he
con ex s o hem (i.e. de eloped, de eloping, o eme ging coun ies).
hus, he main objec i es and con ibu ions p o ided by his s udy a e o (1) gi e an in-dep h e iew
o he li e a u e on he de e minan s o cSRD esea ch, (2) explo e he a ious ace s o his li e a u e,
(3) poin ou any gaps in he li e a u e, and (4) p o ide a ho ough agenda o u u e esea ch. hus, his
s udy could help academics, legisla o s, manage s h ough p o iding a ho ough unde s anding o he
ac o s which d i e he cSRD, pa icula ly in Suadi a abia con ex . addi ionally, he cu en s udy
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT Khalid Mujahid alha bi [email p o ec ed] aibah uni e si y, al Madinah, saudi a abia.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2336292
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 2 June 2022
Re ised 28 Feb ua y 2024
accep ed 25 Ma ch 2024
KEYWORDS
co po a e social
esponsibili y disclosu e;
adi ional cSRD
in luencing ac o s;
con ex ual cSRD
in luencing ac o s; he
kingdom o Saudi a abia
REVIEWING EDITOR
Hui en (Helen) cai,
Middlesex Uni e si y
Business School,
Uni ed Kingdom
SUBJECTS
co po a e go e nance;
co po a e Social
Responsibili y; Small
Business Managemen
2 K. M. alHaRBi anD i. g. MaHgOUB
con ibu es o he li e a u e by emphasizing he con ex ual de e minan s o cSRD alongside i s adi-
ional de e minan s. ha is, his is he i s known esea ch ha ho oughly examines he cu en Saudi
cSRD li e a u e and iden i ies con ex ual ac o s ha should be conside ed in ela ion o cSRD. Mo eo e ,
he esea ch di ec ions iden i ied in his s udy can be used as guidance o u u e cSRD s udies o di -
e en eme ging coun ies.
Speci ically, his s udy e iews he ele an cSR li e a u e on cSRD, co po a e go e nance (cg), and
o he ela ed De e minan s on mac o and mic o le els. Bo h domes ic s udies conduc ed in Saudi a abia
and wo ldwide esea ch a e included in his cSR e iew. hus, his pape iden i ies ac o s in luencing
cSRD ha a e ou lined in he espec i e li e a u e. Fu he , i e iews he e olu ion o cSRD esea ch in
Saudi a abia (i.e. ends o cSRD in Saudi-based esea ch). hese a e unde - esea ched a eas in he cSRD
li e a u e. hus, by o e ing a mo e ho ough g asp o he s a e o cSRD esea ch in Saudi a abia, he
links be ween cSRD and i s de e minan s, and he iden i ica ion o pe inen esea ch gaps (oppo uni-
ies), his e iew pape con ibu es o he body o li e a u e.
hen, his s udy would p o ide answe s o he ollowing ques ions: (1) wha a e he adi ional de e -
minan s o cSRD? (2) wha a e he con ex ual de e minan s o cSRD on Saudi a abia con ex ? (3) wha
a e he u u e di ec ions o he cSRD li e a u e, especially in KSa?
oday, co po a e social esponsibili y (cSR) is widely accep ed in de eloped coun ies; i is no seen as
a u he policy ool ha co po a es use o disclose in o ma ion; in o he wo ds, co po a es in de eloped
coun ies do no iew cSR disclosu e as a luxu y o belie e ha i imp o es hei epu a ion in he eyes
o he public. Howe e , co po a es now iew co po a e social esponsibili y as a key componen o hei
policies and s a egies. On he o he hand, co po a es in de eloping and eme ging coun ies, such KSa,
emain in he ea ly phases o inco po a ing cSR in o hei policies and s a egies. hus, explo ing he
con ex ual de e minan s o cSRD in a me ging con ex , Suadi a abia, would be an in e es ing esea ch
ield and wo hwhile.
examining and de e mining he ac o s ha in luence cSRD in he Saudi a abian con ex is mo i a ed
by se e al ac o s. Fi s , he Kingdom o Saudi a abia is a gul coope a ion council membe . i is one o
he bigges oil expo e s in he wo ld and con ibu es 25% o he gDP o he a ab wo ld and 44% o
he a ab Ma ke capi aliza ion (alo aibi & Hussainey, 2016; Habbash, 2016). Second, se e al indus ies a e
loca ed he e, including cemen , pe ochemicals, cus ome se ices, e ining, and heal hca e. Saudi
a abian businesses ha e ecen ly begun o ocus a mo e on hei annual epo s’ cSR ini ia i es.
Mo eo e , he cSRD is deemed manda o y by he Saudi a abian go e nance code o co po a ions o
p o ide. consequen ly, his o e s pe inen in o ma ion o a ious s akeholde s and bene i s he commu-
ni y a la ge (alo aibi & Hussainey, 2016).
hi d, in 2007, Saudi a abia adop ed a co po a e go e nance code. cul u ally, he coun y’s islamic
alues had a conside able in luence on he code, esul ing in he in eg a ion o islamic ai s in o he
go e nance code (albassam, 2014, alo aibi & Hussainey, 2016). Fou h, he go e nance se ing and eg-
ula o y en i onmen in Saudi a abia is eme ging, dis inc , and s udy wo h. Fo ins ance, he e is a con-
cen a ion o go e nmen al and amily owne ship in Saudi a abian lis ed companies. ha i is, o e 70%
o he lis ed companies a e amily-owned businesses and he Saudi go e nmen owns mo e han 30%
o Saudi a abian businesses. Finally, in 2016, he Saudi go e nmen eleased he 2030 ision which
in ol es signi ican ins i u ional e o ms ha could a ec , in u n, i ms’ epo ing beha iou . consequen ly,
i is wo hwhile o in es iga e cSRD de e minan s in such an eme ging ins i u ional se ing.
ision 2030, which he Saudi a abian go e nmen is implemen ing a a apid a e o imp o e he
na ion’s economic and social s anding, is a u ning poin in he coun y’s his o y. he go e nmen
desc ibes ision 2030 as an in eg a ed s a egy o e i e he economy and lessen i s dependence on oil.
Recognized as an agenda o economic p og ess, ision 2030 has gained espec in all economic sec o s.
i desc ibes he b oad plans, guidelines, p io i ies, and aims o e i ing he Kingdom. he goal o ision
2030 is o comple ely es uc u e he economy, using he p i a e sec o as a ca alys o p ospe i y
(Fa ghaly e al., 2023).
he pape is s uc u ed as ollows. Fi s , he me hodology o his li e a u e- e iew-based pape is cla -
i ied. Second, a e iew o empi ical indings o poli ical, social, and economic mac o con ex ual ac o s
and mic o i m-le el cha ac e is ics ha in luence cSRD is p esen ed. we hen p o ide a e iew ha
discusses p io cSR li e a u e based on KSa and he heo e ical pe spec i e o hese s udies. nex ,
cOgen BUSineSS & ManageMen 3
esea ch designs used by p io cSR Saudi-based s udies a e discussed. we end wi h he limi a ions and
di ec ions o u u e esea ch.
Resea ch me hodology
Rega ding he di e se poli ical, social, and economic condi ions o coun ies all o e he wo ld, he p es-
en pape seeks o illus a e he signi icance o cSR and cSRD p ac ices ia a heo e ical app oach. he
pape is based on a ailable ele an li e a u e on he opic. i includes cSRD- ela ed esea ch s udies,
elec onic jou nals, a icles, and media epo s in p in and/o a ailable on he in e ne .
o sea ch o e iewed a icles, we used he mos common keywo ds in he cSR li e a u e o be used.
Since his pape ocus on he adi ional and Suadi- ela ed con ex ual de e minan s o cSRD, we also
used he keywo ds which e e o hese opics alongside he cSR li e a u e keywo ds. hen, we used
keywo ds such as ‘co po a e Social Responsibili y’, ‘cSR’, ‘co po a e Social Responsibili y Disclosu e’, ‘cSRD’,
co po a e Social Responsibili y Disclosu e De e minan s’, and ‘Suadi a abia’.
he li e a u e e iew p ocess necessi a es a well-o ganized plan. h ee s eps made up he e iew plan
ha we de eloped: (1) De e mine which cSR s udies equi e a e iew, and hen c ea e he e iew me h-
odology. (2) So he chosen esea ch acco ding o he hemes hey each explo ed. (3) De e mine he
gaps in he li e a u e and, using he indings o he e iew, sugges he di ec ions o u u e s udy.
he s udy i s discusses he empi ical elemen s in luencing cSRD globally, which highligh s he
impo ance o his opic. wo iewpoin s a e used o explain his: (1) mac o le el, which include social,
poli ical, and economic ac o s; and (2) mic o le el, which conside he cha ac e is ics o indi idual i ms.
his se es o illus a e he indings o he li e a u e in his a ea on a global basis. consequen ly, we
classi y he e iewed a icles conduc ed ou side he Saudi con ex in o wo g oups: mac o le el ac o s
s udies and mac o le el ac o s s udies, as discussed nex .
nex , he Saudi con ex o cSRD esea ch is explo ed and ho oughly analyzed. he main aim o hese
analyses is o examine he cu en cSRD li e a u e, iden i y ele an esea ch gaps, and hen ecommend
espec i e u u e di ec ions. o mee he s udy’s objec i e, he ollowing dis inc ace s o he e iewed
Saudi-based s udies a e e iewed: de elopmen s in Saudi cSRD li e a u e, heo e ical pe spec i es o
amewo k, and esea ch design (sample cha ac e is ics, da a sou ce, cSRD ins umen , and esea ch
me hodology).
Empi ical indings on ac o s a ec ing CSRD
he e iew o he ele an li e a u e is di ided in o wo ca ego ies: mac o and mic o ac o s ha in lu-
ence cSRD. Mac o ac o s include poli ical, social, and economic con ex s, and mic o aspec s a e compa-
nies’ cha ac e is ics.
Mac o ac o s: poli ical, social, and economic con ex s
he combina ion o i ms’ mo i a ions, he ins i u ional amewo k o he coun y, and social and poli ical
se ings means ha he economic e ec s o accoun ing sys ems migh di e h oughou coun ies. legal
egimes ha e his o ically p oduced a wide a ie y o accoun ing sys ems, which makes i challenging o
compa e inancial epo s meaning ully be ween coun ies due o hese and o he poli ical and economic
dispa i ies.
hen, a ious poli ical, social, and economic con ex s in a ious coun ies may ha e an impac on
many kinds o manage ial choices, including epo ing and disclosu e decisions. hus, i is equen ly
equi ed o look beyond he le el o he company and he ma ke o a ange o poli ical, social, and
economic a iables ha a e ou side he domain o he i m o gain a g ounded unde s anding o cSR.
Fo ins ance, mo e poli ical changes in a con ex accompanied by legisla ions changes could e ec he
quan i y and he quali y o cSRD. Mo eo e , Social p essu e plays an impo an ole in commi men wi h
cSR ini ia i es and olun a y disclosu e. Finally, he economic g ow h and s abili y o he coun y could
help mo i a e i ms in cSR p ac ices.
4 K. M. alHaRBi anD i. g. MaHgOUB
P io esea ch has linked cSR o poli ical, social, and economic con ex s. Fu he , p e ious esea ch has
sugges ed ha a coun y’s poli ical economy pe spec i e in luences i ms’ disclosu e (g ay e al., 1996;
gu h ie & Pa ke , 1990; Healy & Palepu, 2001; Robe s, 1992). g ay e al. (1995) employed s akeholde ,
legi imacy, and poli ical economy heo ies o in e p e he indings o he e iewed s udies. g ay e al.
(1995) concluded ha cSR is no a sys ema ic p ac ice because o he lack o egula ion. hey also no ed
ha because di e en coun ies ha e dis inc con ex ual p essu es, cSRD di e s based on he coun y o
epo ing. his obse a ion is suppo ed by Baughn e al. (2007), who s udied cSR h ough he lens o
ins i u ional heo y. Baughn e al. (2007) compa ed he cSR p ac ices o i een asian coun ies wi h
hose o o he coun ies (such as he US, aus alia, he Middle eas , and a ica). hey e ealed signi ican
egional a ia ions in cSR indings. Speci ically, hey ound a s ong ela ionship be ween a coun y’s
poli ical, social, and economic con ex s and cSR. Baughn e al. (2007) also s essed he impo ance o
coe ci e ins i u ional powe , o egula ions, o encou age cSR p ac ices.
none heless, Dobe s and Halme (2009) discussed cSR in de eloping coun ies, pa icula ly in Sou h
ame ica and a ica, con ibu ing o a g ea e unde s anding o wha app op ia e cSR p ac ices can o e ,
go e ned by pos -de elopmen heo y. acco ding o Dobe s and Halme (2009), he lack o app op ia e
ins i u ional amewo ks and cSR ini ia i es may esul in he misapp op ia ion o subs an ial esou ces
and, ul ima ely, s a e ailu e. Young and Ma ais (2012) s udied he quali y o cSRD based on ins i u ional
and legi imacy heo ies. Using a sample o 220 epo s o aus alian and F ench i ms published in 2009,
hey examined cSR epo ing, conside ing he impac o na ional ins i u ions and indus y cha ac e is ics.
acco ding o Young and Ma ais (2012), he exis ence o cSR go e nance in F ance con ibu es o imp o ed
communica ion o cSRD compa ed o aus alia.
in he same way, il (2016) a gued ha s akeholde , legi imacy, and accoun abili y heo ies a e widely
used in de eloped coun ies o desc ibe cSR p ac ices. Howe e , hese heo e ical s ances s uggle o
conside all aspec s o poli ics, cul u e, and economy (mac o le el). hus, hey ail o in e p e cSR in a
changing ins i u ional en i onmen such as hose in de eloping coun ies (F ynas & Yamahaki, 2016). il
(2016) sugges ed ha he ole o poli ical ideology and hegemony, he in luence o cul u al unde s and-
ings, and he impac o his o ical economic con ex s should be conside ed when examining a de eloping
coun y’s cSRD. his discussion aligns wi h o he esea ch conduc ed in de eloping coun ies (Uzma,
2016; Yang e al., 2015). Jamali and Ka am (2018) e iewed 453 esea ch pape s based in de eloping
coun ies, published be ween 1990 and 2015, o iden i y how cSR is unde s ood and p ac iced in de el-
oping coun ies. hey e ealed ha cSR has become mo e p e alen in de eloping coun ies; howe e ,
he e a e gaps in he p inciples and applica ion o cSR due o poli ical and social ac o s (such as o mal
egula o y and in o mal cul u al ins i u ions ha in luence sys ems o go e nance).
Fu he , in he exis ing body o li e a u e, some s udies empi ically examined he in luence o poli ical,
social, and economic ac o s on he cSRD o de eloping coun ies. analysing 681 annual epo s o mul-
ina ional en e p ises ope a ing in eme ging ma ke s be ween 2004 and 2011, Ma ano e al. (2017) exam-
ined he ela ionship be ween he condi ion o ins i u ional oids (i.e. he absence o lack o ins i u ions
ha imp o e cSR p ac ices) and he use o cSRD. hei indings sugges ed ha imp o ing cSR ins i u-
ional en i onmen s inc eases cSRD. hey disco e ed ha ins i u ional p essu es ela ed o in e na ional-
iza ion, lis ings on s ock exchanges in de eloped economies, and en e p ises’ expe ise in comp ehending
hei cSR policies we e he main easons why he s udied i ms we e d i en o enhance cSRD. consis en ly,
ali e al. (2017) explo ed he simila i ies and di e ences be ween de eloped and de eloping coun ies in
ela ion o cSRD de e minan s. By conduc ing a li e a u e su ey and e iewing 76 empi ical esea ch
a icles, he au ho s concluded ha cSRD is pe inen o a coun y’s (de eloped and de eloping) poli i-
cal, socie al, and cul u al in luences. Howe e , cSRD in de eloped coun ies is mo e conce ned wi h spe-
ci ic s akeholde s (e.g. egula o s, in es o s, and media); cSRD in de eloping coun ies is in luenced mo e
by ex e nal and powe ul o ces (e.g. in e na ional media and o eign in es o s). hey added ha i ms
o de eloping coun ies ace less public p essu e han do hose o de eloped coun ies.
P e ious li e a u e has a gued he ole o go e nmen in p omo ing co po a e epo ing by p o iding
ele an guidelines. go e nmen s exe a coe ci e/ egula i e ins i u ional p essu e on i ms o enhance
ce ain social beha iou s (campbell, 2007; DiMaggio & Powell, 1983; Sco , 2008). cSRD can be also
enhanced by p o iding espec i e egula ions (am an & De i, 2008; chau ey e al., 2015; F os , 2007;
Haji, 2013; Robe s, 1992; Sadou e al., 2017; Yang & Fa ley, 2016). Fo example, am an and De i (2008)
cOgen BUSineSS & ManageMen 5
in es iga ed he in luence o he Malaysian 2020 ision on Malaysian companies’ cSRD and ound ha
he 2020 ision mo i a ed he sampled i ms o engage in g ea e cSRD. Fu he , ex ending he a gu-
men made by Ma ano e al. (2017), O as e al. (2019) examined he ole o na ional ins i u ions on i ms’
en i onmen al, social, and go e nance (eSg) pe o mance, analysing he eSg pe o mance o 4,751 i ms
om 52 coun ies, adop ing he ins i u ional heo y. O as e al. (2019) ound ha good cSR policies
d i e be e eSg pe o mance.
Fu he , Sha ma (2019) e alua ed he ole o cSR in de eloping and de eloped coun ies. hey ocused
on cSR p inciples and he ole o cSR in a coun y’s de elopmen concluding ha go e nmen s o de el-
oping coun ies use cSR campaigns o se e poli ical and social aims. consis en wi h he indings o ali
e al. (2017), he au ho epo ed ha , in de eloped coun ies, i ms con ol cSR campaigns and end o
ocus on s akeholde s’ needs in hei cSR s a egies. he indings o Sha ma (2019) ha e some limi a ions
ha mus be conside ed such as hey show he gene al ends o cSR usage by go e nmen s and i ms,
ega dless o coun y-speci ic con ex s (e.g. economic, social, and poli ical) ha may play a signi ican
ole in cla i ying he impac o cSR on a coun y’s de elopmen . al‐abdin e al. (2018) conduc ed a ho -
ough li e a u e s udy o he ele an Middle eas e n (Me) li e a u e om 2003 o 2016 o in es iga e he
s a us o cSR and i s u u e di ec ions. hey e ealed ha cSR in Me is gene ally e ol ing, bu in a slow
manne , e lec ing he di e en Me coun y-speci ic con ex s (e.g. cul u al, poli ical, and economic). al‐
abdin e al. (2018) no ed ha he di e ences be ween coun ies migh play an impo an ole in a
coun y’s cSR de elopmen (e.g. Sy ia, i an, u key, and lebanon’s geopoli ical impac s on cSR).
P io s udies ha e unde lined he need o ecognize he unique ways in which co po a e social espon-
sibili y is impac ed by na ional con ex s. a signi ican limi a ion o some cSR esea ch is ha i is ca ied
ou in de eloping coun ies bu adop s he me hodology o cSR s udies es ablished in de eloped coun-
ies (al‐abdin e al., 2018; Ma ano e al., 2017; O as e al., 2019; il , 2016). Resea che s (ali e al., 2017;
Baughn e al., 2007; Dobe s & Halme, 2009; end ika e al., 2020; lu & wang, 2021; Ma ano e al., 2017;
il , 2016; Uzma, 2016) ha e issued a wa ning ha , due o poli ical, cul u al, and economic dispa i ies,
ans e ing esea ch om de eloped o de eloping na ions wi hou app op ia e adap a ions may esul
in e oneous conclusions. acco ding o al-abdin e al. (2018), Dobe s and Halme (2009), Ma ano e al.
(2017), Sha ma (2019), il (2016), and Uzma (2016), mo e esea ch is equi ed o ully unde s and he
impac o egula ions, s akeholde s, poli ics, si ua ions o c isis, cul u e, and indi idual beha iou s on
cSRD. as a esul , he unique geog aphically ela ed cSR cha ac e is ics esul in many associa ed
esea ch gaps.
in he body o exis ing li e a u e, he ela ionship be ween eligion and cSR, as a cul u al aspec , has
been also explo ed. islamic ai s and cSR concep s a e s ongly ela ed (albassam & n im, 2017; alhazmi,
2017; goby & nicke son, 2016; Khan e al., 2013; Sobhani e al., 2011). Baydoun and wille (2000) p o-
posed ha he eligion o islam, as a cul u al a iable, a ec s he in e p e a ion and disclosu e o
accoun ing measu es and in o ma ion, sugges ing ha cSR epo s could be in luenced by he belie s o
islam. hey s a e ha co po a e ac i i ies in islamic socie ies en ail a sense o social accoun abili y and
collec i ism. in con as , wes e n companies a e adi ionally d i en by p o i maximiza ion (wi h a li le
conside a ion o social accoun abili y) and indi idualis ic economic a ionalism (Baydoun & wille , 2000).
Based on legi imacy heo y, Hani a and cooke (2005) examined he in luence o cg mechanisms and
cul u al a iables (including eligion) on cSRD in Malaysia. Using a mixed-me hod analysis, hey ound a
signi ican ela ionship be ween cSRD and execu i e-domina ed boa ds o di ec o s, boa ds wi h a majo -
i y o Muslim membe s, boa ds wi h mul iple di ec o ship chai pe sons, and o eign sha e owne ship. in
addi ion, a ibi and gao (2010) examined he islamic in luence on cSRD be ween islamic and con en-
ional inancial ins i u ions. he esul s o hei s udy indica e ha he cSRD o islamic inancial ins i u-
ions in he gul egion is posi i ely impac ed by islam. a ibi and gao (2010) suppo ed he indings in
he esea ch men ioned abo e, and hei conclusions we e consis en wi h mo e ecen s udies (e.g.
alhejaili, 2018; Hassan & Sya i Ha ahap, 2010; Raman & Bukai , 2013). Fu he mo e, Jamali and Sdiani
(2013) in es iga ed he belie s o manage s in lebanese companies in o de o s udy he connec ion
be ween cSR and eligion. Rega ding cSR, hey dis inguished be ween wo ca ego ies o eligious d i -
e s: in insic (i.e. based on pe sonal expe ience) and ex insic (i.e. based on sha ed esponsibili y). Jamali
and Sdiani (2013) ound social ex insic eligiosi y wi h wide cSR pe spec i es maximized i s bene i s,
while in insic eligiosi y was e ealed o be na owe in ela ion o cSR, wi h limi ed app ecia ion o i s
6 K. M. alHaRBi anD i. g. MaHgOUB
ad an ages. Howe e , Ha un e al. (2020) ound ha islamic banks in gcc coun ies had low cSRD, sug-
ges ing ha such i ms concen a e mo e on inancial bene i s han on eligious and social no ms.
in Saudi a abia, e y ew s udies ha e examined he impac o islamic alues on cSRD. albassam and
n im (2017) in es iga ed he in luence o islamic alues on cg olun a y disclosu e in Saudi a abia, using
a sample o 75 lis ed i ms o se en yea s. hey ound ha companies wi h high p ac icing- eligiosi y
(i.e. in eg a ing mo e islamic alues in business) ha e highe olun a y cg disclosu e.
he e is also a sca ci y in esea ch on he impac o cSR on i m pe o mance om an islamic pe -
spec i e. al-Malkawi and Ja aid (2018) p o ided insigh s ega ding he e ec o cSR (measu ed by Zaka )
on i m inancial pe o mance based on s akeholde heo y. hey examined 107 Saudi-lis ed non inancial
i ms o e 10 yea s. al-Malkawi and Ja aid (2018) e ealed a s ong associa ion be ween Zaka and i m
inancial pe o mance. in conclusion, s udies in es iga ing he impac o eligion on cSRD a e a e in he
Saudi con ex . his aises a need o mo e ins i u ional heo y-based esea ch on Saudi i ms in his a ea
(albassam & n im, 2017; Jamali & Sdiani, 2013).
Mic o ac o s: i m cha ac e is ics
Fi m-speci ic ac o s shape companies’ iden i y, which in u n in luences i ms’ beha iou in dealing wi h
in e nal (e.g. ope a ions and employees) and ex e nal (e.g. cus ome s, he en i onmen , and communi y)
issues. i has been sugges ed ha hese i m-le el ai s in luence cSR and cSRD in dis inc ways
(goods ein & Boeke , 1991; Michelon & Pa bone i, 2012; Yang & Fa ley, 2016).
he mos equen ly examined de e minan s a e company size, p o i abili y, le e age, indus y ype,
co po a e inancial pe o mance, he mul iple lis ing o a i m, coun y o o igin, and co po a e go e -
nance a iables such as boa d o di ec o s’ a ibu es, audi commi ee a ibu es, and gende di e si y.
Howe e , ewe s udies in es iga e he e ec s o ac o s ela ed o isk managemen commi ee and cSR
commi ee.
Many empi ical s udies ha e demons a ed he impo ance o a company’s dis inc i e cha ac e is ics
o cSR. Fo example, g ay e al. (1995) explo ed he li e a u e o cSR and i m cha ac e is ics and ound
ha ac o s such as indus y ype, coun y o epo ing, company age, and he exis ence o a social
esponsibili y commi ee in luence cSR. Howe e , g ay e al. (1995) also iden i ied o he i ms’ ac o s ha
a e i ele an o cSR, such as company size and p o i abili y, con adic ing he indings o many o he
s udies ha e ealed a posi i e associa ion be ween i m size and cSRD (cowen e al., 1987; Hacks on &
Milne, 1996; Pa en, 1991), and p o i abili y and co po a e epo ing (al- uwaij i e al., 2004; Belkaoui &
Ka pik, 1989; Hani a & cooke, 2005; Jizi e al., 2014; Robe s, 1992). adams (2002) in es iga ed he
impac o in e nal o ganiza ional ac o s on co po a e social and e hical epo ing. he au ho in e -
iewed senio execu i es om se en la ge mul icul u al i ms in he chemical and pha maceu ical sec o s
in he UK and ge many. He indings indica ed ha i m size, coun y o o igin, and cul u e a ec ing he
ex en , quali y, quan i y, and comple eness o such disclosu es. adams (2002) also e ealed ha public
p essu e d i es i ms’ p ac ice o epo ing. in aus alia, chan e al. (2014) assessed ac o s a ec ing
cSRD, in o med by legi imacy and s akeholde heo ies. hey e ealed ha i m size, indus y ype, and
le e age ha e posi i e signi ican impac on aus alian i ms’ cSRD.
in Bangladesh, Mu akin e al. (2015) in es iga ed he impac o boa d di ec o s’ gende and na ional-
i y, i m size, and p o i abili y on cSRD, in o med by signalling heo y. hei indings showed ha la ge
and mo e p o i able i ms, wi h o eign di ec o s on boa d, epo mo e cSRD, while women on boa ds
ha e a nega i e impac on cSRD. ali e al. (2017) e iewed he simila i ies and di e ences be ween
de eloped and de eloping coun ies in ela ion o cSRD de e minan s and ound ha i m size, indus y
ype, and p o i abili y in luence cSRD.
Mo eo e , esea che s ha e been mo i a ed o in es iga e mo e ac o s ha in luence cSRD. cg ac-
o s, as company-speci ic cha ac e is ics, ha e been examined. Fo ins ance, Ha jo o and Jo (2011) quan-
i a i ely examined he associa ion be ween boa d independence and owne ship s uc u e and cSR using
a la ge in e na ional sample consis ing o 12,527 obse a ions. his s udy e ealed posi i e ela ionships
be ween cSR and such cg aspec s. Jizi e al. (2014) adop ed agency heo y o examine he impac o
cg ac o s on cSRD in he US banking sec o . hey ound ha boa d size, boa d independence, and ceO
duali y a e posi i ely associa ed wi h cSRD. Ha jo o and Jo (2011) and Jizi e al. (2014) sugges ed ha
cOgen BUSineSS & ManageMen 7
he signi icance o cg ac o s in explaining cSR is ela ed o managemen ’s a emp s o demons a e
highe accoun abili y o s akeholde s.
Fu he , Majumde e al. (2017) ex ensi ely e iewed 29 a icles abou he ela ionship be ween 12
cg ac o s and cSR. hei e iew co e ed de eloped and eme ging coun ies. a me a-analysis ool
was employed by Majumde e al. (2017) o s a is ically explain he con adic o y indings o p io
s udies. hey con i med he posi i e ela ionship be ween boa d size, equency o boa d mee ings,
and audi o s’ c edibili y wi h cSR. Recen indings o Saudi companies also suppo p io esea ch
in es iga ing cg and cSRD (al-Janadi e al., 2013; alhazmi, 2017; alo aibi & Hussainey, 2016; able 1).
in addi ion o he abo emen ioned commonly used cg ac o s, he e ha e been ecen limi ed s ud-
ies in o wo o he cg ac o s in luencing cSR: isk managemen commi ees (RMc; Musallam, 2018)
and cSR commi ees (cSRc; a ena e al., 2015; end ika e al., 2020; Fuen e e al., 2017; genna i &
Sal ioni, 2019).
Fu he , despi e hei pauci y in he ex an li e a u e, company-speci ic ac o s, we e in es iga ed and
ound o a ec cSR such as:
• in luen ial (e.g. poli icians) di ec o ship (alazzani e al., 2019; Michelon & Pa bone i, 2012; Yang &
Fa ley, 2016)
• gende di e si y (Bea e al., 2010; issa & Fang, 2019; lu & wang, 2021; Pos e al., 2011; williams,
2003), and educa ional quali ica ions o emale di ec o s (e.g. ananzeh, 2022)
• egula o y penal ies (Ding e al., 2019; Ma ínez‐Fe e o e al., 2019)
• cSR awa ds (anas e al., 2015; a ena e al., 2018; Sadou e al., 2017)
• in e na ionaliza ion (i.e. he in luence o ope a ing in mul iple coun ies) (a ig e al., 2016; B amme
e al., 2006; Ma ano e al., 2017).
Howe e , jus i ica ions o such ela ionships a e limi ed (g ay e al., 1995; Yang, 2014). hus, s udies
based on a comp ehensi e heo e ical amewo k such as ins i u ional heo y is equi ed o in es iga e
he ole o i m-speci ic cha ac e is ics on cSRD om in e nal (i.e. mime ic p essu e) and ex e nal (i.e.
coe ci e and no ma i e p essu es) aspec s (ali e al., 2017). his p o ides a deepe unde s anding o
cSRD mac o and mic o in luencing ac o s, leading o he disco e y o mo e me hods o imp o e cSR.
Re iew o p io CSR li e a u e based in KSA
in Saudi a abia, cSR has only ecen ly become a opic o in e es o esea che s. cSR has a ac ed he
a en ion o di e se s akeholde s (e.g. go e nmen s, companies, and esea che s) no only because o
inc easing in e na ional in e es in his ield bu also because o he economic, social, and en i onmen al
bene i s ha can be achie ed. his has led o a g owing numbe o s udies examining he s a us o cSR
and ac o s in luencing cSRD in Saudi a abia.
De elopmen s in Saudi CSRD li e a u e
he li e a u e on cSRD based in KSa is limi ed (alhejaili, 2018; alo aibi & Hussainey, 2016; issa, 2017;
Mahjoub, 2019; Saeidi, 2019). in e ms o language, e y ew cSR s udies ha e been published in a abic;
he excep ions a e al-Zah ani (2010) and elas ag e al. (2014). a abic cSR publica ions o e a b oad
desc ip i e discussion abou cSR concep s and i s ela ionship wi h islam and local de elopmen s. in
con as , english cSRD li e a u e based in Saudi a abia o en in ol es a a ie y o s udies empi ically
examining cSR and i s ela ionship wi h cg and o he i m-speci ic ac o s (abdulhaq & Muhamed, 2015;
al-gam h & al-Dhama i, 2016; alhazmi, 2017; al-Janadi e al., 2013; Boshnak, 2021; Habbash, 2016;
Maca ulla & alalweh, 2012). his pape will e iew Saudi cSR li e a u e published in bo h a abic and
english li e a u e.
he e iew o Saudi cSR li e a u e shows ha cSRD is e ol ing. Resea che s we e mo i a ed o ul il
he needs o local s akeholde s and emain consis en wi h in e na ional cSR de elopmen s. ea ly cSR
li e a u e based in Saudi a abia ends o explo e cSR concep s, o igins, and d i e s (ali & al-aali, 2012;
al-Zah ani, 2010; Maca ulla & alalweh, 2012; Mandu ah e al., 2012). he excep ion is wo ecen s udies
14 K. M. alHaRBi anD i. g. MaHgOUB
conduc ed wi h a ocus on he case o Saudi a abia o show he signi icance o mo ing om he adi-
ional me hod o examining cSRD (i.e. by applying wes e n me hodologies) o a mo e sophis ica ed
app oach ha akes he coun ies’ uniqueness (e.g. poli ical, social, and economic con ex s) in o
conside a ion.
Disclosu e s a emen
no po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s).
Abou he au ho s
D . Alha bi, Khalid, M., ice Dean o academic a ai s, PhD, Macc, and BSc in accoun ing. assis an P o esso ,
accoun ing Depa men , college o Business adminis a ion (Yanbu), aibah Uni e si y, al-Madinah al-Munawa ah,
Saudi a abia. in e es ed in ending accoun ing esea ch a eas including sus ainabili y epo ing, co po a e go e -
nance, ins i u ional changes and egula ions, and cSR disclosu es. email: k[email p o ec ed].
D . Ib ahim G. Mahgoub, PhD, MBa, and BSc in Managemen . associa e P o esso , Managemen Depa men ,
Managemen Depa men , cBa-(Yanbu), aibah Uni e si y, KSa. and associa e P o esso , Managemen Depa men ,
cBa, Mansou a Uni., egyp . in e es ed in ending Managemen esea ch a eas including HRM, sus ainabili y, and
leade ship. email: [email p o ec ed].sa.
ORCID
Khalid Mujahid alha bi h p://o cid.o g/0000-0001-6820-530X
ib ahim g. Mahgoub h p://o cid.o g/0000-0003-2120-2739
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