Setting the stage for a flourishing cultural data ecosystem: A spotlight on business models of cultural event platforms

Al haus, Maike; Vo bohle, Ch is ian; Mülle , Michelle; Kundisch, Dennis
A icle — Published Ve sion
Se ing he s age o a lou ishing cul u al da a ecosys em:
A spo ligh on business models o cul u al e en pla o ms
Elec onic Ma ke s
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Sp inge Na u e
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Al haus, Maike; Vo bohle, Ch is ian; Mülle , Michelle; Kundisch, Dennis (2025) :
Se ing he s age o a lou ishing cul u al da a ecosys em: A spo ligh on business models o
cul u al e en pla o ms, Elec onic Ma ke s, ISSN 1422-8890, Sp inge , Be lin, Heidelbe g, Vol. 35,
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RESEARCH PAPER
Se ing hes age o a lou ishing cul u al da a ecosys em: Aspo ligh
onbusiness models o cul u al e en pla o ms
MaikeAl haus1 · Ch is ianVo bohle1· MichelleMülle 1· DennisKundisch1
Recei ed: 24 Feb ua y 2024 / Accep ed: 6 May 2025
© The Au ho (s) 2025
Abs ac
Da a ecosys ems can gene a e aluable business oppo uni ies, bu esea ch on hei eme gence wi hin speci ic indus ies is
limi ed. The cul u al e en indus y is cha ac e ized by a mul i ace ed cul u al landscape and a agmen ed and he e ogene-
ous ma ke o cul u al e en pla o ms. The eme ging Ge man cul u al da a ecosys em, en isioned o sha e e en da a in a
da a space, could os e da a-d i en inno a ion and enhance alue c ea ion in he cul u al e en indus y. Ye , ollowing he
ecosys em-as-s uc u e iew, he pla o ms’ willingness o pa icipa e in he cul u al da a ecosys em depends on whe he
hei business model aligns wi h a leas one o he ocal alue p oposi ions o he cul u al da a ecosys em. In his pape ,
we de elop a axonomy o cul u al e en pla o m business models, and de i e six a che ypes. Addi ionally, we in e iew
indus y ep esen a i es o hese a che ypes o shed ligh on he bene i s and obs acles when pa icipa ing in he cul u al da a
ecosys em, and o iden i y po en ial ocal alue p oposi ions, co esponding ac o oles, and ac i i ies. Ou wo k con ibu es
o he discussion on axonomies o da a-sha ing business models and he eme gence o da a ecosys ems in he cul u al e en
indus y.
Keywo ds Eme ging da a ecosys em· Business model· Cul u al e en pla o m· Taxonomy· A che ypes· In e iew
JEL Classi ica ion M10
In oduc ion
In oday’s ne wo ked business wo ld, economic alue is no
only c ea ed by le e aging da a om a single o ganiza ion
bu , inc easingly, by combining and en iching da a om
a ious sou ces, o ganized in so-called da a ecosys ems
(Fassnach e al., 2024; Gelhaa e al., 2021). By acili a ing
new ways o alue co-c ea ion and inno a ion based on com-
plemen a y da a-sha ing (Oli ei a e al., 2019), da a ecosys-
ems a e eme ging ac oss a ious sec o s, such as mobili y
o heal h ca e (Aca ech, 2024; Heal h-X, 2024).
While da a ecosys ems a e gaining in impo ance, he
de elopmen o lou ishing da a ecosys ems a ely hap-
pens spon aneously— a he , i equi es conside able e o s
in es ed in he design and collabo a ion be ween pa icipa -
ing en i ies (Gelhaa & O o, 2020; Ka s e al., 2025; Mölle
e al., 2024). As a esul , he p ac ical implemen a ions o
da a ecosys ems a e o en s ill in hei in ancy (Fassnach
e al., 2024). Mo eo e , ew o ganiza ions a e awa e o he
la en bene i s o c oss-o ganiza ional da a-sha ing, high-
ligh ing he need o es ablish ocal alue p oposi ions o
po en ial ac o s (Azkan e al., 2020; Gelhaa & O o, 2020).
The eme ging phase o a da a ecosys em is pa icula ly c u-
cial, as he condi ions de e mined a he ou se s ongly in lu-
ence he subsequen de elopmen p ocess (Gelhaa e al.,
2021). Howe e , while he ecosys em li e a u e mos ly
p o ides gene al, c oss-indus y insigh s in o ele an da a
ecosys em concep s, we cu en ly lack indus y-speci ic
Responsible Edi o : F ede ik Oli e Mölle
* Maike Al haus
[email p o ec ed]
Ch is ian Vo bohle
ch is ian. [email p o ec ed]
Michelle Mülle
[email p o ec ed]
Dennis Kundisch
[email p o ec ed]
1 Chai o In o ma ion Sys ems, Esp. Digi al Ma ke s,
Pade bo n Uni e si y, Wa bu ge S . 100, 33098Pade bo n,
Ge many
Elec onic Ma ke s (2025) 35:47 47 Page 2 o 22
knowledge o he de elopmen o ocal alue p oposi ions
in he eme ging phase (Too ajipou e al., 2024).
A pe inen example o an indus y whe e a da a ecosys-
em is cu en ly in he eme ging phase is he cul u al e en
indus y in Ge many (Aca ech, 2023). The indus y is cha -
ac e ized by a mul i ace ed o e ing comp ising a wide ange
o gen es, e.g., pe o ming a s, music, and ilm (Angelo
e al., 2018). Hund eds o cul u al e en pla o ms (CEPs),
such as E en b i e (e en b i e.com/), Bille o (bille o.eu/),
o Rausgegangen ( ausgegangen.de/en/), p omo e di e en
pa ially o e lapping subse s o hese e en s a he local,
egional, na ional, o in e na ional le el, mos ly unconnec -
edly, and wi h some pla o ms ocusing on a speci ic gen e.
Mo eo e , some pla o ms a e publicly unded, while o he s
ope a e p i a ely. Toge he , hey o m a highly he e ogene-
ous and agmen ed pla o m landscape. Gi en he numbe
o CEPs, howe e , cul u al e en p o ide s (i.e., he o gan-
ize s o cul u al e en s such as hea es, ope as, cul u al
e en s agencies, ama eu hea e g oups, spo s clubs, o
a house cinemas) o en lack he equi ed edi o ial capac-
i y o en e da a abou upcoming cul u al e en s on mo e
han one CEP—al hough i would be p e e able o publish
hem on mul iple CEPs as each has i s own, limi ed isibili y
and each (Ja ke, 2023). Hence, he eme ging cul u al da a
ecosys em o he cul u al e en indus y would o e new
oppo uni ies o so e eign da a-sha ing ha could bene i
all he s akeholde s in he cul u al e en sec o (Gieß e al.,
2023; Hansmeie e al., 2024; Ja ke, 2023). The eme ging
cul u al da a ecosys em is also in ended o help lesse -known
c ea i e a is s, by p omo ing a di e se cul u al landscape,
and p e en ing he consolida ion o monopolis ic s uc-
u es (Aca ech, 2023). Fu he , da a-sha ing among CEPs
could enhance o he alue-adding se ice ini ia i es in he
cul u al sec o , such as he Ge man Digi al Lib a y1 o he
Kul u Pass.2The e o e, he cul u al da a ecosys em has he
po en ial o subs an ially change he way CEPs ope a e,
a ec ing hei p ocesses, se ices, and business models
(Wiesböck & Hess, 2020).
Subjec o he business models o he CEPs, hei will-
ingness o pa icipa e in he cul u al da a ecosys em highly
depends on whe he hei own business model alue c ea ion
mechanisms align wi h a leas one o he ocal alue p opo-
si ions o he cul u al da a ecosys em (Heinz e al., 2022;
Koh amäki e al., 2019). Howe e , gi en he di e si y o
CEPs and he signi ican di e ences in he da a hey could
con ibu e o he cul u al da a ecosys em, analyzing each
business model sepa a ely would be complex and imp ac i-
cal. To o e come his obs acle, and o de elop a amewo k
ha enables a mo e sys ema ic unde s anding o he CEP
landscape, i is essen ial o educe he cu en complexi y o
he di e en CEPs by iden i ying hei key cha ac e is ics
and by clus e ing business models in o a che ypes based on
common a ibu es. This would allow o make meaning ul
compa isons, and o gene a e insigh s in o he di e en oles
ha CEPs could play in he eme ging cul u al da a ecosys-
em, in acco dance wi h hei espec i e business models
and da a ecosys em eadiness (i.e., he ma u i y o a CEP o
sha e and in eg a e da a h ough he cul u al da a ecosys em)
(Adne , 2017; K aeme e al., 2023).
Taking he ecosys em-as-s uc u e iew as a ounda ion
(Adne , 2017; Hou & Shi, 2021), his s udy combines da a
ecosys em (Oli ei a e al., 2019; O o e al., 2019) and busi-
ness model esea ch (Massa e al., 2017; Mölle e al., 2022),
ocusing on he a che ypal business models o CEPs in he
eme ging cul u al da a ecosys em. This combina ion allows
insigh s o be de i ed om he pe spec i e o di e en busi-
ness models, he po en ial bene i s and obs acles hey ace,
he ocal alue p oposi ions o he cul u al da a ecosys em
ha align wi h hei business model, and he CEP’s po en ial
ac o ole and co esponding ac i i ies wi hin he cul u al
da a ecosys em. Hence, he aim o his s udy is o answe
he ollowing wo esea ch ques ions:
RQ1: Wha a e he a che ypal business models o
CEPs ha couldpa icipa e in he eme ging cul u al
da a ecosys em?
RQ2: Which po en ial ac o oles and ac i i ies would
CEPs wi h di e en a che ypal business models ul ill
in he cul u al da a ecosys em?
To answe hese esea ch ques ions, we p opose a mul-
iple-me hod app oach. Fi s , we de elop a business model
axonomy o CEPs in he eme ging cul u al da a ecosys em
by using well-es ablished gene al axonomy de elopmen
me hods (Kundisch e al., 2022; Nicke son e al., 2013) and
speci ic guidance o business model axonomies (Mölle
e al., 2022). D awing upon he li e a u e on da a ecosys ems,
business model axonomies, and he cul u al e en indus y,
we i e a i ely combine he de i ed insigh s wi h empi ical
da a om 151 exis ing CEPs om Ge man-speaking coun-
ies. Based on his, we iden i y 18 dimensions and 83 cha -
ac e is ics o CEP business models, which a e alida ed by
applying he axonomy o ou -o -sample CEPs. Second, we
pe o m a clus e analysis on he 151 CEPs classi ied in he
axonomy o unco e six CEP business model a che ypes.
Thi d, using hese a che ypes as a ounda ion, and based on
a wo kshop and in e iews wi h ep esen a i es om eigh
CEPs, we de i e insigh s abou he bene i s and obs acles
o hese a che ypes when pa icipa ing in he cul u al da a
ecosys em. This allows us o de i e po en ial ocal alue
1 h ps:// www. deu s che- digi ale- bibli o hek. de/? lang= en
2 The Kul u Pass is a s a e- unded €100 ouche o all 18-yea -olds
in Ge many o be used o a ange o cul u al o e s and e en s om
hei 18. h bi hday in he egis a ion yea (h ps:// www. kul u pass.
de/ en/ o - 18- yea - olds).
Elec onic Ma ke s (2025) 35:47 Page 3 o 22 47
p oposi ions o he cul u al da a ecosys em and co espond-
ing ac o oles and ac i i ies o each o hese a che ypes.
This pape o e s se e al heo e ical and p ac ical con i-
bu ions ha lie a he pe iphe y o da a ecosys em esea ch.
Fi s , we con ibu e o he li e a u e on da a-sha ing busi-
ness models, and p o ide a de ailed axonomy o possible
CEP business models, he eby o e ing aluable insigh s
o upcoming o exis ing CEPs abou how hei business
model could be designed and/o enhanced in da a ecosys-
ems. In addi ion, we expand he unde s anding o CEP
business model a che ypes. While CEPs exhibi signi ican
di e si y— om small local e en in o ma ion p o ide s
o global icke ing pla o ms—ou s udy e eals how hei
business models shape hei incen i es and abili y o engage
in da a-sha ing. By syn hesizing hese insigh s, we o e a
s uc u ed unde s anding o e alua ing CEPs’ da a ecosys-
em eadiness and iden i y ac o s in luencing hei willing-
ness o pa icipa e in da a-sha ing ini ia i es. Second, we
ex end da a ecosys em esea ch by applying he ecosys em-
as-s uc u e iew (Adne , 2017) o he eme gence o he
cul u al da a ecosys em. Unlike adi ional da a ecosys em
esea ch, which o en ocuses on indus ies wi h es ablished
alue cap u e mechanisms, we examine an unde explo ed
indus y whe e inancial models, public–p i a e in e ac ions,
and da a-sha ing incen i es emain ambiguous. By le e ag-
ing he s uc u alis app oach, we p o ide insigh s o ana-
lyzing and designing da a ecosys ems in agmen ed indus-
ies, add essing calls o u he esea ch on da a ecosys em
eme gence (Gelhaa & O o, 2020; Heinz e al., 2022). By
ha , we p o ide s a egic guidance o manage s and da a
ecosys em designe s, iden i ying key challenges, oppo uni-
ies, and s uc u al equi emen s o in eg a ing di e se CEPs
in o he cul u al da a ecosys em.
Backg ound
Pla o ms andda a space‑enabled da a ecosys ems
While pla o ms di e om ecosys ems, he wo concep s
a e closely connec ed (Jacobides e al.,2024b). Pla o ms
p o ide he echnical in as uc u e ha acili a es in e ac-
ions be ween wo sides o a ma ke (Pa ke e al., 2016)—in
he case o CEPs, in e ac ions be ween e en seeke s (i.e.,
people in e es ed in a ending cul u al e en s) and e en p o-
ide s. Hence, pla o ms—such as CEPs—enable alue-c e-
a ing in e ac ions be ween e en seeke s and e en p o ide s,
le e aging ne wo k e ec s o enhance e en disco e y ( o
seeke s) and e en isibili y ( o p o ide s). Ecosys ems, by
con as , a e conce ned wi h in e -o ganiza ional collabo a-
ion o he coo dina ion o complemen a y esou ces (Jaco-
bides e al., 2018) and a e de ined (in gene al e ms) “as
g oups o ac o s ha mus collabo a e in ensi ely o achie e
a join ou come” (Jacobides e al., 2024a, p. 107).Ecosys-
ems can eme ge a ound a pla o m ha p o ides he ech-
nological in as uc u e o collabo a ion (i.e., pla o m eco-
sys ems). Howe e , ecosys ems do no equi e pla o ms in
o de o eme ge and unc ion (Jacobides e al., 2024b).
Da a ecosys ems ep esen a speci ic o m o an eco-
sys em o he coo dina ion o complemen a y da a asse s
(Legne & O o, 2023; Oli ei a e al., 2019), whe e da a
se e as he key esou ce o he de elopmen and success o
da a-d i en inno a ions (Be e ungen e al., 2022; O o e al.,
2019). Da a spaces p o ide a decen alized in as uc u e
o da a ecosys ems by ealizing secu ed and us ed da a-
sha ing h ough da a space connec o s (Hu e e & K umay,
2022; Mölle e al., 2024; O o, 2022). Da a spaces do no
equi e a cen al da a s o e and he eby enable da a so e -
eign y o da a p o ide s (Mölle e al., 2024). Da a space-
enabled da a ecosys ems “eme ge a ound one o mul iple
( ede a ed) da a spaces. They ep esen he sum o collabo a-
i e da a-sha ing ac i i ies buil on he secu e and us wo -
hy da a-sha ing pa adigm o da a spaces o ealize sha ed
goals (e.g., inno a ion, compliance, op imiza ion) o hei
membe s.” (Mölle e al., 2024, p. 41).
Eme gence o da a ecosys ems
Ideally, all ac o s wi hin a da a ecosys em ough o bene i
om pa icipa ion and align hei business models o c ea e
a mul ila e al win–win si ua ion (Azkan e al., 2020; Heinz
e al., 2022). Howe e , wo di e en iews can be applied
o analyze how da a ecosys ems eme ge (Adne , 2017; Hou
& Shi, 2021).
Fi s , he ecosys em-as-coe olu ion iew e e s o he
abili y o an ecosys em and i s ac o s o collec i ely e ol e
om one s age o ano he and acili a e inno a ions ha can
add ess mul iple alue p oposi ions a once o alue p oposi-
ions e ol ing o e ime (Hou & Shi, 2021; Moo e, 1993).
Recen da a ecosys em de ini ions (Oli ei a e al.,2019;
Mölle e al.,2024) build on his iew and apply i on a
mac o le el, o example, o unde s and he p ocess o com-
plemen a y alignmen among mul iple ac o s o e ime (Hou
& Shi, 2021).
Second, he ecosys em-as-s uc u e iew3 posi s ha a
da a ecosys em o ms a ound one ocal alue p oposi ion,
which unc ions as a e e ence poin o o he o ganiza ions
3 The ecosys em-as-s uc u e iew is associa ed wi h he e ms inno-
a ion ecosys em (e.g., Adne , 2017) and business ecosys em (e.g.,
Jacobides e al., 2018; Kapoo , 2018). The e minological dis inc ion
be ween business and inno a ion ecosys ems may lead o mo e con u-
sion han cla i y (Thomas & Au io, 2020). Thus, we ollow Hou and
Shi (2021) in dis inguishing only be ween he s uc u e iew and he
coe olu ion iew. Fo a isualiza ion o ou concep ual pe spec i e,
see AppendixFigu eA1.
Elec onic Ma ke s (2025) 35:47 47 Page 4 o 22
o con ibu e esou ces and ac i i ies and c ea es an eco-
sys em bounda y (Adne , 2017; Hou & Shi, 2021). This
s uc u alis app oach p oposes ou elemen s (ac i i ies,
ac o s, posi ions, and links) ha collec i ely cha ac e ize
he con igu a ion equi ed o a alue p oposi ion o ma e i-
alize (Adne , 2017). Acco ding o his iew, he mos c i i-
cal challenge o an eme ging ecosys em is he sea ch o
pa ne alignmen , pa icula ly wi h ega d o he ocal alue
p oposi ion. As Adne (2017) explains, “di e en ac o s may
ha e di e en iews on he alue p oposi ion, [and] an analy-
sis o an ecosys em mus accoun no only o di e gence
in in e es s […], bu also di e gence in pe spec i es […]”
(Adne , 2017, p. 43). This implies ha da a ecosys ems do
no eme ge spon aneously bu a e a leas pa ly he ou come
o a design p ocess (Jacobides e al., 2018).
I mul iple ac o s sha e hei da a in a da a space bu
c ea e di e en ocal (ecosys em) alue p oposi ions, his
implies ha mul iple da a ecosys ems eme ge and ha
he eme ging cul u al da a ecosys em would be, adop ing
a s uc u alis iew, a se o sepa a e bu in e wined da a
ecosys ems (Adne , 2017). We e e o each en i y o he se
o sepa a e da a ecosys ems as “ alue p oposi ion-speci ic
cul u al da a ecosys em” (VPS cul u al da a ecosys em),
while he e m “(eme ging) cul u al da a ecosys em” se es
as he umb ella e m o he o e all se o VPS cul u al da a
ecosys ems. I he ecosys em has no inhe en ecosys em
o ches a o , o is no buil on an exis ing alliance—like in
he case o he Ge man cul u al da a ecosys em—i eme ges
bo om-up (Ho mann e al., 2022). Fo his case, he ecosys-
em-as-s uc u e iew can be use ul o iden i y one o se e al
ocal alue p oposi ions ex-an e and hen design a espec i e
da a ecosys em s uc u e a ound each iden i ied ocal alue
p oposi ion (Adne , 2017; Hou & Shi, 2021; Webe e al.,
2024).
Resea ch on he eme gence o da a ecosys ems lies s ill
in i s in ancy and calls o u he in es iga ion, especially
o speci ic indus ies (Gelhaa & O o, 2020; Heinz e al.,
2022). The cul u al e en indus y p esen s a case o a da a
ecosys em ha equi es a bo om-up design app oach and a
join e o among CEPs o ind alignmen in a agmen ed
and he e ogeneous landscape. In his s udy, we build on
he ecosys em-as-s uc u e iew o de elop an in-dep h
unde s anding o he eme ging cul u al da a ecosys em in
Ge many, and ou line how i can be designed in a desi able
manne (Hou & Shi, 2021).
Taxonomies o business models inda a ecosys ems
In line wi h he ecosys em-as-s uc u e iew, and o iden i y
he ocal alue p oposi ions o he cul u al da a ecosys em
o ou case, i is c ucial o i s unde s and he o ganiza-
ional landscape and he co esponding CEP business mod-
els. Business models a e de ined as he basic mechanisms
h ough which a company c ea es alue o he cus ome ,
deli e s i s p oduc s and/o se ices o he ma ke , gene a es
p o i , and collabo a es wi h i s s akeholde s (Os e walde
& Pigneu , 2010; Teece, 2010). Acco dingly, a business
model can be s uc u ed in o ou majo building blocks:
(1) alue p oposi ion, (2) alue c ea ion, (3) alue deli e y,
and (4) alue cap u e (Günzel & Holm, 2013). This s uc u e
has been adop ed by schola s o disco e business model
a che ypes o da a ma ke places (F uhwi h e al., 2020),
and o analyze simila i ies and di e ences be ween business
models wi h he help o axonomies o a ious indus ies
(Mölle e al., 2022; Remane e al., 2017).
Taxonomies a e a well-es ablished classi ica ion ool o
business models. The ad an age o axonomies is ha exis -
ing o newly acqui ed knowledge can be ans e ed a he
concep le el o all objec s ha belong o he same class
(he e: CEP business model a che ype). This is impo an
as o he wise each objec (he e: each CEP business model)
would ha e o be ea ed as unique. Taxonomies ha e al eady
been use ully deployed o explo e di e en a che ypes o
business models (Schoo mann e al., 2023). Mölle e al.
(2022) p o ide a comp ehensi e o e iew and guidance o
business model axonomies, summa izing hei p e alence
and di e ences, and iden i ying i e axonomies dealing
wi h gene ic digi al pla o m business models. In addi ion,
ecen esea ch by S e k e al. (2024) iden i ies 28 da a-
d i en business model– ela ed axonomies, ocusing on
in e nal da a usage o business model design.
Da a-sha ing business models in da a ecosys ems
p esen a subse o da a-d i en business models, con-
cen a ing on he p ocess o da a ans e (Schweiho
e al., 2023). Mos exis ing axonomies o da a-sha ing
business models in ecosys ems ocus on gene al (c oss-
indus y) business model cha ac e is ics a he han
on speci ic indus ies (see Table1). We iden i y h ee
axonomies o e ing a gene al sys ema iza ion o da a-
sha ing ini ia i es wi h high-le el aspec s o business
models in da a ecosys ems. Fo ins ance, Gelhaa e al.
(2021) and Gieß e al. (2023) include an economic me a-
dimension, and adop a business model pe spec i e on
da a ecosys ems. O he c oss-indus y esea ch examines
da a-sha ing business models (Schweiho e al., 2023)
and da a-d i en business models in ecosys ems (Schwei-
ho e al., 2022)—which we d ew on when de eloping
ou axonomy. In e ms o indus y-speci ic axonomies,
he analysis by Mölle e al. (2020) o da a-d i en busi-
ness models in he logis ics indus y, wi h dimensions o
in e -o ganiza ional da a-sha ing, p o ides an in e es ing
pe spec i e on da a ecosys ems, ele an o he de elop-
men o ou axonomy. Mo eo e , S e k e al. (2024) and
Be gman e al. (2022) analyzed he au omo i e indus y,
ocusing on business models in he connec ed ca domain
and da a ma ke places in he B2B domain.

Elec onic Ma ke s (2025) 35:47 Page 5 o 22 47
We no e ha axonomies o da a-sha ing business models
a e p edominan ly conce ned wi h adop ing a mo e gene al,
c oss-indus y pe spec i e (see Table1). Indus y-speci ic
axonomies p o ide deepe insigh s in o a speci ic indus-
y (Kamp a h & Halecke , 2012; Mölle e al., 2020). This
ype o analysis is pa icula ly impo an in indus ies ha
a e signi ican ly di e en om o he s, such as cul u al e en
indus y. Mo eo e , only he axonomy de eloped by Gieß
e al. (2023) ocuses on da a space-enabled da a ecosys ems.
The e o e, he bu geoning esea ch ield on da a ecosys ems
would bene i om (1) an indus y-speci ic business model
axonomy and iden i ied a che ypes ocusing on he cul u al
e en indus y, and (2) a speci ic pe spec i e on da a spaces,
as a p omising o m o da a-sha ing in as uc u e (Mölle
e al., 2024).
Resea ch en i onmen : The cul u al e en
indus y andcul u al e en pla o ms
The cul u al e en indus y acili a es access o cul u al
e en s and he eby con ibu es o en ich he cul u al li e o
a popula ion (Hesmondhalgh & P a , 2005). Cul u al e en s
ange om small local hea e p oduc ions o egional dance
shows o a exhibi ions o in e na ional impo ance (Hosa-
g aha , 2019). These e en s a e cha ac e ized by hei spa ial
concen a ion and pe o ma i e-in e ac i e manne , o e ing
a endees he chance o en ich hei li e wi h meaning ul
expe iences (Geus e al., 2016). Cul u al e en p o ide s,
whe he hey ope a e on a o -p o i o a no - o -p o i busi-
ness model, deal wi h budge a y limi a ions and unding
challenges o di e en deg ees (Bo in e al., 2018). Wi hin
he cul u al e en indus y, CEPs ha e eached a signi ican
ole and ha e inc easingly a ec ed he p ocesses o p omo -
ing and dissemina ing e en s (Hansmeie e al., 2024). CEPs
undamen ally educe sea ch cos s (Pa ke e al., 2016) o
e en seeke s by p o iding ele an in o ma ion on cul u al
e en s, some imes o e ing addi ional se ices such as ick-
e ing sys ems and social ne wo king op ions. In addi ion,
CEPs can enable e en seeke s o il e local e en s based
on hei p e e ences, such as expec ed a el ime, o ensu e
ha hey ecei e e en sugges ions ha a e ealis ically
accessible (Man Li e al., 2023). Howe e , e en seeke s a e
cu en ly limi ed o he o e ings o indi idual CEPs hey
isi egula ly o ha e signed up o, displaying he ype o
e en s ha ma ches hei s a ed p e e ences (o hose wi hin
a selec ed geog aphic dis ance), and, he e o e, hey may no
ully exploi he en i e ange o all he a ailable and po en-
ially ele an cul u al e en s (Aca ech, 2023).
Resea ch on da a-sha ing in he cul u al e en indus y
(and o CEPs in pa icula ) emains scan o da e. To he
bes o ou knowledge, only ha o Gi en e al. (2024) is
closely ela ed o ou esea ch. In hei s udy, he au ho s
analyze cul u al da a-sha ing ini ia i es and p ac ices. They
sugges ha he eme gence o cul u al da a ini ia i es ely
on in e disciplina y collabo a ion among c ea i e a is s,
cul u al e en p o ide s, and echnology p o ide s o sha e
digi ized con en (e.g., eco ded pe o mances o poe y
eadings), pa icula ly by le e aging da a asse s om galle -
ies, lib a ies, a chi es, and museums. Pe sis ing challenges
a e ela ed o (i) esou ce cons ain s, mainly due o a und-
ing landscape ha o en p io i izes sho - e m p ojec s o e
long- e m suppo ; (ii) s uc u al and policy limi a ions; and
(iii) he e hical handling o copy igh and da a go e nance
(Gi en e al., 2024). Fo a heal hy da a ecosys em, c ea i e
a is s and cul u al e en p o ide s ha e o na iga e hese
challenges by adop ing a mo e use - ocused design and
us ed da a-sha ing p ac ices (Te as e al., 2021). While
Gi en e al. (2024) highligh he impo ance o da a-sha ing
among CEPs, hey add ess he sha ing o digi ized cul u al
Table 1 O e iew and ca ego iza ion o axonomies o da a-sha ing business models in da a ecosys ems
Taxonomy o Au ho s Indus y Pe spec i e on da a-sha ing
(acc. o Mölle e al., 2024)
A che ypes
Da a ecosys em cha ac e is ics Gelhaa e al. (2021) C oss-indus y No speci ied No
Da a collabo a i es Susha e al. (2017) C oss-indus y Da a in e media ies No
Design op ions o da a spaces Gieß e al. (2023) C oss-indus y Da a Spaces No
Da a-d i en business models in ecosys ems Schweiho e al. (2022) C oss-indus y No speci ied No
Da a-sha ing business models Schweiho e al. (2023) C oss-indus y No speci ied No
Da a ma ke places om a business model pe spec i e F uhwi h e al. (2020) C oss-indus y Da a in e media ies Yes
Da a ma ke place business models Van de Ven e al. (2021) C oss-indus y Da a in e media ies No
Da a-d i en business models in logis ics Mölle e al. (2020) Logis ics No speci ied No
Da a-d i en business models in he connec ed ca domain S e k e al. (2024) Au omo i e Da a in e media ies Yes
Business models o da a ma ke places in he B2B au omo-
i e indus y
Be gman e al. (2022) Au omo i e Da a in e media ies Yes
Business model o CEPs in an eme ging da a space-ena-
bled da a ecosys em
This pape Cul u al e en s Da a space Yes
Elec onic Ma ke s (2025) 35:47 47 Page 6 o 22
con en a he han e en da a (Gi en e al., 2024) and ocus
on di e en s akeholde s in cul u al da a ini ia i es. Hence,
we iden i y he need o u he esea ch wi h a speci ic ocus
on CEPs as ac o s in he eme ging cul u al da a ecosys em.
Resea ch me hod
To add ess ou esea ch ques ions, we conduc ed a h ee-s ep
esea ch app oach (see Fig.1): In Phase 1, we ocus on he de el-
opmen and e alua ion o he CEP business model axonomy o
he eme ging cul u al da a ecosys em. In Phase 2, we conduc a
clus e analysis based on he classi ica ion o eal-wo ld objec s
using he de eloped axonomy. In Phase 3, we conduc in e -
iews abou he bene i s and obs acles o he eme ging cul u al
da a ecosys em, wi h a leas one CEP pla o m p o ide om
each iden i ied clus e , and in e p e he ob ained da a.
Phase 1: Taxonomy de elopmen ande alua ion
D awing on es ablished me hods o de eloping axonomies
in IS (Kundisch e al., 2022; Nicke son e al., 2013) and
speci ic guidance o designing business model axonomies
(Mölle e al., 2022), ou s eps a e as ollows:
1a) De ining he p oblem and a ge use g oups
Following p io li e a u e ha de eloped a pla o m
business model axonomy, we designa ed he concep ual
ep esen a ion o a business model o CEPs in he eme g-
ing cul u al da a ecosys em as he me a-cha ac e is ic (Massa
e al., 2017; Webe e al., 2022). We hen deduced dimensions
o cha ac e is ics essen ial o desc ibing he ou es ablished
building blocks o a business model ( alue p oposi ion, alue
c ea ion, alue deli e y, and alue cap u e) o b oadly s uc-
u e he speci ic dimensions iden i ied in ou analysis (Günzel
& Holm, 2013; Remane e al., 2017). Two a ge use g oups
eme ged o ou axonomy: (1) esea che s in e es ed in CEP
business models in gene al, and in eme ging da a ecosys ems,
speci ically, and (2) p ac i ione s wi h he same in e es s.
1b) Taxonomy de elopmen
We conduc ed h ee deduc i e concep ual- o-empi ical
and ou induc i e empi ical- o-concep ual i e a ions. The
concep ual- o-empi ical (C2E) app oach helps o iden i y
p io knowledge in he li e a u e, while he empi ical- o-
concep ual (E2C) app oach acili a es he ansi ion om
obse able da a and objec s owa d abs ac concep s and
p inciples (Nicke son e al., 2013). Since he e is cu en ly
no da a ecosys em o he cul u al e en indus y, and hence,
no CEP ha can pa icipa e in such an ecosys em, he i s
i e i e a ions ocus on he cu en s a e o CEPs and hei
business models. I e a ions 6 and 7 include p elimina y
conside a ions o how CEPs could pa icipa e in he eme g-
ing cul u al da a ecosys em, as well as some ini ial s eps
ha ha e al eady been aken in his di ec ion. Figu e2
p o ides an o e iew o all he i e a ions o he axonomy
Phase 1:
Taxonomy
De elopmen
and
E alua ion
Phase 2:
Clus e
De elopmen
Phase 3:
In e iews
wi h Pla o m
P o ide s
1a. De ine P oblem and Speci ic
Ta ge Objec s 1b. Taxonomy De elopmen 1c. Taxonomy E alua ion
2a. Iden i y Clus e s 2b. Analyze Clus e s
3a. De ine In e iew Guide 3b. Selec In e iewees and
Conduc ing In e iews3c. Analysis and In e p e a ion
I.Conduc h ee concep ual- o-
empi ical i e a ions
II.Conduc ou empi ical- o-
concep ual i e a ions
I. De ine me a-cha ac e is ic:
Business models o CEPs in a
da a ecosys em
II.De ine a ge use g oups:
esea che s and p ac i ione s
I.Check objec i e ending condi ions
II.Pe o m ex-an e e alua ion
III.Check design science esea ch
c i e ia
I.Use wa d’s minimum a iance
me hod
II.De e mine op imal clus e s
(elbow ule)
I.Selec In e ewees om
ep esen a i e CEPs
II.Conduc in e iews (n=8)
I.E alua ion o clus e solu ions: wo
non-p o i , ou o -p o i
II.Focus on six-clus e solu ion o
deepe insigh s
I.Pe o m ansc ip ion
II.Conduc coding and hema ic
analysis
I. De ine semi-s uc u ed in e iew
guide
Fig. 1 O e iew o he esea ch app oach and i s indi idual s eps
Elec onic Ma ke s (2025) 35:47 Page 7 o 22 47
de elopmen p ocess and he co esponding dimensions. In
he ollowing, we desc ibe each o he i e a ions in de ail.
I e a ion 1 (C2E) As he e al eady exis s a s uc u ed o e -
iew o business model axonomies o di e en indus ies
and echnologies in he IS li e a u e (Mölle e al., 2022), we
ocused ou i s i e a ion on de i ing ini ial dimensions and
cha ac e is ics based on he li e a u e co e ed by his s udy.
Howe e , as he esea ch by Mölle e al. (2022) only co -
e s business model axonomy s udies published be o e 2021
in IS con e ence o jou nal p oceedings, we addi ionally
sea ched o li e a u e in he IS domain om 2021 o 2023
using he same sea ch c i e ia as Mölle e al. (2022)4— his
esul ed in nine addi ional pape s, which we analyzed. The
ini ial dimensions and cha ac e is ics we e de i ed by me ic-
ulously e iewing he iden i ied business model axonomies
ele an o ou me a-cha ac e is ic (see Fig.2).
I e a ion 2 (C2E) To u he e ine he dimensions and cha -
ac e is ics, we conduc ed a second li e a u e e iew special-
izing on CEP business models using he da abase Web o
Science. Fi s , we de eloped a sea ch s ing5 dealing wi h
he cul u al con ex (e.g., cul u e, e en , c ea i e), he a ea
o in e es (ma ke place, pla o m, o indus y), and busi-
ness models (e.g., business model, alue c ea ion, alue
Legend: The g ey boxes depic he added o enamed dimensions in he speci ic i e a ion, and he do ed line
shows he i e a ions made o include p elimina y conside a ions o an eme ging cul u al da a ecosys em.
I e a ion 1 I e a ion 2 I e a ion 3 I e a ion 4 I e a ion 5 I e a ion 6 I e a ion 7
C2EE2C
Value P oposi ion
Cul u al
Domain Range
Value C ea ion
Value Deli e y
Value Cap u e
Key Value
P oposi ion
Da a O igin
P ice Disco e y
Re iew Sys em
Design Op ions
o Special
Needs
Geog aphic
Func ions
Communi y
Func ions
Ticke ing
Technology
De ice
Geog aphic
Scope
Regis a ion
Op ions
Cus ome
Rela ionship
Use Segmen
O e ed
Se ices
Supply Segmen
Re enue
S eams
Re enue Sou ce
Business
Objec i e
Cos S uc u e
C2EE2CE2C C2EE2C
Addi ional
Se ices
Da a Ecosys em
Cos
Cul u al
Domain Range
Cul u al
Domain Range
Cul u al
Domain Range
Cul u al
Domain Range
Cul u al
Domain Range
Cul u al
Domain Range
Key Value
P oposi ion
Key Value
P oposi ion
Key Value
P oposi ion
Key Value
P oposi ion
Key Value
P oposi ion
Key Value
P oposi ion
Da a O igin Da a O igin E en Da a O igin E en Da a O igin E en Da a O igin E en Da a O igin
P ice Disco e yP ice Disco e yP ice Disco e yP ice Disco e yP ice Disco e yP ice Disco e y
Re iew Sys em
Design Op ions
o Special
Needs
Geog aphic
Func ions
Geog aphic
Func ions
Geog aphic
Func ions
Geog aphic
Func ions
Geog aphic
Func ions
Geog aphic
Func ions
Ticke ingTicke ingTicke ingTicke ing
Ticke ing Ticke ing
Communi y
Func ions
Communi y
Func ions
Communi y
Func ions
Communi y
Func ions
Communi y
Func ions
Communi y
Func ions
O e ed
Se ices Da a Se ices Da a Se ices Da a Se ices Da a Se ices
Addi ional
Se ices
Addi ional
Se ices
Addi ional
Se ices
Op ions o
Da a Sha ing
Op ions o
Da a Sha ing
Technology
De ice
Technology
De ice
Geog aphic
Scope
Geog aphic
Scope
Geog aphic
Scope
Geog aphic
Scope
Geog aphic
Scope
Geog aphic
Scope
Regis a ion
Op ions
Regis a ion
Op ions
Regis a ion
Op ions
Regis a ion
Op ions
Regis a ion
Op ions
Regis a ion
Op ions
Cus ome
Rela ionship
Cus ome
Rela ionship
Cus ome
Rela ionship
Cus ome
Rela ionship
Cus ome
Rela ionship
Cus ome
Rela ionship
Use Segmen
Supply Segmen
Re enue
S eams
Re enue
S eams
Re enue
S eams
Re enue
S eams
Re enue
S eams
Re enue
S eams
Re enue Sou ce Re enue Sou ce Re enue Sou ce Re enue Sou ce Re enue Sou ce Re enue Sou ce
Business
Objec i e
Business
Objec i e
Business
Objec i e
Business
Objec i e
Business
Objec i e
Business
Objec i e
Cos S uc u e Cos S uc u e Cos S uc u e Main enance
Cos S uc u e
Main enance
Cos S uc u e
Da a Ecosys em
Cos
Fig. 2 De elopmen o dimensions o CEP business models
4 The sea ch s ing includes: “Business Model Taxonomy” OR
“Business Model Classi ica ion” in he AISeL da abase and TITLE-
ABS-KEY (“business model” AND “Taxonomy”) in he Scopus da a-
base.
5 The sea ch s ing includes: (“cul u al” OR “e en *” OR “c ea i e”
OR “cul u e” OR “music” OR “ hea e ” OR “museum” OR “p o-
mo e ” OR “ es i al” OR “conce ” OR “show” OR “exhibi ion”)
AND (“pla o m” OR “ma ke place” OR “indus *”) AND (“business
model*” OR “ alue c ea ion” OR “ alue p oposi ion*” OR “success
ac o *” OR “ e enue”)).
Elec onic Ma ke s (2025) 35:47 47 Page 8 o 22
p oposi ion), which we applied o i le, abs ac , and key-
wo ds. Thus, we iden i ied and analyzed 32 publica ions
(con e ence- and jou nal pape s) in dep h. We hen e ined
he axonomy by adding h ee dimensions.
I e a ion 3 (E2C) In his i s E2C i e a ion, aimed a e ining
ou axonomy and making i mo e obus , we consul ed wo
expe s om ou own ne wo k in he ield o CEPs ha a e
in ol ed in he de elopmen o he eme ging cul u al da a
ecosys em. We asked hem abou CEPs om he Ge man-
speaking ma ke ha hey expec o ha e he wides ange o
business model elemen s. We ocused on he Ge man-speak-
ing ma ke because Wes e n indus ialized na ions expe i-
enced an imp essi e cul u al boom since he 1970s, esul ing
in a ema kable di e si y o cul u al o e ings (Bu on &
Sco , 2003). Wi h he inpu o he expe s, we iden i ied 23
CEPs (see Appendix TableA3). Examining hei business
models in g ea e de ail allowed us o e ine ou axonomy,
ocusing p ima ily on cha ac e is ics.
I e a ion 4 (E2C) We engaged wi h a hi d expe in he
ield who is amilia wi h a speci ic egion (Sou he n Lowe
Saxony) and lesse -known, niche CEPs. Wi h he help o
his expe , who is also in ol ed in he de elopmen o he
eme ging cul u al da a ecosys em, we we e able o iden i y
and analyze an addi ional 14 CEPs. This allowed us o u -
he e ine se e al dimensions and cha ac e is ics.
I e a ion 5 (E2C) We expanded ou lis wi h he inclusion o
114 addi ional CEPs in Ge many (see Appendix TableA3).
This expansion was ca ied ou h ough a ho ough exami-
na ion o online sou ces and in e ne sea ches (e.g., sea ch-
ing o e en s in a ious egions). To balance he cos –ben-
e i analysis o ou s udy, i.e., he e o o analyzing CEPs
agains new insigh s gained on dimensions and cha ac e is-
ics, we ini ially selec ed a andom sample o 21 CEPs o
his i e a ion. This app oach allowed us o manage esou ces
e ec i ely while lea ing enough CEPs o po en ial u he
i e a ions. The esul ing modi ica ions o ou axonomy p i-
ma ily cen e ed on linguis ic e inemen s, such as he enam-
ing o dimensions and cha ac e is ics.
I e a ion 6 (C2E) Wi h ou business model axonomy, we
aim o suppo he ans o ma ion o CEP business models
in he eme ging cul u al da a ecosys em. As his cul u al da a
ecosys em is only jus beginning o ake shape, many da a
ecosys em- ele an dimensions and cha ac e is ics can only
be de e mined concep ually. None heless, i is impo an o
in es iga e he ini ial s eps al eady aken by some CEPs o
pa icipa e in such an ecosys em (e.g., ega dless o whe he
hey p o ide op ions o da a-sha ing), o assess hei da a
ecosys em eadiness. The e o e, we conduc ed ano he C2E
i e a ion o ou axonomy de elopmen p ocess. To iden i y
ele an li e a u e in his a ea, we c ea ed a sea ch s ing6
dealing wi h da a ecosys ems plus a ious e ms e e ing
o business models and applied i o i le, abs ac , and key-
wo ds o he esul s o his sea ch. This p ocedu e yielded
21 ele an publica ions, which we e analyzed and discussed
among he au ho eam agains he backg ound o CEPs in
he eme ging cul u al da a ecosys em. This allowed us o
de i e wo mo e dimensions (i.e., op ions o da a-sha ing
and da a ecosys em cos ) and 11 addi ional cha ac e is ics
(i.e., da a se ice p o ide , API, download, specialized so -
wa e, no op ions, selling da a, da a ecei e s, ansac ion-
based da a cos s, membe ship ee, se ice cos s, and none/
no disclosed).
I e a ion 7 (E2C) We e isi ed ou CEPs based on he new
knowledge gained om i e a ion 6. We classi ied all CEPs
acco ding o he new dimensions and cha ac e is ics, aiming
o de i e u he insigh s om his e ined ca ego iza ion.
Howe e , since such a cul u al da a ecosys em does no ye
exis , and he conside a ions om i e a ion 6 a e mos ly con-
cep ual, CEPs canno always mee he speci ic c i e ia. Fo
example, ques ions abou “da a ecosys em cos s”—such as
whe he cos s a e based on da a ansac ions, a ixed mem-
be ship ee, da a se ices—canno ye be answe ed, ei he
because hey a e no in place o a e undisclosed. Conse-
quen ly, he classi ica ion o he CEPs did no e eal any new
signi ican insigh s, allowing us o conclude his i e a ion.
An o e iew o all i e a ions and hei co esponding
esou ces o he axonomy de elopmen p ocess can be
ound in Table2.
1c) Taxonomy e alua ion
Following Kundisch e al. (2022), we de eloped a h ee-
s ep s a egy aimed a es ablishing he alidi y o ou ax-
onomy, while also assessing i s p ac icali y and use ulness.
Fi s , we checked he c i e ia o he objec i e ending con-
di ions (Nicke son e al., 2013, p. 344). All hese c i e ia
we e success ully me , wi h he excep ion o one condi ion:
“Each cha ac e is ic is unique in i s dimension.” In his spe-
ci ic case, we chose a non- and mu ually exclusi e app oach
( ollowing, e.g., Püschel e al., 2016), de ia ing om s ic
uniqueness, o be e cap u e he nuances o he business
model s a egy we we e aiming o desc ibe.
Second, we conduc ed an ex-an e e alua ion o ensu e
ha he axonomy is applicable. This e alua ion in ol ed
e i ying ha he subjec i e ending condi ions me i e
key c i e ia (Nicke son e al., 2013): (1) The numbe o
6 The sea ch s ing includes: (“da a ecosys ems” AND (“business
models” OR “ alue c ea ion” OR “ axonomy” OR “da a sha ing”)).
Elec onic Ma ke s (2025) 35:47 Page 15 o 22 47
me ada a e alua ion ha would enable he e en p o ide s
using a CEP o assess he popula i y o hei e en s, and ha
could help p omo e smalle cul u al e en p o ide s. In he
alue c ea ion building block, ou in e iewees lis ed da a
s anda diza ion and he educ ion in edi o ial wo kload as
po en ial bene i s o he cul u al da a ecosys em. The ne -
wo king be ween CEPs was also pe cei ed as bene icial: “I
I ha e unde s ood his co ec ly, i o e s ce ain oppo uni-
ies, pe haps also o ini ia e business ela ionships” (C6.1).
When i comes o he alue cap u e building block, some
CEPs sugges ed he idea o use he cul u al da a ecosys em
o c oss-pla o m ad e ising, gi ing e en p o ide s he
oppo uni y o ad e ise hei e en s on mul iple pla o ms
o inc ease hei audience.
Nex , we p esen he pe cei ed obs acles o he cul-
u al da a ecosys em men ioned in he CEP in e iews. In
he building block alue p oposi ion, he CEPs men ioned
aspec s such as he conce n abou losing hei ma ke s a us.
One in e iewee s a ed ha hei e en da a is hei USP
which would be los when hei e en da a is ans e ed
and made accessible o mul iple CEPs: “We pu much e o
in o ensu ing ha all e en s a e a ailable on ou pla o m”
(C3.1). Some in e iewees ea ed inc eased compe i ion o
use s be ween CEPs, i all CEPs on he da a ecosys em hold
simila e en da a om he ecosys em. Ou in e iewees also
ci ed po en ial d awbacks, such as ha ecommenda ion sys-
ems migh sugges e en s ha a e no o in e es o hei
use s, ha he cus ome expe ience migh su e om oo
many e en s being o e ed, and ha his o e supply migh
ul ima ely ha m smalle e en p o ide s.
F om a alue c ea ion pe spec i e, nea ly all in e iew
pa ne s s a ed ha amongs he main obs acles hey pe -
cei ed would be he high echnical e o equi ed o he
in as uc u e de elopmen o he cul u al da a ecosys em,
including di icul ies in da a mapping: “I hink one o ou
bigges challenges is o ensu e he compa ibili y o he indi-
idual sys ems” (C4.1). Mo eo e , ou in e iewees we e
conce ned ha i migh equi e oo much e o o hem o
ans e hei da a on o he ecosys em, and ha lack o docu-
men a ion abou how o upload da a may hinde some CEPs
o sha e hei da a p ope ly. Lack o cla i y ega ding he
licensing o he sha ed da a and da a p o ec ion issues was
also seen by he CEP in e iewees as a po en ial p oblem:
“I ’s qui e di icul o sha e cus ome da a because o da a
p o ec ion” (C5.1). Fu he mo e, ou in e iewees s a ed he
sunk cos e ec as a po en ial d awback, as hei own e o s
in e en da a acquisi ion would be o e looked when da a is
sha ed h ough an ecosys em. Ano he aspec men ioned was
he c i ical mass o e en da a ha a da a ecosys em needs o
acqui e o become sus ainable and a ac i e o a su icien
numbe o CEPs o join.
Nex , om a alue cap u e pe spec i e, when being
asked abou who should und he cul u al da a ecosys em,
he majo i y o he in e iewed CEPs ag eed ha i should be
publicly unded due o a lack o own inancial esou ces: “To
be hones , […] since we a e cu en ly s uggling o secu e
he budge o his egional pla o m, i will be di icul o
us o make a inancial con ibu ion o he da a ecosys em.
[Because] ou inancial esou ces a e e y limi ed” (C2.1).
The emaining in e iewed CEPs ag eed ha hey would
pa icipa e inancially in he da a ecosys em i added alue
o hem could be clea ly demons a ed. Las ly, acco ding
o one in e iewee, e en p o ide s and e en seeke s could
no be expec ed o sha e he cos o pa icipa ion in a da a
ecosys em: “E en p o ide s will no pay, you a e lucky i
hey en e he e en s on o you pla o m […]. End use s
wan e e y hing ee o cha ge, anyway” (C3.1).
Finally, when compa ing he in e iewees’ pe spec i e
om di e en CEP a che ypes on he da a ecosys em, i
becomes appa en ha non-p o i CEPs (i.e., clus e s 1 and
2) pe cei e he mos po en ial d awbacks o a ise om he
echnical implemen a ion o a da a ecosys em (i.e., ensu -
ing sys em compa ibili y, da a quali y, da a ans e , da a
p o ec ion), indica ing a lowe le el o da a ecosys em eadi-
ness. On he o he hand, po en ial bene i s a e assumed o
a ise om da a s anda diza ion and he expansion o hei
own ocal alue p oposi ion o hei use s by making mo e
ele an cul u al e en s a ailable o hem on hei pla o m.
Upcoming e en pla o ms (i.e., clus e 3), by con as ,
iden i y po en ial h ea s, such as loss o ma ke s a us and
inc eased compe i ion be ween CEPs, as he g ea es chal-
lenges o he cul u al da a ecosys em and, he e o e, adop
a a he nega i e mindse owa ds sha ing da a o e a da a
ecosys em. Las ly, icke p o ide CEPs (i.e., clus e s 5 and
6) ocus mo e on he highe -le el po en ial o he cul u al
da a ecosys em, such as he possibili y o c ea e new da a
se ices, like pe sonaliza ion o ecommenda ions o use s,
o ne wo king wi h o he CEPs, indica ing a highe le el
o da a ecosys em eadiness. As mos o he CEPs in his
a che ype al eady ha e a unc ioning business model, hey
had ewe conce ns abou a po en ial loss o ma ke s a us
o inc eased compe i ion among CEPs.
Discussion andimplica ions
Due o he he e ogeneous and agmen ed landscape o cul-
u al e en da a sp ead ac oss nume ous CEPs, da a eco-
sys ems hold g ea po en ial o he cul u al e en indus y
mo e gene ally, and o CEPs in pa icula (Aca ech, 2023;
Ja ke, 2023). I is s ill unclea , hough, how he cul u al da a
ecosys em could lou ish and wo k sa is ac o ily om he
pe spec i e o CEPs. Ou esul s e eal ha e en pla o ms
di e signi ican ly, as e ealed by an analysis o hei busi-
ness models. These di e ences esul in six dis inc busi-
ness model a che ypes, anging om publicly unded CEPs,

Elec onic Ma ke s (2025) 35:47 47 Page 16 o 22
mainly p o iding local e en in o ma ion, o p o i -o ien ed
icke p o ide s who o e ad anced icke ing and a ious
da a se ices. The in e iews indica e ha CEPs om di e -
en a che ypes a o di e en bene i s o he eme ging cul-
u al da a ecosys em, sugges ing ha he eme ging cul u al
da a ecosys em should o e mul iple ocal alue p oposi-
ions. Consequen ly, and in line wi h he concep ual lens
o da a ecosys ems-as-s uc u e, he eme ging cul u al da a
ecosys em consis s o sepa a e bu in e wined da a ecosys-
ems c ea ed a ound hese di e en ocal alue p oposi ions,
e e ed o as VPS cul u al da a ecosys ems. Based on he
business model analysis o each clus e (see Table4), ou
in e iew analysis (see Table5) and he discussion in he
digi al wo kshop, wo ocal alue p oposi ions ha could
appeal o di e en business model a che ypes s and ou . Fol-
lowing K aeme e al. (2023), hese wo ocal alue p oposi-
ions a e discussed wi h he aid o he wo p ima y s uc u al
elemen s (ac i i ies and ac o s) o he ecosys em-as-s uc-
u e iew ha cha ac e ize he main con igu a ion equi ed
o each alue p oposi ion o ma e ialize (Adne , 2017).
Focal Value P oposi ion I Fo publicly unded non-p o i
CEPs, ou esul s sugges ha he bigges ad an age is asso-
cia ed wi h da a s anda diza ion and da a quali y. This ena-
bles CEPs, especially hose wi hou di ec icke ing op ions,
o inc ease he numbe o lis ed e en s on hei pla o m
while, a he same ime, educing cos s by cu ing edi o ial
o e head o e en p o ide s. Cul u al e en s only need o be
en e ed on one CEP as hey can be sha ed in he VPS cul-
u al da a ecosys em, imp o ing he e en sea ch expe ience
and in o ma ion quali y o e en seeke s. This also inc eases
he isibili y o cul u al e en s and bene i s c ea i e a is s,
especially cu en ly lesse -known c ea i e a is s. Hence,
CEPs could ex end he cul u al domain ocus as well as he
geog aphic scope. We label his VPS cul u al da a ecosys em
‘E en da a isibili y o cul u al en ichmen .’
Ac i i ies o be unde aken o his alue p oposi ion a e
e en da a p o ision, e en da a agg ega ion and s anda diza-
ion, seamless e en da a exchange, and da a in eg a ion on
pla o ms. E en da a can be p o ided h ough da a inpu by
e en seeke s, c ea i e a is s, and e en p o ide s, o by he
CEP ga he ing da a h ough inqui y (see “dimension e en
da a o igin” in he axonomy). E en da a agg ega ion and
s anda diza ion e e s o he p ocess o in eg a ing and o gan-
izing e en da a in a way ha c ea es a uni ied and consis -
en da ase o da a exchange. Seamless e en da a exchange
e e s o he e icien and au oma ed sha ing o e en da a
be ween di e en CEPs. Las ly, da a in eg a ion on pla o ms
means ha CEPs in eg a e e en da a om he VPS cul u al
da a ecosys em in o hei pla o m so ha e en seeke s can
disco e hese addi ional e en s wi h no ex a e o .
Ac o s o his alue p oposi ion include CEP a che ypes and
he da a space p o ide . A da a ecosys em encompasses he ol-
lowing main business model oles: da a consume (he e: ac o s
ha acqui e da a ia he da a ecosys em), da a p o ide (he e:
ac o s ha o e da a ia he da a ecosys em), and a ede a o
(he e: he ac o ha p o ides ede a ion se ices such as he
secu e ansmission o da a and he ca aloging o da a o e ings)
(K aeme e al., 2023). Table6 designa es each ac i i y o one
o hese business model oles and lis s ac o s ha could ul ill
hese oles needed o he alue p oposi ion o ma e ialize.
Based on ou clus e analysis, we a gue ha all CEP
a che ypes could pe o m he ac i i y o e en da a p o i-
sion (see Appendix TableA4). Based on ou in e iew and
digi al wo kshop esul s, we conclude ha all CEP a che-
ypes would ul ill he ole o e en da a p o ision excep o
upcoming e en pla o ms (clus e 3). This a che ype (clus e
3) oiced conce ns owa d sha ing da a ia a da a ecosys-
em due o he ea o losing hei compe i i e ad an age. I
hese conce ns we e indeed ep esen a i e o his a che ype,
i would be ha d o con ince he CEPs in his a che ype o
p o ide hei e en da a. Fu he , he e en da a o cul u al
en ichmen (wi hou di ec icke ing) would mainly be p o-
ided by clus e s 1, 2, and 4, and only o a limi ed ex en
by clus e s 5 and 6, due o hei icke ing- ocused business
model. The ede a o (i.e., he da a space p o ide ) could be
esponsible o he ac i i ies o e en da a agg ega ion and
s anda diza ion and seamless e en da a exchange. Howe e ,
i is also possible ha a hi d-pa y p o ide o a CEP wi h
exis ing da a-sha ing se ices (i.e., clus e 6) p o ides he
agg ega ion and s anda diza ion ac i i y. Publicly unded
non-p o i CEPs (clus e 1 and 2) do no ha e he capabili-
ies o p o ide he agg ega ion and s anda diza ion ac i i y,
Table 6 Ac i i ies and ac o s
o he VPS cul u al da a
ecosys em E en da a isibili y
o cul u al en ichmen
No e: Po en ial ac o s shown in pa en heses would only ul il a limi ed ole
Ac i i ies Da a ecosys em busi-
ness model ac o ole
Po en ial ac o s
E en da a p o ision Da a p o ide Clus e s 1, 2, and 4 (clus e s 5, 6)
E en da a agg ega ion and s anda diza ion Fede a o Da a space p o ide , hi d pa y
p o ide , clus e 6
Seamless e en da a exchange Fede a o Da a space p o ide
E en da a pla o m in eg a ion Da a consume Clus e s 1, 2 (Clus e s 3, 4, 5, 6)
Elec onic Ma ke s (2025) 35:47 Page 17 o 22 47
as hey lack he echnical esou ces o , and expe ience o ,
da a-sha ing (see Appendix, TableA4). Da a consume s
would mainly be publicly unded non-p o i e en pla o ms
(clus e 1 and 2) because hey ha e limi ed da a a ailable
on hei CEP. Addi ional e en da a—especially o local
and egional e en s o lesse -known c ea i e a is s—would
suppo hei non-p o i business model. Fo -p o i pla o ms
wi h icke ing as hei main e enue sou ce (clus e s 4, 5,
and 6) would only acqui e e en da a i hei business model
aligns wi h ha o he VPS cul u al da a ecosys em.
This elabo a ion on he ac i i ies and business model oles
ul illed by po en ial ac o s e eals se e al in e es ing insigh s
and challenges ha mus be add essed be o e ocal alue p op-
osi ion I can be ma e ialized. Fi s , he e a e mul iple CEPs
ha would ac as da a p o ide s. Hence, he e is a su icien
amoun o da a ha could be p o ided o his da a ecosys-
em. Second, he ac i i y o agg ega ion and s anda diza ion
o e en da a is c ucial o seamless da a exchange and da a
in eg a ion (Immonen e al., 2014; Ja ke, 2023). Howe e ,
especially he da a in eg a ion p ocedu e comes wi h subs an-
ial echnical and ope a ional challenges o he p ima y da a
consume a che ypes o clus e s 1 and 2. Thi d, he ac o s
mos sui ed o unde ake he ac i i y o e en da a agg ega ion
and s anda diza ion (i.e., CEPs wi h ad anced da a-p ocessing
capabili ies like hose in clus e 6, he da a space p o ide , o
a hi d-pa y p o ide ) do no inhe en ly bene i om i and,
hus, would ha e o be adequa ely compensa ed. Fou h, he
da a exchange ac i i y would need o be managed by a da a
space p o ide . Howe e , his ac o does also no di ec ly ben-
e i om ocal alue p oposi ion I and would equi e inancial
compensa ion o he da a space p o ision. This aises un-
damen al inancing issues, as he p ima y da a consume s—
publicly unded, non-p o i CEPs (clus e 1 and 2)—would
bene i om imp o ed e en da a a ailabili y and quali y bu
lack he inancial esou ces o compensa e ac o s ha conduc
he necessa y da a ecosys em ac i i ies.
Consequen ly, he en isioned VPS cul u al da a ecosys-
em is cu en ly unlikely o lou ish wi hou ex e nal und-
ing because ac o s needed o c ucial ac i i ies a e no he
p ima y bene icia ies. Ei he public subsidies o al e na i e
inancing models (e.g., co po a e sponso ing) could be consid-
e ed o inancially suppo essen ial ac o s who a e no di ec
bene icia ies. O he wise, despi e i s socie al alue, his VPS
cul u al da a ecosys em would s uggle o unc ion e ec i ely.
Focal Value P oposi ion II Fo icke p o ide CEPs, ou
esul s indica e ha addi ional da a se ices, in pa icula
pe sonalized ecommenda ions, ha e he po en ial o be he
mos impo an bene i de i ed om da a-sha ing. I use
and e en da a om mul iple CEPs we e sha ed in his da a
ecosys em, i would be possible o p o ide a ecommende
sys em o e en seeke s wi h simila p e e ences. This
would c ea e addi ional alue o e en seeke s by imp o -
ing hei sea ch expe ience and ul ima ely helping hem ind
he cul u al e en s ha bes ma ch hei pe sonal p e e ences
in a one-s op shop ashion ia hei p e e ed CEP. We label
his VPS cul u al da a ecosys em ‘Pe sonalized ecommen-
da ions o e en disco e abili y.’
Ac i i ies o be unde aken o his alue p oposi ion
a e use da a p o ision, secu e use da a exchange, use
da a analysis and ecommenda ion model p o ision, and
ecommenda ion model in eg a ion. Use da a can be p o-
ided because CEPs collec use da a based on egis a ion
op ions, icke sales, o communi y unc ions. Secu e use
da a exchange e e s o he secu ed and us ed da a-sha ing
o use da a be ween di e en CEPs in acco dance wi h use
da a p o ec ion egula ions. Use da a analysis and ecom-
menda ion model p o ision in ol es p ocessing and ana-
lyzing use da a o gene a e a ecommenda ion se ice ha
bene i s CEPs. Las ly, ecommenda ion model in eg a ion
means ha CEPs in eg a e he ecommenda ion se ice in o
hei pla o m o enhance e en disco e abili y.
Ac o s include CEP a che ypes, he da a space p o ide ,
and he da a analysis p o ide . In addi ion o he business
model oles o da a p o ide and ede a o desc ibed o
ocal alue p oposi ion I, his VPS cul u al da a ecosys em
comp ises wo addi ional business model oles: da a analysis
p o ide (i.e., ac o s ha p o ide da a analysis as a se ice)
and da a analysis consume (i.e., ac o s ha eques da a
analysis se ices) (K aeme e al., 2023). Table7 designa es
each ac i i y o a business model ole and o ac o s ha
could ul ill hese oles needed o he ocal alue p oposi-
ion II o ma e ialize.
Table 7 Ac i i ies and ac o s
o he VPS cul u al da a
ecosys em Pe sonalized
ecommenda ions o e en
disco e abili y
No e: Po en ial ac o s shown in pa en heses would only ul il a limi ed ole
Ac i i ies Da a ecosys em business
model ac o ole
Po en ial ac o s
Use da a p o ision Da a p o ide Clus e s 5, 6 (clus e s 1, 2, 4)
Seamless use da a exchange Fede a o Da a space p o ide
Use da a analysis and ecommenda ion
model p o ision
Da a analysis p o ide Thi d-pa y p o ide , clus e 6
Recommenda ion model in eg a ion Da a analysis consume Clus e s 4, 5, 6 (clus e s 1, 2, 3)
Elec onic Ma ke s (2025) 35:47 47 Page 18 o 22
Ticke p o ide s (clus e s 5 and 6) could ul ill he ole o
use da a p o ide s, as hey collec use da a h ough egis-
a ion, icke pu chases, and communi y unc ions such as
use e iews (see Appendix TableA4). By con as , mos
CEPs o a che ype clus e 1, 2, and 4 collec only limi ed
use da a—i any—as hey nei he equi e use egis a ion
o using pla o m se ices no p o ide di ec icke ing.
The ole o upcoming e en pla o ms (clus e 3) emains
unce ain, as hey a e s ill in he p ocess o iden i ying hei
business models. These pla o ms a e p obably eluc an o
sha e use da a bu may be po en ial da a analysis consum-
e s, willing o pu chase a pe sonalized ecommenda ion se -
ice. The da a space p o ide would again ac as a ede a o .
The da a analysis p o ide plays a key ole in his ecosys em
by p ocessing use and e en da a o de elop pe sonalized
ecommenda ions. This ole could be ul illed ei he by a
hi d-pa y p o ide specializing in ecommenda ion se -
ices o by a echnically ad anced CEP om he clus e 6
a che ype. These CEPs would ac as a da a analysis p o ide
i he ecommenda ion se ice could be inancially mon-
e ized, ei he h ough di ec usage ees o indi ec bene i s
such as inc eased icke ing. We no e ha he e could be a
po en ial con lic o in e es o clus e 6 as he CEPs in his
a che ype migh ha e an incen i e o p io i ize hei own
e en s in he ecommenda ion algo i hm.
The digi al wo kshop esul s indica e a b oad in e es in in e-
g a ing a pe sonalized ecommenda ion se ice by all CEPs
om di e en a che ypes. Howe e , while clus e s 4, 5, and 6
ha e he inancial esou ces o pu chase he se ice, clus e s 1,
2, and 3 mos ly lack hese esou ces o pa icipa e in his VPS
cul u al da a ecosys em (see Table5). This leads o a c ucial
socie al conce n: while p o i -d i en icke ing pla o ms (clus e
4, 5 and 6) s and o gain subs an ial bene i s, publicly unded,
non-p o i CEPs (clus e 1 and clus e 2) and upcoming CEPs
(clus e 3) could be excluded due o inancial limi a ions.
In con as o ocal alue p oposi ion I, ocal alue p opo-
si ion II could c ea e a inancially sel -sus aining VPS cul-
u al da a ecosys em wi h he po en ial o enhance e en
disco e abili y. Howe e , i he eme ging cul u al da a eco-
sys em was p ima ily in ended o help lesse -known c ea-
i e a is s, by p omo ing a di e se cul u al landscape, and
p e en ing he consolida ion o monopolis ic s uc u es in
he CEP landscape (Aca ech, 2023), he impac o his VPS
cul u al da a ecosys em may be undesi able om a socie al
poin o iew. I le pu ely o ma ke o ces, his VPS cul-
u al da a ecosys em would isk ampli ying he dominance
o la ge icke ing p o ide s while sidelining publicly unded
non-p o i CEPs ha lack he inancial means o pa icipa-
ion. Thus, ocal alue p oposi ion II necessi a es ca e ul
design and go e nance conside a ions o balance addi-
ional alue o e en seeke s wi h he p omo ion o cul u al
di e si y.
Conclusion
Ou s udy p o ides a comp ehensi e analysis o CEPs,
o e ing a no el axonomy and clus e ing o business mod-
els o be e unde s and hei ole in he eme ging cul u al
da a ecosys em. Th ough a mul iple-me hods app oach, we
iden i ied six dis inc business model a che ypes, e lec ing
he di e se ways in which CEPs c ea e, deli e , and cap u e
alue. Ou quali a i e insigh s om pla o m p o ide u -
he highligh he a ying pe spec i es on he oppo uni ies
and challenges o da a-sha ing in his indus y.
Ou indings emphasize ha CEPs a e highly he e ogene-
ous, anging om local e en in o ma ion p o ide s o global
pla o ms wi h ex ensi e se ice o e ings. This di e si y
di ec ly in luences hei ac o oles and ac i i ies wi hin he
eme ging cul u al da a ecosys em as di e en business mod-
els en ail di e en bene i s and obs acles when engaging in
da a-sha ing. Ra he han assuming a uni o m da a ecosys-
em, ou esul s e eal ha he cul u al da a ecosys em is
mo e accu a ely concep ualized as a ne wo k o in e wined
da a ecosys ems, each s uc u ed a ound a speci ic ocal
alue p oposi ion ha aligns wi h di e en business model
a che ypes (i.e., a VPS cul u al da a ecosys em).
Based on ou business model axonomy, clus e analysis, and
quali a i e insigh s, we iden i y wo p ima y ocal alue p opo-
si ions ha could se e as s uc u al pilla s o he eme ging
cul u al da a ecosys em. The i s , E en da a isibili y o cul-
u al en ichmen , p ima ily bene i s publicly unded, non-p o i
CEPs, enabling da a s anda diza ion and cos -e icien con en
agg ega ion o enhance e en disco e abili y and inc ease he
ep esen a ion o less-well-known c ea i e a is s. Howe e , his
da a ecosys em aces signi ican inancial and s uc u al chal-
lenges, as he key ac o s equi ed o sus ain da a s anda diza ion
and exchange lack in insic inancial incen i es, and he e o e
would equi e ex e nal unding o subsidies.
The second, Pe sonalized ecommenda ions o e en
disco e abili y, ca e s o p o i -d i en icke ing pla o ms
and o e s da a-d i en se ices such as pe sonalized e en
ecommenda ions by le e aging sha ed e en and use da a.
While his da a ecosys em has he po en ial o be inancially
sel -sus aining, i isks ein o cing he dominance o la ge
comme cial CEPs, po en ially excluding publicly unded
pla o ms ha lack he inancial esou ces o pa icipa e in
ad anced da a-sha ing ini ia i es.
Theo e ical con ibu ions
This s udy makes wo impo an heo e ical con ibu ions
a he pe iphe y o da a ecosys em esea ch: Fi s , we ha e
de eloped a axonomy and deduced a che ypes ha ex end
he body o scien i ic knowledge on axonomies and clas-
si ica ions o da a-sha ing business models (Mölle e al.,
Elec onic Ma ke s (2025) 35:47 Page 19 o 22 47
2022). We syn hesize exis ing knowledge and enable he
es ablishmen o a sha ed unde s anding o CEP business
models in eme ging da a ecosys ems, hus o e ing a “ heo y
o analyzing” (G ego , 2006). By iden i ying six a che ypes
ha ep esen di e se app oaches o alue c ea ion, da a-
sha ing eadiness, and inancial sus ainabili y, we p o ide
a ounda ion ha enables esea che s o analyze he ole o
business models in he eme ging cul u al da a ecosys em.
Second, we ex end he li e a u e on da a ecosys ems by
in oducing a s uc u ally ele an pe spec i e on hei eme -
gence, hus answe ing calls o u he esea ch on his opic
(Gelhaa & O o, 2020; Heinz e al., 2022). Mos s udies on
da a ecosys ems ocus on highly comme cialized and ech-
nologically ma u e indus ies, whe e alue cap u e mecha-
nisms a e well es ablished. By con as , ou s udy applies he
ecosys em-as-s uc u e iew (Adne , 2017) o a he e ogene-
ous and agmen ed indus y, demons a ing how eme ging
da a ecosys ems mus be unde s ood h ough he in e play o
ac o s, ac i i ies, and ocal alue p oposi ions. Ra he han
iewing da a ecosys ems as singula en i ies, ou indings
indica e ha mul iple in e wined da a ecosys ems could
co-exis wi hin he same indus y, each s uc u ed a ound a
dis inc alue p oposi ion ha a ac s di e en ac o g oups.
Manage ial con ibu ions
The he e ogeneous na u e o he CEP ma ke makes i di -
icul o pla o m manage s o na iga e business model
decisions and iden i y s a egic oppo uni ies o da a-
d i en inno a ion. Ou s udy assis s pla o m manage s by
p o iding a s uc u ed business model axonomy and six
a che ypes, helping hem selec app op ia e business model
cha ac e is ics o a che ypes, he eby enhancing he busi-
ness model inno a ion p ocess (Schoo mann e al., 2023).
Mo eo e , esou ce dispa i ies among CEPs c ea e signi i-
can ba ie s o da a-sha ing pa icipa ion in he cul u al da a
ecosys em. CEPs wi h high inancial esou ces and ad anced
digi al skills can easily collec , en e , and manage e en
da a, whe eas hose wi h low inancial esou ces s uggle
wi h hese asks due o limi ed ime, budge , o echnical
expe ise (Bo in e al., 2018). Addi ionally, he echnologi-
cal in as uc u e equi ed o p ocess and dissemina e e en
in o ma ion emains a majo challenge (Ja ke, 2023). These
insigh s highligh he s uc u al imbalances in he CEP ma -
ke and emphasize he need o a ge ed suppo mechanisms
o enable b oade pa icipa ion in da a ecosys ems.
Ou s udy also p o ides key insigh s o da a ecosys em
designe s by analyzing he p ac ical challenges o da a-sha -
ing in he cul u al e en indus y. Ou indings indica e ha ,
while he concep o he cul u al da a ecosys em holds s ong
po en ial, inancial esou ce alloca ion emains a decisi e
ac o o i s success. Key enabling ac i i ies—such as da a
s anda diza ion, in eg a ion, and go e nance—a e essen ial
o a unc ioning da a ecosys em bu lack inhe en inancial
incen i es o he ac o s bes posi ioned o unde ake hem.
As a esul , ou s udy highligh s he s uc u al and economic
ba ie s ha ough o be o e come, emphasizing ha wi h-
ou ex e nal inancial suppo mechanisms (e.g., subsidies,
unding p og ams), an inclusi e and sus ainable cul u al da a
ecosys em is unlikely o eme ge.
Limi a ions and u u e esea ch
We acknowledge ha ou s udy is no ee om limi a ions.
As highligh ed by Nicke son e al. (2013), axonomies, how-
e e aluable, inhe en ly su e om biases due o esea ch-
e s’ subjec i e in e p e a ions and decisions. The de elop-
men o ou axonomy elies on in o ma ion a ailable on
he espec i e CEPs’ websi es. I is c ucial o no e ha ou
examina ion was limi ed o publicly accessible in o ma ion.
Any da a concealed beyond public access, such as con en
exclusi ely a ailable o cul u al a is s, emained beyond ou
pu iew o analysis. To o e come his limi a ion, u u e
esea ch could in ol e di e en app oaches like pa icipan
obse a ion o case s udies o gain deepe insigh s in o he
inne wo kings o CEPs. Such a holis ic app oach would
allow o a mo e nuanced unde s anding o he ac o s shap-
ing he business models and p ac ices o hese pla o ms,
including any hidden o exclusi e con en accessible only
o cul u al a is s.
Simila ly, ou clus e analysis is subjec o a iabili y
owing o he di e se algo i hms a ailable o de e mining
op imal clus e numbe s. Howe e , he iden i ica ion o
app op ia e clus e s emains ins umen al in gaining a deepe
unde s anding o CEPs and hei chosen business models.
Ou esul s se e as a s a ing poin o u he in es iga-
ion. Consequen ly, u u e esea ch can del e in o al e na i e
algo i hms o assess he obus ness o ou analysis.
Addi ionally, limi a ions may a ise om ou sample
selec ion p ocess, which mainly consis s o 110 CEPs in
Ge many along wi h 41 om Aus ia and Swi ze land. I
is wo h no ing ha he selec ion p ocess in ol ed a com-
bina ion o andom in e ne sea ches and le e aging he
ne wo k o expe s we consul ed, pa icula ly hose who
we e amilia wi h smalle , lesse -known CEPs. Ne e he-
less, we encou age u u e esea ch o expand he da ase
o include o he coun ies, beyond he Ge man-speaking
cul u al sphe e.
Fu he mo e, i is impo an o no e ha ou in e iews
we e conduc ed wi h a ela i ely limi ed numbe o pa -
icipan s, selec ed on he basis o speci ic cha ac e is ics
and backg ounds aligning wi h he espec i e clus e s. To
enhance he b oade applicabili y o ou indings, we sug-
ges ha u u e esea ch s i es o employ la ge and mo e
di e se samples o p o ide a mo e comp ehensi e unde -
s anding o he subjec ma e .
Elec onic Ma ke s (2025) 35:47 47 Page 20 o 22
Finally, we p opose wo po en ial ocal alue p opo-
si ions (and he e o e, wo dis inc , bu in e wined da a
ecosys ems). Howe e , hese conside a ions a e only he
i s s ep in he eme gence o he cul u al da a ecosys em,
and u he in es iga ions a e needed. Fu u e esea ch
could in es iga e in mo e dep h he posi ions, links, and
u he po en ial ac o s (such as cul u al e en p o ide s)
wi hin ecosys ems, based on Adne ’s amewo k (Adne ,
2017). This could in ol e u ilizing app op ia e modeling
languages, such as business model modelling languages
(Szopinski e al., 2022; Vo bohle & Kundisch, 2022), and
designing a minimum iable da a ecosys em wi h an ade-
qua e numbe o i s -mo e CEPs (Adne , 2012). A ques-
ion ha a ises om ou esul s is whe he he iden i ied
and signi ican numbe o publicly unded CEPs should be
“in oduced” o he cul u al da a ecosys em by legisla ion.
On he one hand, his would c ea e a se ing whe e a su -
icien numbe o pa icipan s a end. Howe e , i would
be le o poli ical decision-make s o decide who should
bea he da a ecosys em pa icipa ion cos s (e.g., ci ies,
dis ic s, egions, o ede al s a es). On he o he hand, he
economic and monopolis ic e ec s o his legisla ion need
o be u he in es iga ed. A e es ablishing and alida ing
a minimum iable da a ecosys em wi h ac i ely pa icipa -
ing CEPs, u u e esea ch could hen analyze he in lu-
ence o da a-sha ing on o he cul u al ac o s, such as e en
p o ide s, and include u he ac o s om closely ela ed
cul u al domains o ealize addi ional alue p oposi ions
(Webe e al., 2024).
Supplemen a y In o ma ion The online e sion con ains supplemen-
a y ma e ial a ailable a h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1007/ s12525- 025- 00790-y.
Acknowledgemen s The au ho s would like o hank all s uden assis-
an s om ou chai o hei excellen assis ance. This wo k was pa -
ially suppo ed by he Bundes egie ung ü Kul u und Medien (BKM)
wi hin he p ojec Da en aum Kul u (h ps:// www. aca e ch. de/ p oje k /
da en aum- kul u /).
Funding Open Access unding enabled and o ganized by P ojek
DEAL.
Da a A ailabili y All da a suppo ing he indings o his s udy a e
included in he manusc ip and/o heOnline Appendix.
Decla a ions
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