As ikė, K is ina; Sk a ciany, Vik o ija
A icle
Measu ing he le el o pe o mance o coun y's cul u al
economics: The case o EU11
Am i ea u Economic
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
The Bucha es Uni e si y o Economic S udies
Sugges ed Ci a ion: As ikė, K is ina; Sk a ciany, Vik o ija (2024) : Measu ing he le el o pe o mance
o coun y's cul u al economics: The case o EU11, Am i ea u Economic, ISSN 2247-9104, The
Bucha es Uni e si y o Economic S udies, Bucha es , Vol. 26, Iss. 65, pp. 312-329,
h ps://doi.o g/10.24818/EA/2024/65/312
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/281823
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
AE
Measu ing he Le el o Pe o mance o Coun y’s Cul u al Economics:
The Case o EU11
312 Am i ea u Economic
MEASURING THE LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE
OF COUNTRY’S CULTURAL ECONOMICS: THE CASE OF EU11
K is ina As ikė1
*
and Vik o ija Sk a ciany2
1)2)Vilnius Gediminas Technical Uni e si y, Vilnius, Li huania
Please ci e his a icle as:
As ikė, K. and Sk a ciany, V., 2024. Measu ing he
Le el o Pe o mance o Coun y’s Cul u al
Economics: The Case o EU11. Am i ea u Economic,
26(65), pp. 312-329.
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.24818/EA/2024/65/312
A icle His o y
Recei ed: 14 Sep embe 2023
Re ised: 15 No embe 2023
Accep ed: 16 Decembe 2023
Abs ac
Cul u e i sel o ms socie y’s iden i y, social alues, and o mal and in o mal social ela ions.
This s eng hens social capi al, which is based on communi y, ci izenship, olun ee ism, and
social alues. These aspec s p omo e e ec i e democ a ic go e nance, and he eby ensu e
economic g ow h and, a he same ime, he expansion o cul u al economics. The main
pu pose o his a icle is o iden i y which o he selec ed cul u al pe o mance ac o s a e
mo e impo an in ela ion o each o he and o c ea e an index o cul u al economics o he
pos -communis Cen al and Eas e n Eu opean coun ies o he Eu opean Union acco ding o
hese ac o s. The me hods used in he a icle a e as ollows: analysis o scien i ic li e a u e,
quali a i e expe in e iews p ocess wi h FAHP, and mul i-c i e ia decision-making me hod
TOPSIS. Two ypes o da a we e collec ed and analysed in he a icle: da a ecei ed om he
expe su ey and exis ing s a is ical da a. The esul s e ealed ha a e c ea ing an index o
he pos -communis Cen al and Eas e n Eu ope coun ies o he Eu opean Union acco ding
o selec ed cul u al pe o mance ac o s, he i s i e places a e occupied by Romania,
Bulga ia, Slo akia, La ia, and Li huania. The p ac ical implica ions o he esea ch a e ha
cul u al economics is ela ed o bo h he p i a e and public sec o s and, as a esul , o hei
e enue; hence, he p oduc s i p oduces may be s a ed o con ibu e o he coun y’s economy
and de elopmen . The limi a ions o his s udy a e s a is ics ha ha e been used; he da a is
o 2020 as his is he mos ecen a ailable.
Keywo ds: cul u al economics, he i age, cul u al ins i u ions, EU11
JEL Classi ica ion: C83, D1, H1, Z1
*
Co esponding au ho , K is ina As ikė – e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in
any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. © 2024 The Au ho (s).
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 26 • No. 65 • Feb ua y 2024 313
In oduc ion
Cul u e is decisi e in na ional p og ess, indi idual and communi y sel -wo h, and a ious
o ms o c ea i i y and inno a ion. Wi hou cul u e, mode n de elopmen o poli ical
democ acy, economic g ow h, socie y’s abili y o hink c i ically, social ha mony, and he
o e all well-being o e e y ci izen a e impossible. This iew is suppo ed by he cul u al
heo ies. Conside ing hese heo ies, i is essen ial o men ion Gee Ho s ede’s esea ch, in
which he es ablished a concep ual amewo k o comp ehend a ia ions in cul u e among
di e se na ions and socie ies. Ini ially ocused on iden i ying and measu ing cul u al
dispa i ies in he wo kplace, he indings o his esea ch ha e since been ex apola ed o
encompass b oade con ex s (Ho s ede e al., 2004). Ho s ede’s cul u al heo ies a e closely
ela ed o his esea ch because hey explo e cul u al ins i u ions, cul u al employmen , and
p o essional aining in he cul u e sec o . All o his p o ides a amewo k o unde s anding
cul u al di e ences and hese dimensions a e closely ela ed o cul u al ins i u ions. Cul u al
ins i u ions a e he s uc u es and mechanisms wi hin a socie y ha shape he beha iou ,
alues, and no ms o i s membe s. The dimensions iden i ied by Ho s ede help o highligh
how ce ain aspec s o cul u al ins i u ions a y ac oss di e en socie ies. In a ious aspec s,
cul u e occupies an impo an place in he mode n wo ld. Cul u e os e s he inc ease in he
alue and compe i i eness o p oduc s (Go i e al., 2019; Azeem e al., 2021), and p omo es
social inclusion and social de elopmen (Mei and Fle che , 2019; Val e de-Mo eno e al.,
2021). Cul u e is essen ial o spa ial planning and u ban expansion (G enni e al., 2020;
Pu ka ho e e al., 2021), and i also se es o he de elopmen o collec i e awa eness and
hinking (Ca on e al., 2020; Chabay, 2020). Cul u e is also in luen ial om an economic
app oach. The Wo ld Economic Fo um announces ha cul u e is seen as an essen ial sec o
ha de elops human capi al, p omo es he c ea ion o new inno a i e p oduc s, de elops
in as uc u e and ou ism, and con ibu es o he digi isa ion o p ocesses (Wo ld Economic
Fo um, 2020). Hence, i could be s a ed ha cul u e is a pa o di e en sys ems, and
economics is no an excep ion. In o de o include cul u e in he economics dimension, he
concep ion o cul u al economics has been de eloped. The impo ance o cul u al economics
is jus i ied in o icial epo s, such as Uni ed Na ions documen s. In 2019, he Uni ed Na ions
Educa ional, Scien i ic and Cul u al O ganisa ion (UNESCO) o ganised a deba e on Cul u e
and Sus ainable De elopmen . The deba e highligh s he connec ion be ween cul u e,
sus ainable de elopmen , inno a ion, di e si ica ion, and economic expansion. These
documen s illus a e how a is ic educa ion, cul u al pe o mance and cul u e i sel , and
c ea i e indus ies con ibu e o achie ing de elopmen goals in p o iding up- o-da e and
inno a i e solu ions in u ban and u al, na ional, and local con ex s. In addi ion, hey p o ide
oppo uni ies o decen wo k, po e y educ ion, social esilience, and gende equali y.
Uni ed Na ions a gue ha cul u e is he key o sus ainable de elopmen and a powe ul
con ibu o o economic and social s abili y in e ac ing wi h echnology, in ellec ual p ope y,
and ou ism objec i es: i is a se o knowledge-based, and hus mo e localised, economic
ac i i ies wi h a de elopmen dimension and c oss-cu ing linkages a mac o and mic o le els
o he o e all economy. All his shows he ele ance o cul u al economics. Based on ha , i
could be a gued ha in o de o each he highes le el o cul u al economics, he p esen
si ua ion should be assessed. Because o ha , i is c ucial o se he ac o s ha could be used
o cul u al economics measu emen , which will help o unde s and whe e he coun ies a e
now. I is especially impo an o pos -communis ic coun ies o acili a e smoo he
in eg a ion in o he Eu opean cul u al space in he ield o economics.
AE
Measu ing he Le el o Pe o mance o Coun y’s Cul u al Economics:
The Case o EU11
314 Am i ea u Economic
A e he ea ly 1990s, he pos -communis coun ies o Cen al and Eas e n Eu ope achie ed
simila de elopmen goals. The main ones we e democ a isa ion, in eg a ion in o he EU,
de elopmen o ela ions wi h o he Eu opean coun ies, he economic and poli ical
ans o ma ion o inancial sys ems, and also ge ing in ol ed in he cul u al space o he
Eu opean Union. Thus, his esea ch aims o iden i y he ac o s o measu ing he coun y’s
cul u al economics and e alua ing i s s a e in EU11. EU11 is he abb e ia ion o all pos -
communis coun ies ha a e membe s o he Eu opean Union. These a e 11 coun ies in
Cen al and Eas e n Eu ope (C oa ia, Es onia, Slo enia, Bulga ia, Romania, La ia,
Li huania, Slo akia, Hunga y, he Czech Republic, Poland) ha had a communis egime
and, a e he collapse o he So ie Union, joined he Eu opean Union. These coun ies ha e
no only common poli ical, cul u al, geog aphical, and economic ea u es bu also aced
simila challenges: p ohibi ions o eligion, and na i e language, which supp essed hei
cul u al iden i y. The main cul u al simila i y o all EU11 is he communis in angible and
ma e ial he i age. This he i age does no e lec he coun ies’ his o ical pas o na ional
iden i y; ha is, i shows he coun ies’ communis ideology, which was simila in all
coun ies. The e o e, i is no su p ising ha a e he collapse o he So ie Union, all hese
coun ies ied o ee hemsel es om hei communis he i age, and his libe a ion is s ill
ongoing oday. Thus, i is ele an o analyse he ac o s o he cul u al economics o hese
coun ies and compa e hem wi h each o he in his aspec .
The a icle has he ollowing s uc u e: he heo e ical pa p esen s he analysis o he ac o s
o measu ing he coun y’s cul u al economics. The esea ch pa o he a icle desc ibes he
esea ch me hodology and me hods: AHP and TOPSIS me hods. The a icle ends wi h a
discussion and conclusions.
1. Theo e ical backg ound
Di e en s udies ha e shown ha cul u al ac i i ies b ing bo h di ec and indi ec bene i s.
Fo example, hey ac i ely pa icipa e in ci ic li e and he eby inc ease social capi al. I also
con ibu es o as e economic de elopmen , as i encou ages he imp o emen o he
en i onmen a ound us h ough he s eng hening o public secu i y, which c ea es an
a ac i e in es men en i onmen . And, o cou se, i p o ec s he cul u al he i age and
educa es abou he impo ance o passing on and p ese ing cul u al alues and he coun y’s
his o y, which o ms g oup memo y and iden i y (A anasi e al., 2013; O lando e al., 2022).
Cul u e i sel o ms socie y’s iden i y, social alues, and o mal and in o mal social ela ions.
All o his s eng hens social capi al, which is based on communi y, ci izenship,
olun ee ism, and social alues. These aspec s p omo e e ec i e democ a ic go e nance and,
he e o e, ensu e economic g ow h. In o he wo ds, all o he men ioned aspec s a e pa o
he coun y’s cul u al economics.
A he global le el, UNESCO has been assessing cul u e in di e en epo s and s udies. Fo
example, i s 2013 C ea i e Economy Repo p oposes a sys em o ac o s ha a e di ided
in o h ee g oups: esou ces, capaci y, and ou comes. The g oup o esou ce ac o s consis s
o he ollowing: c ea i e wo k o ce, c ea i e businesses, cul u al ins i u ions, cul u al
he i age, cul u al ac i i ies, and cul u al in as uc u es (UNESCO Cul u e De elopmen
Indica o s, 2014). Capaci y ac o s include da a abou go e nmen and p i a e sec o
pa icipa ion, social capi al, ci il socie y, educa ion in a s and cul u e, communica ion, and
media. The g oup o ou come ac o s is di ided in o economic, social, cul u al, and
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 26 • No. 65 • Feb ua y 2024 315
en i onmen al pa s. The g oup o economic ac o s included da a on he ou pu o cul u al
goods and se ices, employmen , expo s, business de elopmen , ou ism, and equi y in
economic ou comes. Social ou comes a e measu ed using da a abou social cohesion, cul u al
di e si y, human igh s and non-disc imina ion, and educa ion. Cul u al ou comes include
cul u al consump ion and engagemen da a, cul u al pa icipa ion and c ea i e ac i i y, a -
o m de elopmen , and cul u e in ex e nal ela ions. Finally, en i onmen al ou comes a e
measu ed using da a on educa ional s a egies, a s as an example o g een p ac ice, and
adi ional knowledge (UNESCO, 2013). This shows how b oad he ield o cul u al
economics esea ch is and ha cul u al economics ac o s can be di ided in o ou g oups o
be e unde s and hem. Ano he example showing he impo ance o cul u al economics on
a global scale is he C ea i e Economy Ou look 2022, p epa ed by he Uni ed Na ions
(C ea i e Economy Ou look, 2022). This epo highligh s he unique impo ance o cul u e
o he c ea i e indus ies, he as es -g owing sec o in he wo ld. In his way, cul u e
acqui es e en g ea e economic impo ance, con ibu ing o c ea ing jobs and p omo ing
inno a ion and in e na ional ade. By s eng hening he de elopmen o he c ea i e sec o ,
cul u e con ibu es o he g ow h o he coun ies’ social, poli ical, and economic sec o s
(C ea i e Economy Ou look, 2022). These g oups show he economic impo ance o cul u e
and de ine how cul u e con ibu es o he economic g ow h o coun ies: h ough he
p omo ion o he g ow h o social capi al, he expansion o inno a ion, c ea i e indus ies,
and in e na ional ade. In addi ion, he economic alue o cul u e can be measu ed as cul u al
capi al, which can be angible: monumen s (a chi ec u e, wo ks o a , s uc u es o indings
o an a chaeological na u e), ensembles (isola ed o connec ed g oups o s uc u es whose
a chi ec u e is ela ed o he landscape), amous places (wo ks o people and na u e) o
in angible: long-es ablished ac i i ies, images, o ms o exp ession, knowledge, skills, i.e.
ela ed ools, objec s, p oduc s o human ac i i y, and cul u al spaces ela ed o hem,
ecognised by ce ain communi ies as pa o cul u al he i age. All he men ioned ac o s a e
a pa o cul u al economics; hence, i is impo an o iden i y elemen s he o cul u al
economics ca e ully and desc ibe hem in o de o c ea e a sys em o measu ing he cu en
le el o cul u al economics.
Ano he aspec why i is c ucial o de e mine hese ac o s is because hey a ec he coun y’s
compe i i eness and social policies and inc ease he coun y’s in es men a ac i eness. The
con ol o cul u al economics lies wi hin he hands o coun ies, making i c ucial o iden i y he
pe inen ac o s ha se e as de e minan s. This iden i ica ion is essen ial o c a ing ele an
policy o mula ions. Policy-make s could use he ob ained esul s o he a ge ed de elopmen
o cul u al economics, which would u he con ibu e o he g ow h o he coun y’s economy
and i s compe i i eness. Iden i ying hese ac o s is he p ima y pu pose o he li e a u e e iew
o he cu en a icle. A e discussing he impo ance o he cul u al economy, he ollowing en
ac o s we e iden i ied ha could be used o measu e cul u al economics.
Cul u al he i age is conside ed he main elemen in he iden i y and uniqueness o ci ies and
egions. Du ing he So ie e a, his na ional iden i y was supp essed by he cons uc ion o
new objec s e lec ing he communis ideology. Such objec s e lec ing he egime o
communism a e being disman led oday. Cu en ly, cul u al he i age is unde s ood as he i age
wi h a is ic alue. I con ibu es o people’s well-being, c ea es jobs, inc eases people’s
social employmen and p omo es ou ism, which, in u n, p omo es he economic
de elopmen o a coun y. Many au ho s emphasise ha i is h ough he de elopmen o
ou ism ha he i age a ec s he coun y’s economy, so i is i al o p ope ly p o ec and
AE
Measu ing he Le el o Pe o mance o Coun y’s Cul u al Economics:
The Case o EU11
316 Am i ea u Economic
manage i (Bosone e al., 2021; Chhab a, 2021; Zhen ao e al., 2021). The e o e, cul u al
he i age can be singled ou as a measu emen ac o in cul u al economics.
Ano he impo an ac o speci ied in he scien i ic li e a u e as allowing he measu emen o
cul u al economics is cul u al ins i u ions: museums, cul u al cen es and ins i u es, hea es
and conce ins i u ions, and lib a ies (G ene sen, 2012; Sco , 2019). These cul u al
ins i u ions a e one o he main ools o p omo ing egional de elopmen and educing
dispa i ies among hem by c ea ing new jobs and pa icipa ing in social cohesion. Cul u al
ins i u ions c ea e condi ions o he coun y’s esiden s o use cul u al se ices and
pa icipa e in cul u al li e. The de elopmen o he in as uc u e o cul u al ins i u ions
con ibu es o he de elopmen o cul u al p oduc s and acili ies and he o ma ion o cul u al
policy in he egion (Baculáko á and G ešš, 2021). Cul u al ins i u ions need a sui able
ma ke ing s a egy ha is ocused on solid and long-las ing e ms be ween ins i u ions,
audiences, and sponso s. Fo his, i is c ucial o ha e a good image, p oduc s o high quali y,
o p oduc s ha ha e a easonable p opo ion be ween p ice and quali y (Buljubašić e al.,
2016). These ela ionships can s imula e he in e es o he audience and, in he end,
success ul ma ke ing in cul u al economics.
Today, he e ec o cul u al ac i i ies on GDP, economic g ow h, social wel a e and
de elopmen o in e na ional exchanges is e y no iceable as i has changed cul u al ac i i ies
o one o he basic ounda ions o he economic sys em o he wo ld (Al a and Tagh a, 2017).
I is a common belie ha cul u al p oduc s a e no c ucial o a coun y’s economy, bu hey
ha e ecei ed inc easing a en ion in ecen yea s. Au ho s ag ee ha his con ibu ed o he
g owing need o cul u e and a , he de elopmen o echnology and he g owing
independence o cul u e (Ba andia an-I as o za e al., 2020). Cul u e also in luences
en ep eneu ship and c ea i e p ojec s, which c ea e new businesses o expand exis ing ones.
All his jus i ies he con ibu ion o cul u al ac i i ies o GDP and can be used as an indica o
o measu e he cul u al economy.
The ac o s o cul u al employmen and p o essional aining in he cul u e sec o a e di ec ed
a he ole o cul u e as an “employe ” in o de o unde s and be e i s in luence on he
na ional economic and social inc ease (UNESCO, 2014). Pa icipa ion in cul u al ac ion is
an in eg al pa o de elopmen , which moni o s he employmen o people, he income
gene a ion om job c ea ion, and he highe s anda d o li ing o hose who wo k ( Baluku
e al., 2019; Boyd, 2021). The de elopmen o cul u e in he coun y also equi es
compe i i eness om he cul u al segmen s a . In o de o de elop he economic po en ial
o cul u e, p o essionals in he cul u al sec o mus ha e he oppo uni y o acqui e and
de elop a is ic, c ea i e, echnical, echnological and manage ial skills and compe encies
(UNESCO, 2014). Employees will no only be able o success ully use he acqui ed
compe encies in p ac ice, wo king in cul u al ins i u ions bu also in ep esen ing he coun y
a in e na ional e en s (Gau am and Basne , 2020).
Household expendi u es on cul u e a e ela ed o economic de elopmen and show how
socie y alues cul u e h ough inancial lows. Household cos s on cul u e also di ec ly
con ibu e o he expansion o he cul u al segmen and encou age he de elopmen o new
cul u al p oduc s (Cellini and Cuccia, 2021). Spending on cul u e p omo es he de elopmen
o he in as uc u e o cul u al objec s, such as hea es, museums, and galle ies. I also
con ibu es o inc easing he numbe o ca es, es au an s, and ba s. Zhang e al. (2022)
ca ied ou esea ch showing ha du ing he COVID-19 pandemic, when households’
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 26 • No. 65 • Feb ua y 2024 317
spending on cul u e dec eased signi ican ly, many cul u al objec i es we e closed. This
shows how i al household spending is o cul u al economics.
The dis ibu ion o cul u al in as uc u es plays a key ole in p omo ing g ea e access o
cul u e. This is impo an in educing dispa i ies be ween he di e en egions o coun ies
and, he ewi h, imp o ing he quali y o li e o he ci izens. Howe e , he au ho s Li e al.
(2020) and Elwell e al. (2020) emphasise ha a good cul u al in as uc u e alone is no
enough, and i is necessa y o ensu e ha all g oups o socie y can pa icipa e in he
managemen o cul u al p ocesses and pa icipa e in cul u al ac i i ies.
Ano he i al ac o is ci il socie y’s pa icipa ion in cul u al go e nance and pa icipa ion in
going-ou ac i i ies, which consis s o a ending li e pe o mances, going o he cinema,
isi ing cul u al si es, and p ac ising a is ic ac i i ies (UNESCO). Public pa icipa ion in
a ious cul u al e en s should be a pa o e e yday li e; such cul u al commi men would
con ibu e o he design o be e -paid labou in he cul u al segmen and become an incen i e
o inc easing cul u al con en (Wa bu on and McLaughlin, 2007), which, in u n, will
p omo e he de elopmen o cul u al economics.
Fu he mo e, he las one is pa icipa ion in iden i y-building cul u al ac i i ies, which
consis s o pa icipa ion in iden i y-building cul u al c ea i e ac i i ies and de eloping
cul u al and social compe encies. Acco ding o Capello (2018), pa icipa ion in such
ac i i ies con ibu es o he design o cul u al p ocesses, he s eng hening o he coun y’s
iden i y, as well as na ional secu i y. Acco ding o he au ho , he impo ance o he Eu opean
Union as a mechanism o p ese ing Eu opean alues is pe cei ed h ough iden i y
o ma ion (Capello, 2018).
As can be seen om he li e a u e analysis, he ac o s a e comp ehensi e, co e ing bo h he
p i a e and public sec o s. The p esen ed ac o s e lec economic indica o s such as GDP,
household expendi u es, and social indica o s: employmen and iden i y-building. This
shows he impo ance o cul u e in he economic sec o s o he coun y’s go e nance.
2. Me hodology
In o de o measu e he le el o cul u al economics o he EU11, wo ypes o da a we e
collec ed and analysed in he a icle: expe su ey and s a is ical da a in o de o assess which
o he selec ed cul u al economic ac o s a e mo e impo an in ela ion o each o he , and o
c ea e an index o he cul u al economics o he pos -communis coun ies ha a e membe s
o he Eu opean Union acco ding o hese ac o s.
The pos -communis coun ies o he Eu opean Union, a e he collapse o he So ie Union,
de eloped ex emely apidly in all a eas in o de o es o e s a ehood and p o ide be e li ing
condi ions o he coun y’s inhabi an s, who we e in i ed o a new economic and poli ical
communi y (Fihel and Okólski, 2019). Despi e all being in he Eu opean Union communi y,
hese pos -communis membe coun ies ha e a numbe o di e ences, which a ose no only
due o di e en geog aphical condi ions, economic le els, and o he s uc u al ci cums ances,
bu also due o he di e en beginnings o he c ea ion o hese na ion-s a es (Papa a, 2018).
Some o hese EU11 coun ies los hei s a ehood du ing he So ie pe iod and had limi ed
oppo uni ies o main ain hei na ional and cul u al iden i y. Fo he la e eason, i is
ele an o analyse how, acco ding o selec ed cul u al economics ac o s, hese EU11
coun ies di e and wha is he le el o each coun y’s cul u al economics.
AE
Measu ing he Le el o Pe o mance o Coun y’s Cul u al Economics:
The Case o EU11
318 Am i ea u Economic
The i s s ep o he s udy was he expe quan i a i e su ey. The expe s o he s udy we e
selec ed based on he publica ions p epa ed on he opic o cul u al economics, which we e
published in he Web o Science and/o Scopus da abases. All expe s we e sen iden ical
ques ionnai es in which hey had o comple e he pai wise compa ison o he selec ed ac o s
dis inguished om he li e a u e. The numbe o esponden s was selec ed based on he
ecommenda ions o Libby and Blash ield (1978). The au ho s ound ou ha he op imal
numbe o expe s is be ween i e and nine. The e o e, in he cu en esea ch, he numbe o
expe s selec ed is i e (Table no. 1). All he expe s a e om di e en EU11 coun ies ( he
coun ies a e no p o ided due o he anonymi y o he su ey).
Table no. 1. Gene al in o ma ion abou he expe s
No.
Educa ion deg ee
and ield
The pe iod when explo ing
he opic o cul u al
economics
P esen wo k
posi ion
E1
PhD in economics
3 yea s
Associa e p o esso
E2
PhD in economics
2 yea s
P o esso
E3
PhD in humani ies
16 yea s
Associa e p o esso
E4
PhD in economics
4 yea s
Associa e p o esso
E5
PhD in economics
5 yea s
Associa e p o esso
As can be seen om Table no. 1, all he expe s in e iewed in he s udy ha e doc o a e
deg ees and pedagogical posi ions, and all he expe s ha e expe ience in esea ching cul u al
economics. Such a high compe ence o expe s shows he eliabili y o he ob ained esul s.
The expe s we e asked o comple e he pai wise compa ison ma ices in o de o compa e
he dis inguished cul u al economics ac o s (Table no. 2). The Fuzzy Analy ic Hie a chy
P ocess (FAHP) was selec ed o p ocess he da a and calcula e he weigh o he selec ed
ac o s. FAHP was chosen o he esea ch, as some imes he expe e alua ion is connec ed
o unce ain y, which could be co e ed by using uzzy numbe s.
Table no. 2. Desc ip ion o s a is ical da a o ac o s o cul u al pe o mance
P ima y ac o s
o cul u al
economics
C i e ion
h ough which
cul u al
economics
ac o
is measu ed
Uni o
measu e
Explana ion
o ela ionship
be ween he
p ima y ac o s
o cul u al
economics and he
c i e ion h ough
which cul u al
economics ac o s
is measu ed
Na a i e
explana ion
o ac o s da a
Sou ce
Cul u al he i age
P ope ies
insc ibed
on he
UNESCO
Wo ld He i age
Lis .
Numbe
o 100000
popula ion
The UNESCO
o ganisa ion is
di ec ly ela ed o
cul u al he i age, as
one o he main
unc ions o his
o ganisa ion is he
p ese a ion and
es o a ion o
cul u al he i age.
Fac o da a:
p ope ies
insc ibed on he
UNESCO Wo ld
He i age Lis
include a
numbe o each
coun y’s
ma e ial
he i age.
UNESCO
da abase
(2020)
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 26 • No. 65 • Feb ua y 2024 319
P ima y ac o s
o cul u al
economics
C i e ion
h ough which
cul u al
economics
ac o
is measu ed
Uni o
measu e
Explana ion
o ela ionship
be ween he
p ima y ac o s
o cul u al
economics and he
c i e ion h ough
which cul u al
economics ac o s
is measu ed
Na a i e
explana ion
o ac o s da a
Sou ce
This shows he
impo ance o his
c i e ion and i s
di ec connec ion
wi h cul u al
he i age.
Cul u al
ins i u ions
Numbe o
en e p ises in
he cul u al
sec o .
Numbe
o 100000
popula ion
Numbe o
en e p ises in he
cul u al sec o
di ec ly e lec s
how many cul u al
ins i u ions he e
a e in a pa icula
coun y.
Fac o da a:
numbe o
en e p ises in he
cul u al sec o
include a
numbe o each
coun y’s
cul u al
ins i u ions/
en e p ises.
Eu os a
da abase
(2020)
Con ibu ion o
cul u al ac i i ies
o GDP
Con ibu ion o
cul u al
ac i i ies o
GDP.
Pe cen age
o GDP
C i e ion –
con ibu ion o
cul u al ac i i ies o
GDP di ec ly
e lec s p ima y
ac o .
Fac o da a:
con ibu ion
o cul u al
ac i i ies o
GDP. Shows
each coun y’s
pe cen age
exp ession o
how much he
cul u al sec o
con ibu es o
he coun y’s
GDP.
Eu os a
da abase
(2020)
Cul u al
employmen
Cul u al
employmen
by o al age.
Numbe
o 100000
popula ion
C i e ion – cul u al
employmen by
o al age di ec ly
e lec s he p ima y
ac o .
Fac o da a:
cul u al
employmen by
o al age. Shows
how many
housands
o people wo k
in he cul u al
sec o in each
coun y.
Eu os a
da abase
(2020)
Household
expendi u es on
cul u e
Household
expendi u es on
cul u al goods.
Annual
a e age
index
This is a di ec
c i e ion ha
e lec s household
spending on
Fac o da a:
household
expendi u es on
cul u al goods.
Eu os a
da abase
(2020)
AE
Measu ing he Le el o Pe o mance o Coun y’s Cul u al Economics:
The Case o EU11
326 Am i ea u Economic
Beşikçi, E.B., Kececi, T., A slan, O. and Tu an, O., 2016. An applica ion o uzzy-AHP o
ship ope a ional ene gy e iciency measu es. Ocean Enginee ing, [e-jou nal] 121,
pp. 392-402. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.05.031.
Bilbao-Te ol, A., A enas-Pa a, M., Cañal-Fe nández, V. and An omil-Ibias, J., 2014. Using
TOPSIS o assessing he sus ainabili y o go e nmen bond unds. Omega, [e-jou nal]
49, pp. 1-17. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.omega.2014.04.005.
Bosone, M., De To o, P., Gi a d, L. F., G a agnuolo, A. and Iodice, S., 2021. Indica o s o
ex‐pos e alua ion o cul u al he i age adap i euse impac s in he pe spec i e o he
ci cula economy. Sus ainabili y, [e-jou nal] 13(9), a icle no. 4759.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ su13094759.
Boyd, R.L., 2021. The Ha lem Renaissance and Blacks’ Employmen in Cul u al Exp ession
Occupa ions. Jou nal o A ican Ame ican S udies, [e-jou nal] 25(1), pp. 82-101.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s12111-021-09514-w.
B äuchle , B., 2019. B oke age, C ea i i y and Space: P o es Cul u e in Indonesia. Jou nal
o In e cul u al S udies, [e-jou nal] 40(4), pp. 451-468. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/
07256868.2019.1628721
Buljubašić, I., Ham, M. and Pap, A., 2016. Fac o s In luencing he Implemen a ion o
Uncon en ional Ma ke ing in Cul u al Ins i u ions – E idence om C oa ia. Scien i ic
Annals o Economics and Business, [e-jou nal] 63(2), pp. 247-272. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1515/saeb-2016-0120.
Capello, R., 2018. Cohesion Policies and he C ea ion o a Eu opean Iden i y: The Role o
Te i o ial Iden i y. Jou nal o Common Ma ke S udies, [e-jou nal] 56(3), pp. 489-503.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/jcms.12611.
Ca on, R., Lee, E.O.J. and Pullen Sans açon, A., 2020. T ans o ma i e Dis up ions and
Collec i e Knowledge Building: Social Wo k P o esso s Building An i-opp essi e
E hical F amewo ks o Resea ch, Teaching, P ac ice and Ac i ism. E hics and Social
Wel a e, [e-jou nal] 14(3), pp. 298-314. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/17496535.2020. 1749690.
Cellini, R. and Cuccia, T., 2021. Female wo k o ce pa icipa ion and household expendi u e
o cul u e and ec ea ion: mac oeconomic e idence om he I alian egions. Applied
Economics, [e-jou nal] 53(14), pp. 1659-1671. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/00036846.2020.
1841087.
Chabay, I., 2020. Vision, iden i y, and collec i e beha io change on pa hways o sus ainable
u u es. E olu iona y and Ins i u ional Economics Re iew, [e-jou nal] 17(1), pp. 151-165.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s40844-019-00151-3.
Chang, D.-Y., 1996. Applica ions o he ex en analysis me hod on uzzy AHP. Eu opean
Jou nal o Ope a ional Resea ch, [e-jou nal] 95(3), pp. 649-655. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/
0377-2217(95)00300-2.
Chhab a, D., 2021. Cul u al and he i age ou ism: an in oduc ion. Jou nal o He i age
Tou ism, [e-jou nal] 16(5), pp. 612-614. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/1743873x.2021.
1942622.
Ciu ea, C. and Filip, F.G., 2019. The globaliza ion impac on c ea i e indus ies and cul u al
he i age: a case s udy. C ea i i y S udies, [e-jou nal] 12(2), pp. 211-223. h ps://doi.o g/
10.3846/cs.2019.7753.
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 26 • No. 65 • Feb ua y 2024 327
Cobo, A., Van i, A.A. and Rocha, R., 2014. A Fuzzy Mul i-c i e ia App oach o i
Go e nance E alua ion. Jou nal o In o ma ion Sys ems and Technology Managemen ,
[e-jou nal] 112(2), pp.257-276. h ps://doi.o g/10.4301/S1807-17752014000200003.
Dinulescu, R. and Dob in, C., 2022. Applying he uzzy analy ical hie a chy p ocess o
classi ying and p io i izing heal hca e quali y a ibu es. Managemen & Ma ke ing.
Challenges o he Knowledge Socie y, [e-jou nal] 17(1), pp.15-40.
h ps://doi.o g/10.2478/mmcks-2022-0002.
Dob e, C.F., 2021. The pa imonializa ion o he communis pas in Romania: Laws,
memo ials, and monumen s. Balcanis ic Fo um, [e-jou nal] 30(1), pp.179-195.
h ps://doi.o g/10.37708/b .swu. 30i1.11.
Dmy ów, K. and Bieszk-S olo z, B., 2021. Compa ison o changes in he labou ma ke s o
pos -communis coun ies wi h o he eu membe s a es. Equilib ium. Qua e ly Jou nal
o Economics and Economic Policy, [e-jou nal] 16(4), pp.741-764.
h ps://doi.o g/10.24136/eq.2021.027.
Economis In elligence, 2023. Democ acy Index 2022 F on line democ acy and he ba le
o Uk aine. [online] A ailable a : <h ps://www.eiu.com/n/wp-con en /uploads/
2023/02/Democ acy-Index-2022_FV2.pd ?li_ a _id= 1 bad7e-a282-4b9e-9 8 -
6a6d5a9 e6b8> [Accessed 9 Decembe 2023].
Elwell, T.L., López-Ca , D., Gelcich, S. and Gaines, S.D., 2020. The impo ance o cul u al
ecosys em se ices in na u al esou ce-dependen communi ies: Implica ions o
managemen . Ecosys em Se ices, [e-jou nal] 44, a icle no. 101123.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ecose .2020.101123.
Esposi o, P. and Ricci, P., 2020. Cul u al o ganiza ions, digi al Co po a e Social
Responsibili y and s akeholde engagemen in i ual museums: a mul iple case s udy.
How digi iza ion is in luencing he a i ude owa d CSR. Co po a e Social Responsibili y
and En i onmen al Managemen , [e-jou nal] 28(2), pp.953-964. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1002/cs .2074.
Fihel, A. and Okólski, M., 2019. Popula ion decline in he pos -communis coun ies o he
Eu opean Union. Popula ion & Socie ies, 567(6), pp.1-4.
Gau am, D.K. and Basne , D., 2020. O ganiza ional cul u e o aining ans e : he
media ing ole o mo i a ion. In e na ional Jou nal o O ganiza ional Analysis, [e-
jou nal] 29(3), pp.769-787. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/IJOA-04-2020-2147.
Go i, G., Cucculelli, M. and Masie o, L., 2019. Fos e ing ou ism des ina ion
compe i i eness in de eloping coun ies: The ole o sus ainabili y. Jou nal o Cleane
P oduc ion, [e-jou nal] 209, pp.101-115. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2018.10.208.
G ene sen, G., 2012. Wha is a documen ins i u ion? A case s udy om he Sou h Sámi
communi y. Jou nal o Documen a ion, [e-jou nal] 68(1), pp.127-133. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1108/00220411211200356.
G enni, S., Ho lings, L.G. and Soini, K., 2020. Linking spa ial planning and place b anding
s a egies h ough cul u al na a i es in places. Eu opean Planning S udies, [e-jou nal]
28(7), pp.1355-1374. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/09654313.2019.1701292.
Helliwell, J. F., Laya d, R., Sachs, J.D. and De Ne e, J.-E., 2021. Wo ld Happiness Repo
2021. [online] A ailable a : <h ps://www.wellbeingin ls udies eposi o y.o g/
hw_happiness/5/> [Accessed 8 Decembe 2023].
AE
Measu ing he Le el o Pe o mance o Coun y’s Cul u al Economics:
The Case o EU11
328 Am i ea u Economic
Ho s ede, G., Noo de ha en, N., Thu ik, R., Uhlane , L. and Wenneke s, A.R.M., 2004.
Cul u e's Role in En ep eneu ship: Sel -Employmen Ou o Dissa is ac ion. [online]
Uni e si y o Illinois a U bana-Champaign's Academy o En ep eneu ial Leade ship
His o ical Resea ch Re e ence in En ep eneu ship. A ailable a :
<h ps://ss n.com/abs ac =1496783> [Accessed 8 Decembe 2023].
I ano a, M., 2017. The inclusion o he communis /socialis he i age in he eme ging
ep esen a ions o eas e n Eu ope: The case o Bulga ia. Tou ism, Cul u e and
Communica ion, [e-jou nal] 17(1), pp.31-46. h ps://doi.o g/10.3727/109830417X
14837314056852.
Janjic, A., Sa ic, S., Velimi o ic, L. and Nikolic, V., 2015. Renewable ene gy in eg a ion in
sma g ids-mul ic i e ia assessmen using he uzzy analy ical hie a chy p ocess. Tu kish
Jou nal o Elec ical Enginee ing & Compu e Sciences, [e-jou nal] 23, pp.1896-1912.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3906/elk-1404-287.
Li, J., K ishnamu hy, S., Pe ei a Rode s, A. and an Wesemael, P., 2020. Communi y
pa icipa ion in cul u al he i age managemen : A sys ema ic li e a u e e iew compa ing
Chinese and in e na ional p ac ices. Ci ies, [e-jou nal] 96(Sep embe 2019).
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ci ies.2019.102476.
Li, X., 2020. Cul u al c ea i e economy and u ban compe i i eness: How one ma e s o he
o he . Jou nal o U ban A ai s, [e-jou nal] 42(8), pp.1164-1179. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/
07352166.2020.1727293.
Mei , D. and Fle che , T., 2019. The ans o ma i e po en ial o using pa icipa o y
communi y spo ini ia i es o p omo e social cohesion in di ided communi y con ex s.
In e na ional Re iew o he Sociology o Spo , [e-jou nal] 54(2), pp.218-238.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/1012690217715297.
O lando, B., Balles a, L.V., Scuo o, V., Pi on i, M. and Giudice, M.D., 2022. The Impac
o R&D In es men s on Eco-Inno a ion: A C oss-Cul u al Pe spec i e o G een
Technology Managemen . IEEE T ansac ions on Enginee ing Managemen , [e-jou nal]
69(5), pp.2275-2284. h ps://doi.o g/10.1109/TEM.2020.3005525.
Pa a, R. and Fe az, J., 2021. F om a Communis He i age o an Unwan ed Pas : The Case
o Romania. Science Insigh s, [e-jou nal] 38(1), pp.298-304. h ps://doi.o g/10.2139/
ss n.3899261.
Papa a, V., 2018. Ca ching Up and Ca ch-Up E ec : Economic G ow h in Pos -Communis
Eu ope (Lessons om he Eu opean Union and he Eas e n Pa ne ship S a es). Eu opean
Jou nal o Economic S udies, [e-jou nal] 7(2), pp.109-125. h ps://doi.o g/10.13187/
es.2018.7.109.
Pu ka ho e , E., Hume , A. and Ma ila, H., 2021. Subna ional and Dynamic
Concep ualisa ions o Planning Cul u e: The Cul u e o Regional Planning and Regional
Planning Cul u es in Finland. Planning Theo y and P ac ice, [e-jou nal] 22(2), pp.244-
265. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/14649357.2021.1896772.
Sco , D., 2019. Music Hall: Regula ions and beha iou in a B i ish cul u al ins i u ion.
Muzikologija, [e-jou nal] 26, pp.61-74. h ps://doi.o g/10.2298/muz1926061s.
Swensen, G. and Nomeikai e, L., 2019. Museums as na a o s: he i age ails in a digi al e a.
Jou nal o He i age Tou ism, [e-jou nal] 14(5-6), pp.525-543. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/
1743873X.2019.1574803.
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 26 • No. 65 • Feb ua y 2024 329
UNCTAD, 2018. C ea i e Economy Ou look. [online] A ailable a : <h ps://unc ad.o g/
en/Publica ionsLib a y/di c ed2018d3_en.pd > [Accessed 9 Decembe 2023].
UNESCO, 2020. UNESCO Cul u e o De elopmen Indica o s. [online] A ailable a :
<h ps://www.unesco.o g/c ea i i y/en/ac i i ies/cdis> [Accessed 9 Decembe 2023].
UNESCO, 2014. UNESCO cul u e o de elopmen indica o s: me hodology manual.
[online] A ailable a : <h ps://unesdoc.unesco.o g/a k:/48223/p 0000229608>
[Accessed 9 Decembe 2023].
Val e de-Mo eno, M., To es-Jimenez, M. and Lucia-Casademun , A.M., 2021. Pa icipa i e
decision-making amongs employees in a c oss-cul u al employmen se ing: e idence
om 31 Eu opean coun ies. Eu opean Jou nal o T aining and De elopmen , [e-jou nal]
45(1), pp.14-35. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/EJTD-10-2019-0184.
Wa bu on, J. and McLaughlin, D., 2007. Passing on ou cul u e: How olde Aus alians om
di e se cul u al backg ounds con ibu e o ci il socie y. Jou nal o C oss-Cul u al
Ge on ology, [e-jou nal] 22(1), pp.47-60. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10823-006-9012-4.
Wo ld Economic Fo um, 2020. A gen ina’s T a el and Tou ism Compe i i eness The Case
o P omo ing and P ese ing Cul u al, Na u al and He i age Asse s in Tou ism. Ma ch.
[online] A ailable a : <www.we o um.o g> [Accessed 2 Augus 2023].
Zhang, L., Chen, Y., Lyulyo , O. and Pimonenko, T., 2022. Fo ecas ing he E ec o
Mig an s’ Remi ances on Household Expendi u e: COVID-19 Impac . Sus ainabili y,
[e-jou nal] 14(7), a icle no. 4361. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su14074361.
Zhen ao, C., Chaoyang, F., Qian, Z. and Fulong, C., 2021. Join de elopmen o cul u al
he i age p o ec ion and ou ism: he case o Moun Lushan cul u al landscape he i age
si e. He i age Science, [e-jou nal] 9, a icle no. 86. h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s40494-021-
00558-5.
