Ling, Pick-Soon; Lee, Kel in Yong Ming; Ling, Liing-Sing; Suhaimi, Mohd Kama ul
Anwa Mohd
A icle
In es o s’ in en ion o use mobile in es men : an ex ended
mobile echnology accep ance model wi h pe sonal
ac o s and pe cei ed epu a ion
Cogen Business & Managemen
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Taylo & F ancis G oup
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Ling, Pick-Soon; Lee, Kel in Yong Ming; Ling, Liing-Sing; Suhaimi, Mohd Kama ul
Anwa Mohd (2024) : In es o s’ in en ion o use mobile in es men : an ex ended mobile echnology
accep ance model wi h pe sonal ac o s and pe cei ed epu a ion, Cogen Business & Managemen ,
ISSN 2331-1975, Taylo & F ancis, Abingdon, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 1-17,
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In es o s’ in en ion o use mobile in es men : an
ex ended mobile echnology accep ance model
wi h pe sonal ac o s and pe cei ed epu a ion
Pick-Soon Ling, Kel in Yong Ming Lee, Liing-Sing Ling & Mohd Kama ul
Anwa Mohd Suhaimi
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Anwa Mohd Suhaimi (2024) In es o s’ in en ion o use mobile in es men : an ex ended
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MANAGEMENT | RESEARCH LETTER
Cogen Business & ManageMen
2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2295603
In es o s’ in en ion o use mobile in es men : an ex ended mobile
echnology accep ance model wi h pe sonal ac o s and pe cei ed
epu a ion
Pick-Soon Linga, Kel in Yong Ming Leeb, Liing-Sing Linga
and Mohd Kama ul Anwa Mohd Suhaimia
aschool o Business and Managemen , uni e si y o echnology sa awak, sa awak, Malaysia; bschool o accoun ing and
Finance, aylo ’s Business school, aylo ’s uni e si y, selango , Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Mobile in es men has been in oduced wi h echnological ad ancemen s and he
enhancemen o mobile de ice unc ions. Howe e , ela i ely limi ed s udies ha e been
pa icula ly ocused on he de e minan s o adop ion in en ion on mobile in es men .
The e o e, his s udy aimed a explo ing he ac o s a ec ing in es men in en ion (INT)
o use mobile in es men by conside ing he in luence o pe sonal ac o s (mobile
sel -e icacy [MSE], mobile inno a i eness [MI], and a i udes [ATT]), and pe cei ed
epu a ion (PR) h ough an ex ended mobile echnology accep ance model (MTAM).
Pu posi e sampling was u ilised o ob ain 213 comple ed esponses, which we e hen
analysed using he pa ial leas squa es s uc u al equa ion modelling (PLS-SEM), and
he impo ance-pe o mance map analysis (IPMA). The esul s showed ha mobile
use ulness (MU), MI, PR, and ATT subs an ially a ec INT usage, while MSE had no
signi ican e ec on INT usage. Addi ionally, bo h MSE and PR signi ican ly in luenced
ATT, bu MI had an insigni ican in luence on ATT. This s udy disclosed he missing
in o ma ion by iden i ying he c i ical ac o s o mobile in es men adop ion using a
no el amewo k de eloped om he pe spec i e o pe sonal ac o s and pla o m
p o ide s’ PR. Fu he mo e, he s udy p o ided some signi ican p ac ical implica ions,
as he indings could be e e ed o by he s akeholde s in o mula ing policies and
s a egies o s imula e consume s o adop mobile in es men as hei in es men
pla o m.
In oduc ion
The ad ancemen o echnology and sophis ica ion o mobile de ices ha e esul ed in he ans o ma ion
o adi ional business ac i i ies. Fo example, wi h echnological inno a ion, mo e business ac i i ies ha e
been shi ed om o line o online modes, such as online shopping, in e ne banking, online in es men ,
and he like. Wi h he inno a ion o mobile de ices, he mobile unc ion has been ex ended om commu-
nica ions o become business pu poses. The e o e, se e al business ac i i ies ha e been changed o
mobile-based, such as mobile banking, mobile paymen , mobile shopping, and o he s. Rapid de elopmen
in mobile echnology has led o an inc ease in mobile in e ne use s (Chong e al., 2021). Technology inno-
a ion and e olu ion in inancial se ices also dis up ed con en ional inancial ac i i ies, changing he s uc-
u e o inancial ins i u ions and consume s’ inancial beha iou (Fan, 2022). These inno a ions and e olu ions
also inc eased he consume s’ accessibili y o se e al business ac i i ies, including in es men managemen
(Chong e al., 2021). The e o e, mobile in es men has been in oduced, whe eas in es men managemen
ac i i ies ha e been pe o med by u ilising he unc ions o mobile de ices.
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup.
CONTACT Pick-soon Ling [email p o ec ed].my school o Business and Managemen , uni e si y o echnology sa awak, sa awak,
Malaysia.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2023.2295603
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
KEYWORDS
Mobile in es men ;
mobile echnology
accep ance model;
mobile echnology;
pe cei ed epu a ion
REVIEWING EDITOR
Pablo Ruiz, Uni e sidad
de Cas illa-La Mancha,
Spain
SUBJECTS
Social Sciences;
Economics, Finance,
Business & Indus y;
Finance; In es men &
Secu i ies; Business,
Managemen and
Accoun ing; Ma ke ing
2 P.-S. LING ET AL.
Mobile in es men o mobile in es ing is called in es men ansac ions and in es men in o ma ion
sea ching h ough obo ad iso s using mobile de ices, such as sma phones o able s (Fan, 2022).
In es o s can make he in es men ansac ion ins an aneously, and manage hei in es men po olios
anywhe e jus by using hei mobile de ices (Chong e al., 2021). Mobile in es men also o e s a ious
inancial se ices, and in es men in o ma ion can be accessed by using mobile de ices a a lowe cos
(Hikida & Pe y, 2020). Ad ancemen s in mobile echnology would make in es men ac i i ies as e , and
inc ease lexibili y and anspa ency (Chong e al., 2021). Addi ionally, mobile in es men allowed in es-
o s o moni o hei in es men po olios easily, as se e al unc ions could be done using mobile
de ices, such as placing o de s, conduc ing an analysis o he company’s undamen al in o ma ion,
checking o s ock pe o mance, and pe o ming echnical analysis (Chong e al., 2021). The e o e, in es-
o s could easily manage hei in es men po olio, and espond o he ma ke ins an aneously using
mobile in es men . Mobile in es men pla o m also allows in es o s o s ay connec ed wi h he ma ke
in eal- ime, especially o ac i e ade s, o make in o med decisions. This will enable in es o s o make
imely decisions and ake ad an age o oppo uni ies.
In Malaysia, se e al mobile in es men pla o ms ha e been in oduced, such as GO+, in oduced by
Touch n Go; Raiz, a collabo a ion be ween Pe modalan Nasional Be had (PNB) and Raiz In es Limi ed
(Aus alia); S ashAway, es ablished by S ashAway Malaysia Sdn Bhd; MYTHEO, ope a ed by GAX MD Sdn
Bhd; and o he pla o ms ha a e in oduced by he in es men banks o und managemen companies.
Al hough se e al ad an ages a e associa ed wi h mobile in es men , he usage o mobile in es men
applica ions, such as mobile ading o online ading pa icipa ion in Malaysia is s ill a a lowe le el.
Chong e al. (2021) men ioned ha nea ly 77% o Malaysians used he in e ne , and 89% used sma -
phones o su he in e ne . Howe e , he s a is ics o Bu sa Malaysia u he showed ha he Malaysian
online ading pa icipa ion a e was app oxima ely 43% in 2020. This has aised doub s, as mobile
in es men adop ion was a a lowe le el, despi e he ac ha i p o ided nume ous ad an ages, and
he pe cen age o access o he in e ne using sma phones was ela i ely high.
Al hough many s udies ha e examined he adop ion o mobile echnology, such as mobile pay-
men (Al-Saedi e al., 2020; Handa kho & Ha josepu o, 2020; Yan e al., 2021), mobile ou ism (Wan
e al., 2022), mobile shopping (Ng e al., 2022), mobile banking (Ho e al., 2020; Pu ohi & A o a,
2023; Singh & S i as a a, 2020), and o he s, he e is s ill a gap in he li e a u e on mobile in es men
adop ion, whe eas he empi ical e idence on his a ea is s ill sca ce. To da e, only a ew s udies
ela ed o mobile echnology applica ion in in es men we e ound, such as s ock ading applica-
ion adop ion (Chong e al., 2021), in es men in en ion (INT) in online pee - o-pee lending (Lin &
Huang, 2021), mobile inancial se ice (Yan e al., 2023), and mobile in es men echnology adop ion
(Fan, 2022; Nai e al., 2023). Addi ionally, e idence is de icien on impac o he pla o m p o ide ’s
pe cei ed epu a ion (PR) on mobile in es men adop ion. To close he gap, his s udy examines he
unde lying ac o s ha p edic mobile in es men adop ion by ocusing on he in es o s’ pe sonal
ac o s and pla o m p o ide s’ PR o o e a new sh ed ega ding INT o use mobile in es men .
The e o e, he s udy objec i e is o iden i y he ac o s ha signi ican ly in luence INT o adop
mobile in es men amongs Malaysian in es o s by conside ing he in es o s’ pe sonal ac o s and
pla o m p o ide ’s PR.
To be e examine mobile in es men adop ion, he mobile echnology accep ance model (MTAM) has
been used as he ounda ion model o his s udy. Li e a u e showed ha mos o he p e ious s udies
used he echnology accep ance model (TAM) (Bailey e al., 2020; Pu ohi & A o a, 2023; Sa mah e al.,
2021), uni ied heo y o accep ance and use o echnology (UTAUT) o UTAUT2 (Al-Saedi e al., 2020;
Dhiman e al., 2020), and he heo y o planned beha iou (TPB) model, o in eg a ed hese models
(A i in e al., 2021; Chong e al., 2021; Fla ian e al., 2020; Ho e al., 2020), as hei amewo k o s udy
he ac o s o mobile echnology adop ion. Howe e , hese models a e no explici ly designed o mobile
echnology adop ion. The e o e, MTAM was chosen o his s udy, as he model was in oduced mainly
o mobile echnology adop ion. Mo eo e , h ee addi ional a iables ha e lec he pe sonal ac o s,
namely mobile sel -e icacy (MSE), mobile inno a i eness (MI), and a i udes (ATT) we e included as exog-
enous a iables o p edic INT o use mobile in es men . In he ini ial MTAM model, only wo p edic o s
we e sugges ed (mobile use ulness [MU] and mobile ease o use [MEOU]), and i was equi ed o include
o he ela ed p edic o s o p o ide be e insigh in o mobile echnology adop ion (Lew e al., 2021).
COGENT BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT 3
Addi ionally, he pla o m p o ide ’s PR was also included in he model due o i s signi ican ole in
nu u ing mobile in es men usage.
The s udy’s indings a e c ucial, as hey could con ibu e o he li e a u e on beha iou al inance and
mobile echnology adop ion. This is because he s udy iden i ies he ac o s ha de e mine in es o s’
adop ion o mobile in es men pla o m in managing hei in es men . This inding could ill he esea ch
gaps in his a ea, as he e we e de icien s udies on mobile in es men adop ion in li e a u e om he
pe spec i e o he pe sonal ac o s and pla o m p o ide ’s PR. Addi ionally, he s udy’s indings a e
impo an o s akeholde s, such as he go e nmen au ho i ies and businesses, especially o he secu-
i ies commission, in es men managemen companies, and secu i ies i ms. This enables hem o le e -
age hei limi ed esou ces o a ac mo e in es o s o use mobile in es men pla o ms, in co espondence
o he na ional digi al economy agenda. Mo eo e , his s udy disco e s he PR e ec o he mobile
in es men pla o m p o ide s. The pla o m p o ide s should inc ease hei adop ion by enhancing hei
epu a ion, which signi ican ly a ec he in es o s’ ATT and INT o adop mobile in es men .
Li e a u e e iew
Mobile echnology accep ance model (MTAM)
The MTAM was in oduced by Ooi and Tan (2016) o p edic INT o an indi idual o adop mobile ech-
nology. This model was p oposed due o he limi a ions in se e al p ominen models in li e a u e ha
we e used o explain he adop ion o new echnology. Fo example, he Technology Accep ance Model
(TAM) was in oduced o desc ibe an indi idual’s usage o elec onic email in an o ganisa ional con ex .
The e o e, adop ing echnology is manda o y o wo k pu poses, and he o ganisa ion bea s he associ-
a ed cos s. Simila ly, UTAUT model has been c i icised, as his model was used o p edic he beha iou al
INT o an employee o apply he echnology while a wo k. By acknowledging he di e ence in an indi-
idual’s INT o use he echnology in he mobile con ex , Ooi and Tan (2016) p oposed MTAM ha was
ailo ed o mobile echnology, whe eas p e ious models we e mainly designed o o he se ings. Two
p ima y a iables we e sugges ed in MTAM, namely MU and MEOU. Theo e ically, MU in MTAM is simila
o he pe cei ed use ulness, and pe o mance expec ancy in TAM and UTAUT. A he same ime, MEOU
is iden ical o he pe cei ed ease o use, and e o expec ancy in bo h models.
Howe e , due o limi ed explana o y powe o he wo ini ial a iables, as sugges ed in MTAM, se e al
addi ional a iables a e in eg a ed in o MTAM o inc ease he model comp ehension. Fo example, op i-
mism and pe sonal inno a i eness we e added in o MTAM o he s udy o mobile paymen (Yan e al.,
2021), and MI, MSE, pe cei ed inancial cos , and pe cei ed isk we e also included in MTAM o s udy he
consume ’s INT o use wea able paymen (Loh e al., 2022). The e o e, MTAM was de e mined o be he
mos app op ia e model in his esea ch con ex . I was ex ended wi h h ee pe sonal ac o s (ATT, MSE,
and MI), which we e p o en o be impo an in de e mining INT o use mobile echnology (Chong e al.,
2021; Lew e al., 2021; Loh e al., 2022). Meanwhile, e idence o he mobile in es men pla o m p o id-
e s’ PR, as an exogenous ac o owa ds INT o use mobile in es men is s ill sca ce.
Hypo heses de elopmen
Mobile use ulness (MU)
Mobile use ulness (MU) is an indi idual’s pe cep ion o he enhancemen in pe o mance om using
mobile echnology (Ooi & Tan, 2016). Wi h he ad ancemen o mobile de ices, he adop ion o mobile
echnology, such as mobile in es men is pe cei ed o imp o e use ulness o he echnology. When indi-
iduals pe cei e ha mobile echnology could enhance hei pe o mance, hey will mos likely adop i .
The signi ican ole o use ulness in echnology adop ion was es ablished in p io s udies, bu in di e en
se ings. Fo example, Lau e al. (2021) e ealed he signi ican in luence o MU on INT o use mobile axi
booking. Wan e al. (2022) ound ha MU signi ican ly impac ed mobile ou ism shopping INT. Simila ly,
Ng e al. (2022) ema ked on he signi ican e ec o MU on INT o use mobile ashion shopping. Loh
e al. (2022) e ealed ha MU signi ican ly in luenced wea able paymen adop ion INT. Howe e ,
4 P.-S. LING ET AL.
inconclusi e indings on he ole o use ulness on he beha iou al INT o adop echnology we e also
e ealed in some s udies. Fo example, Sa mah e al. (2021) ound insigni ican ole o pe cei ed use ul-
ness on mobile walle adop ion INT o he millennials in India. The e o e, u he s udies should be con-
duc ed o in es iga e he e ec o MU on INT o adop mobile in es men . The ollowing hypo hesis is
p oposed, as in es o s end o use mobile in es men i i p o ides mo e use ulness.
H1: MU has a posi i ely signi ican ela ionship wi h INT o use mobile in es men .
Mobile ease o use (MEOU)
Acco ding o Ooi and Tan (2016), MEOU e e s o an indi idual’s pe cep ion ega ding he di icul y o
lea ning and adop ing mobile echnology, such as mobile in es men in his s udy. An indi idual is likely
o use mobile echnology i i does no need an ex a e o o adop such echnology (Yan e al., 2021).
The e o e, echnology usage will inc ease i i does no equi e addi ional ac ions (Ng e al., 2022).
Empi ically, se e al s udies examined he in luence o MEOU on mobile echnology adop ion, and ound
a signi ican e ec . Ng e al. (2022) ound ha MEOU was subs an ially ela ed o mobile ashion shop-
ping use INT. Simila ly, Loh e al. (2022) also ema ked on he same e ec on wea able paymen . The
signi ican ole o MEOU was also e ealed in he mobile ou ism shopping adop ion INT (Wan e al.,
2022). Lew e al. (2021) u he ound ha INT o use mobile walle s was also signi ican ly in luenced by
MEOU. Un o una ely, con a y indings we e also epo ed in some o he s udies (Ooi & Tan, 2016; Lau
e al., 2021; Yan e al., 2021). Acco ding o Lau e al. (2021), he e ec o MEOU on INT o use echnology
was diminished due o he inc eased amilia i y wi h mobile de ices and simplici y o mobile se ices.
Wi h he inconclusi e indings on he ole o MEOU on INT, he e is a need o u he s udies o examine
his ela ionship again. The ollowing hypo hesis is sugges ed, as he in es o s a e expec ed o be mo e
likely o use mobile in es men i i only equi es minimal e o s.
H2: MEOU has a posi i ely signi ican ela ionship wi h INT o use mobile in es men .
Mobile sel -e icacy (MSE)
The MSE is indi iduals’ pe cep ion o hei abili y o lea n and use mobile echnology (Lew e al., 2021).
Indi iduals who belie e hey can pe o m he echnology will ha e a a ou able ATT owa ds he pla -
o m. This is aligned wi h Zhu e al. (2010), who ema ked ha a highe sel -e icacy could o m a li elie
ATT o m-auc ion. Simila ly, in he con ex o sel -se ice echnology in lib a ies, Hsiao and Tang (2015)
also ound ha sel -e icacy signi ican ly in luenced ATT. This pos ula ed he e ec o MSE on ATT,
whe eas ATT owa ds mobile in es men could be enhanced h ough hei sel -e icacy. The in es o s a e
expec ed o ha e posi i e and a ou able ATT i hey ha e su icien sel -e icacy on mobile de ices.
Mo eo e , i indi iduals pe cei e ha hey ha e such e icacy o pe o m hei in es men h ough he
mobile pla o m, hey end o use he mobile in es men pla o m o manage hei in es men s. The
in luence o MSE has been e ealed in li e a u e, such as Singh and S i as a a (2020) who ound ha
MSE signi ican ly a ec ed mobile banking usage. Simila ly, Lew e al. (2021) also showed a signi ican
posi i e e ec o MSE on INT o use a mobile walle . Al-Saedi e al. (2020) also ound ha mobile pay-
men adop ion INT was signi ican ly in luenced by sel -e icacy. Ne e heless, li e a u e also documen ed
he insigni ican in luence o sel -e icacy on ATT and INT. Fo example, Loh e al. (2022) ound ha MSE
did no signi ican ly in luence he wea able paymen adop ion INT. Besides he MSE, he insigni ican
impac o sel -e icacy on echnology adop ion was also ound in o he con ex s, such as sma phone
i ness applica ions (Dhiman e al., 2020), mobile comme ce (Ta hini e al., 2019), mobile paymen (Lui
e al., 2021), and he like. The e o e, he ollowing s a emen s a e hypo hesised o u he in es iga e he
e ec o MSE on ATT and INT.
H3: MSE has a posi i ely signi ican ela ionship wi h ATT o use mobile in es men .
H4: MSE has a posi i ely signi ican ela ionship wi h INT o use mobile in es men .
COGENT BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT 5
Mobile inno a i eness (MI)
The le el o an indi idual’s willingness o y a new mobile echnology is e e ed o as MI (Loh e al.,
2022). When indi iduals a e highly willing o y a new mobile echnology, his could indica e ha hei
MI is inc eased (Boa eng e al., 2016). The e o e, hey may ha e a good pe cep ion o posi i e ATT
owa ds he mobile in es men pla o m when inno a i eness enhances hei cu iosi y. This pos ula ion
is suppo ed by s udies o Boa eng e al. (2016) and Pa il e al. (2020), who e ealed he posi i e signi -
ican in luence o pe sonal inno a i eness on ATT owa ds mobile ad e ising and mobile paymen ,
espec i ely. Fo ha eason, MI is p edic ed o ha e a signi ican in luence on ATT. Mo eo e , indi iduals
could ha e a highe INT when hey a e highly inno a i e in using mobile echnology. The subs an ial
e ec o indi iduals’ inno a i eness owa ds hei INT has been well documen ed. Fo example, Loh e al.
(2022) e ealed ha INT o use wea able paymen was signi ican ly in luenced by MI. Simila ly, he in lu-
ence o an indi idual’s inno a i eness on INT o adop he echnology was also ound in o he s udies,
such as li e s eaming se ice (Singh e al., 2021), mobile paymen (Handa kho & Ha josepu o, 2020),
mobile banking (Ho e al., 2020), and sma phone i ness applica ion (Dhiman e al., 2020). Fu he mo e,
insigni ican in luence o an indi idual’s inno a i eness owa ds INT o use mobile paymen was ound
by Yan e al. (2021) and Lui e al. (2021). The e o e, u he s udies should be conduc ed o explo e he
e ec s o MI on ATT and INT. The ollowing hypo heses a e p oposed o be in es iga ed in his s udy.
H5: MI has a posi i ely signi ican ela ionship wi h ATT o use mobile in es men .
H6: MI has a posi i ely signi ican ela ionship wi h INT o use mobile in es men .
Pe cei ed epu a ion (PR)
Mobile in es men is a pla o m designed o managing in es men po olios using mobile de ices.
The e o e, he mobile in es men pla o m p o ide ’s PR is expec ed o in luence INT o use mobile
in es men pla o ms. As de ined by Xin e al. (2015), he se ice p o ide s’ PR was he deg ee o an
indi idual’s belie in he se ice p o ide ega ding hei compe ency, hones y, and bene olence. This
signi ied ha i he se ice p o ide has a good epu a ion, i will s eng hen he indi idual’s ATT owa ds
he pla o m. The use ends o adop he pla o m ha has a high epu a ion. Mo eo e , his PR is c u-
cial o mobile echnology, whe eby he ansac ion is i ually done. The e o e, he pla o m p o ide ’s
PR is c ucial o an indi idual o adap i s echnology. The success o mobile ansac ions elies on he
ai h ul and e hical p ac ices o he mobile se ice p o ide s and hei echnology (Xin e al., 2015).
Dahlbe g e al. (2003) ound ha an indi idual was likely o use mobile paymen i he endo s a e
well-known and es ablished companies. Simila ly, Wa same and I e i (2018) and Nguyen e al. (2022)
ema ked on he c ucial impac o epu a ion on Islamic banking and mobile banking adop ion, espec-
i ely. Consequen ly, he ollowing hypo heses a e pos ula ed.
H7: PR has a posi i ely signi ican ela ionship wi h ATT o use mobile in es men .
H8: PR has a posi i ely signi ican ela ionship wi h INT o use mobile in es men .
A i ude (ATT) owa d mobile in es men
A i ude (ATT) is he magni ude o an indi idual ha ing a a ou able o un a ou able assessmen o
echnology. In his s udy, he ATT owa ds mobile in es men is e e ed o as he indi iduals’ pe -
cep ion owa ds mobile in es men pla o m, whe he he pe cep ion is posi i e o nega i e.
Theo e ically, i an indi idual has a posi i e o a ou able ATT owa ds echnology, he INT o use
ha echnology is highe han he nega i e o un a ou able pe cep ion. Signi ican in luence o ATT
owa ds INT has been widely ecognised in li e a u e. Fo example, Ho e al. (2020) and Pu ohi and
A o a (2023) e ealed ha ATT signi ican ly in luenced INT o use mobile banking. Simila ly, Chong
e al. (2021) also ound ha he indi idual’s INT o adop mobile s ock ading was signi ican ly
a ec ed by ATT. The signi ican impac o ATT on mobile paymen echnology was also e ealed by
6 P.-S. LING ET AL.
Bailey e al. (2020), Fla ian e al. (2020), and Teng e al. (2020). The e o e, he ollowing hypo hesis
is sugges ed.
H9: ATT has a posi i ely signi ican ela ionship wi h INT o use mobile in es men .
The p oposed esea ch amewo k is p o ided in Figu e 1, de eloped om he discussion abo e.
Resea ch me hodology
The a ge ed popula ion o his s udy was he in es o s in Malaysia, as his s udy aimed a examining
he de e minan ac o s ha migh signi ican ly in luence INT o use mobile in es men pla o ms.
The e o e, pu posi e sampling echnique was used o ga he he p ima y esponses om he public. A
sc eening ques ion was included o ensu e ha only Malaysian in es o s pa icipa ed in his s udy. A
o al o 213 comple ed esponses we e ga he ed h ough he su ey. As sugges ed by he powe analysis
using G*Powe so wa e, 146 esponden s we e he minimum sample size o he p oposed esea ch
model in his s udy. This sample size was de e mined h ough he p io i powe analysis using a medium
e ec size o 0.15, an alpha alue o 0.05, and a powe le el o 0.95. The e o e, a inal sample o 213 was
su icien o examine he amewo k o he s udy, as he numbe was g ea e han he sugges ed mini-
mum sample size.
Fo he measu emen i ems o he p oposed model, a o al o 28 measu emen i ems we e adap ed
om p io s udies, and used o de elop he s udy ques ionnai e. Speci ically, ou i ems each o MU and
MEOU we e adap ed om a s udy by Lau e al. (2021), while ou i ems each o MSE, MI, and INT o use
mobile in es men we e adap ed om a s udy by Loh e al. (2022). Addi ionally, ou i ems o ATT
owa ds mobile in es men we e adap ed om Bailey e al. (2020), and h ee i ems o he pla o m
p o ide s’ PR we e adap ed om Chand a e al. (2010). Howe e , h ee i ems we e dele ed due o he
lowe ou e loading han 0.708, including MEOU1, MSE4, and MI3. The se en-poin Like scale, anging
om 1 o 7 o s ongly disag ee o s ongly ag ee was used o esponden s o measu e he le el o
ag eemen on he measu emen i ems.
The p ima y esponses om pa icipa ing esponden s we e collec ed using he online su ey pla -
o m Google Fo ms om he Malaysian in es o s. The p oposed esea ch model was hen analysed by
u ilising he pa ial leas squa es s uc u al equa ion modelling (PLS-SEM) app oach using he Sma PLS
so wa e. The Ma dia’s mul i a ia e no mali y es esul s showed ha he da a was no no mally dis ib-
u ed, as he ku osis coe icien (113.1198) was g ea e han 20 (By ne, 2013; Kline, 2011). The e o e,
PLS-SEM was he mos app op ia e echnique o his s udy (Hai e al., 2019).
Figu e 1. P oposed esea ch model.
COGENT BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT 7
Da a analysis
As p esen ed in Table 1, 64% and 36% o he esponden s we e emales and males, espec i ely. Rega ding
he age ange, a ound one- ou h o he esponden s we e be ween 19- o 24-yea -old, ollowed by 24%
we e be ween 25- o 29-yea -old, and 30- o 34-yea -old. A he same ime, he o he age ange accoun ed
o he emaining 27%. Mo eo e , a ound 64% o he esponden s we e single, and he emaining we e
ma ied. Majo i y o he esponden s we e employees (59%), ollowed by s uden s (24%), sel -employed
(15%), and o he s (2%). Fo he highes educa ion le el, 73% o esponden s had a leas a ce i ica e,
diploma, o bachelo ’s deg ee, 16% had pos g adua e deg ees, and he emaining 11% only had p ima y
o seconda y educa ion.
Assessmen o measu emen model
The wo-s age analysis in ol ed he measu emen assessmen , and s uc u al models we e pe o med. In
he i s measu emen model assessmen , some necessa y eliabili y and alidi y es s we e pe o med,
and he esul s a e p o ided in Table 2. Fi s ly, bo h he a e age a iances ex ac ed (AVE) and ou e
loading we e used o assess he alidi y o bo h cons uc s and i ems le el. The esul s showed ha he
con e gen alidi y o bo h cons uc s and i ems was es ablished, as he AVE alue was g ea e han
0.5000 (Fla ian e al., 2020). Addi ionally, all i ems had a loading alue o g ea e han 0.7080 (Hai e al.,
2017), excep o h ee i ems (MEOU1, MSE4, and MI3) wi h loading alues o lowe han 0.7080, and
hus we e dele ed. Bo h he composi e eliabili y (CR) and C onbach’s alpha we e adop ed, and all con-
s uc s had alues o highe han 0.7000, indica ing ha eliabili y was also achie ed. Addi ionally, he
He e o ai -Mono ai (HTMT) co ela ion a io was also pe o med o assess he disc iminan alidi y. The
esul in Table 3 showed ha all alues we e lowe han 0.9000, and he disc iminan alidi y was also
sa is ac o y (Hensele e al., 2015). Meanwhile, he a iance in la ion ac o (VIF) o all he s udy con-
s uc s ob ained om he ull collinea i y es sugges ed by Kock (2015) is also p esen ed in Table 2. The
esul showed ha he da a was absen om mul icollinea i y, as he VIF alue was lowe han 5 (Anwa
e al., 2021; Hai e al., 2017).
Assessmen o s uc u al model
The s udy con inued wi h he second s age o PLS-SEM by assessing he s uc u al model. As shown a
he bo om o Table 4, 62% o he a iance in ATT was success ully explained by MSE, PR, and MI, while
MU, MEOU, ATT, MSE, PR, and MI explained 69% o he a iance in INT. Mo eo e , he p edic i e
Table 1. P o iles o he esponden s.
P o iles F equency Pe cen age
Gende
Male 76 35.68
Female 137 64.32
Age
19–24 54 25.35
25–29 51 23.94
30–34 51 23.94
35–39 26 12.21
40–44 18 8.45
45 and abo e 13 6.10
Ma i al s a us
Ma ied 77 36.15
single 136 63.85
Occupa ion
employee 125 58.69
sel -employed 32 15.02
s uden s 51 23.94
o he s 5 2.35
Highes educa ion le el
Ce i ica e/Diploma/Bachelo Deg ee 156 73.24
Mas e and PhD 34 15.96
P ima y and seconda y school 23 10.80
14 P.-S. LING ET AL.
Abou he au ho s
Pick-Soon Ling is a Lec u e a he School o Business and Managemen , Uni e si y o Technology Sa awak (UTS). He
g adua ed wi h a PhD, a Mas e o Economics, and a Bachelo o Business Adminis a ion wi h Honou s om he
Na ional Uni e si y o Malaysia (UKM).
Kel in Yong Ming Lee is a Senio Lec u e a he School o Accoun ing and Finance, Taylo ’s Uni e si y. He g adua ed
wi h a PhD (Finance), MSc (Finance) and a Bachelo o Finance wi h Honou s om he Uni e si i Malaysia Sa awak
(UNIMAS).
Liing-Sing Ling is a Lec u e a he School o Business and Managemen , Uni e si y o Technology Sa awak (UTS).
Besides she is also a Fellow membe o he Associa ion o Cha e ed Ce i ied Accoun an s (ACCA) and membe o
he Malaysian Ins i u e o Accoun an s.
Mohd Kama ul Anwa Mohd Suhaimi is a Law Lec u e a he School o Business and Managemen , Uni e si y o
Technology Sa awak. He was o me ly admi ed as an ad oca e and solici o o he High Cou o Malaya.
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o g/10.1108/20408741011082543
Measu emen i ems
Mobile Use ulness – Adap ed om Lau e al. (2021)
• Using mobile in es men pla o ms enhances my in es men expe ience.
• Using mobile in es men pla o ms helps me sa e ime.
• I ind mobile in es men pla o ms use ul in my daily li e.
• Using a mobile in es men pla o m gi es me g ea e con ol o e my in es men po olio.
Mobile Ease o Use – Adap ed om Lau e al. (2021)
• In e ac ion wi h mobile in es men does no equi e a lo o in ellec ual e o .
• I would be easy o me o become skil ul a using mobile in es men .
• Lea ning how o use mobile in es men would be easy o me.
• Mobile in es men is lexible o in e ac wi h.
• O e all, I ind mobile in es men easy o use.
Mobile Sel -E icacy – Adap ed om Loh e al. (2022)
• I eel con iden using he mobile in es men o comple e my in es men e icien ly.
• I eel con iden using he mobile in es men o make my in es men e en i he e was no one
a ound o ell me how i wo ks.
• I eel con iden using he mobile in es men o make my in es men i I had only he s ep-by-s ep
manual o e e ence.
• I eel con iden using he mobile in es men o make my in es men i I had jus he buil in-help
acili y o assis ance (e.g. Apple, Si i, Google Assis an ).
Mobile Inno a i eness – Adap ed om Loh e al. (2022)
• I am in e es ed in explo ing new mobile in es men echnologies.
• I I hea abou a new mobile in es men echnology, I will look o ways o expe imen wi h i .
• Among my pee s, I am usually he i s o explo e new mobile in es men echnologies.
• I hink I will use he mobile in es men o make my in es men e en i I do no know anyone else
who has done i be o e.
Pe cei ed Repu a ion o Mobile In es men Se ice P o ide – Adap ed om Chand a e al. (2010)
• I belie e his mobile se ice p o ide (such as Touch n Go, Raiz, e c.) has a good epu a ion.
• I belie e his mobile se ice p o ide (such as Touch n Go, Raiz, e c.) has a epu a ion o being ai .
• I belie e his mobile se ice p o ide (such as Touch n Go, Raiz, e c.) has a epu a ion o being
hones .
COGENT BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT 17
A i ude owa d Mobile In es men – Adap ed om Bailey e al. (2020)
• Using a mobile in es men pla o m is a good idea.
• Using a mobile in es men pla o m is bene icial.
• I ha e a posi i e a i ude owa d using mobile in es men pla o ms.
• I ha e a posi i e a i ude owa d using mobile in es men pla o ms.
In en ion o use Mobile In es men – Adap ed om Loh e al. (2022)
• I am open o use a mobile in es men o make my in es men in he nea u u e.
• Gi en he oppo uni y, I will use he mobile in es men o make my in es men .
• I am likely o use he mobile in es men o make my in es men in he nea u u e.
• I in end o use he mobile in es men o make my in es men i he oppo uni y a ises.
