Hendy, Nhung T.; Mon a go , Na halie
A icle
The ole o in ellec ual humili y in sus ainable ou ism
de elopmen
Adminis a i e Sciences
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MDPI – Mul idisciplina y Digi al Publishing Ins i u e, Basel
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Hendy, Nhung T.; Mon a go , Na halie (2025) : The ole o in ellec ual humili y in
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Ci a ion: Hendy, N. T., & Mon a go ,
N. (2025). The Role o In ellec ual
Humili y in Sus ainable Tou ism
De elopmen . Adminis a i e Sciences,
15(5), 185. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
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A icle
The Role o In ellec ual Humili y in Sus ainable
Tou ism De elopmen
Nhung T. Hendy 1,* and Na halie Mon a go 2
1Depa men o Managemen , College o Business & Economics Towson, Towson Uni e si y,
Towson, MD 21252, USA
2Human Resou ces and Managemen Depa men , Excelia Business School, 17000 La Rochelle, F ance;
[email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : In his s udy, we examined he ole o in ellec ual humili y (IH) as an an eceden
o indi idual a i ude owa d sus ainable ou ism iewed om he lens o pe sonali y
ai heo y, i ue e hics heo y, and egene a i e ou ism p inciples wi hin a s akeholde
amewo k. Da a we e collec ed ia Qual ics in an online su ey o 233 adul s in he
Uni ed S a es. A se ies o con i ma o y ac o analyses (CFA) we e applied o he da a o
es he measu emen model. In addi ion, a bi ac o CFA was ound o ha e accep able
i and app op ia e in con olling o common me hod a iance. A se ies o co a iance-
based s uc u al equa ions models (SEMs) was es ima ed o es he hypo hesized model
while con olling o common me hod a iance in addi ion o indi idual age and gende .
Using he chi-squa e di e ence es o nes ed model compa ison, we ound ha in ellec-
ual humili y was a signi ican an eceden o he nega i e ecological impac o ou ism
(
β= 0.14,
p< 0.01) while i s ela ionships wi h economic and social impac s o a el became
non-signi ican a e con olling o common me hod a iance. P o-social endency, ope a-
ionalized as HEXACO Hones y–Humili y, was also a signi ican an eceden o he nega i e
ecological impac (
β
= 0.17) and posi i e economic impac (
β
=
−
0.34) o ou ism, a e
con olling o common me hod a iance. Despi e i s limi a ions due o i s c oss-sec ional
design and use o sel - epo da a in he U.S., his s udy was no el in in oducing in el-
lec ual humili y as an impo an i ue o be cul i a ed a he indi idual le el o achie e
a holis ic app oach o sus ainable ou ism, especially in shaping des ina ion choices. In
addi ion, he s udy highligh s he need o de ec common me hod a iance in sel - epo
da a ia bi ac o CFA o a oid e oneous epo ing o signi ican indings, hampe ing ou
collec i e esea ch e o s o add ess clima e change and i s impac .
Keywo ds: p osocial beha io ; in ellec ual humili y; common me hod a iance; sus ainable
ou ism; sus ainabili y
1. In oduc ion
The e has been an inc easing in e es in unde s anding indi idual cha ac e is ics
ha se e as an eceden s o p o-en i onmen al beha io and en i onmen al sus ainabili y
wi hin global clima e change esea ch. Mos esea ch in en i onmen al sus ainabili y has
ocused on he economic iabili y o impac a he mac o le el, while less esea ch has
s udied indi idual cha ac e is ics (e.g., psychological, cogni i e, a ec i e, and beha io al
endencies) a he mic o le el as an eceden s o en i onmen alism (e.g., Yu e al.,2011;
Bichle & Lösch,2019;
Pee e s e al.,2024). De ined as an ideology, en i onmen alism
p omo es human beha io ha minimizes he nega i e impac on he en i onmen (e.g.,
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 185 h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci15050185
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 185 2 o 18
Wol -Wa z,2014). En i onmen alism has been s udied in e ms o p o-en i onmen al a -
i udes and beha io s in p io esea ch (e.g., Des oche s e al.,2019). P o-en i onmen al
a i ude is de ined as one’s endency o exhibi a deg ee o a o owa d he na u al en i on-
men , whe eas p o-en i onmen al beha io e e s o conc e e ac ion ha posi i ely a ec s
he na u al en i onmen (Yu e al.,2011). Wi hin he Big 5 pe sonali y ai s, openness o
expe ience was ound o consis en ly exhibi a posi i e ela ion wi h p o-en i onmen al a -
i ude and beha io , whe eas ag eeableness was much less so, acco ding o a me a-analysis
(Sou e e al.,2020). In addi ion, Hones y–Humili y, a pe sonali y dimension wi hin he
HEXACO amewo k, also known as p o-social endency, was ound o exhibi a posi i e
ela ion wi h p o-en i onmen al a i ude and beha io acco ding o one me a-analysis
(Sou e e al.,2020). Hones y–Humili y and p o-social endency a e used in e changeably
h oughou his pape .
Tou ism de elopmen has been in es iga ed in p io esea ch as an in e ela ed, albei
pa adoxical, componen o en i onmen alism (e.g., S odda & G aham,2018;Wol -Wa z,
2014). Speci ically, na u e-o ien ed ou ism, a subse o which is eco ou ism, buil a ound
p omo ing exposu e o and connec edness wi h he wilde ness in he na u al en i onmen ,
o e s many economic (e.g., e enue o ou ism ope a o s and income o local esiden s),
social (e.g., p ese a ion o local cul u e), and ecological bene i s (e.g., en i onmen al con-
se a ion e o s in Hawaii, he U.S., and Cos a Rica o name a ew) as documen ed in p io
esea ch (e.g., Yee,2018;Mille e al.,2023;Poudel e al.,2016;Wol -Wa z,2014). Howe e ,
ou ism can also ha e a nega i e impac on he des ina ion in economic (e.g., p icing ou
local esiden s), social (e.g., inc eased c ime a e), and ecological (e.g., o e c owding) e ms
due o ou is loyal y and/o ou ism ho spo des ina ions (e.g., Venice, Ba celona), which
b ing mo e ha m han bene i s o isi o s and local esiden s alike (e.g., Papadopoulou
e al.,2023). Sus ainable ou ism de elopmen has been p oposed as a solu ion o p o ide
economic bene i s o esiden s and managemen au ho i ies, while conse ing he ecological
en i onmen and p omo ing social and cul u al bene i s o ou ism de elopmen (Poudel
e al.,2016). In his s udy, we adop ed he de ini ion o sus ainable ou ism p oposed by
he Uni ed Na ions En i onmen P og am and he Wo ld Tou ism O ganiza ion in 2005.
Speci ically, sus ainable ou ism is de ined as “Tou ism ha akes ull accoun o i s cu en
and u u e economic, social, and en i onmen al impac s, add essing he needs o isi o s,
he indus y, he en i onmen and hos communi ies” (UNEP & WTO,2005).
Exis ing sus ainable ou ism amewo ks ha e no su icien ly conside ed he mo al
i ues o indi idual s akeholde s as de e minan s o a i udes owa d sus ainabili y.
Whe eas gene al humili y e e s o one’s beha io al endency as a golden mean be ween
wo ex emes o a ogance and di idence ac oss si ua ions, in ellec ual humili y e e s
o one’s beha io al endency in in ellec ual discou se, which is especially impo an in
p omo ing a heal hy dialogue in he clima e change deba e. No wi hs anding he po-
en ial impo ance o in ellec ual humili y in global clima e change esea ch, i s ole as
an an eceden o sus ainable ou ism emains unadd essed. Concep ualized as a mul i-
dimensional cons uc , he de ini ion o in ellec ual humili y includes ou dimensions:
(a) one’s endency o ecognize one’s own in ellec ual limi a ions; (b) op imally calib a ing
one’s in ellec ual limi a ions o epis emic u h, a he han appea ing humble; (c) an ap-
p ecia ion o o he s’ in ellec ual s eng hs; and (d) a low conce n o one’s own in ellec ual
s a us and en i lemen (Po e e al.,2022). In en i onmen al esea ch, i has been p oposed
ha in ellec ual humili y is needed o b idge he di ide be ween clima e change denie s
o an i-en i onmen alism and clima e change ad oca es o p o-en i onmen alism (e.g.,
Fe kany,2015). In ellec ual humili y, as a i ue, seeks a balanced pe spec i e be ween
wo ex emes: denying clima e change and i s nega i e en i onmen al impac s on one hand,
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 185 3 o 18
and o e emphasizing i s nega i e consequences on he o he (e.g., P. T. B own,2023;P. T.
B own e al.,2023).
Despi e decades o ex ensi e ou ism esea ch ueled by ising conce ns o e ou ism’s
emissions, a ecen comp ehensi e e iew o 2573 jou nal a icles on sus ainable ou ism
e eals i s limi ed impac (Pee e s e al.,2024). One o he easons o he limi ed impac
o exis ing sus ainable ou ism esea ch o mi iga e clima e change impac is he weak
de ini ion o sus ainabili y (Pee e s e al.,2024), coupled wi h an emphasis on sys emic
a iables and p ocesses. Shi ing esea ch a en ion om sys ems and hei p ocesses o
indi idual a i udes and beha io o unde s and hei ole in ackling clima e change is
needed (Danne -Sch öde e al.,2025). A holis ic app oach o sus ainable ou ism equi es
no only sha ed esponsibili y be ween go e nmen and business en e p ises, bu also he
esponsibili y o indi idual ci izens. Highligh ing he signi icance o shaping des ina ion
choice, a s udy conduc ed in Sweden (Kamb e al.,2021) ound i o be mo e e ec i e a
educing ca bon emissions compa ed o anspo mode (e.g., ain s. ca ). Building upon
he abo e discussion, he pu pose o his s udy was h ee old. Fi s , we p oposed a mul i-
le el in eg a ed amewo k o sus ainable ou ism in which in ellec ual humili y is key
in a ec ing ou ism de elopmen a i ude based on he heo ies o HEXACO pe sonali y
(Ash on & Lee,2007), i ue e hics (e.g., Jamal,2004), and egene a i e ou ism p inciples
(e.g., D edge,2022) wi hin F eeman’s (1984) and F eeman e al.’s (2010) s akeholde heo y.
Second, we ex ended p io esea ch on examining pe sonal cha ac e is ics and a i ude
linkage in ou ism de elopmen . Thi d, his s udy added o ex an esea ch linking indi-
idual cha ac e is ics o he achie emen o he Uni ed Na ions’ Sus ainable De elopmen
Goals (SDGs). Speci ically, SDG#13—“Take u gen ac ion o comba clima e change and i s
impac ” (h ps://sdgs.un.o g/goals/goal13 accessed on 5 Oc obe 2024)—is ele an o
his esea ch add essing clima e change.
This s udy con ibu es o he ex an li e a u e on p o-en i onmen al a i ude and
sus ainable ou ism de elopmen in wo ways. Fi s , his s udy p o ides an oppo uni y
o s imula e eme ging esea ch on in ellec ual humili y as a necessa y i ue in he global
clima e change deba e and educa ion. Second, his s udy was among he i s o o e an
oppo uni y o psychologis s and sus ainable ou ism esea che s o ad ance policies and
p ac ices aimed a achie ing he Uni ed Na ions Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs),
speci ically Goal 13.
1.1. A Mul i-Le el In eg a ed F amewo k o Sus ainable Tou ism
In his pape , we p opose a mul i-le el amewo k o sus ainable ou ism de elopmen
based on an in e disciplina y app oach le e aging psychology, s a egic managemen , and
mo al educa ion esea ch. As shown in Figu e 1, ou model includes h ee le els o analysis:
indi idual, g oup, and na ional/in e na ional. While he ocus o ou s udy is a he
indi idual le el, we ecognize he impo ance o he o ganiza ional and coun y-le el
in luences on sus ainable ou ism in e ms o policy and egula ion s anda ds. Fo example,
policy and egula ion s anda ds se e as bounda y condi ions in mo i a ing sus ainable
ou ism beha io and de e ing des uc i e ou ism beha io (e.g., Chebli e al.,2024).
In ellec ual humili y (IH) is a unique p edic o o sus ainable ou ism a i ude and
subsequen beha io . Bichle and Lösch (2019) showed ha collabo a i e go e nance
p ocesses be ween s akeholde g oups as c ucial in building us and anspa ency o
p omo e sus ainable ou ism a he ins i u ional le el. Howe e , unless s akeholde s exhibi
IH, such collabo a i e go e nance p ocesses will ail. Fo example, despi e moun ing
e idence, many clima e ac i is s we e unwilling o accep he ac ha he goal o he Pa is
Clima e Ag eemen o limi he inc ease o 1.5 deg ees Celsius o 2.7 deg ees Fah enhei
was un ealis ic (Hadden & P akash,2024).
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 185 4 o 18
Adm. Sci. 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 19
Figu e 1. A mul i-le el in eg a ed amewo k o sus ainable ou ism.
1.2. Li e a u e Re iew and Hypo heses De elopmen
A li e a u e e iew o esea ch on in ellec ual humili y (IH) shows ha i has many
bene i s ac oss analy ical le els. A he indi idual le el, IH has been documen ed o help
people gain mo e accu a e knowledge, make be e decisions, li e happie li es, and be e
cope wi h s ess and anxie y (e.g., K ause e al., 2016; Lea y, 2022). A he g oup le el, IH
has been shown o con ibu e o imp o ed in o ma ion sha ing and educed in e -g oup
con lic s (Funck & Tomin, 2024). A he o ganiza ional le el, IH has been p oposed o im-
p o e an o ganiza ion’s cul u e o di e si y, equi y, and inclusion (e.g., Hendy, 2022). A
he socie al le el, IH was ound o empe con lic s o disag eemen s s emming om di -
e en poli ical a ilia ions, eligions, and li es yles. Fo example, people sco ing high on
IH we e ound o be less likely o de oga e hose whom hey disag eed wi h (e.g., Po e
& Schumann, 2018), mo e likely o suppo COVID-19 accina ion, and less likely o be
in luenced by misin o ma ion and heal h claims lacking scien i ic o e iden ia y basis
(e.g., Huynh & Senge , 2021).
As men ioned ea lie , Hones y–Humili y has been u ilized in p io esea ch as a p o-
social endency because Hones y–Humili y e lec s he endency o be p oac i e, o ex-
ample, ini ia ing coope a ion wi h o he s (ac i e coope a ion), which is essen ial in p o-
social beha io (Hilbig e al., 2013). In con as , ag eeableness, one o he Big Fi e pe son-
ali y ai s, was ound o e lec he endency o be eac i e o coope a i e ini ia i e. People
who a e high on Hones y–Humili y we e also ound o be ai o o he s by no exploi ing
hem in es ablishing a ai dis ibu ion o ou comes in a labo a o y se ing (Hilbig e al.,
2015). Ex apola ed om he abo e indings, i is easonable o expec ha indi iduals
high on Hones y–Humili y will no exploi ou ism de elopmen o hei own bene i s
and iew sus ainable ou ism ai ly. The e o e, we hypo hesize:
H1. P o-social endency will be posi i ely ela ed o ou ism de elopmen a i ude wi h espec o
economic, ecological, and social impac .
Resea ch showed ha people holding mode a e iews end o be highe on IH com-
pa ed o hose holding ex eme iews (e.g., Lea y e al., 2017). In he con ex o sus ainable
ou ism de elopmen , people high on IH a e needed o each a balancing ac be ween wo
ex emes: ocusing only on he posi i e impac o he nega i e impac o ou ism. The
golden mean, in ou opinion, ep esen s educing he nega i e impac caused by humans
on he ecological, social, and economic en i onmen while simul aneously conside ing
echnological and socie al changes o e ime ha p omo e sus ainable ou ism. This
Figu e 1. A mul i-le el in eg a ed amewo k o sus ainable ou ism.
In ellec ual humili y (IH) goes beyond p o-en i onmen al beha io (e.g., ecycling,
educing ene gy consump ion, choosing sus ainable p oduc s) o include a g ow h mindse
conduci e o adap i e lea ning and managemen o he complexi y and mul i- ace ed
na u e o sus ainabili y (Aye s e al.,2023). In addi ion, in ellec ually humble indi iduals
espec mul iple pe spec i es o all s akeholde s in os e ing sus ainable ou ism a i udes
and beha io . Mo e impo an ly, IH’s unique alue is in mi iga ing pe sonal bias (e.g.,
con i ma ion bias, sho - e m hinking) inhe en in decision-making (e.g., Lea y e al.,2017).
F eeman’s (1984) s akeholde heo y o s a egic managemen was selec ed as a heo e -
ical amewo k guiding ou concep ual model o he ollowing easons. Fi s , s akeholde
heo y is undamen ally an e hics heo y (F eeman e al.,2010) because i p omo es i ms
(e.g., ou ism o ganiza ions) going beyond he minimum legal equi emen o p o ide
bene i s o all s akeholde g oups, including sha eholde s. Acco ding o he heo y, ou ism
manage s, in making decisions ha impac hei o ganiza ion, should ake in o consid-
e a ion he di e se needs and in e es s o all s akeholde s, including local communi ies,
isi o s, businesses, and he en i onmen , a he han p io i izing sha eholde s. Speaking
di e en ly, all pa ies ha ing a s ake in sus ainable ou ism should be gi en equal p io i y,
and none should be ea ed as an ins umen o achie e a goal (F eeman e al.,2010). Second,
in ellec ual humili y (IH) as a i ue can be de eloped h ough p ac ice o e ime (e.g.,
Lea y e al.,2017;Po e e al.,2022). As a i ue, IH is di e en om p osocial endency,
iewed as a pe sonali y ai (e.g., Duong & Pensini,2023;K um ei-Mancuso,2017), such
ha in ellec ually humble indi iduals a e awa e o he limi a ions o hei knowledge and
a e willing o upda e i . This e lec s IH as a p e equisi e o lea ning, which is un ela ed
o p osocial endency as a pe sonali y ai o Hones y–Humili y (K um ei-Mancuso e al.,
2019). The willingness o upda e one’s knowledge is c ucial in he ongoing global clima e
change deba e.
IH, as a i ue, is needed o p ac ice egene a i e ou ism p inciples (D edge,2022),
which equi e a shi in mindse o gene a e collec i e ac ion om indi idual ac ions. E hics
o ca e as a i ue has been adop ed in eaching en i onmen al e hics (e.g., Jamal,2004;
T ibe,2002), consis en wi h se e al s udies calling o a change in sus ainabili y educa ion
and en i onmen al esea ch (e.g., K. E. Jo dan,2023;K. Jo dan & K is jánsson,2017;Sadle -
Smi h,2015). Thi d, s akeholde heo y suppo s iewing compe ing demands, such as
p ese ing na u e and de eloping na u e o ou ism pu poses, as duali ies (i.e., bo h/and
ou come), a he han dualism (i.e., ei he /o ou come). Viewed h ough he duali y lens,
bo h s akeholde s and sha eholde s can bene i om sus ainable ou ism de elopmen . In
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 185 5 o 18
he pa ag aphs below, we p esen ou hypo heses based on he p oposed concep ual model
shown in Figu e 1.
1.2. Li e a u e Re iew and Hypo heses De elopmen
A li e a u e e iew o esea ch on in ellec ual humili y (IH) shows ha i has many
bene i s ac oss analy ical le els. A he indi idual le el, IH has been documen ed o help
people gain mo e accu a e knowledge, make be e decisions, li e happie li es, and be e
cope wi h s ess and anxie y (e.g., K ause e al.,2016;Lea y,2022). A he g oup le el, IH
has been shown o con ibu e o imp o ed in o ma ion sha ing and educed in e -g oup
con lic s (Funck & Tomin,2024). A he o ganiza ional le el, IH has been p oposed o
imp o e an o ganiza ion’s cul u e o di e si y, equi y, and inclusion (e.g., Hendy,2022).
A he socie al le el, IH was ound o empe con lic s o disag eemen s s emming om
di e en poli ical a ilia ions, eligions, and li es yles. Fo example, people sco ing high on
IH we e ound o be less likely o de oga e hose whom hey disag eed wi h (e.g., Po e
& Schumann,2018), mo e likely o suppo COVID-19 accina ion, and less likely o be
in luenced by misin o ma ion and heal h claims lacking scien i ic o e iden ia y basis (e.g.,
Huynh & Senge ,2021).
As men ioned ea lie , Hones y–Humili y has been u ilized in p io esea ch as a
p o-social endency because Hones y–Humili y e lec s he endency o be p oac i e, o
example, ini ia ing coope a ion wi h o he s (ac i e coope a ion), which is essen ial in
p o-social beha io (Hilbig e al.,2013). In con as , ag eeableness, one o he Big Fi e
pe sonali y ai s, was ound o e lec he endency o be eac i e o coope a i e ini ia i e.
People who a e high on Hones y–Humili y we e also ound o be ai o o he s by no
exploi ing hem in es ablishing a ai dis ibu ion o ou comes in a labo a o y se ing (Hilbig
e al.,2015). Ex apola ed om he abo e indings, i is easonable o expec ha indi iduals
high on Hones y–Humili y will no exploi ou ism de elopmen o hei own bene i s
and iew sus ainable ou ism ai ly. The e o e, we hypo hesize:
H1. P o-social endency will be posi i ely ela ed o ou ism de elopmen a i ude wi h espec o
economic, ecological, and social impac .
Resea ch showed ha people holding mode a e iews end o be highe on IH com-
pa ed o hose holding ex eme iews (e.g., Lea y e al.,2017). In he con ex o sus ainable
ou ism de elopmen , people high on IH a e needed o each a balancing ac be ween
wo ex emes: ocusing only on he posi i e impac o he nega i e impac o ou ism. The
golden mean, in ou opinion, ep esen s educing he nega i e impac caused by humans
on he ecological, social, and economic en i onmen while simul aneously conside ing
echnological and socie al changes o e ime ha p omo e sus ainable ou ism. This duali y
o conse a ion and en i onmen al de elopmen , inhe en in he seemingly opposing o ces
be ween p o ec ing na u al en i onmen s and pu suing en i onmen al de elopmen o
economic g ow h, has been documen ed in p io esea ch. Fo example, al hough na u e-
minded ou is s a e awa e o hei ca bon oo p in impac on he ecological en i onmen ,
hey s ill seek o a el o emo e a eas, a he han being de e ed by i (e.g., Wol -Wa z,
2014;E iksson & Balsle Clausen,2024). In ellec ually humble isi o s may be mo e willing
o adop sus ainable p ac ices p omo ed by ou ism ope a o s who adhe e o s akeholde
p inciples. They may be mo e ecep i e o in o ma ion abou esponsible was e disposal,
wa e conse a ion, and espec ing local cus oms. Tou ism ope a o s who ac i ely engage
wi h di e se s akeholde s and communica e he easons behind hei sus ainable p ac ices
can os e IH in isi o s by exposing hem o di e en iewpoin s and he complexi ies o
sus ainable ou ism.
The e o e, we hypo hesize:
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 185 6 o 18
H2. In ellec ual humili y will be posi i ely ela ed o ou ism de elopmen a i ude wi h espec o
economic, ecological, and social impac .
2. Me hods
2.1. Sample and P ocedu e
We used G*Powe e sion 3.1.9.7 (Faul e al.,2009) o de e mine he adequa e sample
size o his esea ch. A mul iple eg ession model in which wo con ol a iables o age
and gende , plus wo p edic o a iables o p o-social endency and in ellec ual humili y,
was used o calcula e he equi ed sample size. A small e ec size was used, i.e., -squa ed
equal o 0.05, wi h wo p edic o s being co ela ed a 0.2. A sample size o 192 was
needed o achie e a powe o 0.7, and a sample size o 233 was needed o achie e a
powe o 0.8. We p oceeded wi h da a collec ion knowing ha we would need a sample
a ying om 192 o 233 indi iduals, depending on he s a is ical powe le el. Da a we e
collec ed en i ely online and anonymously using Qual ics du ing Fall 2020 and Sp ing 2021.
Pa icipa ion in he s udy was olun a y, and pa icipan s did no ecei e any mone a y
compensa ion in exchange o hei pa icipa ion. The s udy p o ocol was app o ed by he
i s au ho ’s Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d. A o al o 233 wo king adul s pa icipa ed in he
s udy. Using a snowball sampling echnique, pa icipan s we e ec ui ed ia email using
he au ho s’ pe sonal and social ne wo ks. A su ey link was embedded in he in i a ion
email asking pa icipan s o comple e he su ey o esea ch pu poses. Clicking he link
ook pa icipan s o a page whe e hey we e in oduced o he s udy and gi en he choice
o p o ide consen o no a he end o he page. To be eligible o pa icipa ion in he
su ey, pa icipan s mus be a leas 18 yea s o age and eside in he U.S. a he ime o he
su ey comple ion. Pa icipan s we e old ha by clicking “I consen o pa icipa e in he
s udy”, hey would no be able o wi hd aw hei consen a e ha , i.e., in he middle o he
su ey, which allowed o pa ial su ey esponse analyses. Howe e , hey we e in o med
ha hey had he igh o discon inue comple ing he su ey a any poin in ime i hey
el uncom o able answe ing any o he su ey ques ions. The su ey ques ions we e
p esen ed in he ollowing o de : in ellec ual humili y (IH), p osocial endency, a i ude
owa d ou ism de elopmen , and demog aphic a iables. The a e age ime o comple e
he su ey was 7 min, anging om 4 o 12 min.
Pa icipan s we e di e se in e ms o age (M = 27.34, SD = 12.18), anging om 18 o
84 yea s old, o whom 111 we e male and 110 we e emale. In e ms o e hnici y, he majo i y
was epo ed as “Whi e” wi h 60.8%, while Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians accoun ed o
17.1%, 5.4%, and 9.5%, espec i ely. A o al o 7.2% desc ibed hemsel es as “O he ”.
Missing da a we e impu ed using he eg ession app oach in SPSS e sion 28 because
i le e ages he ela ionships be ween a iables in he da ase o p o ide mo e accu a e
es ima es compa ed o o he me hods, such as mean o median impu a ion based on p io
esea ch ecommenda ions o missing da a using Like scales (Wu e al.,2015).
2.2. Measu es
P o-social endency. We used Lee and Ash on’s (2018) 16-i em measu e o he Hones y–
Humili y dimension o he HEXACO pe sonali y in en o y. Sample i ems include “I I
wan some hing om a pe son I dislike, I will ac e y nicely owa d ha pe son o ge i ”;
“I’d be emp ed o use coun e ei money i I we e su e I could ge away wi h i ”; and “I
would like o be seen d i ing a ound in a e y expensi e ca ”. Scale ancho s anged om 1
“s ongly disag ee” o 5 “s ongly ag ee”. C onbach’s alpha o his measu e was 0.77.
In ellec ual humili y. We used Lea y e al.’s (2017) 6-i em scale o measu e pa icipan s’
gene al in ellec ual humili y. Ancho s o he i ems anged om 1 “s ongly disag ee” o
5 “s ongly ag ee”. Sample i ems include “I ques ion my own opinions, posi ions, and
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 185 7 o 18
iewpoin s because hey could be w ong” and “I econside my opinions when p esen ed
wi h new e idence”. C onbach’s alpha o his measu e was 0.80.
A i ude owa d Tou ism de elopmen . Poudel e al.’s (2016) 45-i em measu e o
ou ism impac was used. This scale measu es he pe cei ed impac o ou ism de elopmen
in h ee a eas: social, economic, and ecological en i onmen s, each wi h posi i e and
nega i e impac s. Sample i ems o ecological impac include “Tou ism des oys he na u al
en i onmen ”; “Tou ism p o ides incen i e o conse a ion o na u al a eas”; social impac
“Tou ism enhances knowledge o o he cul u es”; “Tou ism de elopmen inc eases c ime
a es”; economic impac “Tou ism de elopmen inc eases p ope y axes”; and “Tou ism
inc eases income and imp o es li ing s anda ds o local communi ies”. Ancho s anged
om 1 “s ongly disag ee” o 7 “s ongly ag ee”. C onbach’s alphas o he subscales we e
0.88, 0.85, 0.80, 0.90, 0.88, and 0.84, espec i ely.
All in e nal consis ency es ima es o a iables used in he s udy we e abo e he
ecommended cu o o 0.7 (Nunnally,1978).
Con ol a iables. We con olled o pa icipan biological sex and age in he s a is ical
analyses based on p e ious esea ch epo ing hese wo a iables as signi ican co ela es
o p o-en i onmen alism (e.g., Des oche s e al.,2019)
S a is ical analysis. SPSS e sion 28 was used o conduc da a sc eening, sco ing,
and impu a ion. MPlus e sion 8.1 (Mu hén & Mu hén,1998–2017) was used o un he
con i ma o y ac o analyses o alida e he measu emen and s uc u al models.
3. Resul s
Assump ion es ing. We conduc ed a ious analyses p io o alida ing he concep ual
model o make su e all s a is ical assump ions conce ning mul i a ia e no mali y we e
me . Speci ically, we i s an a se ies o desc ip i e analyses in SPSS o all a iables
a he i em le el o de e mine i hey me he no mali y assump ions o be e lec i e
indica o s o la en a iables in con i ma o y ac o analysis (CFA) based on Kline’s (2005)
ecommenda ions. All i ems had small skewness alues (be ween
−
2 and +2) wi h ku osis
alues be ween
−
3 and +3. Gi en he ecommended accep able le els o skewness (be ween
−
3 and +3) and ku osis (
−
10 o +10) o co a iance-based s uc u al equa ions modeling
(SEM) ha we used o alida e ou concep ual model (T. A. B own,2006), we deemed ou
a iables as ha ing me he assump ion o no mali y. Second, we looked a he p obabili y-
p obabili y (P-P) plo o all a iables o de e mine mul i a ia e no mali y. Mos a iables
a e closely clus e ed along he diagonal line wi h small de ia ion om no mali y due o
he cu es om he Q-Q plo o Hones y–Humili y and in ellec ual humili y, espec i ely.
In addi ion, we an a se ies o eg ession analyses in which we eg essed he subscales o
a el impac on o p o-social endency and in ellec ual humili y (IH) o ge an es ima e
o mul icollinea i y among he wo p edic o s o p osocial endency and IH. The esul s
showed he VIF alues o be 1.05, which is a e y small depa u e om 1, indica ing
almos no co ela ion be ween p edic o s. We no ed ha co a iance-based SEM is obus o
small de ia ions om no mali y and mul icollinea i y be ween o among p edic o s, and
he e o e we p oceeded wi h ou subsequen model es ing based on T. A. B own’s (2006)
ecommenda ions.
Table 1shows he desc ip i e s a is ics and ze o-o de in e co ela ions o obse ed
a iables included in he s udy. An examina ion o Table 1 e eals he ollowing. Fi s ,
he co ela ion be ween sex and p o-social endency was signi ican ( = 0.15, p< 0.05),
a o ing emale pa icipan s. This inding was consis en wi h p e ious esea ch (e.g., Lee
& Ash on,2020). In addi ion, he ch onological age was signi ican ly ela ed o p o-social
endency, a o ing olde pa icipan s ( = 0.33, p< 0.01). This inding was also consis en
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 185 8 o 18
wi h p e ious esea ch (e.g., Ash on & Lee,2016). Taken oge he , hese indings jus i ied
ea ing sex and age as con ol a iables in subsequen analyses.
Table 1. Desc ip i e s a is ics and ze o-o de co ela ions o a iables in he s udy.
Va iables
Mean
S d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. Age 27.37 12.20 -
2. Gende (1 = Male, 2 = Female) 1.49 0.50 −
0.19
-
3. P osocial beha io (HH) 3.51 0.58 0.33 0.15 0.77
4. In ellec ual humili y 4.05 0.64 0.15 0.07 0.23 0.80
5. Nega i e ecological impac 4.87 1.15 0.21 0.11 0.18 0.19 0.88
6. Posi i e ecological impac 3.88 1.11 0.07 −
0.14
0.08 −
0.01
−
0.41
0.85
7. Nega i e economic impac 5.22 0.92 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.19 0.26 −
0.01 0.80
8. Posi i e economic impac 5.12 0.83 −
0.06
−
0.01
−
0.21
0.14 −
0.22
0.30
0.31
0.90
9. Nega i e social impac 4.49 0.90 0.09 0.06 −
0.01
0.04 0.51 −
0.33 0.33
−
0.17
0.88
10. Posi i e social impac 5.30 0.87 −
0.02
0.21 0.00 0.18 −
0.01
0.12
0.20
0.47 −
0.08 0.84
No e: Co ela ions
≥
0.13 a e signi ican a p< 0.05; Co ela ions
≥
0.18 a e signi ican a p< 0.01. C onbach’s
alphas we e shown along he diagonal.
S a is ical models. Because o he sel - epo na u e o he s udy da a, common me hod
a iance was add essed ia a la en model app oach (i.e., con i ma o y ac o analysis),
es ima ing an unmeasu ed me hod ac o ollowing Podsako e al. (2003) ecommen-
da ions. This app oach is also known as a bi ac o CFA app oach (e.g., Bide man e al.,
2011). The bi ac o CFA app oach has been ound o be mo e e ec i e a de ec ing common
me hod a iance han Ha man’s single- ac o es , commonly used in managemen esea ch
(Howa d e al.,2024).
A se ies o con i ma o y ac o analyses (CFA) was applied o indi idual i em e-
sponses using Mplus e sion 8.1 (Mu hén & Mu hén,1998–2017). Based on p e ious
esea ch (e.g., Bide man e al.,2011) showing ha adding a bi ac o gene al ac o imp o es
model i o e a CFA model wi hou such a ac o , we also an a bi ac o CFA o add ess
common me hod a iance pe Podsako e al.’s (2003) and Li and Sa alei’s (2025) ec-
ommenda ions. The ollowing cu o alues we e used o de e mine model i . Fo he
Compa a i e Fi Index (CFI), a alue o close o 0.95 was conside ed a good i . Fo Roo
Mean Squa e E o o App oxima ion (RMSEA), a alue close o 0.06 was conside ed a good
i (Hu & Ben le ,1999). Table 1shows he desc ip i e s a is ics and ze o-o de co ela ions
o all a iables in he s udy using summed sco es. Table 2shows he CFA and bi ac o CFA
model i s a is ics. Model i compa ison was conduc ed using he chi-squa e di e ence
es . As shown in Table 2, Model 4, which includes eigh subs an i e ac o s (in ellec ual
humili y, Hones y–Humili y, and six ac o s comp ising he ou ism impac a i ude) plus
a gene al ac o , was conside ed he bes i ing model wi h goodness-o - i s a is ics o
χ2= 3940.33
(d = 2058), CFI = 0.73, RMSEA = 0.06. The i s a is ics o Model 3, which does
no con ain he gene al ac o , we e wo se o , wi h
χ2
= 4256.76 (d = 2124),
CFI = 0.70,
RMSEA = 0.07. Model 4 p o ided a be e i o he da a han Model 3
[(∆χ2= 316.43
(∆d = 66),
p< 0.001)], sugges ing he exis ence o common me hod a iance. This model
was e ained o con i m he s uc u al model shown in Figu e 2.
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 185 15 o 18
a i udes owa ds ou ism de elopmen bu also he suppo ing beha io s ela ed o sus ain-
able ou ism policies. We a e op imis ic ha his s udy is an impo an s ep owa d building
a ounda ion o u u e inqui ies a he in e sec ion o en i onmen al ac o s and indi idual
cha ac e is ics, ul ima ely con ibu ing o he b oade Uni ed Na ions Sus ainable De elop-
men Goals. Speci ically, by highligh ing he impo ance o cul i a ing in ellec ual humili y
among and be ween ou ism s akeholde s, ou s udy di ec ly add esses SDG 13: Clima e
Ac ion. Recognizing ha comba ing clima e change and i s impac s equi es collec i e
e o , ou esea ch o e s a p elimina y insigh in o how os e ing in ellec ual humili y can
shape mo e sus ainable des ina ion choices, pa ing he way o a ansi ion om indi idual
awa eness o indi idual and collec i e ac ion aimed a educing ou ism- ela ed emissions
and mi iga ing hei impac on he global clima e.
Supplemen a y Ma e ials: The ollowing suppo ing in o ma ion can be downloaded a h ps://
www.mdpi.com/a icle/10.3390/admsci15050185/s1, Table S1. Bi ac o Indices Calcula ion.
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, N.T.H. and N.M.; me hodology, N.T.H.; so wa e, N.T.H.;
alida ion, N.T.H.; o mal analysis, N.T.H.; in es iga ion, N.T.H. and N.M.; esou ces, N.T.H. and
N.M.; da a cu a ion, N.T.H.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, N.T.H.; w i ing— e iew and edi ing,
N.T.H. and N.M.; isualiza ion, N.T.H.; supe ision, N.T.H. and N.M.; p ojec adminis a ion, N.T.H.
All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: The au ho s ecei ed no ex e nal unding o his esea ch.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : This s udy was app o ed by he Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d
a Towson Uni e si y, Ma yland, U.S.A. on 21 July 2020, p o ocol #1196.
In o med Consen S a emen : Volun a y in o med consen was ob ained om all pa icipan s in
his s udy.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : Da a o his s udy a e a ailable on Open Science F amewo k ia his
link: h ps://os .io/5sd /.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es .
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