Sánchez del Río-Vázquez, Ma ia-Elena; Rod íguez-Rad, Ca los; O a-Pé ez, Manuel;
Re illa Camacho, Ma ia Angeles; Re illa Camacho, Ma ia Angeles
A icle
In luence o pe cei ed legi imacy and pe cei ed alue o
p o essional associa ion membe s on a i udinal loyal y
Adminis a i e Sciences
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
MDPI – Mul idisciplina y Digi al Publishing Ins i u e, Basel
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Sánchez del Río-Vázquez, Ma ia-Elena; Rod íguez-Rad, Ca los; O a-Pé ez,
Manuel; Re illa Camacho, Ma ia Angeles; Re illa Camacho, Ma ia Angeles (2025) : In luence o
pe cei ed legi imacy and pe cei ed alue o p o essional associa ion membe s on a i udinal
loyal y, Adminis a i e Sciences, ISSN 2076-3387, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 15, Iss. 1, pp. 1-23,
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci15010004
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Ci a ion: Sánchez-del-Río-Vázquez,
M.-E., Rod íguez-Rad, C., O a-Pé ez,
M., & Re illa-Camacho, M.-Á. (2025).
In luence o Pe cei ed Legi imacy and
Pe cei ed Value o P o essional
Associa ion Membe s on A i udinal
Loyal y. Adminis a i e Sciences,15(1),
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adminis a i e
sciences
A icle
In luence o Pe cei ed Legi imacy and Pe cei ed Value o
P o essional Associa ion Membe s on A i udinal Loyal y
Ma ía-Elena Sánchez-del-Río-Vázquez * , Ca los Rod íguez-Rad , Manuel O a-Pé ez and
Ma ia-Ángeles Re illa-Camacho
Depa men o Business Adminis a ion and Ma ke ing, Uni e si y o Se ille, 41018 Se illa, Spain;
[email p o ec ed] (C.R.-R.); [email p o ec ed] (M.O.-P.); [email p o ec ed] (M.-Á.R.-C.)
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : This a icle explo es he disco e ies ela ed o o ganiza ional legi imacy, ocusing
on i s h ee key ypes: p agma ic, mo al, and cogni i e. I examines how pe cei ed alue
plays a c ucial ole in he gene a ion o legi imacy and i s di ec impac on a i udinal loyal y.
The s udy, based on a su ey o 156 membe s o he P o essional Associa ion o Economis s
o Se ille, demons a es he signi ican in luence o pe cei ed alue and legi imacy on
he h ee dimensions o o ganiza ional legi imacy and a i udinal loyal y. Based on he
indings, he pape ecommends a managemen app oach ha emphasizes pe cei ed alue
o ein o ce legi imacy, which in u n s eng hens loyal y. Ano he impo an con ibu ion o
ou wo k is ha i ills a gap in he li e a u e ela ed o p o essional associa ion membe ship
loyal y and i s an eceden s. Fu he esea ch is sugges ed o in es iga e he causes and
e ec s o legi imacy in di e en o ganiza ional con ex s.
Keywo ds: p o essional associa ions; o ganiza ional legi imacy; pe cei ed alue; a i udinal
loyal y; PLS-SEM
1. In oduc ion
P o essional associa ions a e an engine o he p o essions, as hey os e he p o es-
sional de elopmen o hei membe s h ough he bene i s and se ices hey o e (Ham-
mond & Moo e,2018;Fe nandez & Cas ellanos,2024;Po nis e al.,2024). In addi ion,
membe - ocused p o essional associa ion ini ia i es can enable membe s o access p o es-
sional ne wo ks, esou ces, ools, o oppo uni ies, and hey can acili a e he inclusion
o ideas and di e si y among membe s and p o essional con ac s and p o ide emo ional
suppo o loyal y in ways ha bene i bo h he membe s and he p o essional associa ion
i sel (Clouse e al.,2023;Gáll,2024;Po nis e al.,2024). Bu he impac o hese associa ions
on he u u e o he sec o s is mo e impo an han he indi idual bene i s o he membe s,
hence he s uggle no only o ec ui membe s bu also o build membe loyal y (Hol e al.,
2023). On he o he hand, gi en ha a i udinal loyal y is an indica o o ” ue loyal y”,
which e e s no only o con inued membe ship bu also o ecommenda ions o o he s,
i is key o he g ea e use o he p o essional associa ion’s se ices (Rod íguez-Rad &
Sánchez-del-Río-Vázquez,2023). Guiding he managemen o p o essional associa ions
owa ds his a i udinal loyal y o membe s is he e o e undamen al o hei success.
Consequen ly, a need o del e in o he backg ound o he a i udinal loyal y o membe s o
a p o essional associa ion p omp ed his wo k.
This pape is based on wo lines o esea ch ha ha e a ac ed a g ea deal o a en ion
in ecen yea s. The i s deals wi h o ganiza ional legi imacy, while he second e e s
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 4 h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci15010004
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 4 2 o 23
o he concep o cus ome alue. Legi imacy and alue c ea ion a e he wo key e ms
o his wo k; bo h concep s a e app oached om he pe spec i e o he cus ome , he
main ecipien o he alue gene a ed and he p ima y sou ce o judging and con e ing
legi imacy o o ganiza ions (Rand ianasolo & A nold,2020).
O ganiza ional legi imacy e e s o he deg ee o which an o ganiza ion is pe cei ed
o comply wi h social ules, alues, no ms, and de ini ions (Suchman,1995). Ins i u ional
heo y esea che s suppo he idea ha legi imacy is conside ed a undamen al in angible
asse o s akeholde managemen (Amani,2024;Blanco-González e al.,2021,2023a;Payne
e al.,2021), as i is achie ed h ough he accep ance and desi abili y o he ac i i ies by
hese g oups and acili a es hei access o he necessa y esou ces (Del-Cas illo-Fei o e al.,
2022;Díez-Ma ín e al.,2022;Mio o e al.,2020). Hence, legi imacy is o a pe cep ual
na u e and is socially cons uc ed (Haack e al.,2021;Hadani,2024;Zhang e al.,2024) as i
depends on he s akeholde s’ judgmen c i e ia (Díez-Ma ín e al.,2022;E e e al.,2018).
I is pa icula ly conce ned wi h he ela ionships ha he o ganiza ion es ablishes; hence,
i con ibu es o he unde s anding o he g ow h and su i al o o ganiza ions (Blanco-
González e al.,2023b;Díez-Ma ín e al.,2022) and becomes a goal. Se e al s udies ha e
shown he di ec ela ionship be ween legi imacy achie emen s a egies and o ganiza ional
success (To nikoski & Newbe ,2007), and i has e en been ound ha he lack o e osion o
legi imacy leads o o ganiza ional ailu e (Chen e al.,2006). In his sense, om a heo e ical
poin o iew, some esea che s de end he ela ionship be ween legi imacy and loyal y;
howe e , he e is no enough esea ch o p o e his ela ionship (Del-Cas illo-Fei o e al.,
2022). On he o he hand, his heo y has mainly been used in he amewo k o non-p o i
o ganiza ions, since o his ype o o ganiza ion achie ing legi imacy is undamen al o
i s abili y o achie e i s objec i es; he e o e, i is a p io i y o seek legi imacy a he han
e iciency (Mo ales e al.,2005). Mo eo e , legi imacy becomes especially impo an when
i is no easy o measu e he echnical e ec i eness o o ganiza ions (Wells,2001).
The se ice-dominan logic pa adigm, on he o he hand, s a es ha “ alue is c ea ed
h ough he ac ions o mul iple ac o s, o en wi hou e idence o hei in e ela ionship,
who con ibu e o each o he ’s well-being” (Lusch & Va go,2014, p. 13). The e o e,
alue is always co-c ea ed (Va go & Lusch,2004). This co-c ea ion o alue is a clea
sign o he impo ance o he (ac i e) ole o he cus ome , as i p ecisely e lec s he
p oac i e pa icipa ion o he cus ome in he c ea ion o alue in collabo a ion wi h he
company (Blasco-A cas e al.,2016;Azza i e al.,2024). Al hough esea ch on alue co-
c ea ion has inc eased in ecen decades, he concep s s ill ha e o be consolida ed (Azza i
e al.,2024;Mujahid e al.,2023). In addi ion, he alue pe cei ed by he cus ome is
conside ed a key ac o in making pu chasing decisions and o ming alue judgmen s
abou o ganiza ions (Galla za e al.,2011;Ga cía-Sali osas e al.,2024;Le oi-We elds,2019);
so, he c ea ion o alue o he cus ome should be he eason o he i m’s exis ence and
a key ac o o success (Islam e al.,2024). This app oach is in line wi h he pos ula es o
ins i u ional heo y, o which one o he keys o su i al is o ensu e ha o ganiza ions
a e in used wi h alue. I his happens, he o ganiza ion will gain legi imacy. Value,
he e o e, can con e legi imacy. As discussed abo e, manage ial ac ion gene a es legi imacy
h ough s akeholde managemen ; hence, legi imacy is ela ed o o ganiza ional alue
c ea ion p ocesses (Haase,2020). Howe e , business esea ch has “la gely o e looked he
impo ance o he legi imacy-based ins i u ional en i onmen o he implemen a ion o
cus ome o ien a ion s a egy” (Luo e al.,2008, p. 203), and no ma ke ing esea ch has
been ound ha inco po a es legi imacy as one o he consequences o o ganiza ional alue.
Fu he mo e, he exis ing li e a u e shows alue as a p edic o o loyal y; howe e , his
ela ionship may be complex. Hence, we ollow he sugges ion o Zaune e al. (2015) and
also analyze he link be ween pe cei ed alue (PV) and loyal y.
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 4 3 o 23
Wi h his pape , we s i e o p o ide guidelines o he p ac ice o p o essional associ-
a ion managemen o inc ease membe s’ a i udinal loyal y. Consequen ly, his s udy seeks
o answe he ollowing esea ch ques ions (RQs):
RQ1: How does pe cei ed alue impac he a i udinal loyal y o membe s o a
p o essional associa ion?
RQ2: How does legi imacy impac he a i udinal loyal y o membe s o a p o essional
associa ion?
RQ3: How does pe cei ed alue impac he legi imacy o membe s o a p o essional
associa ion?
To answe hese ques ions, his esea ch conduc ed an online su ey ha was e-
sponded o by membe s o he P o essional Associa ion o Economis s o Se ille (PAES).
The me hod o pa ial leas squa es s uc u al equa ion modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied
o examine how pe cei ed alue shapes he legi imacy o he PAES and i s di ec impac on
he a i udinal loyal y o i s membe s. To his end, he esea ch also explo ed he indings
ela ed o o ganiza ional legi imacy, ocusing on i s h ee key ypes: p agma ic, mo al,
and cogni i e. Fu he mo e, i pos ula es ha he legi imacy o a speci ic p o essional
associa ion (i.e., he PAES) will be condi ioned by he legi imacy acco ded o p o essional
associa ions in gene al. The e o e, a nega i e pe cep ion o he legi imacy o p o essional
associa ions may in ec he pe cep ion o a speci ic p o essional associa ion and nega i ely
a ec he a i udinal loyal y o i s membe s.
Acco dingly, ou esea ch s o e o mee hese speci ic objec i es:
•
To analyze he e ec o he pe cei ed alue by he membe s on he legi imacy g an ed
o a speci ic p o essional associa ion (i.e., he PAES), in i s cogni i e, p agma ic, and
mo al dimensions; so a , his is an issue ha has no been add essed in he amewo k
o p o essional associa ions.
(1)
To assess he impac ha he legi imacy o p o essional associa ions has on he p ag-
ma ic, mo al, and cogni i e legi imacy o he PAES.
(2)
To de e mine he e ec s ha he di e en dimensions o he legi imacy o he PAES
ha e on he a i udinal loyal y o membe s owa ds he PAES. This ques ion will
make i possible o ocus e o s aimed a he legi ima ion o o ganiza ions, co ec ing
p oblems ela ed o he bene i s pe cei ed by he clien , he mo al co ec ness o
ac ions o , in mo e se ious cases, he o ganiza ion’s e y igh o exis .
(3)
To analyze he in luence o pe cei ed alue on membe a i udinal loyal y, bo h
di ec ly and indi ec ly h ough he h ee ypes o membe legi imacy. Weighing
he ela ionships will allow us o iden i y which cons uc s a e mos ele an o he
achie emen o a i udinal loyal y, helping o alloca e esou ces mo e e icien ly.
To da e, he li e a u e has mainly ocused on analyzing how membe s’ mo i a ions
and bene i s encou age hem o join and engage wi h p o essional associa ions (Po nis
e al.,2024). Ve y ew s udies a emp o alida e wha conc e e measu es p o essional
associa ions can de elop o achie e such engagemen (e.g., Po nis e al.,2024) o some
o he an eceden s o commi men (e.g., Clouse e al.,2023). Wi h he excep ion o ou
esea ch, Rod íguez-Rad and Sánchez-del-Río-Vázquez (2023), which analyzes a i udinal
loyal y as an in luence o membe s’ use in en ions ega ding p o essional associa ion
se ices and bene i s, we ha e no ound a u he s udy on his opic o a i udinal loyal y
in his ield. The e o e, we belie e ha his new pape is an impo an con ibu ion ha
ills a gap in he li e a u e ela ed o p o essional associa ion membe ship loyal y and i s
an eceden s. In addi ion, he li e a u e has paid li le a en ion o clien s’ pe cep ions o he
legi imacy o he o ganiza ions wi h which hey in e ac ; his is s ill an unde - esea ched
a ea o p o essional membe ship; he e o e, ou s udy also aims o ill his gap.
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 4 4 o 23
2. Theo e ical Backg ound
2.1. The Concep o Pe cei ed Value
Value c ea ion is he co e o ma ke ing, he concep on which he discipline has been
de eloped since i s o igins (Galla za e al.,2020). Bo h academia and business ha e shown
g ea in e es in his opic (Co ea e al.,2021;T an & Vu,2021), as i is conside ed a s a egic
impe a i e o c ea e and main ain a compe i i e ad an age (Cankül e al.,2024;Chen &
Chen,2010;Islam e al.,2024;Sweeney & Sou a ,2001;Ullah,2021). The e o e, alue
c ea ion becomes a sine qua non condi ion o o ganiza ions in he 21s cen u y (Zaune
e al.,2015).
On he o he hand, in ma ke ing i is na u al o ocus on he cus ome s’ pe spec i e,
e en mo e so when i is he cus ome s who e alua e wha hey ecei e om he o ganiza-
ions hey in e ac wi h o hei pu chase decisions and he o ma ion o alue judgmen s
abou he o ganiza ions (Galla za e al.,2011;Le oi-We elds,2019). Pe cei ed alue is
he subjec i e and global e alua ion o he bene i s ecei ed in ela ion o he sac i ices
made o a p oduc o se ice (Almeida e al.,2022;Cankül e al.,2024;Baidoun & Salem,
2024;Femina & San hi,2024). Wha he consume o e s is no only abou mone a y sac i-
ice, bu also abou he ime and e o spen in buying and using p oduc s and se ices,
i.e., oppo uni y cos s (Baidoun & Salem,2024). Gi en ha consume s make hei own
assessmen based on pe sonal cha ac e is ics and he speci ic pu chase expe ience (Mo is,
1999), alue is subjec i e and is no de e mined by he o ganiza ion (Le oi-We elds,2019).
I can be unde s ood as a ade-o be ween wha one ‘gi es’ and ‘ge s’ in he cus ome ’s
eyes (Almeida e al.,2022).
This e alua ion a ises om he in e ac ion be ween he consume and an objec , ei he
a p oduc , a se ice, o a company (Le oi-We elds,2019), and is expe ien ial, i.e., i is
condi ioned by he speci ic si ua ion he consume is dealing wi h (G ön oos & Ra ald,
2011). The expe ience encompasses he momen s p io o he use o he p oduc o se ice,
including sea ch, pu chase, and deli e y; he e o e, i is no only assessable by ac ual
buye s, bu also by hose who ha e sea ched o in o ma ion abou he p oduc o ha e
con ac ed o ecei ed any communica ion om he company (C onin e al.,2000). In
o he wo ds, pe cei ed alue can occu bo h h oughou he pu chase p ocess and in he
p e-pu chase phase (Baidoun & Salem,2024).
I is clea , he e o e, ha alue is judged by he consume , is subjec i e in na u e, and
is no de e mined by he o ganiza ion (Ga cía-Sali osas e al.,2024;Le oi-We elds,2019).
Each consume will make his o he own assessmen o alue, depending on his o he
pe sonal cha ac e is ics and he speci ic pu chase expe ience (Mo is,1999). The con ex in
which such a si ua ion occu s, whe he ela ed o loca ion, iming, o empo al in e ac ion,
has a signi ican impac on his alue assessmen (G ön oos & Voima,2013).
Pe cei ed alue is a co e di e en ia o (Ga cía-Sali osas e al.,2024), which becomes
pi o al o cus ome decision making and, in u n, o company pe o mance (Islam e al.,
2024). Hence, he s udy o i s consequences can be conside ed a c i ical aspec o cus ome
alue heo y as a p e equisi e o achie ing sus ainable compe i i e ad an age, al hough i
has no ye been ully de eloped (Zaune e al.,2015). Gi en i s ela ionship o pu chase
in en ion, i can be conside ed as a eliable measu e o pu chase o beha io al in en ions
(Baidoun & Salem,2024;Ragab e al.,2024). I s in luence on sa is ac ion, pu chase, o
beha io al in en ions has been ex ensi ely p o en (Cankül e al.,2024;Baidoun & Salem,
2024), bu many o he ac o s ha could be a consequence o cus ome pe cei ed alue
emain o be explo ed. Fu he mo e, i s signi ican in luence on loyal y subs an ially
explains i s impac on business success (Chan & Raha ja,2024). Acco dingly, he exis ing
li e a u e shows alue as a p edic o o loyal y; howe e , his ela ionship may be complex,
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 4 5 o 23
sugges ing ha u u e esea ch should ocus on he link be ween pe cei ed alue and
loyal y (Zaune e al.,2015).
2.2. O ganiza ional Legi imacy
O ganiza ional legi imacy has come o be ecognized as he dominan app oach o
unde s anding o ganiza ions (G eenwood e al.,2017). On he o he hand, we can say
ha he su i al o a i m depends on i s legi imacy (Chaney e al.,2015;Blanco-González
e al.,2023b;Díez-Ma ín e al.,2022;Del-Cas illo-Fei o e al.,2022;Mio o e al.,2020;
Pascual-Neb eda e al.,2022;Odou e al.,2023), and his has become one o he leading
opics o he ield o business managemen . Sociological and business esea ch has amply
shown he key ole o legi imacy in de e mining he su i al and g ow h o o ganiza ions
(Blanco-González e al.,2023b;Díez-Ma ín e al.,2022;Zhang & Bo den,2024). Mo e
legi imized o ganiza ions gain be e access o esou ces (Del-Cas illo-Fei o e al.,2022;
Díez-Ma ín e al.,2022;Mio o e al.,2020;Payne e al.,2021;Pollack e al.,2012) and a
highe p obabili y o su i al (Díez-Ma ín e al.,2022;Campbell e al.,2012), due o hei
abili y o in luence s akeholde beha io (Amani,2024;Blanco-González e al.,2021,2023b;
Payne e al.,2021).
The mos gene alized de ini ion o legi imacy was o mula ed by Suchman (1995),
who de ined i as “a gene alized pe cep ion o assump ion ha he ac ions o an en i y
in socie y a e desi able, p ope , o app opia e wi hin some socially cons uc ed sys em o
no ms, alues, belie s and de ini ions” (p. 574). In 2017, he e o mula ed his de ini ion by
s a ing ha “o ganiza ional legi imacy is he pe cei ed app op ia eness o he o ganiza ion
o a social sys em in e ms o ules, alues, no ms and de ini ions”, elimina ing desi abili y
because o i s possible con usion wi h he epu a ion (Deephouse e al.,2017, p. 9).
Di e en disciplines ha e ied o concep ualize and measu e o ganiza ional legi imacy
unde a scien i ic amewo k. The e o e, esea che s ha e de eloped ypologies o i s
measu emen and analysis, which ha e coincided in many aspec s, bu ha e di e ed
in o he s. Among he easons o hese di e en ypologies, we ind bo h he scien i ic
heo ies, wi hin he amewo k o which he esea che s who c ea e hem ope a e, and
he pu pose and me hodology o he s udies. I is no su p ising, he e o e, ha di e en
e ms ha e a isen o measu ing o ganiza ional legi imacy, which makes he esea che s’
wo k di icul , especially when conduc ing empi ical esea ch. In his p ojec , we adop he
widely accep ed axonomy p oposed by Suchman (1995), which e e s o he iden i ica ion
o h ee dimensions o legi imacy (Figu e 1):
•
P agma ic (use ul): P agma ic legi imacy, also called exchange legi imacy, is based
on he p ac ical bene i s ha he o ganiza ion o e s o i s public. Fo Bi ek ine (2011),
i is he o e all alue ha he o ganiza ion gene a es o he cus ome and is based
on he e alua o ’s sel -in e es . I is shaped by h ee aspec s: (a) di ec bene i s on
he indi idual, social, and global wel a e o he consume ; (b) long- e m o indi ec
bene i s on he indi idual, social, and global wel a e o he consume ; and (c) he
consume ’s belie ha he company pu s he ocus on he consume ’s own sel -in e es .
In o he wo ds, i he needs o consume s a e sa is ied by he p oduc s and se ices
o e ed by he o ganiza ion, he p agma ic legi imacy is achie ed by he o ganiza ion
(Ani´c e al.,2024). Hence, when an o ganiza ion ac s in acco dance wi h s akeholde
in e es s, hey g an i p agma ic legi imacy (Zhang & Bo den,2024).
•
Mo al (jus ): he o ganiza ion does “ he igh hing” and p omo es social wel a e.
The e is mo al legi imacy i he o ganiza ion and i s ac i i ies ha e been no ma i ely
and posi i ely e alua ed. Unde cu en socie al alues and app op ia e no ms,
s akeholde s e alua e o ganiza ional beha io s by assessing whe he hey a e “ he
igh hing o do” o p omo e he wel a e o socie y (Zhang & Bo den,2024). I has
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 4 6 o 23
ou aspec s o conside : (a) o ganiza ional ou pu s and p oduc s; (b) echniques and
p ocesses; (c) o ganiza ional s uc u es; and (d) leade s’ cha isma and i wi h mo al
alues. Ac ions in acco dance wi h an al uis ic mo i a ion ha seek o imp o e social
wel a e igge mo al legi imacy (Handelman & A nold,1999).
•
Cogni i e (app op ia e): he o ganiza ion is ine i ably pa o he en i onmen . Cog-
ni i e legi imacy is gained when, on he basis o a sha ed unde s anding o socie y
o i s his o ical backg ound, he o ganiza ion’s beha io s a e seen as ine i able o
necessa y (Zhang & Bo den,2024). The o ganiza ion’s igh o exis is no ques ioned
and is aken o g an ed. The e o e, he his o y and p e alence o he o ganiza ion
a e he an eceden s o cogni i e legi imacy (Bi ek ine,2011), as i is he s akeholde ’s
knowledge abou he o ganiza ion ha gene a es cogni i e legi imacy, ega dless o
whe he ha knowledge is nega i e, posi i e, o neu al (Shephe d & Zacha akis,
2003). I is a mo e sub le and las ing legi imacy han he p e ious ones (Suchman,
1995), as i is no based on an ac i e e alua ion by s akeholde s (Pollack e al.,2012).
I is based on cogni ion a he han on in e es o e alua ion. Cogni i e legi imacy
ela es o he de ini ion and meaning o o ganiza ional ac i i ies (B idwell-Mi chell &
Mezias,2012) and o how hey help sol e p oblems. I hey a e commonly accep ed
and conside ed use ul by hei en i onmen , p o iding a amewo k o daily ou ines,
he o ganiza ion is accep ed (Sco ,2008). When o ganiza ions a e unde s andable,
hey gain cogni i e legi imacy (Shephe d & Zacha akis,2003). When o ganiza ions
a e gene ally accep ed as app op ia e, hey gain cogni i e legi imacy (Khai e,2010).
Adm. Sci. 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 24
s akeholde s e alua e o ganiza ional beha io s by assessing whe he hey a e “ he
igh hing o do” o p omo e he wel a e o socie y (Zhang & Bo den, 2024). I has
ou aspec s o conside : (a) o ganiza ional ou pu s and p oduc s; (b) echniques and
p ocesses; (c) o ganiza ional s uc u es; and (d) leade s’ cha isma and i wi h mo al
alues. Ac ions in acco dance wi h an al uis ic mo i a ion ha seek o imp o e so-
cial wel a e igge mo al legi imacy (Handelman & A nold, 1999).
• Cogni i e (app op ia e): he o ganiza ion is ine i ably pa o he en i onmen . Cog-
ni i e legi imacy is gained when, on he basis o a sha ed unde s anding o socie y
o i s his o ical backg ound, he o ganiza ion’s beha io s a e seen as ine i able o
necessa y (Zhang & Bo den, 2024). The o ganiza ion’s igh o exis is no ques ioned
and is aken o g an ed. The e o e, he his o y and p e alence o he o ganiza ion
a e he an eceden s o cogni i e legi imacy (Bi ek ine, 2011), as i is he s akeholde ’s
knowledge abou he o ganiza ion ha gene a es cogni i e legi imacy, ega dless o
whe he ha knowledge is nega i e, posi i e, o neu al (Shephe d & Zacha akis,
2003). I is a mo e sub le and las ing legi imacy han he p e ious ones (Suchman,
1995), as i is no based on an ac i e e alua ion by s akeholde s (Pollack e al., 2012).
I is based on cogni ion a he han on in e es o e alua ion. Cogni i e legi imacy
ela es o he de ini ion and meaning o o ganiza ional ac i i ies (B idwell-Mi chell
& Mezias, 2012) and o how hey help sol e p oblems. I hey a e commonly accep ed
and conside ed use ul by hei en i onmen , p o iding a amewo k o daily ou-
ines, he o ganiza ion is accep ed (Sco , 2008). When o ganiza ions a e unde s and-
able, hey gain cogni i e legi imacy (Shephe d & Zacha akis, 2003). When o ganiza-
ions a e gene ally accep ed as app op ia e, hey gain cogni i e legi imacy (Khai e,
2010).
Figu e 1. Fundamen als and dimensions o o ganiza ional legi imacy.
I is impo an o highligh ha legi imacy a ises om gene alized pe cep ion. By
e lec ing he deg ee o collec i e app o al o an o ganiza ion, i can be conside ed an
in angible esou ce o he o ganiza ion (Amani, 2024; Payne e al., 2021; Zimme man &
Zei z, 2002). O ganiza ions do no ope a e in a acuum and need he con inuous app o al
and suppo o key s akeholde s in he su ounding social sys em (Zhang & Bo den, 2024).
Indi idual subjec i e pe cep ions mus he e o e be agg ega ed and objec i ied. In ligh o
he abo e, i should be no ed ha manage s need o unde s and ha he p o ile o hei
cus ome s in luences how hey will assess he legi imacy o he o ganiza ion hey manage.
This assessmen is essen ial o o ganiza ions, because legi imacy is a esou ce ha in-
c eases he likelihood o su i al (e.g., i a o s p oduc acquisi ion, access o inance, and
Figu e 1. Fundamen als and dimensions o o ganiza ional legi imacy.
I is impo an o highligh ha legi imacy a ises om gene alized pe cep ion. By
e lec ing he deg ee o collec i e app o al o an o ganiza ion, i can be conside ed an
in angible esou ce o he o ganiza ion (Amani,2024;Payne e al.,2021;Zimme man &
Zei z,2002). O ganiza ions do no ope a e in a acuum and need he con inuous app o al
and suppo o key s akeholde s in he su ounding social sys em (Zhang & Bo den,2024).
Indi idual subjec i e pe cep ions mus he e o e be agg ega ed and objec i ied. In ligh o
he abo e, i should be no ed ha manage s need o unde s and ha he p o ile o hei
cus ome s in luences how hey will assess he legi imacy o he o ganiza ion hey manage.
This assessmen is essen ial o o ganiza ions, because legi imacy is a esou ce ha inc eases
he likelihood o su i al (e.g., i a o s p oduc acquisi ion, access o inance, and access
o cus ome s). Knowing he p o ile associa ed wi h each ype o legi imacy assessmen
will make i easie o s a egic e o s, which a e decided by managemen and aimed a
achie ing he ype o legi imacy, o be in line wi h he p o ile o he cus ome s.
Legi imacy was o iginally conside ed o be a dicho omous concep , whe e he al e na-
i es o o ganiza ions we e o be legi imized o o no be legi imized (Sco ,2008), wi hou
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 4 7 o 23
he possibili y o an in e media e s a e. O he s udies a gue ha legi imacy can be consid-
e ed a con inuous a iable, whe eby highe o lowe le els o legi imacy can be achie ed
(Deeds e al.,1997). In ou esea ch, we ollow his second line o hough . I should be
no ed ha he li e a u e o e s di e en ways o measu ing each dimension o legi imacy.
S a ing om he h ee dimensions p oposed by Suchman (1995), i.e., p agma ic, mo al, and
cogni i e, i is wo h highligh ing he con ibu ion o C uz and Isabel (2012) o he s udy
o he legi imacy o he Eu opean Highe Educa ion A ea in he Communi y o Mad id
(Spain) and ha o Rand ianasolo and A nold (2020), who de eloped a ques ionnai e o
measu e legi imacy om he consume ’s pe spec i e. The p ocess by which people o m
hei judgmen s o e alua e he legi imacy o o ganiza ions may a y acco ding o each
pe son and he social con ex in which hey li e (Suchman,1995). Thus, unde s anding he
cha ac e is ics o indi iduals ha in luence hei e alua ion o an o ganiza ion’s legi imacy
becomes a guide o o ganiza ional decision making in line wi h he cogni i e needs o i s
e alua o s, which consequen ly enhances he e ec i eness and e iciency o i s manage s.
2.3. A i udinal Loyal y
Oli e (1999) de ined loyal y as “a deeply held commi men o e-buy o e-pa onize
a p e e ed p oduc o se ice consis en ly in he u u e” (p. 34). This de ini ion sugges s
wo ca ego ies o loyal y: a i udinal loyal y and beha io al loyal y. Beha io al loyal y
is cons uc ed om obse able indica o s (e.g., pu chase p opo ion, pu chase equency,
epea pu chase beha io , pu chase sequence, e c.), while a i udinal loyal y is conside ed
as a beha io al in en ion (e.g., in en ion o epea , ecommend, inc ease business wi h
he company, o cus ome p ice ole ance) (Cache o-Ma ínez & Vázquez-Casielles,2021;
Femina & San hi,2024;Ma suoka,2022). The psychological a achmen and a i udinal
ad ocacy ha cus ome s ha e owa ds a b and would be a i udinal loyal y (Femina &
San hi,2024;Hollingshead e al.,2023;Ragab e al.,2024). A i udinal loyal y e e s o
a ce ain desi e o con inue wi h he ela ionship, while beha io al loyal y e e s o he
concep o epea ed pa onage (Zhao e al.,2010). Consequen ly, in his esea ch, a i udinal
loyal y is ope a ionalized as in en ion o e u ning o con inuance and e e ing.
Cus ome loyal y is i al o o ganiza ions (Femina & San hi,2024). Wi hou consume
loyal y e en he bes -designed business models will soon c umble (Pe e a e al.,2019).
Ea ly ma ke ing esea ch ocused exclusi ely on beha io al loyal y, bu soon changed
cou se, as such loyal y may be mo i a ed by si ua ional demands a he han by a posi i e
a i ude owa d he b and, which could lead o “ alse loyal y”. I is possible ha epea
pu chases a e due o con enience o mone a y incen i es; hus, he s udy o a i udinal
loyal y is equi ed o cap u e he easons behind he pu chases (Chen & Chen,2010).
The e o e, beha io al loyal y alone seems insu icien o cap u e wha is e e ed o as
“ ue” loyal y (Kuma & Shah,2004;Wa son e al.,2015), and i is necessa y o conside
a i udinal loyal y o speak o “ ue” loyal y (Dandis & Al Haj Eid,2022;Kuma & Shah,
2004;Wa son e al.,2015;Royo-Vela & Sánchez,2022). Mo eo e , Ku sunluoglu (2011)
s a es ha e en cus ome s who do no buy he b and again may ecommend i based on
hei a i udinal loyal y. A i udinal loyal y en ails a ec i e and cogni i e aspec s o loyal y
(Hä el & Russell-Benne ,2010;S i as a a & Kaul,2016) and is based on he emo ions ha
he b and e okes (Re illa-Camacho e al.,2017).
3. Concep ual F amewo k and Hypo hesis Fo mula ion
3.1. Pe cei ed Value and O ganiza ional Legi imacy
As we ha e al eady men ioned, he cus ome s a e he e alua o s o wha hey ecei e
om he o ganiza ions wi h which hey in e ac , so ha he alue pe cei ed by he cus ome
becomes a key ac o in making pu chasing decisions and in o ming alue judgmen s abou
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 4 8 o 23
o ganiza ions (Galla za e al.,2011;Islam e al.,2024;Le oi-We elds,2019). Consequen ly,
he c ea ion o alue o he cus ome should be he i m’s eason o exis ence and a
key ac o o success (Islam e al.,2024). This app oach is in line wi h he pos ula es o
ins i u ional legi imacy, o which one o he keys o su i al is o ge o ganiza ions o
p o ide alue. I his occu s, he o ganiza ion will gain legi imacy. Value, he e o e, can
con e legi imacy.
In u n, he li e a u e also shows he mul idimensional na u e o alue (Galla za
e al.,2017), and al hough he e is no consensus on he exac componen s o he cons uc ,
one o he mos widely accep ed ypologies is he ou -dimensional iew o cus ome
pe cei ed alue (PERVAL) o e ed by Sweeney and Sou a (2001), which is applicable o
a ious ca ego ies and s ages o expe ience. Hence, cus ome s can ex ac alue om he
o ganiza ion in ela ion o emo ional alue, whe e u ili y is de i ed om eelings owa d
he b and. Social alue ela es o alue ex ac ed om he social c edibili y o he b and,
while inancial alue and quali y alue a e mo e unc ional and ela e o alue o money
and pe cep ions o b and excellence, espec i ely (Sweeney & Sou a ,2001).
Based on ins i u ional heo y, legi imacy is concei ed as a sus ained compe i i e
ad an age, as i gene a es a eeling o secu i y and us among indi iduals ha inc eases
hei willingness o accep he ac ions and decisions o mo e legi ima e o ganiza ions
(Amani,2024;Díez-Ma ín e al.,2021). Bu , o inc ease legi imacy, hei ac ions mus be
indi idually and socially bene icial (Handelman & A nold,1999). Consume s, ollowing
Sweeney and Sou a (2001), will pe cei e he inancial and quali y alue b ough by he
company. This alue is ela ed o he di ec bene i s hey expec he b and o b ing hem,
which allows hem o in e ha i is ela ed o he pe cei ed p agma ic legi imacy o he
o ganiza ion. I he i m c ea es inancial and quali y alue (Sweeney & Sou a ,2001), i will
be use ul o he cus ome , which will esul in g ea e p agma ic legi imacy. On he o he
hand, cus ome s will also pe cei e he social alue (Sweeney & Sou a ,2001) gene a ed
by he o ganiza ion, which will p obably lead o a g ea e pe cep ion o mo al legi imacy.
Finally, an emo ional alue will be es ablished (Sweeney & Sou a ,2001), which will allow
hem o es ablish s able ies wi h he o ganiza ion, gene a ing a a o able pe cep ion o he
o ganiza ion’s igh o exis and pe manence, a quali y ha de ines cogni i e legi imacy.
In o he wo ds, he pe o mance o ac i i ies mus en ich and c ea e alue o consume s
i hey a e o posi i ely a ec he legi imacy o he i m (C onin e al.,2000). An ac i i y
ha does no c ea e alue will be pe cei ed as useless and he e o e will no gene a e
consume suppo (Handelman & A nold,1999). Resea ch asse s ha i he i m ca es
abou consume s’ in e es s i will gain g ea e p agma ic, mo al, and cogni i e legi imacy
(Rand ianasolo & A nold,2020).
Along hese lines, Amani (2024) shows, o example, how he g een pe cei ed alue
o packaging e lec s cus ome s’ eelings ha he packaging is socially accep able and
esponsible, consequen ly in luencing b and legi imacy, as b ands ha a e unde s ood o
be legi ima e adhe e o egula o y, no ma i e ins i u ions and socially cons uc i e sys ems
o alues.
The e o e, we p opose he ollowing hypo heses in o de o assess he in luence o
each o he dimensions o legi imacy:
H1. Pe cei ed alue posi i ely impac s he p agma ic legi imacy o he PAES.
H2. Pe cei ed alue posi i ely impac s he cogni i e legi imacy o he PAES.
H3. Pe cei ed alue posi i ely impac s he mo al legi imacy o he PAES.
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 4 15 o 23
Table 4. Resul s o he s uc u al model.
Pa h S a is ics pValue Suppo ed
H1: PV -> PLPAES 0.539 7.074 0.000 YES
H2: PV -> CLPAES 0.182 2.125 0.034 YES
H3: PV -> MLPAES 0.476 4.876 0.000 YES
H4: LPA -> PLPAES 0.349 4.387 0.000 YES
H5: LPA -> CLPAES 0.631 9.110 0.000 YES
H6: LPA -> MLPAES 0.309 3.144 0.002 YES
H7: PLPAES -> AL 0.275 2.556 0.011 YES
H8: CLPAES -> AL 0.024 0.302 0.763 NO
H9: MLPAES -> AL 0.279 2.964 0.003 YES
H10: PV -> AL 0.275 3.063 0.002 YES
No e: AL = a i udinal loyal y; CLPAES = cogni i e legi imacy o PAES; LPA = legi imacy o p o essional
associa ions; MLPAES = mo al legi imacy o PAES; PLPAES = p agma ic legi imacy o PAES; VP = pe cei ed
alue. Sou ce: he au ho s.
Table 5. E ec s on endogenous a iables.
R2Q2Di ec E ec Co ela ions
Explained Va iance
PLPAES 0.694 0.680
H1: PV 0.539 0.800 43.12%
H4: LAP 0.349 0.752 26.24%
CLPAES 0.603 0.588
H2: PV 0.182 0.654 11.90%
H5: LAP 0.631 0.767 48.40%
MLPAES 0.541 0.521
H3: PV 0.476 0.706 33.61%
H6: LPA 0.309 0.664 20.52%
AL 0.605 0.515
H7: PLPAES 0.275 0.730 20.08%
H9: MLPAES 0.279 0.705 19.67%
H10: PV 0.275 0.706 19.42%
No e: AL = a i udinal loyal y; CLPAES = cogni i e legi imacy o PAES; LPA = legi imacy o p o essional
associa ions; MLPAES = mo al legi imacy o PAES; PLPAES = p agma ic legi imacy o PAES; VP = pe cei ed
alue. Sou ce: he au ho s.
6. Discussion
The esul s ob ained in his s udy con i m he e ec ha pe cei ed alue has on
o ganiza ional legi imacy (hypo heses H1, H2, and H3). Speci ically, his esea ch shows
he di ec and signi ican ela ionship o all he dimensions o legi imacy (p agma ic,
mo al, and cogni i e). As expec ed, he explana o y capaci y is g ea e in he case o
p agma ic legi imacy (43.12% o he a iance explained), since i is p ecisely his dimension
o legi imacy ha is based on he pe cei ed use ulness o he o ganiza ion o he indi idual
who alues i . The e o e, i he membe pe cei es ha he p o essional associa ion p o ides
a high added alue, he o she will legi imize i om a p agma ic poin o iew (i is
use ul). Wi h espec o mo al legi imacy, pe cei ed alue explains 33.61% o i s a iance,
indica ing ha he indi idual no only conside s he use ulness o he o ganiza ion o his
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 4 16 o 23
own indi idual in e es s, bu also conside s i s con ibu ion o he wel a e o socie y in
gene al and he mo al co ec ness o i s ac ions and decisions. Finally, i should be no ed
ha pe cei ed alue explains 11.9% o cogni i e legi imacy, i.e., ha which allows us o
a i m ha he p o essional associa ion is al eady pa o he social and cul u al sys em in
which i is inse ed and ha , he e o e, i has ea ned he igh o exis . I seems impe a i e,
he e o e, o ocus on he c ea ion o alue as a undamen al elemen in ob aining he
legi imacy o he PAES.
On he o he hand, we can a i m he exis ence o a di ec and signi ican ela ionship
be ween he legi imacy o p o essional associa ions in gene al and he legi imacy o a
speci ic o ganiza ion, as pos ula ed in hypo heses H4, H5, and H6. The pe cei ed legi imacy
o p o essional associa ions, he e o e, signi ican ly a ec s he legi imacy o he PAES,
p agma ically (explained a iance o 26.24%), mo ally (explained a iance o 20.52%), and
cogni i ely (explained a iance o 48.4%). These esul s highligh he in e dependence
be ween he p o essional associa ions hemsel es, in such a way ha a low legi imacy o
p o essional associa ions in gene al, mo i a ed by a gene ic p oblem o by issues o ally
un ela ed o a speci ic associa ion, can e ode he indi idual associa ion. This is especially
ele an wi h ega d o he cogni i e legi imacy o he PAES, which is explained by almos
50% o collec i e legi imacy and only 12% o pe cei ed alue. Hence, i he legi imacy o
p o essional associa ions we e o be ques ioned, his could a ec he e y igh o exis o a
pa icula associa ion. This leads us o hink ha p o essional associa ions should wo k in
a coo dina ed and coope a i e manne o gua an ee hei legi imacy and su i al in he
long e m, a oiding con on a ions and dispu es which, when hey become public opinion,
ha e he capaci y o e ode he legi imacy o each and e e y p o essional associa ion, and
no only ha o he one causing he legi imacy p oblem.
Finally, as pos ula ed by hypo heses H7, H9, and H10, pe cei ed alue and p agma ic
and mo al legi imacy di ec ly and signi ican ly a ec a i udinal loyal y o he o ganiza ion,
explaining al oge he mo e han 59% o he a iance. The ela ionship be ween pe cei ed
alue and loyal y is no new in he ma ke ing discipline, which ad oca es he c ea ion
and deli e y o alue as a key elemen in c ea ing loyal y and es ablishing long- e m
ela ionships. Wha we can conside no el is he e ec ha p agma ic legi imacy (20.08%
o a iance explained) and mo al legi imacy (19.67%) ha e on a i udinal loyal y, bo h
e ec s being g ea e han ha o pe cei ed alue (19.42% o a iance explained). The e-
o e, inc easing he pe cep ion o use ulness o he membe (p agma ic legi imacy) and
imp o ing he pe cep ion o co ec ness and mo ali y in he managemen o p o essional
associa ions (mo al legi imacy) will con ibu e o an inc ease in a i udinal loyal y, which
in ma ke ing is conside ed “ ue loyal y”.
7. Conclusions
Li le a en ion has been paid in he li e a u e o clien s’ pe cep ions o he legi imacy
o he o ganiza ions wi h which hey in e ac , and ou s udy ills his gap; mo eo e , i
conside s he unde - esea ched a ea o p o essional membe ship. F om he de ailed analysis
o he esul s, in e es ing conclusions can be d awn o help imp o e he managemen o
p o essional associa ions in gene al and o economis s’ associa ions in pa icula .
Impo an p ac ical conclusions can be d awn om he esul s o ou s udy. Fi s , he
esul s indica e ha pe cei ed alue plays a c ucial ole in gene a ing legi imacy. The e o e,
economis s’ associa ions should ocus hei managemen on imp o ing he pe cei ed alue
o hei membe s, since imp o ing he pe cei ed alue con ibu es o he ein o cemen
o he h ee dimensions o legi imacy, and hese dimensions g ea ly a ec loyal y. Value
c ea ion will help o gain p agma ic legi imacy, i.e., i will inc ease he pe cei ed use ulness
o he associa ion o he in e es s o i s membe s. This alue c ea ion mus begin wi h a
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 4 17 o 23
ho ough unde s anding o he needs o i s membe s, in o de o c ea e he mos app op ia e
alue p oposi ions o mee hei expec a ions. T anspa ency mus be p omo ed by making
he associa ion’s pe o mance isible, demons a ing ha he bes s a egies and p ocedu es
a e chosen, and showing he esul s ob ained and he bene i s o he membe s. In his
way, he associa ion will be pe cei ed as doing hings well; ha is o say, i will gain mo al
legi imacy. I is also essen ial o c ea e alue o socie y by con ibu ing o he imp o emen
o social wel a e and ca ying ou hones and esponsible managemen ha enhances he
p o ession and builds a ela ionship o us be ween hose in cha ge and he membe s
hemsel es. The pe cei ed alue will con ibu e o he gaining o cogni i e legi imacy,
which may be he gua an ee o he u u e iabili y o p o essional associa ions, especially
hose whose membe ship is no manda o y o p ac icing he p o ession.
Second, since he pe cei ed legi imacy o p o essional associa ions has a s ong in-
luence on all h ee dimensions o he legi imacy o economis s’ associa ions, i would be
desi able o he a ious p o essional associa ions o wo k oge he in a coo dina ed manne
o inc ease he legi imacy o p o essional associa ions, which could lead o bo h an inc ease
in he numbe o membe s and hei pa icipa ion in he ac i i ies hey p opose. The aison
d’ê e o p o essional associa ions is o se e he in e es s o hei membe s and socie y;
so, i is essen ial o make clea he bene i s hey b ing. P o essional associa ions ha e an
impo an ole o play in assis ing hei membe s in hei p o essional p ac ice. Howe e ,
he abo e conside a ions imply a majo change in he way hese o ganiza ions compe e.
They will ha e o a ac and e ain p o essionals on he basis o he alue gene a ed o
hei membe s, who will be ee o decide on hei membe ship. In his new compe i i e
amewo k, su i al will depend on he legi imacy ha p o essionals con e on hem, based
on he use ulness o hei membe s and he co ec ness o hei ac ions and, he e o e, on
hei own igh o con inue ope a ing in he ma ke . This ques ion o legi imacy conce ns
no only he numbe o membe s, bu also hei pa icipa ion in he ac i i ies o ganized by
he p o essional associa ions, om elec ions o aining cou ses.
Thi d, as we ha e seen, cogni i e legi imacy does no lead di ec ly o g ea e a i udinal
loyal y. This ac is pa icula ly signi ican and should be an impo an wake-up call o
p o essional associa ions. When he cogni i e legi imacy o p o essional associa ions is
ques ioned, he e y igh o an associa ion o exis may be a ec ed. The e o e, membe s
pe cei e ha he me e exis ence o he p o essional associa ion does no p omo e a i udinal
loyal y. When he cogni i e legi imacy o p o essional associa ions is ques ioned, a gi en
associa ion’s igh o exis may be a ec ed. Since membe s pe cei e ha he me e exis ence
o he p o essional associa ion does no p omo e a i udinal loyal y, cogni i e legi imacy
hus becomes a necessa y condi ion o a p o essional associa ion, bu o p omo e he
a i udinal loyal y o i s membe s, i should p e e ably ocus i s e o s on enhancing mo al
legi imacy and p agma ic legi imacy, because i has been shown ha he e is a posi i e
e ec o p agma ic legi imacy and mo al legi imacy on a i udinal loyal y. Hence, manage s
should be awa e o he impo ance o de eloping p agma ic legi imacy. To do his, i
is necessa y o gene a e a supe io alue p oposi ion in line wi h membe s’ needs and
expec a ions, o know exac ly wha hey expec om he p o essional associa ion and o
y o achie e, as a as possible, an adequa e esponse and, i possible, one ha is abo e
expec a ions. S eps mus also be aken o imp o e mo al legi imacy, which means ensu ing
ha he p o essional associa ion is pe cei ed by i s membe s as doing hings igh . This
will lead o g ea e a i udinal loyal y, wi h nume ous bene i s o associa ions. On he
one hand, membe s will s ay longe in he associa ion and gene a e mo e e enue o he
associa ion, which ansla es in o highe membe equi y alue. On he o he hand, hey
would ecommend he PAES o po en ial membe s, encou aging hem o conside joining
and o become ac i e membe s o he associa ion.
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 4 18 o 23
Finally, i is sugges ed ha he PAES manage s need o de elop s a egies ha a-
o mode n managemen ools aimed a enhancing he mo al, p agma ic, and cogni i e
legi imacy o he p o essional associa ion. Fluid communica ion ha ensu es ha mem-
be s a e ac i ely lis ened o will undoub edly bene i p agma ic legi imacy, as hey will
pe cei e mo e clea ly ha he ac ions o he PAES bene i hem. T anspa ency should
also be p omo ed by making he ac ions o he PAES isible, demons a ing ha he bes
s a egies and p ocedu es a e chosen and showing he esul s ob ained and he bene i s
o he membe s. This managemen philosophy will ha e a posi i e e ec on membe s’
a i udinal loyal y. Inc eased a i udinal loyal y will lead, on he one hand, o he in en ion
o use he se ices ha he o ganiza ion o e s o i s membe s and, on he o he hand, will
acili a e he a ac ion o new po en ial membe s o he o ganiza ion.
P o essional associa ions o economis s ha e his o ically had a p edominan ly male
composi ion compa ed o he emale p esence. Howe e , his s uc u e is e ol ing, wi h a
signi ican inc ease in he numbe o women joining as membe s. The g owing pa icipa ion
o women in he wo k o ce is d i ing changes in o ganiza ional s uc u es, p omo ing
gende equali y (Díez-Ma ín e al.,2022). Educa ion has played a c ucial ole in his ans-
o ma ion (Blanco-González e al.,2021;C uz-Suá ez e al.,2020;Cas o,2020), p o iding
women wi h he skills and oppo uni ies o en e ields p e iously domina ed by men
(Cas año e al.,2022;Piza o & A man,2021). Legi imacy s udies a e o e ing e idence
on he impac o gende on legi imacy e alua ions (Blanco-González e al.,2023b). In his
con ex , u u e esea ch could explo e he e ec o gende on he legi imacy o p o essional
associa ions, examining how hese dynamics in luence he pe cep ion and accep ance o
such o ganiza ions.
Fu u e esea ch could bene i om he inco po a ion o mode a ing a iables in o
he model, such as us wo hiness o epu a ion (Hadani,2024;Ma iconda e al.,2024).
Adding such a iables could p o ide deepe insigh s in o he ela ionships be ween key
cons uc s and enhance he unde s anding o hei e ec s wi hin he con ex o he s udy.
Fu u e s udies could explo e he mechanisms o achie ing legi imacy (Fishe e al.,
2017), as well as he impac o legi imacy judgmen s based on alidi y and consensus on
he loyal y owa d hese o ganiza ions (Haack e al.,2021). Such esea ch could p o ide
aluable insigh s in o how o ganiza ions can s eng hen hei legi imacy and os e s onge
membe commi men .
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, C.R.-R., M.-E.S.-d.-R.-V. and M.-Á.R.-C.; me hodology,
C.R.-R. and M.-Á.R.-C.; so wa e, M.-Á.R.-C. and M.O.-P.; alida ion, C.R.-R. and M.O.-P.; o mal
analysis, M.-E.S.-d.-R.-V.; in es iga ion, C.R.-R. and M.-E.S.-d.-R.-V.; esou ces, M.O.-P.; da a cu a ion,
C.R.-R., M.-E.S.-d.-R.-V. and M.-Á.R.-C.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, C.R.-R., M.-E.S.-d.-R.-V.
and M.-Á.R.-C.; w i ing— e iew and edi ing, C.R.-R., M.-E.S.-d.-R.-V., M.O.-P. and M.-Á.R.-C. All
au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : E hical e iew and app o al we e wai ed o his s udy due
o he local/na ional legisla ion s a ing e hic app o al is no needed o his ype o s udy. Speci ically,
his esea ch e ained om any in asi e p ocedu es and he collec ion o sensi i e in o ma ion as
s a ed in The Gen-e al Da a P o ec ion Regula ion (GDPR) 2016/679 o he Eu opean Pa liamen and
o he Council o 27 Ap il 2016, and he O ganic Law 3/2018 o 5 Decembe on he P o ec ion o
Pe sonal Da a and Gua an ee o Digi al Righ s. Consequen ly, his esea ch lies beyond he pu iew
o in e - en ion by he esea ch commi ee a he Uni e si y o Se illa.
In o med Consen S a emen : The ques ionnai e was sen o he membe s o he associa ion by he
p esiden o he associa ion. A no ime did he esea che s ha e access o pe sonal da a no we e
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 4 19 o 23
hey eques ed o he s udy. Membe ship o he associa ion is olun a y, as was pa icipa ion in he
s udy, so ha hose membe s who did no wish o pa icipa e did no do so.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : The a ailabili y o hese da a is subjec o es ic ions. The da a a e
he p ope y o he Se ille Associa ion o Economis s and a e only a ailable o membe s o he
Associa ion o Economis s and a e he e o e no a ailable o he public. The da a used o his s udy
we e ob ained unde licence. Howe e , da a may be ob ained om he au ho s upon easonable
eques and wi h he pe mission o he Se ille Associa ion o Economis s.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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