S eimikis, Jus as; Ślusa czyk, Bea a; Siksnely e-Bu kiene, Ind e; Mu a, Ladisla
A icle
De elopmen o ci cula economy in he Viseg ad G oup o
coun ies
Con empo a y Economics
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
VIZJA Uni e si y, Wa saw
Sugges ed Ci a ion: S eimikis, Jus as; Ślusa czyk, Bea a; Siksnely e-Bu kiene, Ind e; Mu a, Ladisla
(2024) : De elopmen o ci cula economy in he Viseg ad G oup o coun ies, Con empo a y
Economics, ISSN 2300-8814, Uni e si y o Economics and Human Sciences in Wa saw, Wa saw, Vol.
18, Iss. 3, pp. 365-375,
h ps://doi.o g/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.543
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
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The ci cula economy is impo an in implemen ing EU G een Deal a ge s, clima e change mi iga ion com-
mi men s, and pu suing sus ainable de elopmen . A ci cula economy allows he educ ion o was e and
en i onmen al damages linked o was e o sa e na u al esou ces and mi iga e clima e change. The ansi-
ion om linea o ci cula economy models p o ides many economic and en i onmen al bene i s and is a
p io i y o mos coun ies, especially de eloped ones. The e is a need o measu e and moni o he ci cula
economy's p og ess. In his con ex , indica o s can be use ul ools o assess p og ess achie ed by coun ies
in pu suing ci cula economy de elopmen . The pape de eloped an indica o s amewo k o measu e ci cu-
la economy de elopmen p og ess in he EU and applies he de eloped amewo k o Viseg ad coun ies.
The Viseg ad G oup (V4) includes ou Cen al Eu opean coun ies, Poland, he Czech Republic, Slo akia, and
Hunga y, linked by simila geog aphical and geopoli ical si ua ions and common his o y and cul u e. MCDM
ool ARAS was applied o anking ou Viseg ad coun ies in 2010 and 2021 based on he p og ess achie ed in
ci cula economy de elopmen .
1. In oduc ion1. In oduc ion
The ci cula economy is a concep which aims o
encou age he esponsible and cyclic use o na u al
and o he esou ces and ma e ials. The main pol-
icy is o minimize en i onmen al bu dens, educe
GHG emissions, and s imula e he economy.
The ci cula economy app oach was o mula ed
as a s a egy o e ining economic ac i i ies while
minimizing he nega i e en i onmen al impac s
o economic ac i i ies by dec easing he en y o
esou ces and was es gene a ed (Velasco-Muñoz
e al., 2021). The ci cula economy can be ea ed
as an al e na i e o he linea economy o “ ake-
p oduce-consume-disca d” which was p e ailing
o many yea s (Azna -Sánchez e al., 2020; Bauw-
ens e al., 2020; Cen obelli e al., 2020; Ghisellini
e al., 2016;), howe e , hough he ci cula is a ap-
idly expanding opic, pa icula ly in he Eu opean
Union, he e is no ag eemen among au ho s e en
on concep ion o ci cula economy. Though he
ci cula economy idea inco po a es many di e en
meanings and is no well-de ined (Ki chhe e al.,
2017; Ko honen e al., 2018), he ci cula economy
is u ned in o de ined ac ion plans and s a egic
di ec ions ein o ced by a ious speci ic indica o s
and hei amewo ks (Ace bi e al., 2021; Mo aga
e al., 2019; Calzola i e al., 2022).
De elopmen o Ci cula Economy in he Viseg ad
G oup o Coun ies
ABSTRACT
H30, P18, Q20, Q30.
KEY WORDS:
JEL Classi ica ion:
ci cula economy, indica o s, anking, Viseg ad g oup, MCDM, assessmen .
1
Li huanian Cen e o Social Sciences, Ins i u e o Economics and Ru al De elopmen , A. Vi ulskio g. 4A-13, LT-03220 Vilnius, Li huania
2
Facul y o Managemen and Finances, Uni e si y o Economics and Human Science in Wa saw, Okopowa 59, 01-043 Wa saw, Poland
3Czes ochowa Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Managemen , No h-Wes Uni e si y, T ade and De elopmen ; Po che s oom Campus
4
Business Facul y, Kaunas Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, P amones p . 20, LT-50468, Kaunas, Li huania
5
Facul y o Comme ce, Uni e si y o Economics in B a isla a, Dolnozemská ces a 1, 852 35 B a isla a, Slo akia
Co espondence conce ning his a icle should be add essed o:
Ad ian Pe e z,
Depa men o Social Sciences, Oslo Me opoli an
Uni e si y, PB 4, S .Ola s plass, 0130 Oslo, No way
.
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Jus as S eimikis1,2 , Bea a Ślusa czyk3 , Ind e Siksnely e-Bu kiene4 , and Ladisla Mu a5
P ima y submission: 29.04.2023 | Final accep ance: 03.06.2024
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Vol. 18 Issue 2 365-3752024
Though he e a e many s udies analyzing ci cu-
la economy app oaches and models in a ious sec-
o s o p oposing indica o s se o measu e ci cu-
la i y in a ious sec o s o he economy, indus ies,
and companies, he e is a lack o empi ical s udies
dealing wi h he p og ess achie ed by coun ies in
implemen ing policies and measu es o p omo e
ci cula economy.
The pape aims o o e come his gap and de elop
an indica o s amewo k o assess he p og ess in
implemen ing a ci cula economy s a egy o EU
coun ies. I applies his amewo k o he Viseg ad
g oup coun ies o ack and compa e hei p og-
ess du ing 2010-2021 in pu suing ci cula econo-
my de elopmen .
The a icle is s uc u ed in he ollowing way: in
he nex sec ion, he li e a u e e iew on he EU
policies o p omo e ci cula economy and he main
indica o s, sys ems, and measu es c ea ed o assess
he p og ess in ci cula economy de elopmen is
p o ided; in sec ion 3, me hods and da a a e in-
oduced; in sec ion 4 he case s udy o Viseg ad
coun ies is p o ided wi h applica ion o MCDM
ools o anking ou Viseg ad coun ies in 2010
and 2021 based on he p og ess achie ed in ci cula
economy de elopmen and in sec ion 5 conclusions
and policy implica ions a e p o ided.
2. Li e a u e Re iew2. Li e a u e Re iew
Many di e en s a egic documen s ha e been
es ablished in o de o encou age he sus ainable
g ow h o he EU economy. I can be s a ed, ha
he main s a egic documen is he Eu opean
G een Deal (Eu opean Commission, 2019), which
suppo s challenges owa ds a p ospe ous, ai , and
sus ainable EU economy. To achie e his he new
Ci cula Economy Ac ion Plan (CEAP) (Eu opean
Commission, 2020) was launched in line wi h he
new Indus ial S a egy o Eu ope, which was
upda ed in 2021 (Eu opean Commission, 2021).
In his new CEAP, measu es o c ea e a s a egic
amewo k emphasizing he alue chain, educ ion
o was e, and e icien ope a ion o he EU in e nal
ma ke o seconda y aw ma e ials a e in oduced
wi h he aim o gene a ing signi ican economic,
en i onmen al, and social bene i s.
The success ul ansi ion o a ci cula economy
o he EU is dependen on many aspec s, whe e
he mos in luencing a e a ious s akeholde s
(Chiappe a Jabbou e al., 2020; Ghinoi e al.,
2020; Piao e al., 2023), in es o s (Sil a e al.,
2020), and di e en ba ie s challenging he
ansi ion (de Jesus & Mendonca, 2018; G a s om
& Aasma, 2021). One o he mos signi ican
g oups o s akeholde s is policymake s, who ha e
a di ec impac on legisla ion and equi emen s
o indus y (Op e kuch e al., 2021). Also, he
scien i ic li e a u e (e.g., Ko al e al., 2023; Lyu &
Liu, 2023; Masi e al., 2017; Rizos & B yhn, 2022;
Singh & Giacosa, 2019; Tu a e al., 2019) iden i ies
some ba ie s a ec ing he implemen a ion o
ci cula economy, hese can be singled ou in some
g oups which a e: echnological, ma ke , egula o y
and social (pe cep ion, cul u al, beha iou al).
This di ision is condi ional, since he e a e many
di e en classi ica ions in he li e a u e. Fo
example, Pasqualo o e al. (2023) also singled ou
such ca ego ies as in o ma ion, o ganiza ional, and
en i onmen al. AlJabe e al. (2023) s essed he
impo ance o suppo and inancial incen i es.
Addi ionally, Zhang e al. (2023) emphasized he
wo policy- ela ed ba ie s, which a e new in he
li e a u e and a e he mos in luen ial in he case o
China, hese a e: oo apid and unsui able planning
and insu iciency o policy suppo a he p ima y
(basic) le el. These ou comes a e in line wi h he
a i ma ions, ha policymake s a e hose, who a e
he mos a ec ing he success ul ci cula economy
implemen a ion. All hese aspec s signi ican ly
a ec he implemen a ion o he ci cula economy
no only in he EU bu also in o he coun ies o
egions (e.g., Gedam e al., 2021; Mha e e al.,
2023).
De Pascale e al. (2023) analysed he
implemen a ion o ci cula economy a he EU le el
h ough a e iew o ci cula economy p ac ices in
a ious economic sec o s and indus ies in he las
eigh yea s (2015-2023). The esea ch amewo k
was based on he analysis o ci cula s a egies
conside ed in he EU poli ical amewo k. The
indings o he s udy show, ha ecycling is he
mos popula s a egy (24 %) o e u n back
ma e ials in o he economy and dec ease he usage
o aw ma e ials (19 %). Acco ding o he esul s
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o his s udy, he Food and Be e age indus y
shows he bes pe o mance esul s in e ms o
ci cula s a egies. While he leas numbe o
ci cula s a egies was obse ed in he sec o o
Capi al Equipmen . These esul s a e in line wi h
he p e ious s udy by Mha e e al. (2021), whe e
he au ho s analysed ci cula economy p ac ices
ac oss he EU and s a ed, ha ecycling is he mos
widely used s a egy o b inging back ma e ials
in o he sys em. Also, he in luence o go e nmen
we e s essed o he success ul ansi ion as well
as he equi ed in as uc u e and echnologies,
awa eness, collabo a ion o a ious s akeholde s,
and in eg a ion o supply-chain. The impo ance
o policymake s o he EU ansi ion is especially
s essed in he s udy by Ki chhe e al. (2018),
whe e he main ba ie o he ansi ion a lack
o syne gis ic go e nmen al in e en ions was
iden i ied. The go e nmen al aspec was men ioned
also in many o he s udies. Fo example, F ian e al.
(2021) c i ically analysed he policy and ac ions o
he EU owa ds ci cula economy implemen a ion
and ound, ha mainly, he policy ocus on "end
o pipe" solu ions and do no co espond o many
socio-ecological implica ions.
One o he mos signi ican a emp s o o e iew
ci cula economy indica o s can be ou lined in he
esea ch pe o med by Saidani e al. (2019), whe e
he au ho s pe o med a sys ema ic li e a u e
e iew and iden i ied 55 indica o se s o he
measu emen o ci cula economy pe o mance in
a ious economic sec o s a di e en le els (mic o,
meso, and mac o). Fundamen ally, he indica o s
used o he assessmen o he implemen a ion
o he ci cula economy we e di ided in o h ee
basic ca ego ies, which a e: ecycling, euse, and
main enance (Saidani e al., 2019). In he o he
la ge-scale s udy pe o med by De Pascale e al.
(2021), whe e he au ho s e iewed 61 indica o
se s, all he indica o s we e ca ego ized in o ecycle,
euse, and educe g oups. As ound by Calzola i
e al. (2022) social and ci cula i y measu emen s
ecei e ela i ely o li le a en ion, because s ill
ocus on classical en i onmen al impac and
economic dimension pe sis . These indings a e in
line wi h he esul s o he s udy by de Oli ei a e
al. (2021), whe e he au ho s analysed 58 indica o s
se s and ound, ha he majo i y o indica o s
ocused on esou ce eci cula ion and conside ed
en i onmen al and economic dimensions, while
social epe cussions a e add essed e y a ely. This
sho age in app oaches used leads o a na owe
app oach o sus ainabili y and i s implemen a ion
in p ac ice (K is ensen and Mosgaa d, 2020).
A he EU le el, he indica o s se o moni o he
ci cula economy we e es ablished and a e publicly
a ailable in he Eu os a da abase. These indica o s
can be g ouped in o ou hema ic a eas, which a e
indica o s o P oduc ion and consump ion, Was e
managemen indica o s, Seconda y aw ma e ials,
and indica o s p esen ing Compe i i eness and
inno a ions (V anjanac e al., 2023). Howe e ,
acco ding o Pacu a iu e al. (2021), he EU
amewo k has some limi s, as i does no include
indica o s ela ed o he ex ension o he li e cycle
o p oduc s and ma e ials. The main indica o s
a ailable in he EUROSTAT da abase we e selec ed
o e alua ion o ci cula economy de elopmen o
he selec ed case s udy in Viseg ad coun ies.
3. Me hods and Da a3. Me hods and Da a
The s udy applied he Mul i-c i e ia decision
me hod (MCDM) me hod was applied o anking
o Viseg ad coun ies based on he de elopmen o
he ci cula economy. The Addi i e Ra io Assess-
men (ARAS) Me hod was applied o ank coun-
ies. The me hod is desc ibed in he ollowing
sub-sec ion 3.1. The ci cula economy indica o s
used o assessing Viseg ad coun ies acco ding o
ci cula economy de elopmen a e p o ided in he
nex sub-sec ion 3.2.
3.1. The Addi i e Ra io Assessmen (ARAS) Me hod
One o he ela i ely ecen mul ic i e ia decision-
making echniques c ea ed by Za adskas and Tu skis
(2010) is he Addi i e Ra io Assessmen (ARAS) me h-
od. When he e a e se e al ac o s o ake in o accoun ,
his app oach is highly e ec i e and simple o apply. Za-
adskas and Tu skis (2010) s a e ha he e a e mul iple
s eps ha make up he ARAS app oach:
S ep 1. C ea e a ma ix o decision-making (DMM)
M ealis ic op ions ( ows) a e e alua ed acco ding
o n sign comple e c i e ia (columns) in a decision-
making ma ix.
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Vol. 18 Issue 2 365-3752024
(1)
whe e xij is a alue ha ep esen s he pe o mance
alue o he i- h op ion in e ms o he j- h c i e ion, x0j
is he op imal alue o he j- h c i e ion, m is he numbe
o al e na i es, and n is he numbe o c i e ia desc ibing
each al e na i e. In he e en ha he j- h c i e ion's ideal
alue is unknown, hen:
(2)
A DMM's en ies a e o en hough o as he c i e ia
weigh s Wj and pe o mance alues xij. Expe s es ablish
he c i e ion sys em, alues, and ini ial weigh s o he c i-
e ia. The in e es ed pa ies may co ec he in o ma ion
by conside ing hei objec i es and a ailable esou ces.
S ep 2: Make he inpu da a no mal The i s s age in-
ol es no malizing he s a ing alues o each c i e ion,
which de ines he alues o he no malized decision-
making ma ix .
(3)
The no maliza ion p ocess o he c i e ia wi h he
maximum p e e ed alues is ca ied ou using he sub-
sequen equa ion:
(4)
The no maliza ion p ocess o he c i e ia wi h he
leas desi able alues is ca ied ou in wo s ages using
he ollowing equa ion:
(5)
De ine he No malized-weigh ed Ma ix -X^ in S ep 3.
The c i e ia can be assessed using weigh s 0 < Wj <
1. Since weigh s a e inhe en ly subjec i e and a ec he
ou come, hey should only be applied when hey a e
well- ounded. The expe e alua ion me hod is ypically
used o de e mine he alues o weigh Wj. The ollowing
limi s apply o he o al weigh s Wj:
(6)
(7)
The ollowing o mula is used o ge he no malized-
weigh ed alues o each c i e ion:
(8)
whe e he no malized a ing o he j- h c i e ion
and Wj is i s weigh (impo ance).
S ep 4. De e mine he Value o Op imali y Func ion
(9)
Whe e he op imali y unc ion alue o he i- h al e -
na i e is ep esen ed by Si. The bes Si alue is he la ges ;
he wo s Si alue is he smalles . Consequen ly, he mo e
e ec i e he al e na i e, he la ge he alue o he op i-
mali y unc ion Si. The alue Si can be used o ank he
choices in o de o p io i y.
S ep 5: De e mine he Al e na i e U ili y's Deg ee I
is equi ed o compa e he a ia ions wi h he op imal
one, S0, in o de o de e mine he deg ee o he al e na-
i e u ili y. Below is he compu a ion o an al e na e AI's
u ili y deg ee (Ki).;
(10)
whe e Si and S0, which come om Equa ion (10), a e
he op imali y c i e ia alues. The ange o he compu ed
alues, Ki, is 0 o 1.
3.2. Ci cula Economy Indica o s F amewo k
Based on he analysis o ci cula economy s udies p o-
ided in he li e a u e e iew sec ion, he ollowing indi-
ca o s o measu e he de elopmen o ci cula economy
a e selec ed based on an a ailable da ase in EUROSTAT
(see Table 1).
The selec ed indica o s amewo k o moni o ci cula
economy p og ess p o ided in Table 1 co e impo an
issues o ci cula economy: esou ce p oduc i i y and
aw ma e ial consump ion pe capi a, was e gene a ion
pe capi a and GDP, ecycling a e o was es and ci cula
ma e ial use a e, as well as in es men s, pa en s and pe -
sons wo king in ci cula economy sec o s.
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Table 1
Ci cula Economy Indica o s
Indica o Measu e Desc ip ion
P oduc i i y o esou ces
Eu o pe kilog am, chain-
linked olumes (2015)
The indica o is calcula ed as GDP di ided by domes ic ma-
e ial consump ion (DMC). DMC shows he o al quan i y
o ma e ials consumed in he economy on an annual basis.
Raw ma e ial consump ion ones pe capi a
This indica o shows he main aw ma e ial (biomass, me al
o es, non-me allic mine als, and ossil ene gy) consump-
ion on an annual basis di ided by he popula ion.
Gene a ion o o al was e
excep mine al was e pe
capi a
Kg/capi a
This indica o measu es he o al was e including mine als
gene a ed pe yea in a coun y di ided by he numbe o
inhabi an s
To al was e excluding majo
mine al was e gene a ion
pe GDP
Kilog ams pe housand
eu o, chain-linked ol-
umes (2010)
The indica o is calcula ed by di iding o al was e excluding
mine als c ea ed in a coun y pe yea by annual GDP.
The ecycling a e o o al
was e excluding mine al
was e
%
This indica o is compu ed by di iding he ecycled was e
by he o al was e ea ed pe yea , excluding mine al was e,
and mul iplied by 100. Recycled was e includes haza dous
and non-haza dous was e excluding mine al was e coming
om all economic sec o s.
Recycling a e o municipal
was e %
The indica o calcula es he sha e o ecycled solid was e in
he o al municipal was e gene a ed in he coun y on an
annual basis.
Ci cula ma e ial use a e %
The ci cula ma e ial use o ci cula i y a e is an indica o
calcula ed as he a io o he ci cula use o ma e ials o he
o al ma e ial use in he coun y on an annual basis. A high-
e ci cula i y a e shows ha mo e seconda y ma e ials a e
eplacing p ima y aw ma e ials hus educing he nega i e
en i onmen al e ec s.
Pa en s ela ed o ecycling
and seconda y aw ma e ials Pe million inhabi an s
This indica o shows he numbe o pa en s linked o ecy-
cling and seconda y aw ma e ials p oduc ion and ela ed
ac i i ies.
P i a e in es men and g oss
added alue linked o sec o s
o ci cula economy
Pe cen age o GDP
This indica o co e s in es men s in hese sec o s: ecy-
cling, epai and euse, en al, and leasing. In es men s a e
assessed du ing he e e ence yea in all angible goods.
Pe sons employed in ci cula
economy sec o s
Pe cen age o o al em-
ploymen in ull- ime
equi alen (FTE)
This indica o shows he numbe o pe sons employed in e-
cycling, epai and euse, en al, and leasing sec o s di ided
by numbe o pe sons employed o ally in he coun y.
Sou ce: c ea ed by au ho s based on (Eu opean Commission, 2024)
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Vol. 18 Issue 2 365-3752024
4. Case S udy on Ci cula Economy 4. Case S udy on Ci cula Economy
De elopmen P og ession in he De elopmen P og ession in he
Viseg ad G oupViseg ad G oup
The da a o 4 Viseg ad coun ies (Czechia,
Hunga y, Poland, and Slo akia was collec ed o de-
elop indica o s o ci cula economy de elopmen
in 2010 and 2021 based on he amewo k p esen -
ed. Table 1.
In Table 2, he ci cula economy de elopmen
indica o s o Viseg ad coun ies in 2010 and 2020
a e gi en.
In Table 3 he no malized ma ix was de eloped
o coun ies anking in 2010.
In Table 4 he no malized weigh ed ma ix was
de eloped o Viseg ad g oup coun ies anking ac-
co ding o en c i e ia in 2010.
As one can see om Table 4, Hunga y was anked
as he bes -pe o ming coun y, ollowed by Slo-
akia in he Viseg ad g oup acco ding o ci cula
economy de elopmen in 2010. The wo s - anked
coun y was Czechia.
In Table 5 he no malized ma ix was de eloped
o coun ies anking in 2021.
In Table 6, he no malized weigh ed ma ix was
de eloped o Viseg ad g oup coun ies anking ac-
co ding o en c i e ia in 2021.
In Table 7, he esul s o he inal anking o
Viseg ad coun ies acco ding o ci cula economy
de elopmen in 2021 a e gi en.
As one can see om Table 8, Czechia was anked
as he bes -pe o ming coun y, ollowed by Slo-
akia, he Viseg ad g oup, acco ding o ci cula
economy de elopmen in 2021. The wo s - anked
coun y in 2021, acco ding o ci cula economy de-
elopmen in 2021, was Poland, ollowed by Hunga-
y. The e o e, he si ua ion has d as ically changed
in he Viseg ad egion and he bes -pe o ming
coun y in 2010 ell in o he las posi ion in ank-
ing.
5. Conclusions5. Conclusions
The ci cula economy is he main app oach o
sus ainable consump ion and p oduc ion, allowing
he sa ing o na u al esou ces and educing cli-
ma e change and he nega i e en i onmen al e ec s
o consump ion and p oduc ion. I aims a ex end-
ing he li e cycle o p oduc s and includes sha ing,
leasing, eusing, epai ing, e u bishing, and ecy-
cling p oduc s and ma e ials.
Howe e , in ci cula economy de elopmen
ini ia ed by EU policy documen s, EU coun ies
achie ed di e en esul s because o di e en poli-
cies and app oaches used o p omo e he ci cula i y
o economic p ocesses.
The amewo k o indica o s o measu e p og ess
owa ds ci cula economy de elopmen was c e-
a ed based on ci cula economy indica o s es ab-
lished o he EU, co e ing he main a eas linked o
a ci cula economy: esou ce consump ion, was e
gene a ion, and managemen , and indica o s ep e-
sen ing compe i i eness and inno a ions. The ank-
ing o he ou selec ed coun ies in he Viseg ad e-
gion based on en c i e ia was pe o med using he
ad anced MCDM ool ARAS o ack hei p og ess
in ci cula economy de elopmen om 2010 un il
2021.
Resul s o he case s udy showed ha Hunga y
was anked as he bes -pe o ming coun y, ol-
lowed by Slo akia in he Viseg ad g oup acco d-
ing o ci cula economy de elopmen in 2010. The
wo s - anked coun y was Czechia in 2010; how-
e e , in 2021, he si ua ion changed d as ically, and
Czechia was anked as he bes -pe o ming coun-
y, ollowed by Slo akia, he Viseg ad g oup, ac-
co ding o ci cula economy de elopmen in 2021.
The wo s - anked coun y in 2021, acco ding o
Ci cula Economy De elopmen 2021, was Poland,
ollowed by Hunga y.
In 2010 Hunga y was dis inguished by he high-
es esou ce p oduc i i y, lowes ma e ial consump-
ion and o al was e gene a ed pe capi a, and high-
es a e o municipal was e ecycling. Also, Hunga y
had he highes a e o pe sons employed in he ci -
cula economy sec o and p i a e in es men s, and
g oss alue added ela ed o ci cula economy sec-
o s among Viseg ad coun ies.
In 2021, esou ce p oduc i i y educed in Hun-
ga y compa ed o he yea 2010, and he coun y
ell o he wo s posi ion among Viseg ad coun-
ies. A he same ime, aw ma e ial consump ion
pe capi a and was e gene a ion inc eased in 2021,
and hough he a e o municipal was e ecycling
has inc eased signi ican ly o e en yea s, in 2021,
Hunga y was he wo s -pe o ming coun y ac-
www.ce. izja.pl
371
De elopmen o Ci cula Economy in he Viseg ad G oup o Coun ies
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License.
Table 2
Ci cula Economy De elopmen Indica o s o Viseg ad Coun ies in 2010 and 2021
Indica o Sym-
bol
Czechia
(A1)
Hunga y
(A2)
Poland
(A3)
Slo a-
kia (A4)
Desi able
end
2010
P oduc i i y o esou ces C1 0.93 1.03 0.59 0.99 Inc ease
Raw ma e ial consump ion, C2 16.6 9.5 15.6 18.9 Dec ease
Gene a ion o o al was e excep mine al
was e pe capi a
C3 2.27 1.67 4.17 1.74 Dec ease
To al was e excluding majo mine al
was e gene a ion pe GDP
C4 78 116 186 96 Dec ease
The ecycling a e o o al was e exclud-
ing mine al was e
C5 50 36 58 38 Inc ease
Recycling a e o municipal was e C6 15.8 19.6 16.3 9.1 Inc ease
Ci cula ma e ial use a e C7 5.3 5.2 11.1 51 Inc ease
Pa en s ela ed o ecycling and second-
a y aw ma e ials
C8 0.42 0.46 0.97 0 Inc ease
P i a e in es men and g oss added
alue linked o sec o s o ci cula
economy
C9 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 Inc ease
Pe sons employed in ci cula economy
sec o s
C19 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.0 Inc ease
2021
P oduc i i y o esou ces C1 1.14 0.99 0.80 1.39 Inc ease
Raw ma e ial consump ion, C2 18.5 14.9 19.9 12.8 Dec ease
Gene a ion o o al was e excep mine al
was e pe capi a
C3 3.60 1.76 4.49 2.34 Dec ease
To al was e excluding majo mine al
was e gene a ion pe GDP
C4 83 91 150 92 Dec ease
The ecycling a e o o al was e exclud-
ing mine al was e
C5 59 54 52 60 Inc ease
Recycling a e o municipal was e C6 43.3 34.9 40.3 48.9 Inc ease
Ci cula ma e ial use a e C7 11.9 7.9 8.4 9.1 Inc ease
Pa en s ela ed o ecycling and second-
a y aw ma e ials
C8 0.67 0 0.46 0 Inc ease
P i a e in es men and g oss added
alue linked o sec o s o ci cula
economy
C9 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.5 Inc ease
Pe sons employed in ci cula economy
sec o s
C19 2.3 2.3 2.7 2.2 Inc ease
Sou ce: c ea ed by au ho s based on (Eu opean Commission, 2024)
372
Jus as S eimikis, Bea a Slusa czyk, Ind e Siksnely e-Bu kiene, Ladisla Mu a
10.5709/ce.1897-9254.543DOI: CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS
Vol. 18 Issue 2 365-3752024
Table 3
A No malized Ma ix was De eloped o Viseg ad G oup Coun ies Ranking Acco ding o Ten C i e ia in 2010
No malized ma ix
weigh s o c i e ia 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
kind o c i e ia 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10
Czechia: A1 0.93 16.6 2.27 78 50 15.8 5.3 0.42 0.3 2.4
Hunga y: A2 1.03 9.5 1.67 116 36 19.6 5.2 0.46 0.5 2.8
Poland: A3 0.59 15.6 4.17 186 58 16.3 11.1 0.97 0.5 2.5
Slo akia: A4 0.99 18.9 1.74 96 38 9.1 51 0 0.4 2
Table 4
Ranking o Viseg ad Coun ies Based on Ci cula Economy in 2010
S K Ranking
0-Op imal Value 0.2690 1.0000
Czechia: A1 0.1720 0.6392 4
Hunga y: A2 0.1963 0.7298 1
Poland: A3 0.1805 0.6709 3
Slo akia: A4 0.1821 0.6770 2
Table 5
A No malized Ma ix was De eloped o Viseg ad G oup Coun ies Ranking Acco ding o Ten C i e ia in 2021
No malized ma ix
weigh s o c i e ia 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
kind o c i e ia 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10
Czechia: A1 1.14 18.5 3.6 83 59 43.3 11.9 0.67 0.4 2.3
Hunga y: A2 0.99 14.9 1.76 91 54 34.9 7.9 0 0.7 2.3
Poland: A3 0.8 19.9 4.49 150 52 40.3 8.4 0.46 0.7 2.7
Slo akia: A4 1.39 12.8 2.34 92 60 48.9 9.1 0 0.5 2.2
Table 6
A No malized Weigh ed Ma ix o Viseg ad G oup Coun ies Ranking Acco ding o Ten C i e ia in 2021
No malized Weigh ed Ma ix
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10
0-Op imal Value 0.024 0.024 0.028 0.023 0.021 0.023 0.024 0.037 0.023 0.022
Czechia: A1 0.020 0.017 0.014 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.024 0.037 0.013 0.019
Hunga y: A2 0.017 0.021 0.028 0.021 0.019 0.016 0.016 0.000 0.023 0.019
Poland: A3 0.014 0.015 0.011 0.013 0.018 0.019 0.017 0.026 0.023 0.022
Slo akia: A4 0.024 0.024 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.023 0.019 0.000 0.017 0.018
