Usman Khiza , Ha iz Muhammad; Khu shid, Rashid; Al-Waq i, Mohammed A.
A icle
Un a eling he wo decades o Knowledge Hiding
schola ship: A sys ema ic e iew, bibliome ic analysis, and
li e a u e syn hesis
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Else ie
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Usman Khiza , Ha iz Muhammad; Khu shid, Rashid; Al-Waq i, Mohammed
A. (2024) : Un a eling he wo decades o Knowledge Hiding schola ship: A sys ema ic e iew,
bibliome ic analysis, and li e a u e syn hesis, Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK), ISSN
2444-569X, Else ie , Ams e dam, Vol. 9, Iss. 4, pp. 1-18,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100624
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Un a eling he wo decades o Knowledge Hiding schola ship: A sys ema ic
e iew, bibliome ic analysis, and li e a u e syn hesis
Ha iz Muhammad Usman Khiza
a
, Rashid Khu shid
b
, Mohammed Al-Waq i
c,*
a
Human Capi al Resea ch Cen e , Uni ed A ab Emi a es Uni e si y, UAE
b
Ins i u e o Business Managemen & Adminis a i e Sciences, The Islamia Uni e si y o Bahawalpu , Pakis an
c
College o Business and Economics, Uni ed A ab Emi a es Uni e si y, UAE
ARTICLE INFO
JEL Code:
M12
M50
Keywo ds:
Knowledge hiding
Bibliome ic
Knowledge managemen
ADO-TCM
Sys ema ic li e a u e e iew
ABSTRACT
Pu pose: This s udy aims o p o ide a s a e-o - he-a e iew o he li e a u e on Knowledge Hiding (KH), ocusing
on i s inhe en knowledge s uc u e (i.e. in ellec ual, social, and concep ual s uc u e). This s udy also p esen s
an in eg a i e syn hesis o p e ious esea ch and highligh s knowledge gaps and limi a ions o u he knowl-
edge ad ancemen in his ield.
Me hodology: The sys ema ic li e a u e e iew app oach was used o iden i y, selec , and e iew he ex an KH
li e a u e. Fo analysis, we employed a hyb id echnique ha combines quan i a i e and quali a i e me hods. In
he i s phase, we conduc ed quan i a i e bibliome ic analyses (using VOS iewe and Biblioshiny in R-S udio)
o highligh he s a e o he esea ch p o ile. In he second phase, we u ilise he ADO-TCM amewo k o syn-
hesise he cu en li e a u e in o key hemes, ollowed by he p oposal o u u e esea ch ajec o ies.
Resul s: Ou indings in he i s phase highligh ed he cu en esea ch p o ile o KH in e ms o publica ion
imeline, ele an jou nals, u ilised me hods, op con ibu ing au ho s, a ilia ions, and coun ies. In addi ion,
ou i s -phase indings e ealed he knowledge s uc u e o KH esea ch: in ellec ual s uc u e (i.e. in luen ial
au ho s, in luen ial s udies, and ci a ion analysis), social s uc u e (i.e. collabo a ing au ho s, ins i u ions, and
coun ies), and concep ual s uc u e (i.e. co-ci a ion analysis, keywo d co-occu ences, and hema ic mapping).
In he second phase, we discuss he KH li e a u e and p opose a u u e esea ch agenda ega ding an eceden s,
decisions, and ou comes (ADO) and heo ies, con ex s, and me hods (TCM) amewo ks.
Fu u e Resea ch / Implica ions: By o e ing a knowledge da abase o exis ing li e a u e and building a solid
ounda ion o u u e esea ch, his s udy is an icipa ed o inspi e academics and esea che s o expand he
li e a u e on his opic and heo e ically de elop he ield. Addi ionally, i c ea es a s ong a gumen o busi-
nesses o acknowledge he p esence o KH and assess he isks, ad an ages, and d awbacks o his phenomenon in
o de o make wise decisions.
In oduc ion
O e he yea s, knowledge has been conside ed a key esou ce ha
plays a c ucial ole in he success o indi iduals and o ganisa ions (Shan
e al., 2023; Vidic, 2022). Managemen and sha ing o knowledge in he
wo kplace a e pi o al o os e ing inno a ion, enhancing p oduc i i y,
and gaining a compe i i e ad an age (Cab ilo e al., 2024; Id ees e al.,
2023; ud din Khan e al., 2023). Howe e , i has been epo ed ha
abou 50 % o employees in en ionally wi hhold, mislead, o conceal
knowledge om hei coun e pa s (Peng, 2013). To his end, a sub le
ye pe asi e phenomenon has eme ged in wo kplace dynamics, e med
‘Knowledge Hiding’ (Connelly e al., 2012). I is o en desc ibed as he
in en ional concealmen o wi hholding o knowledge om o he s
(Connelly e al., 2012). No ably, knowledge hiding (KH) has been
popula ised as an independen concep , di e en om me ely consid-
e ing i as he opposi e side o knowledge sha ing (Zhao e al., 2019).
The p e alence o KH in he wo kplace makes i challenging o o ga-
nisa ions o compe e, pe o m, and g ow.
The concep o KH has ecei ed conside able a en ion om e-
sea che s, p ac i ione s, and policymake s owing o i s se e ely de i-
men al e ec s on indi iduals and o ganisa ions (e.g. Xiong e al., 2021).
P e ious s udies ha e p o ided aluable insigh in o he
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed] (H.M.U. Khiza ), [email p o ec ed] (R. Khu shid), [email p o ec ed] (M. Al-Waq i).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/jik
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100624
Recei ed 24 Augus 2024; Accep ed 8 No embe 2024
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100624
A ailable online 26 No embe 2024
2444-569X/© 2024 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie España, S.L.U. on behal o Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge. This is an open access a icle unde he CC
BY-NC-ND license (
h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).
concep ualisa ion, an eceden s, and ou comes o KH (e.g., A ain e al.,
2024; Ba i e al., 2023; Connelly e al., 2019). In his ega d, he e is a
ple ho a o empi ical esea ch on he ac o s con ibu ing o KH
beha iou in he wo kplace. These ac o s include i) indi idual cha ac-
e is ics, ii) o ganisa ional cha ac e is ics, and si ua ional ac o s (e.g.,
A. Anand e al., 2023; Bu , 2021; Connelly e al., 2012). Simila ly,
ano he s eam o esea ch explo ed he consequences o KH a bo h he
indi idual and o ganisa ional le els, highligh ing i s de imen al e ec s
on us , collabo a ion, inno a ion, and o ganisa ional pe o mance (e.
g., And ee a & Zappa, 2023; A ain e al., 2021).
In e es ingly, despi e he p edominan schola ly consensus on i s
se e e nega i e consequences o indi iduals, g oups, and o ganisa ions,
empi ical e idence highligh s he posi i e aspec s o KH (Kho e a &
Wech le , 2020; Yao e al., 2023). P oponen s o his school o hough
also sugges ha KH can be igge ed by p o-social mo i a ion, he eby
s eng hening in e pe sonal ies be ween he pe pe a o and he ic im
(Connelly & Zweig, 2015; Connelly e al., 2012). Mo eo e , a ionalised
hiding can enhance employee empowe men (O e gel , 2019) and
well-being (Kho e a & Wech le , 2020). Addi ionally, KH may p o ide
bene i s o he o ganisa ion by p o ec ing i s knowledge and esou ces,
con iden iali y, and compe i i e ad an age (Anand e al., 2020; Con-
nelly e al., 2012).
Gi en he widesp ead in e es in KH’s dynamics, he e is a di e need
o consolida e he knowledge s uc u e o he ield (i.e. in ellec ual,
social, and concep ual s uc u e) om he cu en agmen ed li e a u e.
The e o e, we aim o syn hesise he exis ing li e a u e, iden i y esea ch
gaps, and p o ide di ec ions o u u e knowledge de elopmen . The e
ha e been ew aluable a emp s o conduc li e a u e e iews on KH (e.
g. Anand e al., 2020; Di Vaio e al., 2021; Siachou e al., 2021; Sil a de
Ga cia e al., 2022; Xiao & Cooke, 2019). Fo ins ance, Anand e al.
(2020) conduc ed a sys ema ic e iew o iden i y esea ch s eams and
p o ide u u e esea ch di ec ions. Mo e ecen ly, Xiao (2024) p o ided
insigh in o he pe pe a o -cen ic causes and consequences o KH.
Ano he aluable ield-speci ic scien ome ic e iew ocusing on KH in
highe educa ion ins i u ions is a ailable (Fauzi, 2023). While hese
li e a u e e iews p o ide excellen insigh in o his opic and di ec ions
o u u e esea ch, ou e iew aims o add ess he ollowing esea ch
ques ions (see Table 1).
Ou e iew ex ends he aluable insigh o e ed by p e ious s udies
as ollows. Ou e iew u ilises bo h quan i a i e and quali a i e ech-
niques o e alua e exis ing esea ch and p o ides a nuanced unde -
s anding o he knowledge s uc u e on his opic. In doing so, we
delinea e he exis ing li e a u e in o in ellec ual, social, and concep ual
s uc u e. In o he wo ds, by u ilising a ious bibliome ic analy ical
echniques, we p o ide up- o-da e p o iles o esea ch (pe o mance
analysis), ci a ion-based analyses (in ellec ual s uc u e), collabo a ion
ne wo ks (social s uc u e), and key concep ual and hema ic ne wo ks
(concep ual s uc u e) in he cu en li e a u e on KH. Ano he key
con ibu ion o ou e iew is he de elopmen o an ADO-TCM ame-
wo k-based li e a u e syn hesis (i.e., wha do we know, and how do we
know?) and u u e esea ch agendas (i.e., whe e should we be heading, and
how can we ge he e?). In his ein, ou e iew p esen s a li e a u e
syn hesis o highligh he key an eceden s, decisions, and ou comes
(ADO) o KH and he heo ies, con ex s, and me hods (TCM) employed
in he cu en li e a u e. In addi ion o syn hesising he cu en li e a-
u e, ou e iew highligh s esea ch gaps and p oposes u u e esea ch
ajec o ies on his opic. This e iew will assis esea che s and aca-
demicians in gaining an o e iew o he cu en li e a u e, i s publica-
ion ends ( imeline, a icles, sou ces, ci a ion me ics), and po en ial
collabo a o s (au ho s, ins i u ions, and coun ies) in KH esea ch. Ou
e iew is also help ul o policymake s and p ac i ione s in gaining
insigh om he exis ing li e a u e o de elop and adap app op ia e
policies and make in o med decisions.
Me hodology
When conduc ing a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew, schola s ha e sug-
ges ed ou app oaches: domain-based, heo y-based, me hod-based,
and me a-analy ical e iews (Paul & C iado, 2020). In his ega d, ou
s udy is classi ied as a domain-based e iew, as we aim o conduc a
comp ehensi e e iew o he KH li e a u e. P e ious s udies ha e used
a ious echniques o pe o m domain-based e iews, such as s uc u ed
e iews (e.g. Khiza e al., 2023), amewo k-based e iews (e.g. Paul &
Beni o, 2018), bibliome ic e iews (Don hu e al., 2020; Dzhunush-
alie a & Teube , 2024), and hyb id e iews (Bhukya & Paul, 2023).
Among hese echniques, he hyb id e iews, as compa ed o o he s,
combine bo h quali a i e and quan i a i e echniques o p o ide a
comp ehensi e o e iew o he cu en li e a u e and enligh en he di-
ec ions o u he knowledge ad ancemen s. This echnique also a-
cili a es he de elopmen o new heo e ical amewo ks and con ibu es
signi ican ly o concep ual, me hodological, and hema ic de elopmen
(Bahoo e al., 2020; Thomas & Gup a, 2022).
Howe e , gi en he di e si y o he exis ing knowledge on KH, ou
s udy employed a hyb id e iew echnique ha combined he s anda d
p ocedu es o bibliome ic analysis (quan i a i e) and amewo k-based
syn hesis (quali a i e). In he i s phase, we u ilised bibliome ic ech-
niques o p esen an up- o-da e esea ch p o ile o he exis ing li e a u e,
and in he second phase, we u ilised he ADO-TCM amewo k o in e-
g a e cu en esea ch, iden i y knowledge gaps, and p opose u u e
esea ch di ec ions. Fig. 1 summa ises he da a collec ion and assess-
men p ocedu es adap ed om SPAR-4-SLR (Scien i ic p ocedu es and
a ionales o sys ema ic li e a u e e iews) (Paul e al., 2021).
Table 1
Resea ch ques ions and sub-ques ions o his e iew.
Resea ch Ques ions Sub-ques ions
1- Wha a e he cu en publica ion
ends and cha ac e is ics in
knowledge hiding esea ch?
1a: Wha is he publica ion imeline o
knowledge hiding s udies?
1b: Which jou nals a e leading in
publishing knowledge hiding esea ch?
1c: Wha a e he key s udies ha ha e
signi ican ly con ibu ed o he ield o
knowledge hiding?
1d: Who a e he mos in luen ial and
p oli ic au ho s in knowledge hiding
esea ch?
1e: Which ins i u ions a e p ominen ly
in ol ed in knowledge hiding esea ch?
2- Wha is he collabo a ion ne wo k
and social s uc u e wi hin knowledge
hiding esea ch?
2a: How do au ho s collabo a e in
knowledge hiding s udies?
2b: Which ins i u ions collabo a e on
knowledge hiding esea ch?
2c: Wha is he in e na ional
collabo a ion ne wo k in knowledge
hiding esea ch?
3- Wha a e he key hema ic a eas in
he knowledge hiding li e a u e?
3a: Wha a e he clus e s o co-occu ing
keywo ds in knowledge hiding esea ch?
3b: Wha hemes eme ge om hema ic
mapping in knowledge hiding s udies?
4- Wha a e he key heo ies employed,
me hods u ilised, and con ex s
explo ed in knowledge hiding
esea ch?
4a: Which heo e ical amewo ks a e
commonly used in knowledge hiding
s udies?
4b: Wha esea ch me hodologies a e
u ilised in knowledge hiding esea ch?
4c: Wha con ex s (e.g. geog aphical,
indus ies) a e explo ed in knowledge
hiding s udies?
5- Wha a e he esea ch gaps,
limi a ions, and u u e di ec ions in
knowledge hiding li e a u e?
5a: Wha gaps and limi a ions exis in he
cu en knowledge hiding esea ch?
5b: Wha u u e esea ch di ec ions a e
sugges ed o ad ancing knowledge
hiding schola ship?
H.M.U. Khiza e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100624
2
Assembling
We ini ially de eloped ou sea ch s ing by combining ele an
keywo ds o iden i y a co pus o a icles on KH. Based on ou p e-
limina y e iew o he ele an li e a u e, we iden i ied a lis o possible
keywo ds, ollowed by consul a ion wi h h ee academic expe s o
asce ain he sui abili y o hese keywo ds o ep esen ing KH. This led
o he ollowing sea ch s ing: "Knowledge hid*" OR "hiding knowledge" OR
"knowledge hoa ding" OR "hoa ding knowledge" OR "knowledge wi hholding"
OR "wi hholding knowledge". To iden i y po en ially ele an a icles o
his e iew, we sea ched he p ominen academic da abase Scopus. This
is he la ges high-quali y scien i ic da abase o schola ly a icles. We
limi ed he ini ial sea ch o 31 Decembe 2023 o ensu e ha all ele an
and ecen s udies a e conside ed o inclusion in ou e iew. Based on
ou Scopus sea ch, 1083 documen s we e e u ned.
A anging
To a ange he co pus o 1083 a icles iden i ied, we u ilised he
ollowing il e unc ion in he da abases o limi ou sea ch: yea (i.e. up
o 2023), documen ype (i.e. a icles and e iews), sou ce ype (i.e. jou -
nals), and language (English). This p ocess esul ed in a educed co pus o
768 a icles. Subsequen ly, o ensu e he ele ance and quali y o he
s udies o be included in ou e iew, wo au ho s independen ly ead he
i les and abs ac s o he pape s o include only hose s udies ha we e
ele an o KH. Consequen ly, we e ained 381 s udies o be included in
ou e iew o u he analysis.
Assessing
To analyse he selec ed s udies (n =381), we pe o med a wo-s age
analysis: quan i a i e bibliome ic analysis, ollowed by ADO-TCM
amewo k-based quali a i e li e a u e syn hesis. In he i s phase, we
u ilised bibliome ic analysis o quan i a i ely analyse he scien i ic in-
o ma ion o he selec ed s udies (Don hu e al., 2021). In he second
phase, we selec ed a subsample o s udies based on jou nal quali y
c i e ia: s udies published in jou nals anked 3, 4, and 4* on he Cha -
e ed Associa ion o Business School lis (CABS). Tha is, we selec ed 76
s udies o ex ac key in o ma ion on he an eceden s, decisions, and
consequences as well as he heo ies, con ex s, and me hods o de elop
ou ADO-TCM amewo k. In pa icula , he ADO-TCM amewo k was
o ganised o explo e and add ess he ollowing implied ques ions: Wha
is known? How is i known? Whe e should we be heading? How can we ge
he e?
Quan i a i e bibliome ic analysis
We pe o med h ee ypes o quan i a i e bibliome ic analyses: i)
pe o mance analysis, ii) collabo a ion ne wo k analysis, and iii) science
mapping. Fi s , he pe o mance analyses delinea e he esea ch p o ile
in e ms o publica ion imeline, publishing jou nals, in luen ial a icles,
p oli ic au ho s, ins i u ions, and coun ies. Second, collabo a ion
ne wo k analyses e eal he social s uc u e o KH esea ch by high-
ligh ing he collabo a ion ne wo ks among au ho s, ins i u ions, and
coun ies. Finally, a science mapping echnique is u ilised h ough co-
ci a ion analysis, keywo d co-occu ence ne wo ks, and hema ic map-
ping. Ou analyses we e mainly pe o med using VOS iewe and Bib-
lioshiny in he R s udio.
Fig. 1. Sys ema ic e iew p ocedu e adap ing he SPAR-4-SLR p o ocol.
H.M.U. Khiza e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100624
3
Pe o mance analysis
Pe o mance analysis is a bibliome ic analysis echnique used o
highligh he desc ip i e esea ch p o ile o a gi en opic o esea ch
domain Don hu e al. (2021). We u ilised a pe o mance analysis o
e eal he esea ch p o ile o KH in he ollowing ways: i) publica ion
ends o e ime, ii) he mos in luen ial a icles, iii) he mos p oduc i e
au ho s, i ) key jou nals, ) ins i u ions, and i) coun ies.
Publica ion ends o KH
The yea -wise publica ion end o KH Resea ch is p esen ed in
Fig. 2. This indica es ha schola ly in e es in explo ing his concep
began du ing he i s decade o he 21s cen u y. Ou indings high-
ligh ed ha he schola ly piece o Connelly e al. (2012) se ed as a
b eak h ough, as i was ollowed by an inc ease in schola ly publica-
ions. No ably, an exponen ial inc ease in publica ions was obse ed
beginning in 2019, whe eby nea ly 85 % o he a icles we e published
be ween 2019 and 2023, wi h almos 50 % (n =169) published in he
las 2 yea s.
Top con ibu ing jou nals o KH esea ch
The ex an li e a u e on KH selec ed in ou e iew (n =352) was
published in 109 jou nals. Table 2 indica es ha he op 10 con ibu ing
jou nals published 185 a icles (53 %) in he ield. Speci ically, he op
h ee mos p oli ic jou nals we e Jou nal o Knowledge Managemen (n =
69), Jou nal o Business Resea ch (n =33), and Vine Jou nal o In o ma ion
and Knowledge Managemen Sys ems (n =21). Howe e , in e ms o hei
in luence, he Jou nal o Knowledge Managemen showed he highes a
4418 ci a ions, ollowed by he Jou nal o O ganiza ional Beha io and
Jou nal o Business Resea ch, wi h 2043 and 1314 ci a ions, espec i ely.
No ably, ou analyses e ealed ha KH esea ch has ecei ed p edom-
inan a en ion and publica ion space in some o he bes jou nals. This is
indica ed because mos o he con ibu ing jou nals a e a ed as 3* o 4*
in he Academic Jou nal Guide by he Cha e ed Associa ion o Business
Schools (CABS) and ha e an impac ac o abo e h ee.
Mos signi ican a icles o KH
Table 3 p esen s he mos in luen ial a icles in KH esea ch based on
hei ci a ions. Ou indings highligh ha Connelly’s (2012) s udy,
published in he Jou nal o O ganiza ional Beha io , has ecei ed wide-
sp ead acknowledgemen , wi h 836 ci a ions (an a e age o 76 ci a ions
pe yea ) since i s publica ion in 2012. This was ollowed by Al-Alawi’s
(2007), Ce ne’s (2014), and Peng’s (2013) a icles published in he
Jou nal o Knowledge Managemen , Academy o Managemen Jou nal, and
Jou nal o Knowledge Managemen , which ha e been ci ed 545, 539, and
363 imes, espec i ely. No ably, he op 10 mos -ci ed a icles ha e
signi ican ly con ibu ed o he ield wi h a o al o 4043 ci a ions.
Top con ibu ing au ho s o KH
Ou indings e ealed ha 786 au ho s con ibu ed o he publica-
ion o he 352 s udies selec ed o ou e iew. The au ho s o he KH
esea ch a e lis ed in Table 4. Ou esul s show ha ‘BUTT AS’ ( om he
Ame ican Uni e si y o Ras Al Khaimah, UAE), ‘ˇ
CERNE M’ ( om he
Uni e si y o Ljubljana, Slo enia), ‘ZHAO H’ ( om Shanghai Uni e si y,
China), and ‘ISSAC AC’ ( om he Indian Ins i u e o Technology Mad as,
India) a e he ou mos p oli ic au ho s in he ield, wi h 12, 10, nine,
and nine a icles, espec i ely. Howe e , he wo mos in luen ial au-
ho s (based on he ci a ions) a e ‘CONNELLY CE’ om McMas e Uni-
e si y, Canada, and ‘ˇ
CERNE M’ om Uni e si y o Ljubljana, Slo enia,
wi h 2052 and 1865 ci a ions, espec i ely. O e all, hese 10 au ho s
ha e made subs an ial con ibu ions in e ms o knowledge ad ance-
men s in he ield o KH.
Top con ibu ing a ilia ions and coun ies
The op con ibu ing ins i u ions and coun ies o KH esea ch a e
lis ed in Table 5. Ou indings sugges ha he mos p oli ic ins i u ion in
KH esea ch is Shanghai Uni e si y, China, wi h 25 a icles, ollowed by
Tongji Uni e si y, China, wi h 22 a icles and Uni e si y o Ljubljana,
Slo enia, wi h 14 a icles. Ou indings in e ms o coun ies’ scien i ic
p oduc ion indica e ha China (n =282), Pakis an (n =128), and India
(n =92) a e he h ee mos p oli ic coun ies. Al hough Sou h Asian
esea che s domina ed scien i ic knowledge p oduc ion in he ealm o
KH, he e was also no able ep esen a ion o au ho s om Wes e n and
Oceanic coun ies, including he USA (n =53), Aus alia (n =49),
Fig. 2. Yea -wise publica ion o KH esea ch be ween 2003 and 2023.
Table 2
Top con ibu ing jou nals o knowledge hiding esea ch.
Top Jou nal NP TC ABS IF H
JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT
69 4418 210.26 134
JOURNAL OF BUSINESS RESEARCH 33 1314 313.44 236
VINE JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
21 349 –3.64 37
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH
AND PRACTICE
13 300 14.02 45
KNOWLEDGE AND PROCESS
MANAGEMENT
10 267 14.77 49
JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL
BEHAVIOR
9 2043 47.46 205
JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS 8 468 35.39 116
MANAGEMENT DECISION 8 426 28.11 229
DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING IN
ORGANIZATIONS
7 54 –8.139 151
LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATION
DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL
7 319 15.76 78
NP: Numbe o publica ions, TC-To al ci a ions, CABS: The 2022 Jou nal anking
by he Cha e ed Associa ion o Business Schools (i.e. lowes a ing 1/2/3/4/4*
highes a ing, NR: No a ing). IF-Impac ac o om he Jou nal Ci a ion Repo
(JCR) 2023 and h-H_Index.
H.M.U. Khiza e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100624
4
Canada (n =43), and he UK (n =40).
Social s uc u e – collabo a ion ne wo ks
Fig. 3a-bshows he collabo a ion ne wo k analysis, which highligh s
he collabo a ion be ween au ho s and ins i u ions in ol ed in KH
esea ch. Ou analysis e ealed a highly in e connec ed ne wo k o
schola ly collabo a ions d i en by p ominen clus e s. No able collab-
o a ions a e among he mos p ominen au ho s, including C. E. Con-
nelly, M. ˇ
Ce ne, A. Dys ik, and M. ˇ
Ske la aj. This g oup o au ho s has
made subs an ial con ibu ions o KH esea ch since i s incep ion. O he
no able collabo a ions include au ho s like A. Anand and U.A. Aga wal,
as well as Chinese au ho s, including H. Zhao and Q. Xia. On he ins i-
u ional side, ew dis inc clus e s we e iden i ied. Clus e 1 highligh s
he subs an ial collabo a ion among Pakis ani uni e si ies, such as
COMSATS Uni e si y in Islamabad and Go e nmen College Uni e si y
in Faisalabad, unde sco ing a concen a ed egional e o . In Clus e 3,
no able Chinese uni e si ies such as Shanghai Uni e si y and Tongji
Uni e si y showcase a ib an esea ch ne wo k ha ad ances he ield
h ough cohesi e academic pa ne ships. These clus e s collec i ely
illus a e he pi o al ole o collabo a i e e o s in d i ing o wa d KH
esea ch and os e ing egional and in e na ional academic syne gy.
Mo eo e , in e ms o he landscape o in e na ional collabo a ion in
KH esea ch, ou e iew shows ha esea che s om se e al coun ies
ac oss di e en con inen s ha e been in ol ed (Fig. 4a-b). In his ein,
China has eme ged as a cen al hub, as i s esea che s ha e o med
s ong esea ch ies wi h esea che s om he USA (12 collabo a ions),
he UK (11 collabo a ions), and Pakis an (nine collabo a ions). This
collabo a i e schola ly pa ne ship e lec s ex ensi e global academic
each and in e es in KH. Canada also played a pi o al ole, pa icula ly
wi h No way ( ou collabo a ions) and Slo enia ( h ee collabo a ions),
highligh ing i s posi ion in os e ing esea ch ac oss con inen s. Mo e-
o e , Pakis an has exhibi ed obus collabo a i e e o s, especially wi h
he UAE (eigh collabo a ions) and Canada ( i e collabo a ions), indi-
ca ing i s s a egic pa ne ship in ad ancing KH s udies. Likewise, Indian
schola s ha e also ac i ely engaged in c oss-bo de esea ch ini ia i es,
co-au ho ing wi h schola s om Aus alia (eigh collabo a ions) and he
UAE (one collabo a ion). Au ho s om hese coun ies collec i ely
con ibu ed o a ich, in e connec ed ne wo k, d i ing he esea ch
agenda o wa d h ough collabo a i e endea ou s.
Science mapping
Science mapping in ol es analy ical echniques ha unco e wha
knowledge exis s and how i is in e ela ed wi hin a domain Don hu
e al. (2021). Science mapping o KH esea ch was ca ied ou using
h ee bibliome ic analysis echniques: i) co-ci a ion analysis (in VOS-
iewe ) o e eal he majo clus e s/ hemes in KH esea ch o e he las
wo decades, ii) ne wo k analysis using keywo d co-occu ences (in
VOS iewe ), and iii) hema ic maps (in R-S udio) o unpack hema ic
e olu ion and key esea ch hemes.
Co-ci a ion ne wo ks
Co-ci a ion e e s o he equency wi h which wo pape s a e ci ed
oge he in ano he (Small, 1973). This echnique has been ex ensi ely
used in bibliome ic analyses o unco e in ellec ual and concep ual
s uc u es wi hin a esea ch ield. A highe co-ci a ion equency be-
ween wo a icles indica es g ea e simila i y in hei esea ch a eas
(Culnan, 1987). Documen s ha a e oo old, wi h only a ew ci a ions, o
oo ecen end no o signi ican ly impac he esea ch domain Pil-
king on and Fi zge ald (2006). To ocus on he mos impac ul publi-
ca ions on KH, we selec ed a h eshold o 25 ci a ions o a documen o
Table 3
Mos signi ican a icles o KH esea ch.
Au ho (s) A icle Ti le Jou nal DOI TC
Connelly e al. (2012 KH in o ganiza ions Jou nal o O ganiza ional Beha io 10.1002/job.737 836
Al-alawi e al. (2007) O ganiza ional cul u e and knowledge sha ing: c i ical success ac o s Jou nal o Knowledge Managemen 10.1108/
13,673,270,710,738,898
545
ˇ
Ce ne e al. (2014) Wha goes a ound comes a ound: KH, pe cei ed mo i a ional clima e,
and c ea i i y
Academy o Managemen Jou nal 10.5465/amj.2012.0122 539
Peng (2013) Why and when do people hide knowledge? Jou nal o Knowledge Managemen 10.1108/JKM-12–2012–0380 363
Se enko and Bon is
(2016)
Unde s anding coun e p oduc i e knowledge beha io : an eceden s and
consequences o in a-o ganiza ional KH
Jou nal o Knowledge Managemen 10.1108/JKM-05–2016–0203 343
Connelly and Zweig
(2015)
How pe pe a o s and a ge s cons ue KH in o ganiza ions Eu opean Jou nal o Wo k and
O ganiza ional Psychology
10.1080/
1359432X.2014.931325
337
Chang e al. (2020) How Blockchain can impac inancial se ices–The o e iew, challenges
and ecommenda ions om expe in e iewees
Technological Fo ecas ing and Social
Change
10.1016/j.
ech o e.2020.120166
305
Michailo a and
Hus ed (2003)
Knowledge-sha ing hos ili y in Russian i ms Cali o nia Managemen Re iew 10.2307/41,166,176 260
Zhao e al. (2016) Wo kplace os acism and KH in se ice o ganiza ions In e na ional Jou nal o Hospi ali y
Managemen
10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.09.009 255
Singh (2019) Te i o iali y, ask pe o mance, and wo kplace de iance: Empi ical
e idence on ole o KH
Jou nal o Business Resea ch 10.1016/j.
jbus es.2018.12.034
230
Table 4
Top con ibu ing au ho s o KH.
Au ho s S a _Yea NP h_index g_index TC TC/NP
BUTT AS 2019 12 9 12 320 26.67
ˇ
CERNE M 2014 10 9 10 1865 186.5
ISSAC AC 2018 9 7 9 153 17
ZHAO H 2016 9 7 9 601 66.78
ZHANG Z 2019 8 6 8 155 19.37
LUO J 2016 7 7 7 736 105.14
BARAL R 2018 7 6 7 145 20.71
FATIMA T 2019 7 5 7 229 32.71
CONNELLY CE 2008 7 7 7 2052 293.15
ˇ
SKERLAVAJ M 2014 6 6 6 1449 241.5
***NP- Numbe o publica ions, TC- To al ci a ions, TC/NP- A e age ci a ions
pe publica ion.
Table 5
Top con ibu ing ins i u ions and coun ies.
Ins i u ions’ Scien i ic P oduc ion Coun ies’ Scien i ic P oduc ion
Shanghai Uni e si y 25 China 282
Tongji Uni e si y 22 Pakis an 128
Uni e si y o Ljubljana 14 India 92
Huaqiao Uni e si y 13 USA 53
Zhejiang Uni e si y o Technology 12 Aus alia 49
Ame ican Uni e si y o Ras Al Khaimah 12 Canada 43
Sou h China Uni e si y o Technology 12 UK 40
Swinbu ne Uni e si y o Technology 10 UAE 29
Comsa s Uni e si y Islamabad 09 I aly 24
In e na ional Islamic Uni e si y 09 Malaysia 22
H.M.U. Khiza e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100624
5
inclusion in he analysis. This ensu es ha he analysis emains cen ed
on in luen ial and ele an li e a u e. Consequen ly, ou indings
e ealed 44 s udies ha we e ca ego ised in o ou clus e s based on
hema ic simila i y (Fig. 5).
Clus e 1 - KH and employees’ psychological, social, and beha iou al
dynamics. The i s clus e ( ed) in ou co-ci a ion analysis (n =15)
cen es on he in ica e dynamics o KH wi hin o ganisa ional se ings.
In pa icula , he majo i y o s udies in his clus e examined he an e-
ceden s and consequences o KH. Key s udies in his clus e examined
he psychological and social ac o s in luencing KH, such as o ganisa-
ional poli ics, leade ship dynamics, ask in e dependence and e i o-
iali y (e.g. Connelly e al., 2019; Singh, 2019). Schola s ha e also
highligh ed he ole o wo k design, psychological sa e y, and o gan-
isa ional cynicism in mo i a ing o de e ing KH beha iou s (Gagn´
e
e al., 2019; Jiang e al., 2019). Mo eo e , his clus e includes s udies
ela ed o psychological mechanisms om he pe spec i e o knowledge
hide s. In his ega d, by del ing in o he emo ional a e ma h o KH,
p e ious s udies ha e sugges ed ha eelings o guil and shame d i e
di e en compensa o y beha iou s among employees (Bu meis e e al.,
2019). Collec i ely, hese s udies unde sco e he mul i ace ed na u e o
KH and i s p o ound implica ions o o ganisa ional beha iou and
pe o mance.
Clus e 2 - Theo e ical Founda ions and in e pe sonal ela ions in eams.
Clus e 2 (g een; n =14) la gely includes seminal s udies o KH and
ounda ional heo ies u ilised in p io esea ch, including social ex-
change and agency heo ies (e.g. Connelly e al., 2012; C opanzano &
Mi chell, 2005; Peng e al., 2013). Key s udies in his clus e sugges ed
ha KH hampe s c ea i i y, c ea es dis us , and has a ied impac s
based on colleagues’ pe cep ions (ˇ
Ce ne e al., 2014; Connelly e al.,
2012, 2015). Schola s ha e also highligh ed an in ica e link be ween
KH and eam c ea i i y, e ealing ha abso p i e capaci y media es his
ela ionship, and ask in e dependence can mi iga e he nega i e e ec s
o KH (Fong e al., 2018). This clus e unde sco es he c i ical need o
o ganisa ions o os e posi i e social exchange and open
knowledge-sha ing en i onmen s o enhance c ea i i y and mi iga e he
ad e se e ec s o KH on o ganisa ional dynamics and pe o mance.
Clus e 3 - Nega i e Wo kplace dynamics and KH. Clus e 3 (blue; n =9)
examined he in luence o nega i e wo kplace dynamics, such as abusi e
supe ision, compe i i eness, and wo kplace bullying, on KH beha -
iou s. This clus e o s udies sugges s ha abusi e supe ision and
compe i i eness inc ease KH, which consequen ly in luences
Fig. 3. a Au ho s collabo a ions. b Ins i u ional collabo a ions.
Fig. 4. a Coun ies p oduc i i y. b Coun ies collabo a ions.
H.M.U. Khiza e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100624
6
employees’ c ea i i y and igge s dis us (ˇ
Ce ne e al., 2014; Feng &
Wang, 2019). These s udies highligh he p o ound impac o nega i e
wo kplace beha iou s on KH and e eal he complex mechanisms and
mode a ing ac o s ha o ganisa ions mus add ess o os e a mo e
collabo a i e and inno a i e en i onmen .
Clus e 4 - Cul u al and con ex ual in luences. Clus e 4 (yellow; n =6)
ocuses on he in e play be ween cul u al and con ex ual dynamics and
Fig. 5. Co-ci a ion ne wo k.
Fig. 6. Keywo d co-occu ence ne wo k.
H.M.U. Khiza e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100624
7
KH beha iou . The key in e connec ed s udies in his clus e include
hose by Se enko and Bon is (2016), Bogilo ic e al. (2017), and Xiao
and Cooke (2019). This clus e includes s udies examining he impac o
cul u al in elligence (Bogilo i´
c e al., 2017), eam dynamics (ˇ
Ce ne
e al., 2017), and con ex ual se ings such as he Chinese business
en i onmen (Huo e al., 2016) and Indian esea ch and de elopmen
p o essionals (Kuma Jha & Va kkey, 2018). This clus e highligh s how
KH a ies ac oss o ganisa ional and cul u al con ex s.
Keywo d co-occu ence analysis (Ne wo k analysis)
Using he VOS iewe so wa e, we pe o med a keywo d co-
occu ence analysis o iden i y key opics and hei concep ual s uc-
u es in KH schola ship. This analysis u ilised all keywo ds (au ho
keywo ds +index keywo ds), as hey ep esen he s udy heme. Fig. 6
shows he ne wo k o keywo d co-occu ences and he op keywo ds
used in KH esea ch, along wi h hei o al link s eng h. Keywo d co-
occu ence occu s when wo keywo ds appea simul aneously in an
a icle, indica ing a ela ionship be ween hem (Bake e al., 2020).
Based on he analysis, ou key clus e s we e iden i ied. Each clus e is
ep esen ed by a di e en colou (Fig. 6) and signi ies a hema ic
g ouping based on keywo d associa ions wi hin he s udied li e a u e.
Clus e 1 ( ed) includes keywo ds like ‘knowledge managemen ’ (66
occu ences, 100 link s eng h), ‘c ea i i y’ (eigh occu ences, 10 link
s eng h), ‘human esou ce managemen ’ (se en occu ences, 14 link
s eng h), ‘psychological owne ship’ (eigh occu ences, 15 link
s eng h), and ‘social exchange heo y’ (12 occu ences, 15 link
s eng h). This clus e highligh s he in eg a ion o knowledge man-
agemen wi h psychological and o ganisa ional heo ies o enhance
c ea i i y and human esou ce managemen e ec i eness.
Clus e 2 (g een) comp ises keywo ds such as ‘e hical leade ship’
(se en occu ences, 14 link s eng h), ‘knowledge-sha ing’ (15 occu -
ences, 35 link s eng h), ‘pe sonnel’ (se en occu ences, 24 link
s eng h), ‘psychological sa e y’ (se en occu ences, 13 link s eng h),
and ‘quali a i e esea ch’ (se en occu ences, 10 link s eng h). This
clus e ocuses on he ole o leade ship, psychological ac o s, and
quali a i e me hodologies in p omo ing knowledge-sha ing beha iou s.
Clus e 3 (blue) ea u es e ms like ‘knowledge hoa ding’ (22 oc-
cu ences, 36 link s eng h), ‘knowledge sha ing’ (59 occu ences, 93
link s eng h), ‘knowledge ans e ’ (se en occu ences, 5 link s eng h),
‘knowledge wi hholding’ (12 occu ences, 15 link s eng h), and ‘ us ’
(se en occu ences, 6 link s eng h). This clus e emphasises he con-
as ing beha iou s o knowledge sha ing and hoa ding and hei im-
plica ions o us and knowledge ans e wi hin o ganisa ions.
Clus e 4 (yellow) includes ‘abusi e supe ision’ (17 occu ences, 25
link s eng h), ‘conse a ion o esou ces heo y’ (10 occu ences, 12
link s eng h), ‘knowledge hiding’ (223 occu ences, 151 link s eng h),
‘mo al disengagemen ’ (nine occu ences, 11 link s eng h), and
‘wo kplace os acism’ (se en occu ences, 12 link s eng hs). This
clus e examines nega i e wo kplace beha iou s and hei impac on
knowledge hiding, suppo ed by heo ies such as he conse a ion o
esou ces.
Thema ic e olu ion and s a egic map
The hema ic e olu ion o KH esea ch o e he pas wo decades
e ealed signi ican shi s and expansions in he ield (Fig. 7). F om 2003
o 2008, he ocus was p edominan ly on knowledge sha ing (o non-
sha ing) wi hin he b oade con ex o knowledge managemen . This
ounda ional pe iod se he s age o mo e speci ic enqui ies. Be ween
2009 and 2013, knowledge managemen con inued o be a cen al
heme, wi h inc eased a en ion being paid o knowledge-sha ing p ac-
ices. Howe e , du ing his pe iod, s udies began o eme ge in Asian
coun ies, including China, Pakis an, and India. Subsequen ly, he
pe iod om 2014 o 2018 ma ked a c i ical ansi ion as he concep o
KH became mo e p ominen . This pe iod wi nessed a shi om me ely
sha ing (o no sha ing) knowledge o unde s anding why indi iduals
wi hhold in o ma ion. Mo eo e , inno a ion and c ea i i y ha e
eme ged as p ominen hemes because o hei associa ion wi h wo k-
place knowledge dynamics. In he mos ecen pe iod, om 2019 o
2023, KH became a c ucial esea ch ocus, wi h ela ed hemes such as
knowledge hoa ding, mo al disengagemen , and wo kplace os acism
gaining p ominence. Recen s udies ha e ex ended his deba e and
explo ed he pe sonal, psychological, and social ac o s ha in luence
knowledge beha iou s (e.g. dis us , pe sonali y ai s, and in e pe -
sonal ela ionships). In his ega d, conse a ion o esou ces and social
exchange heo ies p o ided deepe insigh in o he pe sonal and in e -
pe sonal mechanisms ha d i e hese beha iou s. The hema ic e olu-
ion o he KH li e a u e unde sco es he g owing ecogni ion o he
mul i ace ed na u e o knowledge p ocesses and he impo ance o
os e ing an en i onmen ha mi iga es KH and p omo es inno a ion
and collabo a ion.
Fig. 8 p esen s a hema ic map (aka; s a egic map) ha e eals he
dis inc classi ica ions and ends in he ield. The X-axis ep esen s he
cen ali y and signi icance o a heme while he Y-axis ep esen s he
densi y and in e nal s eng h o a clus e ne wo k. In his 2 ×2 s a egic
diag am, he lowe igh quad an classi ies he basic hemes (i.e. gen-
e al opics ha a e ans e sal o di e en esea ch a eas o he ield);
he lowe le quad an con ains eme ging o declining hemes (i.e.
no el opics, o weakly de eloped esea ch a eas); he uppe le
quad an depic s he niche and isola ed hemes (i.e. hemes wi h a
specialised ocus); and inally, he uppe igh quad an iden i ies mo o
Fig. 7. Thema ic e olu ion.
H.M.U. Khiza e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100624
8
KH beha iou s and a ious media ing o mode a ing ac o s ha may
in luence o egula e hei occu ence and e ec s ac oss all h ee le els.
In pa icula , by unco e ing a ious indi idual, in e pe sonal, and
o ganisa ional ac o s such as psychological sa e y, leade ship s yles,
and o ganisa ional jus ice, his e iew sheds ligh on how and why KH
occu s and i s a ious impac s ac oss di e en le els o analysis. Ano he
heo e ical con ibu ion o his e iew is he applica ion o he TCM
amewo k o highligh he cu en ends and u u e pe spec i es on he
heo ies, con ex , and me hods used in KH esea ch. Speci ically, ou
e iew emphasises he need o u ilise new heo e ical lenses (e.g.
complexi y heo y and con igu a ional app oaches) o unco e he
complex in e ac ions o he a ious ac o s ha cause KH. In addi ion,
ou e iew highligh s he unde explo ed con ex s (geog aphical and
indus ial) and p o ides a a ionale o u he explo a ion o eme ging
opics, such as he ole o digi al echnologies in na iga ing KH beha -
iou s and how ac o s such as emo e wo k en i onmen s, cul u al di-
e si y, and e ol ing wo kplace p ac ices in luence KH.
This s udy o e s aluable insigh o p ac i ione s and manage s in
a ious indus ies. Manage s can bene i om unde s anding he causes
o KH (e.g. employee pe sonali y ai s, eam dynamics, leade ship
s yles, and he o ganisa ional en i onmen ) o add ess his issue wi hin
hei o ganisa ions. By add essing hese causes, manage s can os e a
mo e open, collabo a i e, and knowledge-sha ing cul u e wi hin hei
o ganisa ion. I also emphasises he impo ance o unde s anding and
add essing KH beha iou o os e employee suppo sys ems and
Table 9 (con inued)
TCM-ADO
Elemen s
Gaps and Limi a ions in Exis ing
Resea ch
Fu u e Resea ch Ques ions
(FRQs)
esponses o KH, and hei
di e en ial impac s on
cons uc i e s. des uc i e
emo ions.
- Lack o esea ch on he
posi i e o nega i e impac s o
KH on in e pe sonal
ela ionships.
- Insu icien unde s anding o
he in e sec ion o KH wi h
wo kplace de ian beha iou
and o ganisa ional poli ics.
FRQ- How do cons uc i e
emo ions like guil and
des uc i e emo ions like
shame di e en ially impac
KH and i s ou comes?
FRQ- How does KH in e sec
wi h wo kplace de ian
beha iou and o ganisa ional
poli ics?
Ou comes
(Meso-
le el)
- Limi ed esea ch on he impac
o KH on eam dynamics and
employee loyal y.
- Insu icien unde s anding o
how KH beha iou s in luence
pe cep ions o eam loyal y and
o ganisa ional commi men .
- Lack o explo a ion in o he
mechanisms h ough which KH
a ec s eam cohesion, us ,
collabo a ions, and
pe o mance.
- Lack o explo a ion in o he
mechanisms h ough which KH
a ec s eam cohesion and
pe o mance.
FRQ- Wha ac o s de e mine
he posi i e o nega i e
impac s o KH on in e pe sonal
ela ionships?
FRQ- Examine eam dynamics
and leade ship p ac ices in
shaping pe cep ions o loyal y
ela ed o KH beha iou s.
FRQ- Wha ole do eam
dynamics and leade ship
p ac ices play in shaping
pe cep ions o loyal y in
ela ion o KH beha iou s?
Ou comes
(Mac o-
le el)
- Limi ed esea ch on he
b oade o ganisa ional
implica ions o KH, pa icula ly
in ela ion o wo kplace de ian
beha iou and o ganisa ional
poli ics.
- Insu icien unde s anding o
he nega i e impac o KH
beha iou s on ex a- ole
beha iou and he ole o
o ganisa ional suppo in
mi iga ing i s e ec s.
- Limi ed in es iga ion in o he
ole o o ganisa ional suppo
sys ems in p omo ing employee
well-being and mi iga ing he
ad e se e ec s o KH.
- Insu icien unde s anding o
how KH beha iou s in luence
o ganisa ional cul u e and
o e all wo kplace dynamics.
FRQ- How does KH in e ac
wi h wo kplace de ian
beha iou and o ganisa ional
poli ics, and wha a e he
implica ions o ask
pe o mance?
FRQ- Wha mechanisms link
KH o wo k o e load, and how
can o ganisa ional suppo
sys ems mi iga e i s e ec s?
FRQ- Wha a e he b oade
o ganisa ional implica ions o
KH o ask pe o mance and
wo kplace beha iou ?
Theo ies - Hea y eliance on social
exchange heo y in KH esea ch,
wi h limi ed explo a ion o
o he heo e ical pe spec i es.
- Lack o applica ion o sys em
app oaches, including
complexi y heo y and
con igu a ion heo y.
- Limi ed unde s anding on he
easons/mo i a ions behind KH
h ough he lens o beha iou al
easoning heo y (BRT)
- Limi ed de elopmen o new
heo e ical models o KH using
hese heo ies.
- Insu icien in es iga ion o
he ac o s o ming
con igu a ions o he p esence
o absence o KH using
con igu a ion heo y.
- Lack o explo a ion o he
unde lying easons behind KH
om a pe pe a o pe spec i e
using beha iou al easoning
heo y.
FRQ- How can con igu a ional
and con ingency app oaches
be applied o KH esea ch?
FRQ- Wha new heo e ical
models can be de eloped o
explain KH beha iou s using
hese heo ies?
FRQ- Wha ac o s o m
con igu a ions o he p esence
o absence o KH as pe
con igu a ion heo y?
FRQ- Wha unde lying easons
behind KH can be unco e ed
using beha iou al easoning
heo y?
Table 9 (con inued)
TCM-ADO
Elemen s
Gaps and Limi a ions in Exis ing
Resea ch
Fu u e Resea ch Ques ions
(FRQs)
Con ex s - O e ep esen a ion o he
Asia-Paci ic egion and Eu ope
in KH esea ch, wi h limi ed
ep esen a ion o A ica, Sou h
Ame ica, and coun ies like
Ge many.
- Lack o compa a i e s udies on
indi idual KH beha iou s ac oss
di e en coun ies.
- Limi ed explo a ion o he
impac o eligious belie s and
cul u al di e ences on KH a
indi idual, eam, and
o ganisa ional le els.
- Insu icien unde s anding o
he di e ences/simila i ies
be ween collec i is and
indi idualis ic socie ies in
app oaching KH wi hin
o ganisa ions.
FRQ- How do KH beha iou s
a y ac oss di e en coun ies
and cul u es?
FRQ- Wha is he impac o
eligious belie s and cul u al
di e ences on KH a a ious
o ganisa ional le els?
FRQ- How do collec i is ( s.
indi idualis ic) socie ies di e
o align in hei app oach o
KH wi hin o ganisa ions?
FRQ- Wha insigh can be
gained om s udying KH
beha iou s in
unde ep esen ed egions such
as A ica and Sou h Ame ica?
Me hods - Hea y eliance on adi ional
s a is ical me hods such as
eg ession analysis, ANOVA,
and ac o analysis in KH
esea ch.
- Limi ed use o quali a i e
esea ch me hods o b idge
me hodological gaps and
unde s and KH in se ice
p o ide se ings.
- Lack o di e se esea ch
app oaches, such as mul iphase
me hods and uzzy se
quali a i e compa a i e
analysis ( sQCA), in KH s udies.
- Insu icien longi udinal
esea ch o explain causal links
be ween an eceden s, decisions,
and ou comes in KH.
- Limi ed de elopmen o
con ex ualised KH indica o s
aligned wi h he alues o
se ice p o ide s.
FRQ- How can quali a i e
esea ch me hods enhance ou
unde s anding o KH in se ice
p o ide se ings?
FRQ- Wha insigh can sQCA
p o ide in unde s anding he
mul iple in e en ions o KH
beha iou s?
FRQ- How can longi udinal
esea ch be e explain he
causal links be ween
an eceden s, decisions, and
ou comes in KH?
FRQ- Wha con ex ualised KH
indica o s can be de eloped o
align wi h he alues o se ice
p o ide s?
FRQ- How can a deepe
unde s anding o KH help
manage s de elop app op ia e
in e en ions and s a egies o
manage i ?
H.M.U. Khiza e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100624
15
cul i a e a posi i e o ganisa ional cul u e ha alues he wo k o ce.
Finally, insigh in o how he mo i a ion and ou comes o KH di e
ac oss di e en KH s a egies (such as playing dumb, e asi e, and
a ionalised) p o ide guidance o p ac i ione s by enabling hem o
na iga e KH dynamics om he pe spec i es o bo h knowledge seeke s
and hide s, aking in o conside a ion he wo k con ex and job cha ac-
e is ics. O ganisa ions may gain insigh om his e iew o enhance
knowledge sha ing and managemen e o s, ul ima ely con ibu ing o
hei o e all success and epu a ion.
This s udy has some limi a ions ha should be conside ed when
e alua ing i s implica ions. Fi s , ou selec ion o s udies o inclusion in
his e iew was based on a keywo d sea ch in wo scien i ic da abases:
Scopus and Web o Science. The e is a possibili y o missing ele an
s udies o which ou selec ed keywo ds we e no used in hei i les,
abs ac s, o keywo ds. Second, ou e iew included only a icles and
e iew s udies on his opic and excluded books, con e ence pape s,
essays, pe spec i es, and le e s. Thi d, despi e a ho ough sea ch o
s udies o be included in ou e iew, i is possible ha some ele an
s udies we e missed because o he dynamic na u e o he ield o s udy
and/o because hey we e published a e Decembe 2023. Finally, o
de elop he ADO-TCM amewo k in he second phase, we applied
quali y c i e ia, selec ing only s udies ha we e published in ABS 3-, 4-,
and 4*- anked jou nals. The e is a possibili y o missing key insigh s
om o he sou ces. Despi e hese limi a ions, his e iew se es as a
knowledge base ha p o ides bo h a quan i a i e and quali a i e
o e iew o he KH li e a u e.
E hics s a emen
This esea ch ensu es o main ain he anonymi y o indi iduals and
ensu es no pe sonal da a o pe sonally sensi i e da a a e iden i iable.
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
Ha iz Muhammad Usman Khiza : W i ing – e iew & edi ing,
Visualiza ion, Supe ision, So wa e, Me hodology, Da a cu a ion,
Concep ualiza ion. Rashid Khu shid: W i ing – o iginal d a , In es i-
ga ion, Fo mal analysis. Mohammed Al-Waq i: W i ing – e iew &
edi ing, Supe ision, Da a cu a ion.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e ha he e is no inancial and non- inancial
con lic o in e es .
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