Ma i, Michela; Poggesi, Sa a; Aba ecola, Gianpaolo; Esse s, Ca oline
A icle
Women en ep eneu s and inno a ion: Re ospec and
p ospec
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Else ie
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Ma i, Michela; Poggesi, Sa a; Aba ecola, Gianpaolo; Esse s, Ca oline (2024) :
Women en ep eneu s and inno a ion: Re ospec and p ospec , Jou nal o Inno a ion &
Knowledge (JIK), ISSN 2444-569X, Else ie , Ams e dam, Vol. 9, Iss. 3, pp. 1-12,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100519
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Women en ep eneu s and inno a ion: Re ospec and p ospec
Michela Ma i
a,
*, Sa a Poggesi
a
, Gianpaolo Aba ecola
a
, Ca oline Esse s
b
a
Depa men o Managemen and Law, School o Economics, To Ve ga a Uni e si y o Rome, Via Columbia, 2, Rome 00133, I aly
b
Ins i u e o Managemen Resea ch, Nijmegen Uni e si y, The Ne he lands
ARTICLE INFO
A icle His o y:
Recei ed 23 May 2023
Accep ed 17 July 2024
A ailable online 7 Augus 2024
ABSTRACT
This pape answe s he call o a deepe unde s anding o inno a ion issues in ela ion o emale en e-
p eneu ship. In doing so, i o e s a comp ehensi e and upda ed pic u e o he s a e o he a o managemen
esea ch on inno a ion in women-owned fi ms. Specifically, by conduc ing a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew,
which is widely used in managemen s udies, and by using igo ous and eplicable c i e ia, his manusc ip
seeks o unde s and his c ucial in e sec ion h ough an in dep h in es iga ion o 48 pape s, hus add essing
a ele an gap ha exis s in li e a u e o da e. Resul s demons a e ha , despi e he inc easing a en ion
gi en o emale en ep eneu ship and inno a ion a bo h poli ical and social le els, due o hei key ole
wo ldwide, a significan gap in he in eg a ion o hese wo a eas s ill exis s. Thus, i is ime o schola s o
eimagine he concep o inno a ion and o explo e he un apped po en ial wi hin emale en ep eneu ship,
edefining and b inging o ligh all he ace s ha inno a ion may ha e. The s udy p o ides a enues on which
schola s should ocus in o de o help policy make s o wo k owa ds os e ing a mo e inclusi e and dynamic
en ep eneu ial ecosys em ha empowe s women o d i e inno a ion and economic g ow h.
© 2024 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie España, S.L.U. on behal o Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge. This
is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license
(h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Keywo ds:
Women en ep eneu ship
Gende
Inno a ion
Sys ema ic li e a u e e iew
JEL classifica ion:
L26
In oduc ion
Acco ding o Schumpe e ’s, 1934 seminal s udy, in an indus ial
con ex , inno a ion is associa ed wi h he c ea ion o new ou pu s, o
imp o ed goods, new o ganiza ional s uc u es, new ma ke s, o new
p oduce s. Since hen, se e al u he defini ions o inno a ion ha e
been p oposed and de eloped and many analyses o i s impac on he
economy ha e been pe o med (e.g., Ba egheh, Rowley & Samb ook,
2009). Today, a gene al ag eemen eme ges in defining inno a ion as
he success ul c ea ion and implemen a ion o c ea i e/new ideas
(e.g., Alsos, Hy i & Ljungg en, 2016;S ein, 1974;Woodman, Sawye
& G i fin, 1993). T adi ionally, inno a ion is pe cei ed o be s ic ly
connec ed wi h echnological p og ess o he poin ha he “linea
model o inno a ion” heo e ical amewo k has domina ed (and,
somehow, s ill does) o many yea s. In oduced in he 1980s in he
field o inno a ion s udies, he model is “based on he assump ion
ha inno a ion is applied science. I is ‘linea ’because he e is a well-
defined se o s ages ha inno a ions a e assumed o go h ough.
Resea ch (science) comes fi s , hen de elopmen , and finally p oduc-
ion and ma ke ing...”(Fage be g e al., 2005, p. 8). Inno a ion is,
hus, adi ionally concep ualized as he esul o basic and applied
esea ch, de elopmen , p oduc ion, and dis ibu ion.
As ecen ly unde lined by au ho s such as Ch
a ez-Ri e a, Ruíz-
Jim
enez and Fuen es-Fuen es (2024), despi e he way in which inno-
a ion is concep ualized, he e is consensus, oday, on he ac ha
inno a ion is a i al ac o o he success o businesses and a key
d i e o compe i i e ad an age and i s ole is e en mo e c ucial in
he case o small and medium-sized en e p ises (SMEs) (e.g., Rashid
& Ra en, 2020). Howe e , i is no ewo hy ha he significance o
his opic is no eflec ed in a comp ehensi e explo a ion o all ace s
o inno a ion in managemen s udies. A pa icula ly c ucial aspec is
he obse a ion ha , wi hin o ganiza ional inno a ion esea ch,
he e is bo h a s ong gende bias in academic s udies and a ce ain
deg ee o gende blindness in his field. (e.g., Aud e sch, Beli ski &
B ush, 2022;Ranga & E zkowi z, 2010). On he one hand, indeed, cal-
cula ing in es men s in “Resea ch and De elopmen ”was a ypical
me hod o measu e inno a ion due o he abo e-ci ed dominance o
he linea model o inno a ion heo e ical amewo k. I his p oxy
can be easily applied in he manu ac u ing sec o , basically pe cei ed
as male-domina ed, he si ua ion pa ially changes when conside ing
he se ice sec o whe e so ypes o inno a ions gene ally happen
and whe e mos women-owned fi ms a e es ablished. On he o he
hand, when aking inno a ion s udies in o accoun (e.g., Alsos e al.,
2016;Poggesi, Ma i & Schilleci, 2024;Ranga & E zkowi z, 2010;
Seigne , Milano & McKenny, 2022), o e ime i eme ges ha he
ocus is on o ganiza ions and ins i u ions, bo h a coun y and
egional le els, de o ing li le a en ion o he inno a o , as an
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (M. Ma i).
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100519
2444-569X/© 2024 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie España, S.L.U. on behal o Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license
(h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100519
Jou nal o Inno a ion
&Knowledge
h ps://www.jou nals.else ie .com/jou nal-o -inno a ion-and-knowledge
indi idual, and, consequen ly, o he ela ed gende . Howe e , a
socially cons uc ed assump ion seems o eme ge ha women a e
less inno a i e han men (e.g., Hen y, Foss & Ahl, 2016;Ranga & E z-
kowi z, 2010).
Mo ing he a en ion om inno a ion o en ep eneu ial s ud-
ies, whe e an emphasis on he ole o he (male/ emale) en ep e-
neu can undoub edly be obse ed, i is a ma e o ac ha
esea ch on inno a ion in women-owned fi ms s ill lags behind
(e.g., Alsos, Hy i & Ljungg en, 2013;B ush e al., 2022;Jennings
& B ush, 2013;Ma i & Poggesi, 2024), which can be explained by
he unde ep esen a ion o women in inno a ion-d i en sec o s;
he majo i y o women-owned fi ms a e p edominan ly es ab-
lished in low alue-added and low echnology-based sec o s such
as e ail, heal hca e, and educa ion (B ush, Edelman, Manolo a &
Wel e , 2019;GEM, 2023;Jennings & B ush, 2013;OECD/Eu o-
pean Union, 2023). The da a on in ol emen in he ICT sec o is
pa icula ly clea ; only 2.3% o women wo k in his sec o com-
pa ed o 5.3% o men (GEM, 2023). This concen a ion in he so
called adi ionally emale-dominan sec o s limi s he po en ial
o high g ow h and inno a ion, which a e mo e p e alen in
echnology-in ensi e indus ies.
Se e al easons can explain his si ua ion. This s udy pa icu-
la ly highligh s he impo ance o women’s educa ional and ain-
ing backg ounds. Fo ins ance, he mos ecen da a o Eu ope
show ha women comp ise nea ly one- hi d o STEM g adua es
in 2021 (Eu os a , 2024). Schola s ha e sugges ed mul iple ea-
sons o explaining his gende dispa i y in STEM educa ion
including he pe sis ence o gende s e eo ypes in socie y, amily
socializa ion s ill based on adi ional gende oles, job- ela ed
gende seg ega ion and, las bu no leas , he lack o emale ole
models and men o s (e.g., Poggesi, Ma i, De Vi a & Foss, 2020;
Smeding, 2012). As a consequence, he obs acles o women o
en e high- echnology sec o s, he sec o s ha a e mos ly in es i-
ga ed when inno a ion issues a e s udied, a e s ill massi e.
The e o e, i is no su p ising ha he e is only a niche o s udies,
o da e, ha has ocused on he in e winemen among inno a-
ion, gende , and en ep eneu ship in he managemen field.
Howe e , as his in e sec ion holds significan po en ial o bol-
s e ing he socioeconomic de elopmen o bo h mo e de eloped
coun ies and eme ging economies, i wa an s g ea e a en ion
and unde s anding.
Gi en his p emise, he aim o his pape is o p o ide an upda ed
con ibu ion o he esea ch on he ela ionship be ween gende and
inno a ion, p o iding a comp ehensi e o e iew o he cu en s a e
o he a o managemen esea ch on inno a ion in women-owned
fi ms h ough a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew (SLR). This e iew iden-
ifies he de e minan s ha d i e inno a ion, examines he e ec s o
inno a ion on fi m ou comes, explo es he p essing challenges
women encoun e , and sugges s po en ial solu ions.
Specifically, he au ho s sys ema ically in es iga e and compa e
48 pape s by examining how each pape add esses inno a ion,
whe he as an inpu o an ou come o he managemen p ocess. This
pionee ing analysis led o he iden ifica ion o wo dis inc clus e s
and he esul s clea ly indica e ha bo h en ep eneu ship and inno-
a ion a e gende ed, as is he esea ch conduc ed in hese a eas.
Consequen ly, he adop ion o a gende -neu al app oach in
esea ch as well as he need o del e deepe in o he in es iga ed sec-
o , ype o inno a ion, and he con ex ual g ounding o fi ms eme ge
as c ucial a eas o u u e analyses.
The s uc u e o he pape esul s as ollows: fi s ly, consolida ed
findings ega ding women en ep eneu s and inno a ion a e p e-
sen ed; hen, a desc ip ion o he me hodology adop ed and he SLR
p o ocol a e p o ided. The esul ing ends eme ging om esea ch
a e p esen ed and he main hema ic a eas a e subsequen ly ana-
lyzed. Acco dingly, he implica ions o esea ch and policy a e dis-
cussed.
Women en ep eneu s and inno a ion: consolida ed findings
Discou se a ound women en ep eneu ship has gained subs an-
ial momen um in ecen yea s, wi h schola s and p ac i ione s
de o ing conside able a en ion o unde s anding i s peculia i ies
and dis inc i e ea u es.
This a en ion is u he ein o ced by yea ly da a and s a is ics
om he Global En ep eneu ship Moni o (GEM) epo . The mos
ecen e sion eleased, GEM 2022/23, highligh s ha , globally, 1 ou
o 6 women exp ess a s ong inclina ion owa ds s a ing an
en ep eneu ial en u e in he nea u u e, agains 1 ou o 5 men.
Mo eo e , as GEM (2023) unde lines, he coun ies in which wom-
en’s in en ions o become en ep eneu s a e he highes a e low-
income coun ies (28.2%) in con as o a much lowe pe cen age
(11%) obse ed in high-income coun ies.
While hese s a is ics ep esen only a ac ion o he complex
global landscape o women’s en ep eneu ship, hey unde sco e ha
significan challenges pe sis , hinde ing he ealiza ion o women’s
ull po en ial in d i ing inno a ion and os e ing economic g ow h.
Among hese challenges, we can ci e:
Ac i i y sec o : om he GEM 2022/2023 epo da a, he e is s ill
e idence o he high concen a ion o women en ep eneu s in
low alue-added and low echnology-based sec o s such as e ail,
heal hca e, and educa ion. The da a on in ol emen in he ICT sec-
o is pa icula ly clea ; only 2.3% o women wo k in his sec o
compa ed o 5.3% o men (W/M a io o 0.43) (GEM, 2023).
Access o finance: o e he yea s, schola s ha e in es iga ed bo h
he demand side and he supply side o financing o women
en ep eneu s and esul s show women en ep eneu s o en ace
g ea e di ficul ies in accessing financial esou ces compa ed o
men. This dispa i y can be a ibu ed o a a ie y o ac o s includ-
ing gende biases in lending p ac ices (see o example Bellucci,
Bo iso & Zazza o, 2010;Ca e , Shaw, Lam & Wilson, 2007;
Kanze, Huang, Conley & Higgins, 2018;Wilson, Ca e , Tagg, Shaw
& Lam, 2007) and lack o colla e al. These conside a ions a e
eflec ed also in B ush, G eene, Balachand a and Da is (2018)
s udy, in which he au ho s poin ou ha women en ep eneu s
s ill ace a lowe a ac ion o ea ly-s age equi y in es men s in
compa ison o hei male coun e pa , while esea ch clea ly
poin s ou he impo ance o en u e capi al unding o he
g ow h o inno a i e s a ups (e.g., Kanze e al., 2018;Le ne &
Nanda, 2020).
Ne wo king: en ep eneu ial ne wo ks (including p o essional
ne wo ks, business, and ade associa ions) a e desc ibed as in e -
media e ins i u ions be ween he mac o-socie y and economy-
wide le el and he mic o-le el (B ush, De B uin & Wel e , 2009).
O e he yea s, esea ch has e ified ha women equen ly ha e
limi ed access o ne wo ks ha a e c ucial o hei en ep eneu -
ial success, hus limi ing hei abili y o gain men o ship, esou -
ces, and business oppo uni ies. The male-domina ed na u e o
many indus y ne wo ks and he consequen gende biases and
exclusiona y p ac ices u he exace ba e his challenge (B ush e
al., 2019a; S am, A zlanian & El ing, 2021).
Socie al and cul u al no ms: socie al expec a ions and cul u al
no ms o en make balancing wo k and li e pa icula ly challeng-
ing o women, especially o women en ep eneu s. Acco ding o
he OECD (2024), men in OECD coun ies spen an a e age o 2 h,
27 min pe day o unpaid wo k las yea , while women spen 4 h,
39 min. This significan dispa i y in amily and ca egi ing espon-
sibili ies can se e ely impac he g ow h ambi ions and en ep e-
neu ial ac i i ies o women.
Educa ional backg ound: acco ding o Eu os a , a highe pe cen -
age o women ha e e ia y educa ion compa ed wi h men (48%
o women and 37% o men, espec i ely) in 2022 (Eu os a , 2023).
Howe e , in 2021, in he EU, women accoun ed o only 32.8% o
M. Ma i, S. Poggesi, G. Aba ecola e al. Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100519
2
e ia y educa ion g adua es in STEM fields (Eu os a , 2024). The
lowe ep esen a ion o women in STEM fields impac s hei abil-
i y o en e high-g ow h, echnology-d i en sec o s.
The abo e-men ioned cha ac e is ics can be ead as subs an ial
obs acles ha hinde he ull ealiza ion o women’s po en ial in d i -
ing inno a ion. The aim o his pape is, he e o e, o pe o m a com-
p ehensi e o e iew o he s a e o he a o managemen esea ch
on inno a ion in women-owned fi ms o iden i y u he p essing
challenges and po en ial solu ions.
The sys ema ic li e a u e e iew a ionale
SLR me hodology
The s udy add esses he esea ch ques ion by conduc ing a SLR,
which ollows he adi ional managemen app oach based on igo -
ous c i e ia (e.g., Newbe , 2008;Pi away & Cope, 2007;Tho pe,
Hol , Macphe son & Pi away, 2005;T anfield, Denye & Sma ,
2003). The esea ch has been conduc ed on pape s published up o
1s Ap il 2024. The esea ch da abases chosen o he analysis a e
Scopus, Web o Science (WoS), and EBSCOhos and he ollowing key-
wo ds ha e been sea ched in he pape s’abs ac :
In he 1s ow −(“inno a *”)(
1
)
In he 2nd ow −AND (“ emale”o “wom*”o “gende ”)
In he 3 d ow −AND (“fi m*”o “en e *”o “own*”o “business*”o
“co po a ion*”o “compan*”o “en ep*”o “ en u e*”o “SME*”
o “o ganiza ion*”o “o ganiza ion*”)
The selec ed keywo d in he fi s ow ensu ed inclusion o all
hose pape s dealing wi h inno a ion issues, while he chosen key-
wo ds in ows 2 and 3 iden ified hose a icles ha a e specifically
ocused on he ole o women as en ep eneu s in managemen s ud-
ies (e.g., Poggesi e al., 2020).
Table 1 shows he sea ch op ions selec ed o each da abase.
The p ocess ollowed ou s eps o selec ele an pape s.
Fi s ly, duplica e a icles wi hin each da abase and among he
h ee da abases ha e been emo ed.
Secondly, abs ac s esul ing om he esea ch ha e been
e iewed o ensu e he pape s’subs an i e con ex . In his ein, fi e
main inclusion/exclusion c i e ia ha e been used, namely: i) disca d-
ing pape s ela ed o women manage s/scien is s in he inno a ion
p ocess; ii) disca ding pape s ela ed o he women s uden s’a i ude
owa ds en ep eneu ship; iii) disca ding pape s ocused on women’s
en ep eneu ial in en ions; i ) including only published a icles in
pee - e iewed jou nals; and ) including only pape s w i en in
English. He e, a en ion mus be paid o he ac ha a numbe o
pape s ha e been disca ded, as hey used he wo d “inno a *”, ac u-
ally jus o pu he accen on he no el y o he conduc ed esea ch,
wi hou any e e ence wi hin he manusc ip s, o any kind o inno a-
ion p ocess.
Thi dly, a ull- ex analysis was unde aken o he 172 selec ed
pape s o ensu e a icles’subs an i e ele ance. In doing his, he
au ho s ha e applied again he p e iously iden ified fi e c i e ia and
he ull ex o all he po en ially ele an a icles we e ead acco d-
ing o wo main c i e ia, i.e., i) heo e ical s eng h, and ii) ocus on
he issue o inno a ion in ela ion o emale en ep eneu ship, hus
emo ing hose wo ks showing poo esea ch design and no cen-
e ed on he abo e men ioned in e link. He e, i is wo h men ioning
ha a high numbe o pape s ha e been dele ed as hey do no ana-
lyze he in e ela ion among fi ms’ou comes/cha ac e is ics, gende ,
and inno a ion.
Thus, a e ca e ul conside a ion o 172 a icles, his s ep esul ed
in 126 esea ch a icles elimina ed om he da ase .
Fou hly, in o de o ensu e ha all ele an a icles we e included
in he final da ase , a acking o he exis ing documen s was con-
duc ed. This s ep o “hand sea ching”allowed he au ho s o add 2
mo e esea ch a icles, aking he o al numbe o a icles o 48.
SLR da a and sample
The phases o he conduc ed SLR desc ibed in he p e ious sec ion
as well as he s ep-by-s ep esul s in e ms o inclusion/exclusion o
pape s, which a e highligh ed in Fig. 1, a e hen syn he ized in he
PRISMA flow diag am, showing he comple e esea ch p ocess.
A e conduc ing he SLR, a final da ase comp ised 48 pape s and,
in o de o p ope ly manage hem, ollowing Hen y e al. (2016),a
hema ic eading guideline was de eloped (
2
). Then, an ad hoc coding
sys em was de eloped, conside ing wo main dimensions: i) each
pape ’s esea ch ques ion(s); and ii) how each pape add esses inno-
a ion. A e g ouping he codes acco ding o hei cohe ency, wo
main hemes eme ged (
3
), dis inguishing in pa icula be ween cases
in which inno a ion is he inpu o he ou come o he managemen
p ocess.
The e idence base
The analysis o he selec ed pape s shows some in e es ing
esul s.
Conside ing he numbe pape s published yea ly in pee -
e iewed in e na ional managemen jou nals, esul s om he da a-
se show ha all he a icles on his opic a e ela i ely ecen , wi h
he fi s pape da ing back o 2005. I is only om 2012 onwa ds ha
s abiliza ion in schola ly a en ion and publica ion ac i i y on his
opic has occu ed, as illus a ed in Fig. 2.
The dis ibu ion o he 48 publica ions o e he yea s e eals a
peak in 2019, wi h 8 pape s published, which is con as ed wi h se -
e al yea s whe e only 2 pape s we e published. This da a clea ly indi-
ca es ha he opic has ye o ecei e he ull and well-dese ed
a en ion in managemen s udies. Gi en he impo ance o he in es-
iga ed opic, i is easonable o hypo hesize ha he numbe o pub-
lica ions will inc ease and e en ually s abilize in he coming yea s.
The analysis o he ou le s o he selec ed publica ions e eals a
highly agmen ed si ua ion. O e he yea s, mo e han 30 di e en
Table 1
Sea ch op ions o he chosen da abases.
Da abase Sea ch c i e ia No. o a icles
Scopus Sea ch in: A icle Ti le, Abs ac , Key-
wo ds
Documen ype: A icle, Re iew
Subjec a ea: Business, managemen
and accoun ing
Da a ange: all yea s o 1.04.2024
Language: English
1671
Web o
Science (WoS)
Sea ch in: Topic
Documen ype: A icle, Re iew
Subjec a ea: Managemen , business
Da a ange: all yea s o 1.04.2024
Language: English
990
EBSCOhos Sea ch in: Abs ac
Documen ype: Academic Jou nals
Da a ange: all yea s o 01.04.2024
Language: English
Limi a ion: Schola ly (Pee
Re iewed) Jou nals
786
(1)
The as e isk a he end o a sea ch wo d allowed o di e en su fixes (e.g., “inno-
a ion”,“inno a i e”, e c.).
(2)
The eading guideline is a ailable om he au ho s.
(3)
The 3 heo e ical pape s in he da ase a e no included in any o he wo hemes.
M. Ma i, S. Poggesi, G. Aba ecola e al. Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100519
3
jou nals ha e published a leas one a icle ele an o his s udy’s
aim. Amid his agmen a ion, he In e na ional Jou nal o Gende and
En ep eneu ship s ands ou , ha ing published 5 o he 48 pape s in
he da ase . Table 2 highligh s he jou nals ha ha e shown he mos
commi men o he con e sa ion on his opic.
Wi h ega d o he na u e o he pape s, h ee s udies included in
he da ase a e pu ely heo e ical (Alsos e al., 2013;Kemppainen,
2019;Nai , 2020), while he o he 45 a e based on empi ical in es i-
ga ions, adop ing a ious ypes o analysis; among hem, e y e-
quen ly adop ed a e he eg ession analysis and he s uc u al
equa ion modeling (Table 3).
Fig. 1. SLR phases −PRISMA diag am.Sou ce: au ho s’elabo a ion.
Fig. 2. Pape s’dis ibu ion pe yea .Sou ce: au ho s’elabo a ion.
Table 2
Publica ions’ou le s.
Jou nal N. o pape s pe Jou nal
In e na ional Jou nal o Gende and En ep eneu ship 5
In e na ional Jou nal o En ep eneu ship and Small
Business
3
Small Business Economics 2
Table 3
Types o me hodologies adop ed.
Me hodology N. o pape s pe Me hodology
Theo e ical 3
Reg ession 25
SEM 8
Quali a i e Analysis 7
Fac o Analysis 1
Co ela ions 2
ANOVA 2
M. Ma i, S. Poggesi, G. Aba ecola e al. Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100519
4
Also, he samples’size conside ed in he analyzed pape s o
empi ical in es iga ions a y significan ly, anging, as an example,
om 6 women business ounde s in e iewed (Gup a & E zkowi z,
2021) o da a collec ed om mo e han 45,000 fi ms (Lagui & Den
Bes en, 2016).
Finally, he ange o he in es iga ed coun ies is also wide. The
majo i y o pape s is ocused on da a om a single coun y (e.g., US,
Sweden, F ance), bu he e a e also pape s, in pa icula hose pub-
lished mo e ecen ly, ha expand he ho izons o hei analyses mak-
ing c oss con ex -na ional in es iga ions (Fig. 3).
In he Appendix, a selec ion o he da ase pape s, including hei
Scopus ci a ion sco es, is p o ided. Wi h he excep ion o a limi ed
numbe o pape s, in gene al, he ci a ions o he pape s in he da a-
se a e ew (o en less han 50, e en o he olde pape s). This low
numbe o ci a ions can indica e ha he managemen communi y
engaged wi h his opic emains ela i ely small. This obse a ion
unde sco es he nascen s age o esea ch a he in e sec ion o
emale en ep eneu ship, inno a ion, and gende issues.
Analysis o he selec ed pape s
Wi h he aim o p esen ing a comple e pic u e o he s a e o he
a o esea ch on inno a ion in women-owned fi ms, he au ho s
ha e iden ified wo main hemes acco ding o how inno a ion is con-
side ed in each pape . Specifically, he wo hemes can be ou lined as
ollows:
Theme 1
−
Fac o s a ec ing inno a ion in women-owned fi ms.
Theme 2
−
How inno a ion a ec s women-owned fi ms’ou comes.
Theme 1
−
Fac o s a ec ing inno a ion in women-owned fi ms
Despi e he ele ance o esea ch on inno a ion, ac o s ha a e
able o a ec inno a ion in women-owned fi ms s ill need wide
a en ion by managemen schola s. Pape s associa ed wi h his
heme aim o ake a s ep o wa d in he con e sa ion, depic ing he
ole ha fi m-specific ac o s, indus y-specific ac o s, and/o human
capi al ac o s may ha e in influencing inno a i e ac i i ies in
women-owned fi ms. In e es ingly, he as majo i y o clus e ed
pape s a e no s ic ly ocused on he analyses o solely emale en e-
p eneu ship; ins ead, hey pe o m b oade in es iga ions, o en
compa ing male- and emale-owned fi ms.
In his ega d, Ch
a ez-Ri e a e al. (2024);Ma el, Lee and Wol e
(2015);Mas-Tu and So iano (2014), and P o oge ou, Caloghi ou and
Vono as (2017) can be ci ed; hey analyze how a fi m’s inno a ion
can be d i en by a numbe o ac o s, such as he na u e o he fi m’s
ope a ions, o he con ex /indus y in which he fi m ope a es, as
well as by human capi al esou ces.
Resul s om hese s udies clea ly highligh he gende ed na u e
o inno a ion ac i i ies and esea ch. Acco ding o Ma el e al.
(2015), indeed, an en ep eneu ’s gende canno be conside ed as a
key elemen o define he inno a i e po en ial o new en u es. How-
e e , “inno a ion is a gende ed p ocess wi h di e ences in indi idual
educa ion ype, in e fi m ne wo k ies, as well as new fi m egional
loca ion”(p. 656). Mo eo e , bo h Ma el e al. (2015) and P o o-
ge ou e al. (2017) measu ed inno a ion by conside ing p oduc
inno a ion and R&D expendi u es, hus no conside ing p ocess-o i-
en ed and o ganiza ional inno a ions which a e, ins ead, impo an
in low- ech and se ice sec o s whe e many women-owned fi ms
a e g ounded. In he same ein, Mas-Tu and So iano (2014) explain
hei esul s by conside ing ha women gene ally un small busi-
nesses. Fo hese easons, he pape by N€
ahlinde , Tillma and Wig en
(2015) is also wo h men ioning. These schola s, indeed, by using
gende -neu al e ms o ope a ionalize inno a ion and g ounding
hei s udy on a adi ionally defined emale sec o , i.e., heal hca e
and ca e se ices, e i y ha he e a e no subs an ial di e ences
be ween men and women in e ms o inno a i eness. Such a esul
is, he e o e, achie ed, acco ding o he au ho s, by de eloping a
s udy ha is no gende -biased i sel , hanks o he de elopmen o a
gende -awa e ope a ionaliza ion o inno a ion.
The o he pape s clus e ed in his heme de elop a mo e ocused
analysis, e i ying he e ec s o mo e specific ac o s on inno a ion.
Fo example, wo h no ing a e hose pape s ha s ess he ele ance
o ex e nal ela ionships and ne wo king o fi m inno a i eness. In
his ega d, he pape s by del Ma Fuen es-Fuen es, Bojica, Ruiz-
Fig. 3. Analyzed coun ies by pape . Sou ce: au ho s’elabo a ion.
M. Ma i, S. Poggesi, G. Aba ecola e al. Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100519
5
A oyoand and Wel e (2017) and Ruiz-Ruiz-A oyo, del Ma
Fuen es-Fuen es, Bojica and Rod íguez-A iza (2012) a e o pa icula
in e es . Focusing on he case o Spain, he schola s highligh
women-owned fi ms’abili y o es ablish and main ain close ela ions
wi h o he en ep eneu s and cus ome s, as well as wi h manage s
ope a ing in a ious indus ies; hus, acqui ing ui ul ex e nal
knowledge is s ic ly connec ed o hei abili y o inno a e. Along
his line, we can ci e he pape by Nai (2020) acco ding o which
women en ep eneu ship inno a ions can be os e ed h ough s ake-
holde s’in ol emen and engagemen .
This heme also includes hose clus e ed pape s ha mainly
del e in o he en ep eneu ’s cha ac e is ics o be e unde s and
how pe sonal cha ac e is ics may a ec he fi m’sinno a ion.
Lagui and Den Bes en (2016), o example, in es iga ing mo e
han 40,000 F ench male- and emale-owned fi ms in he
manu ac u ing and se ices sec o s, analyze how di e se ypes
and mix u es o en ep eneu s’cha ac e is ics (i.e., educa ion,
wo k expe ience, gende , mo i a ions, na ionali y, and age) a ec
he upg ading o mic o and small en e p ises (MSEs), defined
he e as he fi m’s g ow h h ough inno a ion. Resul s show ha
when he gende a iable is aken in o conside a ion, fi ms un
by educa ed and expe ienced women end o upg ade a a slowe
a e in compa ison o men. Howe e , when he main eason lead-
ing women o und a business is ela ed o he desi e o inde-
pendence o o escape joblessness, he likelihood o women
upg ading ends o inc ease. In alignmen wi h his pe spec i e,
Gkypali and Rope ’s (2024) s udy del es in o solo-p eneu ship.
By con as ing he expe iences o men and women, i e eals ha
en ep eneu ial sel -e ficacy does no influence inno a ion in en-
ion o women as i does o men.
In e es ingly, he da ase also shows clus e ed pape s ha go
beyond he “ adi ional”en ep eneu s’cha ac e is ics, which in es-
iga e a iables ha a e s ill o e looked.
Fo example, by compa ing ea ly and es ablished women
en ep eneu s om Ge many and I eland, Schneide , M€
oh ing
and P oskunina (2019) in oduce he “Ego de elopmen ” a iable
and s udy he ela ions be ween his a iable and inno a ion o i-
en a ion, showing he exis ence o only one, al hough weak, s a-
is ically significan ela ionship in he case o Ge man women
en ep eneu s. Nou i, Imanipou and Ahmadika eshani (2019)
in e iewed 19 I anian women en ep eneu s, ounde s o high-
ech businesses in bio echnology, and ex ended he heu is ics
and biases in inno a ion- ela ed decisions, e i ying ha o e con-
fidencebiasissignifican in en ep eneu s’inno a ion- ela ed
decisions. Also, wo h men ioning a e Bendell, Sulli an and Ma -
el (2019) who analyze 383 nascen emale and male en ep e-
neu s unning fi ms in high- echnology business incuba o s in
he US; hey e i y how gende mode a es he ela ionship
be ween sel -leade ship s a egies and inno a i e ou comes. Spe-
cifically, due o he masculine en i onmen ha cha ac e izes
high- echnology indus ies, Bendell e al. (2019) hypo hesize ha
he high-g ow h women en ep eneu s may be less p one o
es ablishing hei in ellec ual p ope y goals as high as hei male
coun e pa s.
Finally, wi hin his niche o s udies in es iga ed in his pape ,
wha he au ho s conside o be a kind o on ie on he opic, is ha
de eloped by Owalla, Nyanzu and Vo ley (2021) who add o he con-
e sa ion also he a iable ela ed o he e hnici y o he woman
en ep eneu he sel , ounding ha e hnic mino i y women-led
SMEs a e ac ually mo e likely o be engaged in inno a ion ac i i ies,
wi h hei fi ms, han hei e hnic majo i y coun e pa .
Acco dingly, he ollowing hypo hesis is p esen ed:
Hp. 1. Fi m-specific, indus y-specific, and human capi al specific ac-
o s significan ly a ec inno a ion in women-owned fi ms, in ligh o
gende -specific di e ences.
Theme 2
−
How inno a ion a ec s women-owned fi ms’ou comes
The main aim o s udies alling in his hema ic a ea is ha o
unde s anding how he implemen ed inno a ion p ocess may a ec
women-owned fi ms’ou comes, in e ms, o example, o s a egies,
financing o in e na ionaliza ion. In doing so, many o he he e con-
side ed pape s base hei analysis on he compa ison among men-
and women-owned fi ms.
In his ega d, Ruiz-A oyo e al. (2012) can be ci ed; in pa icula ;
hey del e in o issues ela ed o fi ms’g ow h ocusing hei a en-
ion on he in es iga ion o mo e han 8,000 new en u es, loca ed in
49 coun ies. In hei analysis, he au ho s find ha women and men
show high di e ences in hei fi ms’g ow h expec a ion. Specifically,
women seem o be less ambi ious and do no aspi e o g ow as much
as hei male coun e pa s. Such esul s can be explained by conside -
ing ha women a e mo e likely o es ablish hei fi m in mo e adi-
ional sec o s in compa ison o men, whe e inno a ion is o en
elega ed o a ma ginal ole. In e es ingly, in he a emp o ake a
u he s ep in esea ch on inno a ion and gende , he au ho s p o-
pose o s udy inno a ion ha is mo i a ed by di e en a iables o
women and o men; in pu suing inno a ion, women a e mo e o en
d i en by pe sonal/in insic ac o s, a he han by con ex ual ones.
Ruiz-A oyo e al. (2012) s udy can be also ead in ela ion o Hoang,
Nahm and Dobbie (2021). In his la e s udy ocused on he Vie nam-
ese socioeconomic con ex , g ow h in e ms o p oduc i i y is consid-
e ed. In pa icula and di e en ly om Ruiz-Ruiz-A oyo e al.
(2012), he au ho s find ou ha he gende o he fi m’s owne does
ha e an impac in e ms o influence on he p oduc i i y o employ-
ees o he SMEs in Vie nam, especially i his impac on inno a-
i eness is con olled o .
The ele ance o inno a ion and he en ep eneu ’s gende in
ela ion o he fi m’s g ow h is unde lined also by Amo oso and Link
(2018). Analyzing Eu opean fi ms, he au ho s conclude ha bo h
inno a ion and he en ep eneu ’s gende a e a e ile g ound on
which fi ms’employmen g ow h is buil . Rela ed o his, he au ho s
also e i y ha he women-owned fi ms belonging o hei sample
ended o show a lowe pe o mance as hey ha e a lowe endency
o inno a e and o comme cialize inno a ions in compa ison o hei
male coun e pa s. Dai, Byun and Ding (2019), con e sely, poin ou a
posi i e link be ween women en ep eneu s in new en u e eams
and new en u e inno a ion pe o mance. S ohmeye , Tonoyan and
Jennings (2017) ake a s ep u he and, by compa ing 900 Ge man
fi ms, show ha fi ms led by women gene ally demons a e less
b ead h and dep h o inno a ion compa ed o hose led by men,
albei wi h no able excep ions. While emale-led fi ms we e less
likely han male-led fi ms o in oduce p oduc o p ocess inno a-
ions, hey we e equally likely o implemen ma ke ing o o ganiza-
ional inno a ions, e en a e accoun ing o nume ous indi idual-
and fi m-le el con ols. Mo eo e , fi ms led by men and women in
less inno a i e indus ies show simila le els o inno a ion dep h. By
ocusing on he case o Chinese women en ep eneu s, Huang, Li,
Wang and Li (2022) show ha inno a i eness has a leading ole in
d i ing fi ms’pe o mance and, in e es ingly, inno a i e en ep e-
neu s a e be e able o iden i y ma ke oppo uni ies allowing fi ms’
sus ainable g ow h.
Di e en ly, Lins and Lu z (2016) wo k on gende di e ences in
e ms o en ep eneu ial cha ac e is ics and he fi m’s inno a i eness
ega ding access o en u e capi al. The au ho s con end ha newly
es ablished women-owned fi ms expe iencing high le els o R&D
ac i i ies end o benefi om less en u e capi al han hei male
coun e pa s wi h simila cha ac e is ics. Mo eo e , his di e ence
ends o be exace ba ed when he obse ed fi ms ha e low R&D
ac i i ies. Acco ding o he au ho s, one in iguing possible explana-
ion o explaining his gende ed gap in financing is ela ed o “s uc-
u al dissimila i ies due o indi idual cha ac e is ics and business
ea u es”(Lins & Lu z, 2016, p. 362). In e es ingly, among he new
M. Ma i, S. Poggesi, G. Aba ecola e al. Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100519
6
financial ins umen s ha women en ep eneu s can use, c owd-
unding ini ia i es can be men ioned. Widely in es iga ed in ecen
yea s by schola s dealing wi h a ious disciplines, bu s ill scan ly
analyzed in ela ion o emale en ep eneu ship, is he opic o
c owd unding which, acco ding o Mollick and Robb (2016), is a ia-
ble solu ion o suppo ing women en ep eneu s’financing s a egy
and, consequen ly, in p ope ly sus aining hei pu sui o inno a i e
solu ions.
Finally, his clus e also includes hose pape s ha can be consid-
e ed pionee s in his field o esea ch, as hey in es iga e gende ,
inno a ion, and in e na ionaliza ion oge he , and hus hei in e -
wined ela ionship. Al es e al.’s (2017,2021) analysis, as an exam-
ple, is based on GEM da a and shows ha no only a e women less
in ol ed in high- ech sec o s, bu also he lack o in ol emen in
inno a i e ac i i ies indica es women-owned fi ms ha e less chances
o g owing h ough expo ing ac i i ies. Also, Machado, B aga, Co -
eia, B aga and Sil a (2023) analyze such a ela ionship and, al hough
he in e dependence be ween in e na ionaliza ion and inno a ion is
es ed, a non-significan link be ween emale en ep eneu ship and
in e na ionaliza ion eme ges; his esul can be a ibu ed o a ious
challenges including high capi al access cons ain s and cul u al and
social ba ie s.
Acco dingly, he ollowing hypo hesis is p esen ed:
Hp. 2. The implemen a ion o inno a ion p ocesses posi i ely influ-
ences he g ow h o women-owned fi ms, wi h gende -specific di -
e ences a ec ing s a egies, financing, and in e na ionaliza ion.
Discussion
This s udy p o ides an analysis o he s a e o he a o manage-
men esea ch on inno a ion in women-owned fi ms published up o
1s Ap il 2024 by means o a SLR. The in-dep h e iew o he pape s
belonging o he da ase shows ha esea che s a e mainly ocusing
a ound wo key hema ic a eas: one ela ed o he analysis o ac o s
ha a ec inno a ion in women-owned fi ms, and one based on he
analysis o how inno a ion can a ec women-owned fi ms’ou -
comes.
He ea e , de ails o he main findings de i ed om his e iew
a e ou lined.
Fi s o all, despi e he s ong poli ical and social emphasis on
emale en ep eneu ship and inno a ion, bo h o which a e pe cei ed
as key d i e s o economic g ow h, hese opics a e s ill p ima ily
in es iga ed sepa a ely. Leading schola s (Alsos e al., 2013;B ush
e al., 2022;Jennings & B ush, 2013) ha e called o mo e ocused
s udies on he in e sec ion o hese a eas. Howe e , he limi ed num-
be o pape s (n= 48) iden ified confi ms ha hei in e connec ions
a e s ill in hei nascen phase.
The second finding is ha he analyzed published wo ks, p ima -
ily compa ing women- and men-owned fi ms, ea fi m he “ adi-
ional” esul s; women-owned fi ms a e gene ally less inno a i e
han hei male coun e pa s. Howe e , se e al schola s (e.g., Ma el
e al., 2015;Mas-Tu & So iano, 2014;P o oge ou e al., 2017;S oh-
meye e al., 2017) ha e highligh ed he need o conside he na u e
o a fi m’s ope a ions, indus y con ex , he en ep eneu ’s human
capi al and ex e nal connec ions. In line wi h his, Ma el e al.
(2015) and S ohmeye e al. (2017) demons a e, o example, ha
women en ep eneu s a e as inno a i e as hei male coun e pa s
unde simila condi ions o human capi al and ex e nal ies, and in
less inno a i e indus ies.
Building on he p e ious poin , he hi d finding e eals a consen-
sus among many schola s wi hin he da ase : bo h en ep eneu ship
and inno a ion a e inhe en ly gende ed. This acknowledgemen
unde sco es he need o add ess he gende ed na u e o esea ch in
hese fields (e.g., Ruiz-A oyo e al., 2012;S ohmeye e al., 2017).
N€
ahlinde e al. (2015) u he suppo his app oach by p oposing
o he fi s ime “a gende -awa e ope a ionalisa ion o inno a ion”
and showing no subs an ial gende di e ences in inno a i eness
when using a gende -neu al ope a ionaliza ion o inno a ion. These
aspec s s ess he need o de elop a deepe consciousness ela ed o
he unde s anding o he complexi ies in ol ed in s udying gende
dynamics in en ep eneu ship and inno a ion. The need o s udy his
in e connec ion adop ing a gende -awa e pe spec i e is, hus, a
necessi y ha has o be caugh by schola s.
O e all, despi e he s ong poli ical and social a en ion owa ds
emale en ep eneu ship and inno a ion, hese findings highligh he
complex and in e wined ela ionship be ween gende , inno a ion,
and en ep eneu ship, emphasizing he need o mo e in eg a ed
esea ch app oaches ha conside hese elemen s oge he a he
han in isola ion. By in eg a ing gende , inno a ion, and en e-
p eneu ship can we deeply con ibu e in suppo ing he economic
boos a he in e na ional le el.
Conclusions and implica ions
This s udy makes a pionee ing con ibu ion o he field o emale
en ep eneu ship by add essing a significan gap in managemen
esea ch ha is ela ed specifically o he unde s anding o he c ucial
in e sec ion among en ep eneu ship, inno a ion, and gende issues.
By o e ing a comp ehensi e explo a ion o s udies ha ha e ocused
on his in e sec ion o e ime, his pape no only enhances ou
unde s anding, bu also pa es he way o u u e esea ch a enues.
In pa icula , his s udy p o ides nume ous con ibu ions and
implica ions o u u e esea ch on emale en ep eneu ship. The
esul s o e insigh ul conside a ions on he limi a ions o exis ing
esea ch, highligh ing a eas o u he in es iga ion. Specifically, he
au ho s emphasize he impo ance o ocusing on he sec o s o anal-
ysis, he ope a ionaliza ion o inno a ion- ela ed a iables, and he
gende ed app oach owa d inno a ion.
Rega ding he in es iga ed sec o s, i is in e es ing o poin ou
ha hose sec o s in which women en ep eneu s a e, ypically,
mo e in ol ed (e.g., he se ice sec o ) a e gene ally pe cei ed as
“un-inno a i e”, he e o e no dese ing o in es iga ion unde he
inno a ion lens. Howe e , as di e en ypes o inno a ion do exis
(i.e., so ypes o inno a ion, such as o ganiza ional inno a ion, as
well as p ocess o ma ke ing inno a ion), i is ime o schola s o e-
hink he concep o inno a ion, shedding ligh on he adi ionally
defined “ emale”sec o s, which can be inno a i e, hus p o iding a
clea and comp ehensi e pic u e o all he ace s ha inno a ion may
ha e.
The discussion ela ed o he in es iga ed sec o is hen s ic ly
linked o ano he aspec ha dese es a en ion, i.e., he way in
which inno a ion is measu ed. Many o he selec ed pape s ope a-
ionalize inno a ion ac i i ies by using indica o s such as R&D expen-
di u es o he deg ee o p oduc no el y. Such measu es, indeed, do
no allow cap u ing all he ace s ha inno a ion may ha e and
which can be measu ed wi h non-economic indica o s. A he same
ime, i is impo an o conside ha di e en en ep eneu s’cha ac-
e is ics (and ela ed a iables) can a ec inno a ion o men and
women and should be conside ed. Following hose s udies ha in es-
iga e he di e ences in he p incipal an eceden s o inno a i e
beha io s be ween men and women employees, schola s’a en ion
should ocus on in es iga ing i and how he di e en in e nal a ia-
bles ela e; o example, how he pe sonali y, as well as he desi es
and pe sonal needs, can a ec inno a ion di e en ly in he case o
women- and men-owned fi ms. Among he o he ac o s, i is wo h
men ioning he ole o mo i a ion, which has had li le in es iga ion
o da e. S emming om he awa eness ha i is necessa y o o e -
come he adi ional “oppo uni y s. necessi y”dicho omy, u u e
esea ch could conside he dynamics o mo i a ion du ing he en e-
p eneu ’s li e ime and how hey a ec inno a ion. A he same ime,
he con ex in which he fi ms a e g ounded should be conside ed in
M. Ma i, S. Poggesi, G. Aba ecola e al. Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100519
7
de ail as he fi m’s geog aphical loca ion can play a key ole in i s
inno a ion ac i i y (e.g. Poggesi & Ma i, 2024). Finally, gende biases
could ha e con ibu ed o he abo e-men ioned esul s. Fo his ea-
son, as ad oca ed by se e al schola s in he da ase , adop ing a gen-
de -neu al app oach in his kind o esea ch (e.g., in e ms o su ey
ques ions o du ing di ec in e iews) is needed and could lead o di -
e en esul s. A he mo e gene al le el, i is in e es ing o poin ou
ha he gende ques ion is o en a oided, wi h a gene al endency o
omi he social cons uc ion o gende , hus p esen ing he his o ical
dicho omy be ween women and men.
Wha has been p e iously discussed also allows insigh ul ood o
hough o policy make s o eme ge. Fi s , esul s om his SLR poin
ou ha , among o he ac o s, ne wo ks − o mal as well as in o mal
−and in e o ganiza ional pa ne ships play a key ole in os e ing
inno a ion and i is o peculia ele ance in he case o women-
owned fi ms. To p ope ly complemen exis ing knowledge-manage-
men sys ems associa ed wi h women-owned fi ms, he adop ion o
web 2.0 ools should be encou aged o allow a ui ul collec i e c ea-
ion o connec ions and sha ing o c ea i i y p ocesses and in o ma-
ion. The e o e, policy make s should encou age women
en ep eneu s o le e age such pa ne ships, which should include
es ablishing ui ul ies bo h wi h p i a e and wi h public pa ies.
Second, conside ing he sec o o ac i i y, policy make s should, on
he one hand, de o e mo e a en ion o se ice sec o dynamics,
b inging o ligh he essence o women en ep eneu s’inno a ion in
a sec o ha , in hese e ms, is ha dly conside ed. On he o he hand,
policy make s should also ocus on he educa ional side o de elop
specific ins umen s ha can suppo gi ls’app oach o scien ific dis-
ciplines in hei educa ional pa h. As an example, policy make s
should de elop a ge ed ools ha can augmen women’s access o
STEM fields (schola ships, in e nships, e c.) and e en ually o suppo
hem in en e ing an inno a i e en ep eneu ial ca ee a e g adua-
ion.
In conclusion, he au ho s do belie e ha he esul s o his wo k
o e a clea analysis o managemen esea ch on inno a ion in
women-owned fi ms, ep esen ing an in e es ing s a ing poin o
schola s and p ac i ione s.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing financial
in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o influ-
ence he wo k epo ed in his pape .
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
Michela Ma i: W i ing − e iew & edi ing, W i ing −o iginal
d a , Me hodology, Fo mal analysis, Da a cu a ion, Concep ualiza-
ion. Sa a Poggesi: W i ing − e iew & edi ing, W i ing −o iginal
d a , Me hodology, Fo mal analysis, Da a cu a ion, Concep ualiza-
ion. Gianpaolo Aba ecola: W i ing − e iew & edi ing, W i ing −
o iginal d a , Me hodology. Ca oline Esse s: W i ing −o iginal d a .
Appendix A selec ion o pape s om he da ase
Au ho (s) Publica ion
yea
Jou nal Theo e ical
amewo k
Aim Sample Gende o he
fi ms’owne s
In es iga ed
Coun y
Me hodology How inno a ion is
measu ed
Analyzed Va iables Thema ic
A ea
Scopus
ci a ions
Alsos e al. 2013 In . J. Gend.
En ep.
Gende and
inno a ion
The pu pose o he a icle
is o p esen a ame-
wo k o esea ch on
gende and inno a ion.
The amewo k is
de eloped based on a
e iew o cu en li e a-
u e in he a ea.
Theo e ical Theo e ical Theo e ical Theo e ical Theo e ical Theo e ical Theo e ical 201
Mas-Tu and
So iano
2014 Se . Bus. KIBS The pu pose o his s udy
is o de e mine he
cha ac e is ics o YICs
ha enhance hei
inno a ion and, specifi-
cally, i he use o
knowledge-in ensi e
business se ices (KIBS)
helps d i e inno a ion.
189 YICs Men and
Women
Spain Bina y logis ic
eg ession
Inno a ion as unc-
ion o Use o KIBS,
Size o business,
Sec o , Compe i ion
in he sec o , Age o
he en ep eneu ,
Gende o he
en ep eneu .
Use o KIBS; Size o he
YIC; Sec o in which he
YIC ope a es; Deg ee o
compe i ion in he sec-
o ; Age o he en e-
p eneu ; Gende o he
en ep eneu .
I Theme 55
Ma el e al. 2015 IEEE T ans. Eng.
Manag.
Gende and
inno a ion
This pape explo es he
en ep eneu gende
−inno a ion ela ion-
ship in new en u es. I
in es iga es indi idual
educa ion, in e fi m
ne wo k ies, and fi m
egional loca ion using
4265 Ko ean
fi ms
Men and
Women
Ko ea Reg ession
analysis
Pa en ac i i y and
R&D in ensi y o
each fi m.
Pa en s applied; R&D
in ensi y; Male en e-
p eneu ; Female en e-
p eneu ; Indi idual
educa ion; N/W he e o-
genei y; Regional loca-
ion; Fi m age; Fi m
size; Ma ke ing in en-
si y; Capi al s uc u e;
I Theme 38
(con inued on nex column)
M. Ma i, S. Poggesi, G. Aba ecola e al. Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100519
8
