Meb a ie, Eshe u; Shanbel, Bi hanu
A icle
Iden i ying he p e alence o des uc i e leade ship
beha io and i s de e minan s in no hwes E hiopia
Cogen Business & Managemen
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Taylo & F ancis G oup
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Meb a ie, Eshe u; Shanbel, Bi hanu (2024) : Iden i ying he p e alence o
des uc i e leade ship beha io and i s de e minan s in no hwes E hiopia, Cogen Business &
Managemen , ISSN 2331-1975, Taylo & F ancis, Abingdon, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 1-17,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2315696
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Iden i ying he p e alence o des uc i e
leade ship beha io and i s de e minan s in
no hwes E hiopia
Eshe u Meb a ie & Bi hanu Shanbel
To ci e his a icle: Eshe u Meb a ie & Bi hanu Shanbel (2024) Iden i ying he p e alence o
des uc i e leade ship beha io and i s de e minan s in no hwes E hiopia, Cogen Business &
Managemen , 11:1, 2315696, DOI: 10.1080/23311975.2024.2315696
To link o his a icle: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2315696
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2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2315696
Iden i ying he p e alence o des uc i e leade ship beha io and
i s de e minan s in no hwes E hiopia
eshe u Meb a ie and Bi hanu shanbel
College o Business and economics, injiba a uni e si y, injiba a, e hiopia
ABSTRACT
Des uc i e leade ship beha io s and hei e ec s on he o ganiza ion ha e ecei ed li le
a en ion in e ms o esea ch & heo y de elopmen . as a esul , he pu pose o his
a icle is o in es iga e he p e alence and de e minan s o des uc i e leade ship beha io
om he quan i a i e da a collec ed h ough ques ionnai e. a o al o 947 sample
employees we e included in his s udy s a i ied sampling echnique. Pe sonal beha io ,
ine ec i e decision, managemen incompe ency, and poli ical beha io ha e a posi i e
signi icance di e ence a p = 0.01 a e he da a has been analyzed h ough ac o analysis
and eg ession analysis. howe e , a he 1% signi icance le el, he di e ence in poli ical
beha io and nego ia ion p oblem is nega i e. On he o he hand, poo communica ion
has a nega i e ela ionship wi h des uc i e leade ship beha io , bu i is s a is ically
insigni ican a a 5% alpha le el. acco ding o he indings, ~65% o public-sec o
employees in he awi zone a e suscep ible o des uc i e leade ship. in his case, he
esea che s ecommended ha o ganiza ions in en ionally and consis en ly need o
p omo e an en i onmen in which employees eel ee o speak up abou leade s’ beha io
ha hey belie e i iola es no only hei own bu also he o ganiza ion’s alues.
IMPACT STATEMENT
Fo he success o any o ganiza ion, good leade s a e needed; bu a me e ocus on hose
good leade ship ai s is no enough o ge he o ganiza ion mo e e ec i e and e icien .
so, his s udy is in ended o show he p e alence o des uc i e eade ship and
con ibu ing ac o s in a ge public o ganiza ions. i is ounded ha leade s may beha e
des uc i ely o a a ie y o easons, be i hei pe sonali y, incompe ence, inabili y o
nego ia e, pe cei ed injus ice o h ea o hei iden i y, ine ec i e decision-making,
inancial easons, low o ganiza ional iden i ica ion, Poli ical beha io e c.
1. In oduc ion
Mos academicians, o ganiza ions, and manage s ha e adi ionally sough o imp o e o ganiza ional pe o -
mance h ough he s udy o good, e ec i e, isiona y, and cha isma ic leade ship, acco ding o Bu ke e al.
(2006). Unde s anding and a oiding des uc i e leade ship, on he o he hand, may be jus as impo an , i no
mo e so, han unde s anding and imp o ing posi i e aspec s o leade ship (ash o h, 1987).
se e al au ho s and academics ha e ecen ly called o a mo e in-dep h examina ion o he cha ac e is ics
and ou comes associa ed wi h such des uc i e leade ship beha io by explo ing i as a ‘da k side’ o leade ship
o con ibu e o a be e unde s anding o leade ship e ec i eness and de elopmen (eina sen e al., 2010).
hose esea che s and schola s clea ly suppo he idea ha des uc i e leade ship is widesp ead in he wo k-
place and is no limi ed o he absence o e ec i e leade ship beha io (Kelloway e al., 2006).
Di e en esea che s ha e p oposed se e al concep s ha a guably all wi hin he domain o des uc-
i e leade ship ha is di ec ed a subo dina es, such as ‘abusi e supe iso s’ (ho ns ein, 2016; eppe ,
2000), ‘heal h endange ing leade s’ (Kile, 1990) as ci ed in he wo ks o an e al. (2014), ‘pe y y an s’
(ash o h, 1987), ‘bullies’ (B odsky, 1976).
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT eshe u Meb a ie eshe umeb a [email protected] College o Business and economics, injiba a uni e si y, injiba a, e hiopia
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2315696
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 16 Janua y 2022
Re ised 24 May 2023
accep ed 3 Feb ua y
2024
REVIEWING EDITOR
hui en (helen) cai,
Middlesex Uni e si y
Business school, Uni ed
Kingdom
KEYWORDS
Des uc i e leade ship;
mul iple eg ession;
leade ship beha io ;
ac o analysis;
de e minan s
SUBJECTS
Psychological science;
leade ship; Business,
Managemen and
accoun ing
2 e. MeBRa ie anD B. shanBel
acco ding o an e al. (2014), des uc i e leade ship is de ined as a leade ’s, supe iso ’s, o manag-
e ’s sys ema ic and epea ed beha io ha unde mines and/o sabo ages he o ganiza ion’s goals, asks,
esou ces, and e ec i eness, as well as he mo i a ion, well-being, o job sa is ac ion o subo dina es.
Des uc i e leade s may make epea ed e o s and/o ac agg essi ely owa d subo dina es h ough sab-
o age, he , and co up ion (Kelloway e al., 2006).
he e o e, a ocus ha is jus on a leade ’s agg essi e beha io (hube and an Veldho en, 2001; o
abusi e supe ision alone) o a ocus ha is o e ly na owed ( eppe , 2007) may only p o ide a pa ial
iew o he mul i ace ed phenomena o des uc i e leade ship. Des uc i e leade ship is no some hing
ha exis s apa om cons uc i e leade ship bu is an in eg a ed pa o he beha io al oolbox o
leade s, as e idenced by he mode a e co ela ions ha exis be ween he a ious o ms o des uc i e
leade ship beha io and cons uc i e leade ship beha io .
an english esea ch on manage ha assmen led o a simila ou come. O he 72 supe iso s a ed by
subo dina es, only 11.1% we e exclusi ely iewed as ‘ ough manage s’, whe eas 9.7% o he manage s
we e only iewed as ‘angels’. abou 28% o he manage s in he same su ey we e classi ied as ‘ ough
manage s wi h suppo e s’, ‘middle’s wi h ic ims’, o ‘angels wi h ic ims’.
consequen ly, leade s exhibi bo h des uc i e and cons uc i e beha io , using a a ie y o beha io s
and beha io combina ions in esponse o a ious subo dina es, each o whom may espond in a a ie y
o ways. his has ami ica ions o leade ship esea ch, which in he pas has mos ly seen leade ship as
ei he being cons uc i e o des uc i e, wi h he la e being an ou lie . acco ding o Du y e al. (2002)
and Majo e al., expe iencing bo h cons uc i e and des uc i e beha io om he same sou ce may
ha e mo e dis u bing consequences on he a ge han only being exposed o des uc i e beha io .
gi en he di e si y o no ions used o de ine des uc i e leade s, i is ob ious ha his o m o lead-
e ship encompasses a a ie y o beha io s a he han jus one ype. he p esen s udy makes use o he
b oad concep o ‘des uc i e leade ship’, which is de ined as ‘sys ema ic and epea ed beha io by a
leade , supe iso , o manage ha iola es he legi ima e in e es o he o ganiza ion by unde mining
and/o sabo aging he o ganiza ion’s goals, asks, esou ces, and e ec i eness and/o he mo i a ion,
well-being, o job sa is ac ion o subo dina es’ (eina sen e al., 2007, p. 208).
he e a e wo main easons o he g owing in e es in he da k side o leade ship: Fi s , he e is he
ques ion o he p e alence o and cos s as a esul o des uc i e leade s. While a yee e al. (2004) con-
side abusi e supe ision, as he one concep ha has domina ed empi ical esea ch in his a ea, as a
‘low base a e phenomenon’ (p. 394), o he s udies epo a s ong p e alence o des uc i e leade
beha io s in o ganiza ions. his case is simila o he con ex o e hiopia.
he second eason o he in e es in des uc i e leade beha io s s ems om he indings ha hei
e ec s on indi idual ollowe s a e qui e se e e. a la ge a ie y o ou comes ha e been s udied in ela ion
o des uc i e leade ship beha io s. examples include e ec s on job ension and emo ional exhaus ion
(e.g. Ma inko e al., 2007), esis ance beha io (e.g. Bambe ge & Bacha ach, 2006), de ian wo k beha -
io (e.g. Zella s e al., 2002), educed amily well-being (e.g. hooble & B ass, 2006), and in en ion o qui
and job sa is ac ion (e.g. eppe , 2000). Bo h p e alence a es and po en ial se ious e ec s o des uc i e
leade beha io s make i a concep wo hwhile o in es iga ions.
leade ship esea che s like eina sen e al. (2007), Bass e al. (2003), and Bi kland e al. (2008) a gued
ha he ex en o which des uc i e leade ship p e ail ha e ela ionship wi h he cul u al and socie al
ac o s. Based on hei a gumen , his s udy ies o in es iga e he p e alence o des uc i e leade ship
beha iou in he a ge a ea. as a esul , his is he i s empi ical esea ch pa adigm o in es iga e he
p e alence and con en o des uc i e leade ship in awi wo k cul u e. addi ionally, se e al academics
ha e concen a ed on he con ibu ion o cons uc i e (good) leade s o o ganiza ional pe o mance,
such as ayalew e al. (2018), Dea and ekalign (2022), and Mengis u and li uchy (2017). i appea s ha
dealing wi h he posi i e side o leade ship is he g ea es way o succeed, pa icula ly in he e hiopian
en i onmen . he lip side o good leade ship (i.e. des uc i e leade ship) is missed.
Uni e si y held a wo kshop o leade s i led ‘imp o ing leade ship compe ence’ (2019). When a se ies
o ques ions we e gi en ou and sco es we e allied, he majo i y o he pa icipan s in his aining
desc ibed hemsel es as democ a ic, bu when a se ies o ques ions we e gi en ou and sco es we e
allied, hei leade ship s yle ell in o he au oc a ic g oup. as a esul o his dispa i y, he esea che s
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 3
came o he conclusion ha e en leade s a e unawa e o hei own ac ions and ha hey may engage
in des uc i e leade ship beha io owa d hei subo dina es.
he e o e, he objec i es o his s udy we e o:
• look in o he p e alence o des uc i e leade ship beha io in awi zone.
• iden i y he des uc i e leade ship beha io s ha happened mos equen ly in he s udy a ea’s
o ganiza ions.
• iden i y he mos signi ican ac o s in luencing he ex en o des uc i eness in o ganiza ional lead-
e ship in he esea ch a ea.
2. Re iew o ela ed li e a u es
Mccleskey (2013), leade ship is an essen ial ea u e o human ela ions. he no ed ha he la ge numbe o
s udies on leade ship is a es amen o he impo ance o o ganiza ional esea ch and he undamen al ole i
plays in human ela ions and in e ac ions. While i is easie o downplay cons uc i e leade ship amids he
g owing esea ch end o des uc i e leade ship, schola s ha e begun o ealize ha mos leade s display a
combina ion o cons uc i e and des uc i e beha io s du ing he leade ship cycle (skogs ad e al., 2014).
Pynnonen and akala (2013) used con en and in e p e i e discou se analyzes o seek he co e o good lead-
e ship, ecognize he implici exis ence o des uc i e leade ship, and ind imp o emen s o e ec i e leade ship
and go e nance. hey no ed ha leade ship consis ed o pa ly o e lapping elemen s in he ecology ha
included he leade , he ollowe , and he con ex (Pynnonen & akala, 2013). Pynnonen and akala’s s udy
showed he domina ing discou se was ha a good leade was beyond he each o o dina y people, a ‘supe io
human being’ (p. 14). eina sen e al. (2007) o e ed a ypology o des uc i e leade ship wi hin an o ganiza ional
con ex , which emphasized ha mos leade s did no all on ei he one o he o he side o he con inuum as
comple ely bad o good. ins ead, leade s engaged in a mix o des uc i e and cons uc i e beha io s in lu-
enced by wo kplace ac o s ha encou aged p oduc i e and coun e p oduc i e beha io s. he e o e, des uc-
i e leade ship is con ex ual in na u e, as a non-s a ic, dynamic, and socially cons uc ed phenomenon ha lies
on a spec um o cons uc i e-des uc i e leade ship beha io s (K asiko a e al., 2013). a leade who is ini ially
cons uc i e and begins he leade ship cycle wi h basic skills o lead a complex o ganiza ion may e ol e
h ough ime o become a a di e en leade . eina sen e al. (2007) sugges ed ha a leade who pe o ms
des uc i ely on one dimension migh no do so on ano he when he leade can compensa e wi h co e-
sponding cons uc i e a ibu es. Fo example, de ailmen may occu du ing a leade ship ole occupancy, which
may wa an he leade o change supe iso y ac ics o e ime. al e na i ely, a con en ion could be made ha
i akes a combina ion o dys unc ional a ibu es lying on a spec um o cause des uc i e leade ship; he
e e se, howe e , is no ue. Des uc i e leade ship p ima acie does no cause dys unc ional a ibu es (a olio
& Walumbwa, 2014).
in a sys ema ic e iew o ecen leade ship li e a u e, schilling and schyns (2014) gleaned heo ies
om se e al s udies o ob ain a deepe unde s anding o he nega i e ypes o leade ship. he analys s’
acknowledgemen o he mul iple ways ha cha isma ic leade ship could de e io a e i leade s abused
hei allu e was o in e es . Fo example, poo o ganiza ional ou comes can occu when cha isma ic lead-
e s place hei own needs ahead o he legi ima e needs o hei subo dina es o he o ganiza ion.
schilling and schyns (2014) esul s suppo ed he complica ed assump ion ha al hough des uc i e
leade ship was bad, and ha ‘bad is s onge han good’ (p. 188), scien is s mus be cau ious o a oid
sweeping conclusions abou he ha m ulness o des uc i e leade ship, o he use ulness o cons uc i e
leade ship. Unde s anding he dynamics and con ex s in which des uc i e leade ship occu s equi es
explo a ion o he cogni i e and implici biases ha p opel he eme gence o his des uc i e phenom-
enon. Bu ke and Page (2017) sugges ed ha a i m’s beha io al desc ip ion o he ac ions o a des uc-
i e leade was a good s a and a gued ha des uc i e leade ship was no conduci e o sus ainable
leade ship. his impo an e ela ion was ano he ac o ha d o e he a ionale o he cu en p ojec .
Mul iple esea che s o des uc i e leade ship ha e ocused on he nega i e e ec s on ollowe s
(aasland e al., 2010; nybe g e al., 2011; a an i, 2011). howe e , o ganiza ional scien is s o e all
4 e. MeBRa ie anD B. shanBel
disag ee on he p e alence o des uc i e leade ship. Fo example, some analys s epo ed ha des uc-
i e leade ship was qui e a e (Vogel e al., 2015), while o he s belie ed i was ampan wi hin o ganiza-
ions (an oniou e al., 2016; Meuse e al., 2016). Despi e his ambigui y, dys unc ional leade ship may be
a bigge se back han many o ganiza ional scien is s belie e (aasland e al., 2010; a an i, 2011). aasland
e al. (2010) concluded ha des uc i e leade ship beha io was no a a e o unique phenomenon, bu
a ypical expe ience du ing he wo king cycle o subo dina es. schyns and schilling (2014) concu ed,
epo ing an es ima ed 13.6% p e alence a e o U.s. wo ke s a ec ed by abusi e supe ision in hei
s udy. hese examine s also acknowledged ha he esul s o hei me a-analysis indica ed a high co -
ela ion be ween des uc i e leade ship and 34 coun e p oduc i e wo k beha io , also known as he da k
side o pe o mance. namie and namie (2000) epo ed ha ~10–16% o employees ha e expe ienced
abusi e supe ision, a subse o des uc i e leade ship. in esponse o con lic ing esea ch on he p e -
alence o des uc i e leade ship, aasland e al. (2010) in es iga ed he p e alence o ou o ms o
des uc i e leade ship, including y annical, de ailed, suppo i e-disloyal, and laissez- ai e. aasland e al.
ga he ed ques ionnai e da a on leade ship beha io s o esponden s’ supe io s and esponden s’ expo-
su e o bullying beha io s, job sa is ac ion, heal h complain s, and psychosocial aspec s o hei wo k
en i onmen s. he indings o aasland e al.’s eam indica ed ha almos 33% o employees epo ed
expe iencing des uc i e leade ship on a equen basis. O e all, analysis o su ey da a indica ed ha
des uc i e leade ship beha io s we e commonplace. a na ionwide wo k o ce su ey e ealed ha up o
67% o employee pa icipan s we e disengaged because o bad managemen and des uc i e leade ship
p ac ices (gallup, 2017).
he pu pose o his s udy is o iden i y he p e alence o des uc i e leade ship in he awi zone o
no h Wes e hiopia, o con ibu e by demons a ing ha such beha io is p e alen , and o p o ide a
oadmap o o ganiza ional esea che s o explo e he causes o and/o he ex en o which such lead-
e ship beha io may ha e an impac on o ganiza ional pe o mance.
3. Ma e ials and me hods
3.1. Resea ch app oach and design
Because he da a was collec ed h ough a ques ionnai e, a quan i a i e esea ch app oach was used in
his s udy. also, o desc ibe he leade ship beha io in he s udy a ea, he esea ch design was desc ip-
i e, eg ession, and ac o analysis.
3.2. Popula ion and sampling p ocedu e
he pa icipan s in his s udy we e all employees o public o ganiza ions in awi Zone, including all wo e-
das and own adminis a ions.
he e we e a o al o 28,663 go e nmen wo ke s, acco ding o he awi Zone adminis a ion human
Resou ce De elopmen O ice (2020). he esea che chose 1069 samples om his en i e a ge popula-
ion using Yamane’s o mula, as shown below. Finally, depending on hei wo eda, s a i ied sampling
Table 1. sample size de e mina ion.
no Dis ic s numbe o employees p opo ion
sample selec ed om
each dis ic
1 Dangila 4656 0.16 171
2Fag a Locoma 2823 0.09 93
3guagussa shikudad 2116 0.07 75
4 ankesha 2137 0.07 75
5ayo guagussa 2120 0.07 75
6 guangua 2744 0.09 93
7 Zigem 2520 0.08 85
8 Jawi 2856 0.09 93
9 Banja 2113 0.07 29
10 injiba a 3151 0.11 75
11 Chagni 1427 0.05 53
o al 28,663 1069
sou ce: awi Zone adminis a ion Human Resou ce De elopmen o ice (2020).
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 5
p ocedu es we e employed o calcula e he sample size ( able 1), and con enience sampling was u ilized
o choose samples om each wo eda.
a a con idence le el o 97% and a p ecision le el o 0.03, he sample size was es ima ed using he
(Yamane, 1967) sample size de e mina ion o mula as ollows:
n
N
Ne
=
+
()
=
+
()
=
1
28663
1 28663 0 03
1069
22
.
Whe e: n is he sample size
N is he popula ion sizee is he le el o p ecision.
he o e all sample size was 1069 as a esul o he abo e calcula ion. Finally, acco ding o hei p o-
po ion, a s uc u ed ques ionnai e has been de eloped and dis ibu ed o employees in each wo eda.
3.3. Da a collec ion me hods
P ima y and seconda y da a sou ces we e used by he esea che . he esponden s’ p ima y da a was
collec ed using a s uc u ed ques ionnai e which is adap ed om e ickson e al. (2015). he like scale
was used as he measu emen me hod, which consis s o s a emen s in which esponden s a e hei
le el o ag eemen o disag eemen on a i e-poin scale. 0 = Do no engage in his beha io , 1 = Ve y
in equen ly engage, 2 = Occasionally engage, 3 = F equen ly engage, and 4 = Ve y F equen ly engaged,
whe e 0 = Do no engage in his beha io , 1 = Ve y in equen ly engage, 2 = Occasionally engage,
3 = F equen ly engaged, and 4 = Ve y F equen ly engaged. seconda y da a was ga he ed om books, jou -
nals, a icles, and epo s o supplemen he p ima y da a.
3.4. Reliabili y and alidi y
he issue o measu e consis ency is a he hea o eliabili y (Pa on, 2002). i was conside ed and es ed
in his s udy using sPss so wa e and c onbach’s alpha me hod. a sco e o 0.7 o highe indica es an
accep able le el o in e nal consis ency (nunnally & Be ns ein, 1994) as ci ed by saleem e al. (2021). in
his ega d, he c onbach’s alpha alue o his s udy is 0.73, indica ing ha he i ems ep esen ing
des uc i e leade ship beha io ha e a high le el o o e all in e nal consis ency.
‘Validi y is abou how well a es does he job i is employed o do’, acco ding o cu e on. his s a e-
men deno es ha he e m alidi y e e s o he ex en o which any measu ing ins umen measu es
wha i is designed o measu e. his s udy had es ed i s ace (con en ) alidi y in his ega d. he ques-
ionnai es o 50 esponden s we e p e- es ed be o e being adminis e ed o a oid ambigui y, con usion,
and poo ly p epa ed i ems.
3.5. Da a analysis
as a esul , 947 cases ou o a o al o 1069 we e p ocessed in his s udy. Due o missing alues, he
emaining cases we e excluded om he analysis (lis -wise exclusion o cases).
Using sPss so wa e e sion 20 and equency dis ibu ion ables, desc ip i e analysis was used o
desc ibe he cha ac e is ics o des uc i e leade ship beha io . he echnique o p incipal componen
analysis (Pca) was also used because i is a use ul mul i a ia e echnique o analysis in he a iable
educ ion p ocedu e (i.e. when we ha e da a on a la ge numbe o edundan a iables) (Jolli e, 2002).
hen, using eg ession analysis, i was possible o p edic how subo dina es el abou hei bosses, as
measu ed by an o e all good-bad scale. impo an ly, he Pcs a e hus used as inpu a iables o he
upcoming eg ession analysis, which will be used o u he analyze he da a.
in gene al, he model can be ep esen ed as:
PC a x a x a x
i i i ik ik
= + + …… +
11 2 2 . (1)
6 e. MeBRa ie anD B. shanBel
Whe e
ik= ……
1;
aa
i ik
1
………
= he componen loading which ep esen s he
i h
Pc and he
1s h……
.k
cons ain ; and
xx
k
1
−
= he k a iables o ac o s.
3.6. E hical conside a ions
o p o ec he esea ch subjec s, he esea che no iced e hical conce ns. Be o e esponden s consen ed
o engage in he s udy, he esea che so s hei in o med consen . he esea che also in o ms hem
ha hey ha e he only igh o lea e he s udy a any poin du ing he da a ga he ing p ocess.
Fu he mo e, he esea che gua an eed esponden s o con iden iali y and anonymi y, as well as he ac
ha he in o ma ion ga he ed was solely o academic pu poses and would no be sha ed wi h any-
one else.
4. Resul s and discussion
4.1. Resul s o desc ip i e s a is ics
acco ding o he able ( able 2), 12.9% o esponden s con i m ha hei leade s do no engage in
des uc i e leade ship beha io , 22% o he ime leade s engage in des uc i e leade ship beha io e y
in equen ly, 27.2% occasionally engage, 21.3% equen ly engage, and 16.6% o he ime leade s engage
in des uc i e leade ship beha io e y equen ly. as a esul , i can be concluded ha employees a e
exposed o des uc i e leade ship beha io in he wo kplace 65% o he ime.
he Des uc i e leade ship Ques ionnai e (DlQ) is one o se e al su eys ha ask subo dina e employ-
ees o iden i y speci ic des uc i e beha io s ha a leade exhibi s o iden i y dys unc ional o oxic lead-
e ship. he sho e sion o he DlQ lis s 22 disc e e beha io s ha a e equen ly ci ed as cha ac e is ics
o des uc i e leade s, and employees a e he equency wi h which hey engage in hese beha io s (Do
i ) o ha e seen o he s engage in hem (seen i ), wi h 0 indica ing ha you do no engage in his beha -
io , 1 indica ing ha you engage in his beha io e y in equen ly, 2 indica ing ha you engage in his
beha io Occasionally, 3 indica ing ha you engage in his beha io F equen ly, and 4 indica ing ha
you engage in his beha io e y F equen ly.
he mo e des uc i e he leade is, he highe he sco e (>2). as shown in able 3, all leade s in he
awi Zone exhibi des uc i e leade ship, wi h he excep ion o hose elemen s o Mic o-Manage and
O e -con ol [mean sco e 1.9366 (SD = 1.20876)], ell People Only Wha hey Wan ed o hea [mean sco e
1.9609 (SD = 1.30520)], lie o engage in O he Une hical Beha io s [mean sco e 1.9609 (SD = 1.3095)], and
unwillingness o change hei mind [mean sco e 1.9683 (SD = 1.27798)].
4.2. Resul s o mul i a ia e analysis
4.2.1. Componen ac o analysis
When we use mul iple measu es o o e come measu emen e o by mul i a iable measu emen , ac o
analysis is an in e dependence echnique whose p ima y pu pose is o de ine he unde lying s uc u e
among he a iables in he analysis; and he esea che s e en s i e o co ela ion among he a iables.
Table 2. F equency o des uc i e leade ship beha io h ough mul iple esponse me hod.
Des uc i e leade ship equencies
Responses
Pe cen o cases (%)NPe cen (%)
Des uc i e leade ship
beha io a
Do no engage in his beha io 2681 12.9 283.1
Ve y in equen ly engage 4576 22.0 483.2
occasionally engage 5658 27.2 597.5
F equen ly engage 4427 21.3 467.5
e y equen ly engage 3454 16.6 364.7
o al 20796 100.0 2196.0
ag oup.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 7
as he a iables become mo e co ela ed, he esea che will need o ind new ways o manage hem, such
as g ouping highly co ela ed a iables oge he , labeling o naming he g oups, and possibly e en de eloping
a new composi e measu e o ep esen each g oup o a iables and es hypo heses abou which a iables
should be g ouped oge he on a ac o o he exac numbe o ac o s (Yekkalam e al., 2019).
he goal o ac o analy ic echniques is o ind a way o condense (summa ize) he in o ma ion con-
ained in a la ge numbe o o iginal a iables in o a smalle numbe o new, composi e dimensions o
a ia es ( ac o s) wi h he leas amoun o in o ma ion loss—in o he wo ds, o ind and de ine he un-
damen al cons uc s o dimensions assumed o unde pin he o iginal a iables (Kim & Muelle , 1978).
he only ime high co ela ions a en’ indica i e o a bad co ela ion ma ix is when wo a iables a e
highly co ela ed and ha e signi ican ly highe loadings on ha ac o han o he a iables. hen hei
pa ial co ela ion may be high because he o he a iables don’ explain hem e y well, bu hey do
explain each o he . his is also o be expec ed when a ac o only has wo highly loaded a iables. a
high pa ial co ela ion is one ha has bo h p ac ical and s a is ical signi icance, and pa ial co ela ions
abo e 0.7 a e conside ed high.
ano he way o see i ac o analysis is app op ia e is o look a he en i e co ela ion ma ix. One such
measu e is he s a is ical es o he p esence o co ela ions among a iables. i indica es ha a leas
some o he a iables in he co ela ion ma ix ha e s a is ically signi ican co ela ions.
he measu e o sampling adequacy is a hi d way o quan i y he deg ee o in e -co ela ions among
a iables and he app op ia eness o ac o analysis (Msa). his index anges om 0 o 1, wi h 1 indica -
ing ha each a iable is pe ec ly p edic ed by he o he a iables wi h no e o s. he ollowing guide-
lines can be used o in e p e he measu e: Me i o ious is a sco e o 0.80 o highe ; middling is a sco e
o 0.70; medioc e is a sco e o 0.60; mise able is a sco e o 0.50; and unaccep able is a sco e o 0.50 o
lowe (nkansah, 2011). Be o e p oceeding wi h he ac o analysis, he esea che should always ha e an
o e all Msa alue o a leas 0.50. i he Msa alue alls below 0.50, he a iable-speci ic Msa alues can
be used o iden i y a iables ha should be dele ed o achie e a 0.50 o e all alue. howe e , KMO is
0.785 in his s udy, and Ba le ’s es o sphe ici y (Ba le , 1951) is signi ican (<0.05).
he loading coe icien s o he i ems unable o deal wi h new echnology and change, ac insula ly,
ell people only wha hey wan o hea , exhibi inconsis en , e a ic beha io , and ac in a b u al o
bullying manne a e all <0.4 in p incipal componen analysis. as a esul , he esea che emo ed hese
i ems om he lis wi h lowe loading and an he analysis again, inding ha he six ac o s had be e
explana o y powe ( able 4).
as shown in Figu e 1, all o he emaining 17 i ems a e condensed in o six ac o s wi h eigen alues >1.
examining he eigen alues associa ed wi h he ac o s can help you decide how many o ex ac o
ep esen he da a (see able 5). he i s six ac o s will be o a ed based on he c i e ion o e aining
Table 3. Desc ip i e esul s o des uc i e leade ship beha io .
Mean s d. de ia ion
Make decisions wi hou adequa e in o ma ion 2.0591 1.25108
ine ec i e in nego ia ion 2.0634 1.23300
unable o deal wi h new echnology and change 2.3495 1.81062
ine ec i e a coo dina ing and managing 2.1404 1.25177
Fail o seek app op ia e in o ma ion 2.1859 1.49463
ac in an insula manne 2.3263 1.91967
Communica e ine ec i ely 2.0412 1.34258
exhibi a lack o skills o do hei job 2.1943 1.55595
unable o p io i ize and delega e 2.1098 1.28932
unable o unde s and a long e m iew 2.0222 1.71039
unable o make an app op ia e decision 2.0961 1.29246
Mic o-manage and o e -con ol 1.9366 1.20876
unclea abou expec a ions 2.0971 1.64280
unable o de elop and mo i a e subo dina es 2.1763 1.40354
Play a o i es 2.1457 1.74236
ell people only wha hey wan ed o hea 1.9609 1.30520
Lie o engage in o he une hical beha io s 1.9578 1.30955
ac inapp op ia ely in in e pe sonal si ua ions 2.0000 1.25754
engage in beha io s ha educed hei c edibili y 2.0265 1.27573
exhibi inconsis en , e a ic beha io 2.1996 1.43809
unwilling o change hei mind 1.9683 1.27798
ac ing in b u al o bulling manne 2.1098 1.36885
14 e. MeBRa ie anD B. shanBel
on he cons uc i e leade ship beha iou o scaled o ge he desi ed o ganiza ional pe o mance, he
ano he aspec o leade ship in o ganiza ion needs o be esea ched as ai as he cons uc i e one. in
his ega d, his s udy iden i ied he highe p e alence o des uc i e leade ship beha iou in he selec ed
o ganiza ion o awi zone, no h Wes e hiopia. acco ding o he esul o he s a is ical analysis, he
p e alence o des uc i e leade ship is a ibu ed o ac o s o poli ical and pe sonal beha iou o a
leade , poo communica ion, managemen incompe ency, and poo decision making skill. his esul is
consis en wi h he inding o he s udy conduc ed by shaw e al. (2014) i led ‘Des uc i e leade
beha iou : a s udy o i anian leade s using he Des uc i e leade ship Ques ionnai e. leade ship’. in his
same s udy, he esea che concluded ha leade ela ed concep s; o ganiza ion ela ed concep s and
ollowe ela ed concep s we e he majo ac o s ha can de e mine he des uc i eness o leade s in
o ganiza ional se ings.
5.2. Conclusions
he p e alence o des uc i e leade ship beha io in awi Zone was in es iga ed in his s udy. a e col-
lec ing he necessa y da a and analyzing i , he ollowing majo conclusions ha a e ela ed o he
objec i es o he s udy we e made.
acco ding o he desc ip i e s a is ic esul o he analysis, i was concluded ha mo e han 65% o
employees in he zone a e ulne able o des uc i e leade ship beha iou . his esul indica es ha e en
i mos o he ime schola s and p ac i ione s in e hiopia and o he a eas o he wo ld gi e due a en ion
o good leade ship o be e o ganiza ional pe o mance, his s udy indica es ha o ganiza ions we e
expe iencing des uc i e leade ship p ac ices ha will hinde hei p oduc i i y.
as i was indica ed by di e en esea che s, des uc i e leade ship is no a sepa a e leade ship s yle
a he i is beha iou ha leade may consis en ly exhibi s in he wo k place. F om hose beha iou s
iden i ied by esea che s, poli ical beha io , ine ec i e in decision making, unable o nego ia e, poo
communica ion, managemen incompe ency, and pe sonal beha io we e he beha iou s he a ge pub-
lic o ganiza ions’ leade s equen ly exhibi s. hose six ac o s we e he mos p e alen leade ship
beha iou in awi zone.
Pe sonal beha io , ine ec i e decision making, managemen incompe ence, and poli ical beha io all
ha e a posi i e signi icance di e ence a p = 0.01 acco ding o he eg ession esul s. howe e , a he 1%
signi icance le el, poli ical beha io and nego ia ion p oblem a e nega i e. Poo communica ion, on he
o he hand, has a nega i e co ela ion wi h des uc i e leade ship beha io , bu he co ela ion is s a is-
ically insigni ican a a 5% alpha le el. acco dingly, his s a is ical ou pu shows ha om he beha iou s
indica ing he p e alence des uc i e leade ship in he a ge esea ch a ea, poo communica ion has no
di ec ela ion wi h he p esence and absence o des uc i e leade ship p ac ice in o ganiza ions. so, i
can be concluded ha a leade who is no good a communica ion wi h o he s may no show his/he
des uc i e leade ship beha iou .
5.3. Recommenda ions
a e all, as e idenced by his and o he esea ches in he ield, ha m ul leade ship is common, and
dealing wi h p oblema ic leade s is a di icul ask. he o ganiza ion can, howe e , ake se e al s eps
o p e en , manage, and hope ully elimina e his oxic leade ship s yle. i was hough ha he bes
way o o ganiza ions o a oid des uc i e leade ship is o hem o be selec i e in hei hi ing and
p omo ion p ac ices (pe sonal beha io is he mos impo an ac o in des uc i e leade ship beha -
io ), as well as o clea ly s a e and model he posi i e leade ship alues and beha io s ha he o ga-
niza ion alues.
Fu he mo e, businesses should ac i ely and consis en ly os e a clima e in which wo ke s eel ee o
speak ou abou ci cums ances ha hey belie e iola e no jus hei own, bu also he company’s al-
ues. senio managemen is esponsible o aiding hose who ha e epo ed such p oblems and ensu ing
ha hey a e add essed p ope ly and quickly once hey ha e been aised.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 15
Acknowledgemen s
i’d like o exp ess my g a i ude o e e yone who suppo ed me du ing he esea ch p ocess, pa icula ly he
employees in each wo eda who ga e up hei ime o pa icipa e in he s udy and sha e hei pe spec i es and
p ac ices.
Disclosu e s a emen
no po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s).
Abou he au ho s
Eshe u Meb a ie Muluneh is a lec u e a injiba a Uni e si y, e hiopia. his cu en a ea o in e es is leade ship, human
esou ce managemen and business adminis a ion.
Bi hanu Shanbel Anda gie is a lec u e a injiba a Uni e si y, e hiopia. his cu en esea ch in e es s a e business
managemen , o ganiza ional leade ship and o ganiza ional beha io .
Funding
no unding was a ailable o his esea ch wo k.
ORCID
eshe u Meb a ie h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-5444-9992
Bi hanu shanbel h p://o cid.o g/0009-0003-3635-0731
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