Mangnus, Ellen; Wege i , Ma c
A icle
Global cu en s, local ides: An examina ion o he dynamic
in e play be ween global alue chains and local ood
ma ke s
Resea ch in Globaliza ion
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Else ie
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Mangnus, Ellen; Wege i , Ma c (2025) : Global cu en s, local ides: An
examina ion o he dynamic in e play be ween global alue chains and local ood ma ke s, Resea ch
in Globaliza ion, ISSN 2590-051X, Else ie , Ams e dam, Vol. 10, pp. 1-8,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. esglo.2025.100287
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Global cu en s, local ides: An examina ion o he dynamic in e play
be ween global alue chains and local ood ma ke s
☆
Ellen Mangnus
a,*
, Ma c Wege i
b
a
(Public Adminis a ion G oup), Wageningen Uni e si y, The Ne he lands
b
Depa men o An h opology, A chaeology and De elopmen S udies, Uni e si y o P e o ia, P e o ia, Sou h A ica
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
Global Value Chains
De elopmen
P ac ice based app oach
ABSTRACT
This a icle con ibu es o a special issue c i ically examining he shi om an “in e na ional” o a “global”
de elopmen pa adigm. Focusing on global alue chains, he pape c i iques he con e gence-di e gence hesis
o Ho ne and Hulme (2019), which posi s ha globaliza ion leads o con e ging de elopmen ends ac oss
coun ies bu di e ging inequali ies wi hin hem. The a icle a gues o a mo e in-dep h examina ion o how local
con ex s, ma ke p ac ices, and ac o s in e ac wi h global dynamics. Th ough a na a i e e iew, he pape
aces he e olu ion o global alue chains— om a amewo k o analysing ansna ional supply chains o a
de elopmen ool—and c i iques i s limi a ions in add essing he complex inequali ies ha eme ge bo h wi hin
and be ween coun ies. Focusing on ood p oduc ion, ade, and consump ion, he a icle p oposes a p ac ice-
based app oach o globaliza ion ha mo e e ec i ely cap u es he dynamics o global–local in e ac ions and
o e s a nuanced unde s anding o how people shape—and a e shaped by—globaliza ion in hei daily li es.
In oduc ion: Globaliza ion and global alue chains
The widesp ead use o he e m “global de elopmen ” calls o
ca e ul a en ion o he ways in which i is in e p e ed and enac ed. This
special issue builds on he widely discussed and much-c i icized
con e gence-di e gence hesis o Ho ne and Hulme (2019). The au-
ho s, in hei in oduc ion o he e m “global de elopmen ,” claim ha
globaliza ion has led o simila de elopmen pa e ns wo ldwide. Based
on s a is ical analysis, hey obse e con e ging de elopmen ends
be ween coun ies, while inequali ies wi hin coun ies a e di e ging.
F om his obse a ion, hey a gue ha adi ional de elopmen ca e-
go iza ions, such as No h-Sou h o de eloped-de eloping, a e no longe
app op ia e. Inequali ies a e now omnip esen , bu no longe con ined
o speci ic egions. As a esul , he e m “in e na ional de elopmen ,”
which implici ly e e s o a No h-Sou h bina y, is no longe adequa e.
Addi ional a gumen s o adop ing a global de elopmen lens pe ain
o he in e connec ed na u e o globalized capi alism and he challenge
o achie ing sus ainable de elopmen wo ldwide. The con e ging
di e gence hesis, acco ding o Ho ne and Hulme, can be heo ized as a
p oduc o economic globaliza ion, mani es ed in he eme gence o
global alue chains. In his pape , we c i ically examine how global
alue chains ha e been s udied in ela ion o de elopmen . Ou na a-
i e e iew de ails how global alue chains analysis has e ol ed om an
analy ical amewo k o s udy geog aphical pa e ns o alue c ea ion,
e en ion and cap u e in he global economy (Ge e i, 1999, Neilson,
P i cha d e al., 2014) in o a ool o s ee de elopmen (Ouma, Boeckle
e al., 2013).
Ho ne and Hulme (2019) call o a shi owa ds ‘global de elop-
men ’ o be e add ess cu en de elopmen geog aphies. Howe e , his
pe spec i e has ecei ed much c i icism. The main c i ique is ha i
o e looks powe dynamics and he his o ical oo s o he con e ging/
di e ging end, which is a globally une en sys em s ill main ained and
p opelled by capi alism oday (Büsche , 2019). In ac , c i ics a gued
ha he con e gence-di e gence end obse ed in s a is ical da a can
be explained by capi alism’s impe a i e o accumula ion in a wo ld
whe e no majo uncapi alized egions emain o be abso bed in o he
global economy. This leads o he need o accumula ion by disposses-
sion and he p oduc ion o po e y in weal hie a eas. (Nealon, 2007).
Ho ne s’ (2019) analysis o ade da a and human de elopmen in-
dica o s, i was a gued, o e looks he poli ical economy dynamics and
powe ela ions ha b ough coun ies close oge he while causing
di e gence wi hin hem.
☆
This a icle is pa o a special issue en i led: ‘Global De elopmen ’ published in Resea ch in Globaliza ion.
* Co esponding au ho a : Wageningen Uni e si y, Hollandseweg 1, Gebouw 201, 6706 KN Wageningen, The Ne he lands.
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (E. Mangnus).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
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h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. esglo.2025.100287
Recei ed 23 No embe 2024; Recei ed in e ised o m 11 May 2025; Accep ed 14 May 2025
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100287
A ailable online 17 May 2025
2590-051X/© 2025 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC license ( h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-
nc/4.0/ ).
In his pape , we align wi h his line o c i icism, a guing ha he
implica ions o globaliza ion equi e deepe sc u iny han simply
concluding ha inequali y and po e y show no e e yone has
bene i ed. We p opose a no el pe spec i e ha ocuses on how people
o ganize ma ke s and, in doing so, co-shape de elopmen . This
pe spec i e allows o s udying he ex en o which hei decisions and
p ac ices a e in luenced by global p ocesses, and, con e sely, how hese
decisions eshape he ma e ializa ion o globaliza ion on he g ound.
This pape seeks o unde s and how he analysis o Global Value
Chains (GVC) has de eloped o e ime, and how can inco po a ing
local con ex s, pe spec i es, and ma ke p ac ices imp o e ou
unde s anding o he ela ionship be ween globaliza ion and
de elopmen .
Two ques ions guided ou s udy:
How has he analysis o Global Value Chains (GVC) de eloped o e
ime, and wha impac has his had on ou unde s anding o he
ela ionship be ween globaliza ion and de elopmen ?
How a e local con ex s, pe spec i es, and ma ke p ac ices inco po-
a ed in o he analysis o Global Value Chains, and how can his be
imp o ed?
Ou na a i e e iew shows ha he ubiqui y o global alue chains
has no simply led o global di e gence wi hin coun ies, bu a he o a
apes y o inequali ies occu ing a mul iple le els. Globaliza ion, in he
o m o he expansion o in e na ional alue chains, has been widely
emb aced as a pa h o de elopmen , including by he go e nmen s o
eme ging and de eloping economies.
Wi h his, we a gue, a na ow concep ion o de elopmen —one ha
ocuses on linking p oduce s and consume s o global ma ke s—has
been and con inues o be p opaga ed. While his app oach has, a imes,
c ea ed oppo uni ies, in o he cases, i has esul ed in immise a ion and
new o exace ba ed inequali ies, going beyond me e con e gence a he
na ional scale and di e gence wi hin coun ies. We a gue, he e o e,
ha he ela ionship be ween globaliza ion and de elopmen equi es a
deepe unde s anding o he eali ies aced and shaped by p oduce s and
consume s on he g ound as hey s i e o make a li elihood. While hey
may some imes aspi e o connec o global alue chains, in o he cases,
hey choose no o (Tobin, Glenna e al., 2016{Manda, 2020 #1512).
Ho ne and Hulme (2019) a gue ha emb acing he concep o ‘global
de elopmen ’ will ul ima ely lead o a e-examina ion o he
geog aphical imagina ies ha de e mine he low o knowledge and
money wi hin de elopmen in e en ions. We oppose he idea ha
achie ing uly di e si ied geog aphical imagina ies can be accom-
plished wi hou a well-g ounded unde s anding o people’s agency and
he ac o s shaping i in a speci ic con ex (Ha , 2015). We p opose
adop ing a p ac ice lens o examine daily li elihood p ac ices, such as
a ming, ade, and p ocu emen , as his app oach o e s a mo e
nuanced unde s anding o how people nego ia e and eshape global
in luences. Nex , we explo e he his o y o he alue chain concep as an
analy ical ool o analysing inequali y in ma ke ela ions, and how i
has e ol ed in o a ool o in e en ion o b ing abou ’de elopmen .’
We hen discuss he c i icisms o ’Value Chains o De elopmen ’ and
he adjus men s made in esponse, which ha e led o a mo e nuanced
unde s anding o he complex p ocesses o change a he in e sec ion o
global alue chains and local con ex s. We discuss se e al e i o ial
app oaches de eloped o deepen he unde s anding o he en i on-
men al, social, and economic condi ions in a gi en place as key de-
e minan s o de elopmen . While hese app oaches p o ide aluable
insigh s in o he in e ac ions and in luences shaping de elopmen al
pa hways wi hin a de ined sys em, hey also end o obscu e he shaping
powe o global p ocesses. We discuss how he s udy o daily p ac ice o
ood p oduc ion, ade and consump ion could lead o a mo e in dep h
unde s anding o how globalisa ion and de elopmen in e sec .
Me hodology: Na a i e e iew
To unde s and how global alue chains ha e been amed, concep-
ualized, and enac ed in ela ion o de elopmen o e ime, we con-
duc ed a na a i e e iew o he li e a u e on alue chains and
de elopmen . Na a i e e iews a e a o m o knowledge syn hesis o en
conside ed non-sys ema ic, as he au ho s’ unique pe spec i es in lu-
ence he selec ion o li e a u e and i s in e p e a ion. This subjec i i y
can make hem less eliable compa ed o o he ypes o e iews
(Sukhe a, 2022). Despi e hei limi a ions, na a i e e iews a e
in aluable o p o iding a comp ehensi e summa y ha includes
in e p e a ion and c i ique. They enable esea che s o ou line exis ing
knowledge on a opic while conduc ing a subjec i e analysis o he en i e
body o li e a u e. Re iewe s highligh he ad ancemen s in a ield,
iden i y eme ging heo ies, and explo e how e idence is pe cei ed om
a ious pe spec i es. This o e a ching iew acili a es he gene a ion o
new insigh s and app oaches in well-es ablished, ho oughly esea ched
a eas.
Impo an in a na a i e e iew is ha he e iewe s make hei own
posi ion clea . We a e bo h sociologis s wi h ex ensi e ield expe ience
esea ching ood ma ke s, ade ne wo ks, and local ood sys ems. Ou
wo k has ocused on how hese sys ems a e o ganized and how ac o s
wi hin hem adap hei p ac ices o shi s in he b oade poli ical
economy( o example: poli ical c isis and ood sho ages in Mali
(Mangnus & Vellema, 2019), ood supplies in Tanzania (Wege i &
Wiske ke, 2017) and he con ibu ion o s ee ade s o ood secu i y in
Sou h A ica (Wege i , 2022). I is also om his s a ing poin ha we
begin ou e iew o he li e a u e on alue chains and de elopmen .
Al hough na a i e e iews do no ypically in ol e s ic , p e-
de e mined inclusion o exclusion c i e ia, a clea dema ca ion o he
bounda ies and scope o a opic is equi ed. The esou ces selec ed o
his e iew all conce n pee - e iewed academic pape s on he in e -
connec ion be ween alue chains and de elopmen , wi h a pa icula
ocus on ag i- ood ma ke s and he oles o p oduce s, labo e s, and
consume s a he lowe end o he chain. The ollowing e ms we e used
o sea ch li e a u e in Scopus: Global Value chains AND de elopmen .
Global alue chains AND smallholde s. Global Value Chains AND local
ma ke s. Fo each o he h ee sea ches a da abase was c ea ed including
he 50 mos ci ed a icles. These a icles we e all e iewed. In addi ion,
he e e ence lis s o a numbe o pi o al pape s we e checked o ele-
an pape s. Pape s we e e iewed on wo elemen s: hei unde s anding
o he link be ween alue chains and de elopmen , and hei indings.
No all e iewed pape s we e ci ed. Fo example, while many pape s
highligh he di e se nega i e impac s o global alue chains on small-
holde a me s, no all we e included, as ou ocus was on unde s anding
how he in e sec ion be ween alue chains and de elopmen has been
s udied and unde s ood o e ime. His o y o Value Chains as an
analy ical concep .
Two seminal schools o hough ha e le hei ma k on he s udy o
ansna ional ade lows: Wo ld Sys em Resea ch, o igina ing in soci-
ology and economic his o y schola ship (Weissenbache , 2024) and
Global Commodi y Chain esea ch wi h i s oo s in business economics
and indus ial o ganiza ion heo y (Bai , 2005). Bo h ad anced he
commodi y chain amewo k as a solu ion o he me hodological gap in
analysing ansbounda y lows and mic o–mac o linkages, which a e
inhe en ly challenging o s udy wi hin spa ially bounded uni s o anal-
ysis (Ge e i, 1994).
Cen al o wo ld sys em esea ch is he co e-pe iphe y no ion, a
concep ha highligh s he unequal dis ibu ion o ewa ds among he
a ious ac i i ies—and, by ex ension, geog aphies—wi hin commodi y
chains (Walle s ein, 1974, A ighi & D angel, 1986). Following wo ld
sys em schola s, he p ocess o globaliza ion began in he six een h
cen u y wi h he ad en o capi alism. The cha ac e is ics o he
pe iphe y’s dependence on he capi alis co e changed o e he cen-
u ies, leading o he o ma ion o he capi alis wo ld economy. While
he co e coun ies bene i ed om his p ocess, i also led, by he same
E. Mangnus and M. Wege i
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100287
2
oken, o he ’de elopmen o unde de elopmen ’ (F ank, 2023) in he
pe iphe y. Impe ialism was he e m used o he dependen ela ions
be ween co e and pe iphe y (Gal ung, 2023) Acco ding o wo ld-
sys ems esea che s, commodi y chains a e a key elemen o he capi-
alis global economy. They de ine commodi y chains as “ne wo ks o
labou and p oduc ion p ocesses whose end esul is a inished com-
modi y.” In his iew, commodi y chains a e no me ely sequences o
s eps in ol ed in ans o ming aw ma e ials in o a inal p oduc . They
also encompass a se ies o p oduc i e ac i i ies linked o he social
ep oduc ion o human labou powe (Gold ank, 2012). Wo ld sys em
esea che s a e p ima ily conce ned wi h how commodi y chains
s uc u e and pe pe ua e a s a i ied and hie a chical wo ld sys em.
In con as , global commodi y chain esea che s pe cei e global
commodi y chains as an o ganiza ional s uc u e closely linked wi h he
in e na ionaliza ion o p oduc ion and he economic in eg a ion cha -
ac e izing he wo ld economy since he 1980 s. They ega d globaliza-
ion as a con empo a y phenomenon (Bai , 2005). Commodi y chains
a e analysed as ne wo ks o in e linked i ms—manu ac u e s, supplie s,
and subcon ac o s—ac oss global indus ies, connec ing hem o in-
e na ional ma ke s. The analysis in ol es iden i ying all ac o s (i.e.,
i ms) in ol ed in p oducing and dis ibu ing a pa icula good o se -
ice, and examining he na u e o he ela ionships be ween hem. Re-
sea che s in Global Commodi y Chain s udies ocus p ima ily on how
pa icipa ion in hese chains can enable indus ial upg ading o ex-
po e s in de eloping coun ies (Bai , 2005).
Impo an concep s o unde s anding how businesses and (implic-
i ly) s a es can bene i om he global economy include he no ions o
go e nance and upg ading. Ini ially, only wo o ms o chain go e nance
we e dis inguished: P oduce -d i en chains a e cha ac e ized by he
cen aliza ion o knowledge, capi al, and echnology wi hin he lead
i m, which exe cises signi ican con ol o e key decisions ega ding
p oduc ion, loca ion, and p icing. (Kaplinsky & Mo is, 2001). And
second, buye -d i en alue chains in which dis ibu o s and e aile s
domina e he chain h ough hei in luence o e b anding, design, and
ma ke unc ions. Buye -d i en commodi y chains, in pa icula , e lec
he expe ience o many de eloping coun ies g adually in eg a ing in o
he global economy h ough indus ial p oduc ion wi hou possessing
he powe o domina e alue chains (Ge e i, 1999). In 2005 Ge e i
e al. (2005) in oduced a mo e e ined amewo k ha b oadens he
unde s anding o alue chain go e nance by conside ing he social
embeddedness o coo dina ion, e lec ed in he complexi y o in o ma-
ion, i s codi ica ion, and he ac o s’ abili ies o in e p e and ac upon i
(Ge e i, Humph ey e al., 2005, Bush, Oos e ee e al., 2015).The e m
changed om Global Commodi y Chains (GCC) o Global Value Chains.
The Global Value chain go e nance amewo k posi s i e go e -
nance s uc u es- ma ke , modula , ela ional, cap i e, and hie a chy-
ha di e in coo dina ion, he complexi y o in o ma ion codi ica ion
among chain ac o s and he supplie s’ capabili y o in e p e and ac
upon his in o ma ion.
Cen al o alue chain analysis is also he concep o ’upg ading’,
which e e s o how pa icipan s in alue chains can imp o e hei po-
si ion in he chain and cap u e g ea e ’ alue added’ (Humph ey &
Schmi z, 2002). O e ime, a ious o ms o upg ading ha e been
iden i ied, including p ocess upg ading, p oduc upg ading, unc ional
upg ading, and in e -chain upg ading. C i icized o ocusing solely on
he i m le el and neglec ing he impac o upg ading on wo ke s and
a me s—speci ically in e ms o wo king condi ions and income— wo
addi ional dimensions we e la e inco po a ed: economic upg ading and
social upg ading. Economic upg ading ocuses on alue cap u e a he
i m le el, while social upg ading add esses he imp o emen o
wo ke s’ igh s, en i lemen s, and he o e all quali y o hei employ-
men . (Bai , 2005, Milbe g & Winkle , 2011). None heless, he cen al
hesis emains ha pa icipa ion in Global Value Chains is undamen al
o upg ading and, consequen ly, o de elopmen . As a g oup o in lu-
en ial alue chain esea che s haspu i : “The mos ui ul esponse is
no o deba e whe he global economic in eg a ion should ake place a
all, bu a he o examine how his in eg a ion can be managed in o de
o p oduce posi i e e ec s o a majo i y o pa icipan s.” (Ge e i,
Humph ey e al., 2001: 1).This s a ing poin undamen ally di e s om
wo ld-sys em heo is s ha ecognize he possibili y o mobili y be-
ween di e en ie s o he wo ld-sys em bu con end ha wha is
pe inen is he ep oduc ion o a hie a chically s uc u ed global capi-
alis economy.The main ocus o global alue chain analysis has been on
he s uc u e, go e nance, and pe o mance o global alue chains
(Bush, Bel on e al., 2019, Pie obelli, Rabello i e al., 2021).
Al hough he Value Chain concep was ini ially s ongly No h-Sou h
o ien ed, in ecen yea s he e has been mo e a en ion o he shi ing
dynamics o global ade and he g ea e p ominence o Sou he n ac o s.
Ho ne (2022) e e s o he eme gence o mo e polycen ic ade sys em
and calls o g ea e a en ion o he exis ence o mul iple alue chains
and p oduc ion ne wo ks se ing di e en end ma ke s – including do-
mes ic, egional and global. In a simila ein he concep ualisa ion o
go e nance has been b oadened. Schola s o example iden i ied
di e en oles o he s a e in acili a ing upg ading (Ho ne , 2017,
Eckha d & Pole i, 2018). O he s paid a en ion o public and p i a e
collabo a ion leading o hyb id go e nance a angemen s (Bai , 2017)
and he in luence o no el pa ies, such as assu ance and ech-companies
(K uk, Toonen e al., 2023).
B oadening and en iching alue chain analysis
C i iques o he Global Value Chain app oach ha e been ex ensi e
and a ied. In his sec ion, we lis he equen ly men ioned c i icisms.
Fi s , he concep o upg ading i sel has aced c i icism, pa icula ly
due o he lack o cla i y a ound how i m-le el upg ading ansla es o
b oade uni s o analysis adi ionally seen as spaces o con aine s o
de elopmen , such as na ional o egional economies. (Bai , 2005).
Resea che s, o en d awing on empi ical s udies, called o cau ion and a
close examina ion o who uly bene i s om upg ading. Func ional o
in a-chain upg ading, which in ol es supplie s aking on addi ional
esponsibili ies a he behes o he lead i m, could, in p ac ice, esul in
o loading less p o i able ac i i ies on o mo e ulne able i ms (Bai ,
2005). In pa icula women we e ound o lose ou due o in eg a ion
in o alue chains. Thei bu den o wo k inc eases, while gaining li le o
no powe o e wha is p oduced and he income om i (Riisgaa d, Fibla
e al., 2010, Coles & Mi chell, 2011, Baglioni, 2022). Equally i was
ques ioned whe he wo ke s would bene i in he o m o highe wages,
g ea e job secu i y, o imp o ed wo king condi ions om wo king o
i ms in eg a ed in global alue chains (Pon e, 2002, Pon e & Gibbon,
2005, Ba ien os, Ge e i e al., 2016, Pon e, 2022). Case s udies also
showed how he success ul upg ading o some p oduce s led o he
exclusion o he majo i y, who we e unable o comply wi h s ic e
c i e ia, om oppo uni ies o new skills, echnologies, and ma ke s.
(Milbe g & Winkle , 2011, Selwyn, 2019). Te ms such as immise izing
g ow h, an inc ease in economic ac i i y which deli e s lowe s anda ds
o li ing (Kaplinsky, 2000, Sha e , Kanbu e al., 2019) and ad e se
inclusion (Hickey & Du Toi , 2013) we e in oduced o emphasize ha
he alue chain heu is ic was no able o add ess how and why he gains
om globaliza ion we e sha ed.
F om a di e en pe spec i e, ye wi h a simila call o c i ically
examining who bene i s om pa icipa ion in global ma ke s, geog a-
phe s emphasized he impo ance o place in global p oduc ion and
consump ion. They ad oca ed o conside ing he ho izon al ela ions
and ne wo ks a each node o he alue chain. In independen s udies,
Fold (2008) and Neilson and P i cha d (2011) a gued ha he e is no
gene ic answe o whe he global alue chains ha e a posi i e o
nega i e impac on local li elihoods. The ou comes a e si e-speci ic and
s ongly depend on he local mechanisms o inclusion and exclusion a
play.
Au ho s such as Vicol e al. (2018) and Xu (2019) ha e highligh ed
he a ied impac s o Global Value Chains on di e en communi y
g oups, showing how some bene i while o he s ace limi a ions. Thei
E. Mangnus and M. Wege i
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100287
3
s udies con ibu e o a subs an ial body o empi ical wo k ha illus a es
he di e se change pa hways ca alysed by alue chain in e en ions.
These au ho s s ess he impo ance o unde s anding how global lows
in e sec wi h exis ing ag a ian social s uc u es. Simila ly, poli ical
economis s ha e called o inc eased a en ion o he global and local
powe s uc u es shaping alue chains. Resea che s such as Bel on
(2016), Saguin (2018), and Behu ia (2020) emphasized ha de elop-
men pa hways a e in luenced by p e-exis ing powe , class, and gende
ela ions ha s uc u e access o p oduc i e esou ces such as land,
capi al and echnology. The au ho s no ed ha alue chain in e en ions
can eshape hese ela ionships, some imes deepening exis ing in-
equali ies and o he imes alle ia ing hem. They aised ques ions abou
who bene i s om alue chain de elopmen , pa icula ly in cases whe e
li elihoods a e highly di e si ied (Neilson & Shonk, 2014).
Unde s anding he agency o p oduce s and i ms equi es ecog-
nizing how hey espond o ins i u ions eme ging om ho izon al ne -
wo ks, such as cus oma y access a angemen s, local egula ions, social
no ms, ade coope a ion ules, s a e p oduc ion legisla ion, and global
ood sa e y s anda ds (Bush & Oos e ee , 2007, Vicol, Fold e al., 2019)
Fo ins ance, McCa hy, Gillespie e al. (2012) ound in hei esea ch on
he embedding o he global oil palm alue chain in di e en locali ies in
Indonesia ha local egime in e es s and ag ibusiness s a egies la gely
de e mine ou comes ups eam in he chain. Among he many empi ical
case s udies illus a ing how mul i-scala p ocesses shape ou comes o
economic policy, Behu ia’s (2020) de ailed accoun o he ole o he
Rwandan s a e and domes ic poli ics in shaping upg ading pa hways in
he co ee sec o highligh s he selec i e bene i s o co ee p oduce s
who we e co-op ed in o he s a egy. These poli ical-economic di-
mensions, he au ho s a gued, equi e mo e explici ecogni ion in alue
chain analysis. As an analy ical ool, Global Value Chains—p ima ily
ocused on in e nal chain ela ionships and ma gins—was inadequa e
o accu a ely mapping he ypes o ho izon al exclusion p ocesses. They
p oposed a ein igo a ed and e-poli icized Global Value Chains
amewo k o unde s and he poli ics o alue dis ibu ion in alue
chain- ocused de elopmen in e en ions (Vicol, Neilson e al., 2018).
(Vicol, Neilson e al., 2018). These esea che s con i med he di e gence
hesis, no ing ha he g owing local inequali ies hey obse ed we e ied
o p ocesses o s anda diza ion and manage ializa ion wi hin Global
Value Chains, om which only an eli e could bene i (Baglioni, Cam-
pling e al., 2023).
Abo e c i iques esul ed in ex ensions o he alue chain analy ical
amewo k, aking in o accoun gende and he en i onmen (Bolwig,
Pon e e al., 2010, Ihalainen, Schu e e al., 2020) nu i ion (Allen & De
B auw, 2018) and clima e (Joshi, Rasul e al., 2016). O he s called o
combining he amewo k wi h li elihood app oaches such as he sus-
ainable li elihoods amewo k (Challies & Mu ay, 2011, Neilson &
Shonk, 2014) and powe analyses (Lang, Pon e e al., 2023).
Value chains o de elopmen
As policy-o ien ed esea che s looked o ways o u n he insigh s
om alue chain analysis in o e ec i e policy in e en ions ha could
help local i ms imp o e hei posi ions wi hin speci ic alue chains, he
app oach g adually e ol ed in o a ool o in e ening in eme ging
economies (Ouma, Boeckle e al., 2013, We ne , Bai e al., 2014). This
ans o ma ion in ol ed a shi om iewing alue chains as an
analy ical ool o unde s anding he global economy o seeing hem as
oppo uni ies o de elopmen and policy in e en ion (We ne , Bai
e al., 2014). Since he ea ly 2000 s, dono o ganiza ions, non-
go e nmen al o ganiza ions, mul ila e al o ganiza ions, and na ional
go e nmen s ha e inc easingly inco po a ed alue chain in e en ions
in o hei s a egies (FAO, 2016; CARE, 2015; (Bego ic & Baldini, 2016).
Va ious sec o s −such as appa el, ui s, ho icul u e and elec onics –
we e empi ically in es iga ed o iden i y le e age poin s o change
(Bai , 2005, Oya, 2012),. Pa icula ly o ways in which small-scale
a me s and en ep eneu s could be in eg a ed in o and bene i om
alue chains (Ba ien os, Dolan e al., 2003, Riisgaa d, Fibla e al., 2010,
Coles & Mi chell, 2011, Se ille, Bux on e al., 2011, FAO, 2014a, Henson
& Humph ey, 2015).
Coinciding wi h neolibe al e o ms a mul ila e al ins i u ions, an
o e all dec easing Wes e n aid-budge s and a s onge engagemen o
he p i a e sec o in de elopmen aid (Oya, 2012, Mawdsley, Mu ay
e al., 2018), alue chain de elopmen became widely adop ed as a ‘p o-
poo ’ ma ke in e en ion. In p ac ice his o en mean echnical suppo
o p ocess and skills upg ading, acili a ing ma ke access, and b idging
he gap be ween p oduce s, wo ke s, and o he ela ed alue chain ac-
o s (Dolan & Humph ey, 2000, Da i on & Gibbon, 2002, Ma he &
G eenbe g, 2003, Da i on & Pon e, 2005, Mu adian & Pelupessy, 2005,
Poul on & Maca ney, 2012, Fold, 2014, We ne , Bai e al., 2014,
Maye & Phillips, 2017, Li e pool-Tasie, Wineman e al., 2020).
Associa ed wi h his eme ged a ocabula y ea u ing wo ds such as
’en ep eneu ial a me ’, ‘p o-poo ma ke s,’ and ’ he ise o he sou h’
(Bolwig, Pon e e al., 2010). Exempla y o his end is he Guiding
p inciples documen o he FAO s a ing ha he “ul ima e objec i e” o
alue chain de elopmen “is no o assu e hei (smallholde s) su i al
bu o acili a e he ansi ion o some o hem o become su icien ly
la ge, comme cially iable a ming ope a ions and help o he s o an-
si ion ou o ag icul u e al oge he ” (FAO, 2014b: 19). Following sui ,
na ional go e nmen s such as hose in Ghana, E hiopia, and Kenya
adop ed a global alue chain app oach in hei economic and ag icul-
u al policies (Ouma, 2010, Maye & Phillips, 2017).
Unde sco ing his end, a his o ical analysis by Neilson e al. (2014)
shows how he c i ical con en o he alue chain concep was la gely
emp ied as he amewo k was adap ed o he needs o de elopmen
agencies and dono s. They a gue ha he esul ing “dilu ed e sion” o
global alue chain analysis adop ed in policy ci cles p ima ily se ed o
s abilize a de elopmen pa adigm oo ed in neolibe al o hodoxy. This
c i ique is pa o a signi ican body o s udies c i icizing he alue
chains- o -de elopmen app oach (Neilson & Shonk, 2014, Vicol,
Neilson e al., 2018). Likewise Vicol e al. (2018) c i icized he o e ly
depoli icized upg ading na a i e employed in alue chain in e en ions
in he global Sou h. Such pe spec i e o e looked he in luence o local
poli ics and social ela ions o p oduc ion.
Whe he as a esul o hese c i iques o no , o e ime, he goals
pu sued h ough alue chain de elopmen b oadened o include po e y
alle ia ion, and en i onmen al sus ainabili y (Bush, 2018, Bush, Bel on
e al., 2019), gende equali y (FAO, 2016, K uijssen, McDougall e al.,
2018, K uijssen, Danielsen e al., 2022), clima e esilience (Hochachka,
2023), and ood and nu i ion secu i y (Ade ibigbe, Ezekiel e al., 2022).
Mo e ecen ly he alue chain o de elopmen s a egy shi ed away
om me ely linking (and upg ading) p oduce s in he Global Sou h o
i ms and consume s in he Global No h o mo e b oadly connec ing
p oduce s in economically disad an aged a eas o highe - alue ma ke s,
o en in u ban se ings. U baniza ion and a ising middle class spu ed
domes ic alue chain de elopmen p og ams and in e en ions (Ho ne ,
2016, He nandez, Bel on e al., 2018).
C i ics o he alue chain app oach o de elopmen in e en ions
ha e aised conce ns abou i s na ow scope, linea na u e, and he
undamen al assump ions unde lying he amewo k. Au ho s, such as
Amano and Chicha a (2016) highligh ed he colonial unde ones p e-
sen in global alue chain in e en ions. While o he s, including Mose-
ley, Schnu e al. (2015) and Gengenbach, Schu man e al. (2018),
a gued ha he app oach ein o ces and expands he s uc u es o global
capi alism. They echoed he indings o Hickey and du Toi (2013) ha
in eg a ing a me s in o global alue chains inc eases hei inancial
isks and deb dependency. Addi ionally, ques ions ha e been aised
abou he e hics o d awing a me s in o global dependency ela ions
(Banks & O e on, 2022). Selwyn (2019) coined he e m ‘Po e y
Chains’, illus a ing how wo ke s in alue chains a e sys ema ically paid
less han hei subsis ence cos s and how ansna ional co po a ions use
hei global monopoly powe o cap u e he la ges sha e o alue. This
c i ique is pa o a apidly expanding body o li e a u e examining he
E. Mangnus and M. Wege i
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100287
4
in e sec ions be ween ‘de elopmen ’ and capi alism (Mawdsley, Mu ay
e al., 2018, Alami, Dixon e al., 2021).
Te i o ial and sys ems app oaches
In esponse o c i iques ha alue chain analysis and in e en ions
o e look ho izon al ela ionships shaped by ins i u ional, social, and
his o ical con ex s, and hus ail o ully cap u e de elopmen impac s
(Riisgaa d, Bolwig e al., 2010, Ouma e al., 2013, Pon e, 2022), e i-
o ial and sys ems app oaches we e in oduced. The Global P oduc ion
Ne wo k app oach- “a ela ional and geog aphical me hod o s udying
global–local in e ac ion”- is a p ominen example (Hende son, Dicken
e al., 2002, Pon e, 2002, Gibbon, 2008, Riisgaa d, Bolwig e al., 2010).
Global P oduc ion Ne wo k schola ship emphasizes he ela ionships
be ween global ma ke s and e i o ial o place-speci ic de elopmen
p ocesses (Hende son, Dicken e al., 2002, Coe, Hess e al., 2004). I
allowed o iden i ying o ganiza ional, echnological and spa ial e-
gimes ha cap u ed and dis ibu ed alue locally (Coe & Yeung, 2015).
Those c i ical o he app oach a gue ha despi e i s ocus on ne wo ks,
he linea mo emen o goods om p oduce s o consume s s ill s uc-
u es much o he analysis (Bai , 2005). Unde s andings o how lead-
i m d i en ne wo ks shaped de elopmen ajec o ies was hin. Bai
and We ne (2011) and We ne (2015) called o mo e a en ion o he
exclusiona y de elopmen ou comes p oduced and ep oduced by alue
chains. A en ion shi ed o he ac ions, agencies and egional con ex s o
seconda y and e ia y supplie s no pa o he ne wo ks, pa icula ly in
he Global Sou h (Bai & We ne , 2011, Ge be , Tu ne e al., 2014,
Ho ne , 2016, Coe & Yeung, 2019, S eenbe gen, E iksson e al., 2019,
Sub amanian, Ba inck e al., 2023), and o how ulne able communi ies
go excluded om he bene i s o globaliza ion (We ne , 2016), McG a h
(2018).
We ne (2016) sugges ed s udying he connec ion be ween de el-
opmen and global p oduc ion ne wo ks h ough ‘conjunc u es’ o
mul i-scala p ocesses, social o ma ions, powe ela ions, his o ies and
s uc u es. These conjunc u es e eal he disa icula ions inhe en in
global p oduc ion, p o iding insigh in o he s uc u al d i e s o
inequali y and po en ial solu ions o he challenges posed by economic
globaliza ion. While g ounded in speci ic con ex s, hese conjunc u es
simul aneously ( e)p oduce global p ocesses and sys ems, and a e
hemsel es pa ially shaped by hem. As a esul , hey gene a e
geog aphically di e se ou comes, e en i o ces such as neolibe alism
seem uni o m. The ques ion o how o s udy his dynamic in ela ion o
global alue chains emains an ongoing deba e (Peck, 2024).
Recen ood sys ems app oaches simila ly aspi ed o e eal he in-
e ac ions be ween a ious alue chain ac i i ies, ood secu i y ou -
comes, and he social and en i onmen al con ex in which he
in e en ion occu s (Denge ink, Di ks e al., 2021). Cen al o hese
app oaches is he ecogni ion o complexi y and mul i unc ionali y o
he local landscape o social and ecological sys em, and he impac s and
ade-o s o p oduc ion ac i i ies (Van Be kum, Denge ink e al., 2018,
on B aun, A sana e al., 2023). Food sys ems app oaches ha e been
b oadly emb aced (see o example: he Milan Pac 120, he New U ban
Agenda o he Uni ed Na ions and he Uni ed Na ions Food Sys ems
Summi held in 2021). Ye , also ood sys em analysis has es ic ed
analy ical powe in unde s anding global–local in e ac ions. Gene ally,
ood sys ems app oaches ha e gi en limi ed a en ion o he powe e-
la ions and p ocesses o accumula ion in ol ed (Clapp, 2021). The
poli ics o his was e lec ed in he wide ange o ac o s who boyco ed
he UNFSS o 2021 claiming he p ocess had been cap u ed by co po-
a ions. (Can ield, Ande son e al., 2021). Recen pape s ha e sough o
be e unde s and he poli ical economy o ood sys ems (B´
en´
e, 2022).
To add ess hese ade-o s, he e is a need o epis emological and
me hodological inno a ions ha acili a e he s udy o he in e ac ion
be ween place-based p ocesses and global p ocesses.
P ac ice based app oaches o de elopmen
We p opose ha p ac ice-based app oaches can e eal how global
alue chains di ec and a e di ec ed by, o media ed h ough he
e e yday p ac ices o p oducing, ading, and consuming. Re e ing o
ou inized ac ions and sayings, p ac ices a e con inuously shaped and
eshaped by knowledgeable and capable ac o s wi h li le discu si e
e lec ion on he ma e ial and social condi ions ha shape hem
(Spaa ga en, Weenink e al., 2016). P ac ices a e si ua ed wi hin
pa icula cul u al con ex s and e lec wha local agen s alue and
know.
P oduc ion, consump ion, ade, ma ke s, and hus alue chains,
om his pe spec i e, a e also shaped by he alues, knowing’s and
meanings ha p oduce s, ade s, and consume s assign o commodi ies.
I is h ough hese p ac ices ha ex e nal in e en ions and in o ma ion
a e ansla ed in o local e ec s. Fo example, esea ch in o how ishe s
esponded o inc easing moni o ing and epo ing equi emen s in a Fai
T ade una ish alue chain by Doddema e al (2018) e ealed ha new
epo ing p ac ices we e only accep ed i hey aligned wi h es ablished
ou ines o he ishe s. As such global alue chains go e nance and
p ocu emen p ac ices in e ac ed in shaping how ai ness was moni-
o ed and implemen ed.
A p ac ice o ien ed analyses does mo e han desc ibe e e yday ac-
i i ies, i e eals unde lying s uc u al, spa ial, his o ical and social
o ma ions and ac o s ha de e mine o shape he ways global alue
chains in e sec and c ea e place-speci ic disa icula ions. Resea ch by
one o he au ho s on ood ma ke s in Da es Salaam, o example,
e ealed how ading p ac ices- in ol ing nume ous ade s, public
ma ke s and small shops −we e his o ically and socially deeply
embedded (G ano e e , 1985) and symbio ic (Wege i , 2020) ap o
mee he quali y and ood equi emen s o consume s. Shop i e, he
Sou h A ican based la ges supe ma ke g oup in A ica, and Kenyan
supe ma ke g oups Uchumi and Nakuma , pulled ou o Tanzania as
hey could no compe e and expand hei ma ke sha e in such con ex
(Wege i , 2018, Wege i , 2020). Simila dynamics we e ound in highly
co po a e domina ed Sou h A ica we e supe ma ke s ope a e inc eas-
ingly cen alized and con olled alue chains o hei supplies while
s ee ade s linked o public ma ke s, and collabo a ing wi h each
o he h ough socially embedded ela ions (G ano e e , 1985) ca e o
di e en consume segmen s while also c ea ing an impo an ma ke
o la ge- and small-scale a me s (Tempia, Nakana e al., 2023, Wege i ,
2024). A close sc u iniza ion o how such global alue chains in e sec
wi h local p ocesses and a e eshaped by hem allows o a be e un-
de s anding o why some p ocesses a e emb aced while o he s a e no . I
makes explici ha ac o s es uc u e and u ilize wha is imposed o
o e ed o hem, combining and ans o ming i wi h wha hey al eady
know (Nicolini, 2012). Ou own esea ch in Mali showed he adap -
abili y o ade ne wo ks o changing con ex s. Examples include a
ade ne wo k es ablishing i sel as coope a i es o ge access o
de elopmen inance, while in p ac ice con inuing o ope a e like a
ade ne wo k (Mangnus & Schoonho en-Speije , 2020).
To conduc a p ac ice analysis i is c ucial o i s iden i y he p ac-
ices linked o he in e sec ing global alue chain. This zooming in as
Nicolini e al. (2016) calls i , equi es a de ailed and g ounded expli-
ca ion o he p ac ices in a way ha allows o iden i ying pa e ns and
axes o di e en ia ion (based on gende , class, ace). The second s ep,
zooming ou , equi es ela ing he p ac ices o he ex e nal o ces ha
a e associa ed wi h hem (Mu phy, 2019). He e one ies o unde s and
how local a ming p ac ices in e ac wi h global alue chain dynamics.
Cen al o p ac ice app oaches is a desi e o ‘see’ he mac o-
s uc u al, global h ough he e e yday wo lds and agencies o ac o s
si ua ed in pa icula places.
Con e sely, when applying a p ac ice-based app oach o la ge-scale
phenomena like he wo ld ma ke o global ood sys ems, he s a ing
poin is he assump ion ha wha occu s he e and now is deeply in e -
connec ed wi h e en s happening in o he places and imes. This
E. Mangnus and M. Wege i
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100287
5
pe spec i e sugges s ha o explo e how la ge phenomena eme ge and
un old h ough he in e connec ions o p ac ices, we mus always begin
wi h a speci ic “he e and now” and ace he connec ions (Nicolini,
2009). In his iew, la ge-scale phenomena a e unde s ood as complex
ne wo ks, nexuses, o assemblages o p ac ices. Fo example, a global
alue chain can be seen as a se ies o in e connec ed, si ua ed p ac ices.
Ac o s on he g ound cons an ly enego ia e hei posi ions wi hin dy-
namic ma ke s and ne wo ks o socially embedded economic ela ions
and as such co-shape alue chains. (G ano e e , 1985; Wege i , 2020).
By s udying how p ac ices e ol e and in e ac i becomes possible o
unde s and wha wo ks o p oduce s, a me s and ade s and he e o e
wha should be alued and buil on o de elopmen .
Discussion: Pu ing local eali ies up on
Ou na a i e e iew o he e olu ion o global alue chain analysis
e eals he expansion o he analy ical amewo k has signi ican ly o e
ime. Simila ly, in p ac ice, i.e., alue chains o de elopmen , he ob-
jec i es ha e g own o encompass en i onmen al and social alues. This
shi has con ibu ed o a di e si ica ion o GVC go e nance, now
in ol ing no only lead buye s bu also s a es, NGOs, and echnology
companies. As a esul , hyb id go e nance s uc u es, such as pub-
lic–p i a e pa ne ships, ha e eme ged (Bai , 2017). Ye he co e logic
emained in place; he assump ion ha o achie ing de elopmen
linking up o global economic p ocesses is key. C i iques anged om ’a
need o mo e a en ion o di e se implica ions and pa hways’ o dis-
missing alue chains as cap i e and exploi a i e (Selwyn, 2019). The
la e a gumen , we con end, equally igno es he agency ha people
ha e o esis and eshape global–local in e ac ions.
Empi ical li e a u e shows how Global Value chains con ibu ed o
shi ing and in some cases ein o cing inequali ies, leading no simply o
a global di e gence wi hin coun ies (Ho ne & Hulme, 2019) bu o a
apes y o a ious inequali ies ha ake place a mul iple le els.
This obse a ion holds wo consequences: Fi s , he assump ion ha
globaliza ion leads o con e ging di e gence as p oposed by (Ho ne &
Hulme, 2019) equi es a c i ical look. Mo e insigh is needed in o how
globaliza ion ma e ializes and ge s eshaped on he g ound. Second,
using global alue chains as a s a egy o de elopmen is isky. In-
e en ions ypically ocus on e iciency imp o emen and economic
pe o mance and dis ega d he complexi y o smallholde li elihoods
ha shape de elopmen pa hways in di e en con ex s (Tezzo, Bush
e al., 2024) Te i o ial and sys ems app oaches ha e pa ially add essed
he limi a ions o he linea alue chain app oach by emphasizing in-
e ac ions, long- e m and unin ended consequences, and he mul i-
laye ed p ocesses in ol ed in change. We p opose ha o unde s and
how globaliza ion, h ough global alue chains, a ec s de elopmen , i
is necessa y o obse e how people ac , in e ac and co-cons uc hese
global lows on a daily basis. Food p oduc ion, p ocessing, dis ibu ion
and p ocu emen a e socially embedded p ac ices. Such an app oach
allows o he a ious ways in which people espond o and shape
globaliza ion.
We ou line wo ways in which a social p ac ice app oach can help
eimagine global–local in e ac ions in ood ade in speci ic and de el-
opmen in gene al. A i s way is o s udy he ac i i ies ha oge he
o m a alue chain as p ac ices ha a e deeply socially and spa ially
embedded (Tezzo, Bush e al., 2024). Examining he alues, meanings,
and social ela ions inhe en in hese p ac ices enhances ou unde -
s anding o how global ade impac s local ood p ac ices and ela ed
inequali ies. And ice e sa, how global ade is shaped by hese as
e ol ing p oduc ion and consump ion p ac ices accommoda e changes
in he condi ions o p ac ises highe up in he chain (Tezzo, Bush e al.,
2024).
Second, a p ac ice lens e eals ha ecognizing a me s and ade s
as ac i e agen s in shaping ood sys ems—connec ing, eshaping, and
na iga ing be ween di e en alue chains and ma ke s—p o ides a
much mo e di e se pe spec i e on how globaliza ion impac s and
c ea es oppo uni ies o local li elihoods.
De elopmen om a p ac ice-o ien ed pe spec i e emphasizes wha
people alue and how ou ines a e embedded and cons ained by ma-
e ial con ex s. A p ac ice-o ien ed app oach o de elopmen hen im-
plies empowe ing hose who ac ually p oduce, p ocess, dis ibu e, and
p ocu e ood. Taking such a pe spec i e, a uly di e se ange o imag-
ina ions abou wha de elopmen is can eme ge.
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
Ellen Mangnus: W i ing – e iew & edi ing, W i ing – o iginal d a ,
Me hodology, In es iga ion, Concep ualiza ion. Ma c Wege i : W i ing
– o iginal d a , Concep ualiza ion.
E hics app o al
O iginal esea ch was ca ied ou acco ding o guidelines/codes o
good scien i ic p ac ice (Du ch Scien i ic Resea ch O ganisa ion).
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e he ollowing inancial in e es s/pe sonal e-
la ionships which may be conside ed as po en ial compe ing in e es s:
Ellen Mangnus epo s a icle publishing cha ges was p o ided by
Wageningen Uni e si y & Resea ch Social Sciences. ELlen Mangnus e-
po s a ela ionship wi h Wageningen Uni e si y & Resea ch ha in-
cludes: employmen . I he e a e o he au ho s, hey decla e ha hey
ha e no known compe ing inancial in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships
ha could ha e appea ed o in luence he wo k epo ed in his pape .
Da a a ailabili y
Da a can be eques ed om he g an ecipien s.
Re e ences
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