My-T inh Bui; Jeng, Don Jyh-Fu; Cong-Tuan, Dao
A icle
Coping wi h pandemic shock o enhance indi idual's
pe o mance du ing c isis: A c oss-na ional s udy
Con empo a y Economics
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
VIZJA Uni e si y, Wa saw
Sugges ed Ci a ion: My-T inh Bui; Jeng, Don Jyh-Fu; Cong-Tuan, Dao (2025) : Coping wi h pandemic
shock o enhance indi idual's pe o mance du ing c isis: A c oss-na ional s udy, Con empo a y
Economics, ISSN 2300-8814, Uni e si y o Economics and Human Sciences in Wa saw, Wa saw, Vol.
19, Iss. 1, pp. 74-99,
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Be o e adjus ing o he en i onmen c ea ed due o he COVID-19 pandemic, indi iduals may expe i-
ence pandemic shock ia digi al ans o ma ion o enhance pe o mance. Pandemic shock can a -
ec an indi idual’s adap a ion, psychological s a e, and pe o mance. This s udy a emp s o analyze
indi idual cul u al psychological p og ess du ing his c isis. Empi ical da a based on 597 esponses
o subjec s who ha e expe ienced he COVID-19 c isis has been in e p e ed and used o de e mine
u he implica ions. Adjus i e capabili y and psychological s a e a e p edic ed o be media o s o he
ela ionship be ween shock and pe o mance. Cul u al in elligence is es ed as he media ed mode a-
o . Cul u al di e ences be ween he wo na ions (i.e., Vie nam and he US) a e also examined. This
s udy emphasizes ha such shocks can a ec he psychological s a e, adjus i e capabili ies, and in-
di idual pe o mance. Addi ionally, his s udy’s indings con i m ha adjus i e capabili ies and psy-
chological s a e a e c i ical media o s o he ela ionship be ween shock and pe o mance. Especially,
cul u al in elligence is he media ed mode a o o he shock and pe o mance ela ionship. Despi e
he p e alence o COVID-19 impac , he e has been scan esea ch unde s anding he COVID-19 shock
on indi idual pe o mance wi h he media ion e ec s o adjus i e capabili y and psychological s a e.
The in e ac ions o cul u al in elligence and cul u al di e ence ac o s a e c i ical in explaining shock-
adap a ion- pe o mance ela ionship.
1. In oduc ion1. In oduc ion
The COVID-19 pandemic has signi ican ly in-
luenced socio-cul u al, economic, and poli ical
en i onmen s. The COVID-19 pandemic had di -
e ing nega i e impac s on a ious economic sec-
o s. Sec o s ha we e mo e adap able o emo e
wo k expe ienced less o a decline du ing he pan-
demic (Espi ia e al., 2022). Du ing he ea ly s ages,
he pandemic had an ex emely s ong impac on
ou ism (Zenke & Kock, 2020). The pandemic
has led o he implemen a ion o es ic ions and
limi a ions on mo emen and a el, a ec ing
bo h domes ic and in e na ional ou ism (Nagaj &
Žu omskai ė, 2021). To p e en he sp ead o he
in ec ion, many go e nmen s ha e issued o de s
o ensu e social dis ancing, and ha e ad ised a el
bans and manda o y qua an ine. Ci izens subjec ed
o lockdowns, s ay-a -home ules, o qua an ine
may expe ience cul u al di icul ies a ising due o
si ua ional c ises. Indi iduals a e encoun e ing
s ess ul and auma ic cul u al changes ha ha e
Coping wi h Pandemic Shock o Enhance
Indi idual’s Pe o mance Du ing C isis:
A C oss-Na ional S udy
ABSTRACT
M590, Q550, Q510, O57.
KEY WORDS:
JEL Classi ica ion:
pandemic shock (SH), psychological s a e (PS), adjus i e capabili y (AC), cul u al in elligence (CQ), pe o mance (PR).
1
In e na ional School - Vie nam Na ional Uni e si y, Hanoi, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vie nam
2
G adua e Ins i u e o Technology, Inno a ion, and In ellec ual P ope y Managemen , Na ional Chengchi Uni e si y, Taiwan
Co espondence conce ning his a icle should be add essed o:
My-T inh Bui,
In e na ional School - Vie nam Na ional Uni e si y,
Hanoi,144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vie nam
E-mail: [email p o ec ed], buimy [email protected]
My-T inh Bui1 , Don Jyh-Fu Jeng2 , Dao Cong-Tuan1
P ima y submission: 10.08.2024 | Final accep ance: 27.11.2024
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My-T inh Bui, Don Jyh-Fu Jeng, Dao Cong-Tuan
10.5709/ce.1897-9254.555DOI: CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS
Vol. 19 Issue 1 74-992025
eme ged due o he COVID-19 pandemic, which
is di e en om hei s, and will ha e o deal wi h
hese h ough new social and poli ical ins i u ions
(Pa k & Fowle , 2021), educa ion (Szopiński, 2023),
si ua ions, beha iou s, and expec a ions (Zhang e
al., 2024). E en hey will also ha e o plan ac ions
and adjus o new p oblems. These si ua ions can
be di icul o deal wi h a any ime and a e e en
mo e challenging i people ha e ne e deal wi h
hem be o e (Dedhy e al., 2023). They a e likely o
ge “los in ansla ion.” The cumula i e impac o
such si ua ions associa ed wi h an unexpec ed c isis
and p ac ice is e e ed o as a “c isis shock.” This
shock, caused by con ex ual changes, is iewed as
he ini ial p ocess o adjus ing habi s, li es yles, and
beha io acco ding o he new cul u al en i on-
men . People may expe ience such shock du ing a
pandemic (Neamhom & Chump asi ichok, 2024).
To o e come c isis shocks, indi iduals adap . P io
esea ch and s udies ha e aimed in ensi ely on he
nega i e psychological e ec s o his shock. These
indica e ha pandemic shock can limi o ex end
an indi idual’s abili y o adap (P esbi e o, 2016),
based on hei psychological and pe sonal s esses
(Ng, 2020), and con ex ual change- ela ed di icul-
ies (Zhou e al., 2008). The s udy and applica ion o
posi i e o ganiza ional beha io a e “posi i ely o i-
en ed human esou ces s eng hs and psychological
capaci ies ha can be measu ed, de eloped, and e -
ec i ely managed o pe o mance imp o emen in
oday’s wo kplace” (Yousse -Mo gan, 2024). Fewe
s udies clea ly show ha adjus i e capabili ies can
mi iga e c isis shock, he eby helping people o
adap mo e quickly, especially du ing he change
pe iod a ising om he pandemic, psychological
capi al plays a c ucial ole as a aluable esou ce
o employees' ca ee s and well-being (Yousse -
Mo gan, 2024), pa icula ly in challenging si ua-
ions and c isis con ex s (Caso ia e al., 2021). Du -
ing he COVID-19 c isis, people used in o ma ion
echnology (IT) o cope wi h s esso s including
social media pla o ms and ideo games because
social media suppo o pass he ime and allow in-
di iduals o inc ease socialized ac i i ies wi h o h-
e s while men ally disengaging o de aching om
he anxie y caused by pandemic (De’ e al., 2020).
Social media and digi al pla o m usage eached
all- ime highs du ing he COVID-19 c isis. P e i-
ous s udies examined psychological de achmen , o
b ie ly men al elease and e aining om s ess ul
COVID-19 e en s (Sul ana e al., 2023), as a majo
s a egy ha social media usage p o ides o deal-
ing wi h he COVID-19 c isis (Män ymäki e al.,
2022). “In wha has been desc ibed as a ola ile,
unce ain, complex, and ambiguous (i.e., V.U.C.A.)
en i onmen , he abili y o a ac , de elop, and e-
ain human capi al and ha e a good li e has become
pa amoun ” (Lu hans e al., 2024). The de achmen
om s ess ul social isola ion and wo k- amily bal-
ancing issues (Sonnen ag e al., 2008) is a use ul
way o p e en he nega i e impac s o COVID-19
shocks and s esses on well-being which d i es
social media (Män ymäki e al., 2022) and digi al
pla o m use (Mendez-Picazo e al., 2024).
The e o e, bo h employees and o ganiza ions
should p io i ize he cul i a ion and enhance-
men o psychological capi al (Yousse -Mo gan,
2024). Li e a u e on pandemic shock, psychologi-
cal s a e, adjus men , and indi idual pe o mance
du ing heal h-based c ises is c i ical in es ablishing
guidelines o handle he e en . This s udy adop s
o ganiza ional psychology and a cul u al pe spec-
i e o unde s and how indi iduals unde go social
and cul u al adjus men o cope wi h shocks and
pe o m be e du ing a pandemic. While many
s udies ha e elabo a ed on he nega i e aspec s
(Sa ici e al., 2020) and he impac o a pandemic on
men al hea h consequences (González-González &
Ga cía-Almeida, 2021), his s udy elucida es he
o ganiza ional psychology and cul u al psychologi-
cal p ocess ha can con ibu e o he imp o emen
o pe o mance and p oduc i i y du ing a c isis.
This s udy aims o examine how pandemic shock,
could in luence cul u al in elligence, social-cul u -
al adap abili y, and psychological s a e o enhance
pe o mance, which in u n o e s a be e unde -
s anding o he new digi al en i onmen and cul-
u al di e ences o di e en con ex s. Speci ically,
he objec i es o he p esen s udy a e o (a) con-
cep ualize he pandemic shock and i s ela ionships
wi h cul u al in elligence, social-cul u al adap abil-
i y, and psychological s a e ( i s - ie consequenc-
es); (b) in es iga e he ela ionship be ween i s -
ie consequences and second- ie consequences
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Coping wi h Pandemic Shock o Enhance Indi idual’s Pe o mance Du ing C isis: A C oss-Na ional S udy
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License.
(pe o mance); and (c) in es iga e he associa ion
be ween i s - ie consequences and second- ie
consequences ac oss di e en con ex s.
The es o his s udy is s uc u ed as ollows:
Sec ion 2 deli e s a li e a u e e iew ha co e s
goal-se ing heo y, COVID-19 pandemic shock
(SH), psychological s a e, and adjus men , and p o-
poses he ela ionship among psychological s a e,
cul u al in elligence (CQ), and adjus i e capabili y
(AC). Cul u al In elligence (CQ) plays a ole as a
mode a o be ween SH and pe o mance. PS and
AC a e media o s in he ela ionship be ween SH
and pe o mance. The cul u al di e ence a ec s he
ela ionship be ween SH and o he ac o s. Sec ion
3 s a es he s uc u e and esea ch me hods used.
Sec ion 4 con ains he esul s analysis and a sum-
ma y o he indings. Sec ion 5 digs in o discus-
sions. We end his p esen a ion by ou lining ou
schola ly con ibu ions o goal-se ing heo y and
cul u al psychological p ocesses.
2. Theo e ical Backg ound and Hy-2. Theo e ical Backg ound and Hy-
po hesespo heses
2.1. Managing Pandemic Shocks Th ough
In o ma ion Technology
The s ess, s ain, and shock a e concep s
g ounded in he ansac ion-based me hod as a
mix o a igge ing en i onmen and a pe son’s
eac ion o i (Coope , 2013; Sul ana e al., 2023).
The pe son-en i onmen ela ionship p oposed
s ess is a psychological esponse o an unbalanced
s a e be ween he indi idual and he wo kplace
en i onmen caused by ac i i ies, e en s, needs,
ca alys s, o condi ions (Coope , 2013). S ain
is de ined as he beha io al, psychological, and
physiological e ec s o a pe son’s s esso (Coope ,
2013).
Acco ding o Mi ha e al. (2021), cul u e shock
e e s o wo y o discom o in an un amilia
social si ua ion. The "s age heo y" o cul u e shock
ou lines i e s ages: “honeymoon, us a ion,
adjus men , accep ance, and ein oduc ion”
(Mi ha e al., 2021). A s udy o social wo ke s
placed in u al communi ies ound a “cu ilinea
ela ionship be ween lack o well-being (cul u e
shock) and ime, wi h he lowes well-being a
mon h 6 and e u ning o baseline a mon h 12”
(Zap , 1993). Cul u e shock is de ined as he "p ocess
o ini ial adjus men o an un amilia en i onmen "
(Pede sen, 1995). P e ious s udies ha e been
p oposed o explain why people expe ience cul u e
shock. The a ec - beha io - cogni ion (ABC)
model was es ablished, which o e s a ho ough
explana ion o cul u e shock (Wa d, e al., 2001;
Wa d & Kennedy, 1994). The ABC model o e s
cla i ica ion o cul u e shock by explaining how
sojou ne s adjus h ough a ec i e, beha io al, and
cogni i e p ocesses. Cul u e shock is belie ed o be
caused by he s ess o mig a ing o an un amilia
loca ion as an a ec i e p ocess. The beha io al
p ocess add esses he challenges o adap ing o a
new cul u al se ing wi hou cul u ally ele an skill
se s. The cogni i e p ocess examines psychological
ac o s ela ed o sel -pe cep ion, social iden i y
de elopmen , and in e g oup ela ions (P esbi e o,
2016).
Indi iduals espond o p essu es h ough coping
beha io s, which a e de ined as cogni i e and
beha io al e o s o cope wi h ex e nal o in e nal
p essu es ha exceed one's esou ces (Coope ,
2013). S esso s can d i e indi iduals o employ
ei he p oblem-o ien ed o emo ion-o ien ed
managing echniques (Män ymäki e al., 2022).
P oblem- ocused coping aims o change o con ol
s ess ul e en s. Emo ion-o ien ed coping is he
cogni i e p ocess o eapp aisal and disengagemen
which en ails adjus ing one's hough s and eelings
ega ding a di icul e en (Folkman, 2013). P io
esea ch on wo kplace coping has ocused on
beha io s ela ed o implemen ing new IT o
oubleshoo ing exis ing IT issues (Ta a da e al.,
2020). Coping beha io s a e esponses o pe cei ed
disc epancies in a new sys em, such as ask
unce ain y caused by changes in wo k p ocesses
a e IT ins alla ion. People cope wi h s ess ul
si ua ions by en ing, seeking social suppo , and
psychological dis ancing (Mi ha e al., 2021). Thei
IT usage- ela ed beha io s a e e usal, p e en ion,
con olling usage o he limi a ion o minimum,
expe imen ing wi h ewe a ibu es o pe o m
cu en asks and wo k p ocesses, and changing
asks o adjus o he new sys em (Beaud y &
Pinsonneaul , 2005; Män ymäki e al., 2022).
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My-T inh Bui, Don Jyh-Fu Jeng, Dao Cong-Tuan
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Vol. 19 Issue 1 74-992025
The COVID-19 p oduced a a ie y o p essu es
(Ronkowi z & Ronkowi z, 2021) when he
mo emen om ace- o- ace ac i i ies o a i ual
en i onmen was o ced. Policies es ic ing a el
and public se ices led o a signi ican inc ease in
emo e wo k. School closu es may ha e made i
mo e di icul o pa en s o balance hei amily li e.
The lockdown o a oid pandemic ansmission led
o s ess, shock, s ain p oduced by social isola ion,
pe cei ed loneliness, wo k- amily con lic .
2.2. Pandemic Shock – Adap a ion Model
This s udy in es iga es i using social ne wo king
si es and digi al pla o ms can help people cope wi h
s ess caused by he COVID-19 c isis. We use he
wo k and o ganiza ional psychology and shock–
adap ion model as he heo e ical ounda ion
o his s udy. Adap a ion is concep ualized as
"changes ha ake place in indi iduals o g oups in
esponse o en i onmen al demands" (Be y, 1997)
which includes wo dimensions: psychological
and socie al (Fo bush & Foucaul -Welles, 2016).
Psychological well-being is de ined as a eeling
o “iden i y, men al heal h, and li e sa is ac ion,
whe eas sociocul u al well-being e e s o coping
wi h daily s esso s” in school, job, and socie y
(Wa d & Kennedy, 1994). Posi i e adap a ion leads
o success ul sojou ns, while nega i e adap a ion
can esul in unsuccess ul ones (Leja aga &
Pinda d-Leja aga, 2020). People who expe ience
cul u e shock may s uggle o es ablish a sense o
iden i y, well-being, and ul illmen in hei li es.
Simila ly, coping wi h daily s esso s a school,
home, and socie y is educed (P esbi e o, 2016).
The “s age heo y" o cul u e shock is ele an
o ou in es iga ion o wo easons. P e ious
esea ch has p edominan ly used he coping
heo y and i s a ia ions o s udy shock and coping
echniques (Beaud y & Pinsonneaul , 2005; Huang
e al., 2019). The “s age heo y" o cul u e shock
is commonly u ilized in o ganiza ional beha io
esea ch (Sonnen ag e al., 2008), bu ew s udies
ha e explo ed i s impac on digi al echnologies.
Ou esea ch expands on his body o wo k by
inco po a ing he s esso -de achmen model,
inc easing he di e si y o heo e ical iewpoin s
used in he s udy o IT and digi al pla o ms. The
“s age heo y" model explains how COVID-19
shock a ec s adjus men and pe o mance. This
s udy in es iga es how adjus i e capabili ies and
cul u al in elligence h ough social media can
ac as a media o be ween COVID-19 shock and
pe o mance. Occupa ional p essu es can hinde
adjus i e capabili ies om wo k du ing non-wo k
ime by causing nega i e ac i a ion (Sonnen ag e
al., 2008). The exposu e o job s esso s can hinde
employees' adjus i e abili y o disengage om wo k
and ecupe a e men ally (Män ymäki e al., 2022).
A lack o a psychological model indica es ha
he echnology-media ed psychological s a e is
conside ed as an e icien de achmen ool o
educe si ua ional s esso s and s ains (Män ymäki
e al., 2022; Sonnen ag e al., 2008). A psychological
s a e se es as a pa ial media o be ween job shock
and pe o mance. The psychological s a e is used as
de achmen o desc ibe an indi idual's expe ience
o sepa a ion om hei wo k en i onmen
(Män ymäki e al., 2022). Thus, psychological s a e
e e s o a subjec i e s a e ha ex ends beyond
me e physical dis ance om wo k. The no ion
o psychological s a e is used o emphasize he
expe ience pa o s ess and eco e y s udies
(Sonnen ag e al., 2008).
We explo e whe he he shock-adap a ion
model may be applied o social media use du ing
a wo ldwide epidemic. Psychological s a e ia
social media usage and digi al pla o ms e e s o
empo a ily disengaging om s ess ul ac i i ies o
e en s while using social media. SNS usage p omo es
psychological s a e, aiding indi iduals in coping
wi h and eco e ing om COVID-19- ela ed s ess
(Män ymäki e al., 2022). Pe o mance is o ca y
ou a se o in ica e ac s ha combine abili ies
and knowledge o yield a use ul ou come. Human
pe o mance is said o ha e a goal-se ing e ec
(Chacko & McEl oy, 1983; Deci & Ryan, 2000). As
a supplemen al incen i e sys em, accomplishmen
mo i a es people o exhibi he desi ed beha io
in o de o ea n a pa icula awa d. The goal-
se ing hypo hesis (Locke & La ham, 1990) s a es
ha adi ional goal-se ing ypically in ol es
explici and di ec ins uc ions. We also sugges
ha achie emen s elici simila mechanisms as
adi ional goal-se ing. A well-de eloped goal-
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Coping wi h Pandemic Shock o Enhance Indi idual’s Pe o mance Du ing C isis: A C oss-Na ional S udy
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License.
se ing heo y o wo k mo i a ion is based on ea ly
obse a ions o links be ween conscious objec i es
and pe o mance (G oening & Binnewies, 2019;
Locke & La ham, 1990). A goal can be hough
o as he in ended ou come o an ac ion ha a
pe son a emp s o comple e, such as s i ing o
each a pa icula compe ence le el wi hin a gi en
ime ame (Locke & La ham, 1990; Mai e al.,
2022). A goal may be sel -se o gi en by pee s o
supe iso s, o ins ance. Se ing a goal could, in
he co ec ci cums ances, be a highly e ec i e way
o boos mo i a ion and pe o mance (Janssen &
Van Ype en, 2004). The p ecise, challenging (ha d)
goals p oduce be e le els o pe o mance han
easy goals o nebulous, gene al objec i es like he
di ec i e o "do one's bes " (Mai e al., 2022).
Acco dingly, his s udy analyzes he ollowing
hypo hesis: (a) COVID-19 shock has an impac on
he PS, AC, and pe o mance, (b) he media ing
ole o AC and PS on he associa ion be ween
SH and pe o mance, and (c) he mode a ing
media ed ole o CQ on he associa ion be ween SH
and pe o mance, and (d) he mode a ing ole o
cul u al di e ence on he associa ion be ween SH
and pe o mance.
2.3. COVID-19 Pandemic Shock (SH), Psycho-
logical S a e, and Adjus men
Many go e nmen s ha e issued a el and mobil-
i y limi a ions, communi y lockdowns, and es ic-
ions on ga he ings due o he COVID-19. This c i-
sis has di ec ed o huge losses in he cul u al sec o
and con en indus y, including public museums,
cinemas, and hea es. Howe e , digi al echnolo-
gies ha e led o conside able ans o ma ion o
add ess he changes a ising. Indi iduals and o ga-
niza ions ha e emb aced he cloud, ideo con e -
encing, and mobili y ends in place o adi ional
ace- o- ace mee ings (Camille i & Camille i, 2022;
Da ies, 2020). T adi ional paymen me hods and
ansac ions whe e physical cash is used p ima ily
bu can ca y he i us a e being quickly eplaced
by digi al paymen ga eways. E-comme ce, gam-
ing, s eaming, and ideo con en pla o ms (e.g.,
Mic oso Xbox, Google S adia, PlayS a ion, and
Ne lix) a e huge en u es and impo an en e ain-
men mechanisms o people du ing he imposed
lockdowns (Da ies, 2020). The popula i y o online
g oce y deli e y has g own. Social dis ancing ules
ha e o ced people o wo k om home, lea n on-
line, and u ilize online esou ces. Digi al commu-
nica ion has ga ne ed app ecia ion and has become
essen ial in human li e. The c isis has led o dis up-
i e changes o human beings and o ganiza ions.
Cul u al and c ea i e aspec s a e being c i ically
al e ed he eby posing a isk in main aining human
heal h and wellbeing.
This s udy u ilizes he pandemic shock concep
o explain he shock as a cul u al phenomenon in
he con ex o COVID-19. The c isis is associa ed
wi h h ea s ha need o be add essed u gen ly. To
o e come a c isis, i is necessa y o in oduce alues
and add ess h ea s (Des oumieux-Ga zón e al.,
2022; Zal en, 2007). Indi iduals expe ience psycho-
logical and physical shock as pa o a c isis when
hings ha hey a e amilia wi h and daily ou-
ines, including communica ion, p ac ices, ac i i-
ies, and alues, a e al e ed o ha e o be eplaced. A
s a e o shock occu s as he esul o an indi idual’s
anxie y a ising om he ea o a lack o amilia
ou ine and social in e ac ion. Cul u al di e ences
accumula e and au oma ically ans o m in o dis-
sa is ied expec a ions a ising om unhappy e en s
(Obe g, 1960). To espond o shock, indi iduals
may main ain a psychological condi ion ha e-
lec s hei exis ing posi i e, suppo i e, empa he -
ic, inclusi e, p oac i e, and encou aging p ope ies
(Gu ié ez, 2020; Yousse -Mo gan, 2024). Pandem-
ic shock is in e p e ed as a mechanism o shape new
expe iences and ci cums ances in he psychological
sphe e. This a ibu e is a eliable and psychome ic
p ocess and a ises om exis ing expe iences (Hui
e al., 2015). Hence, his s udy ecommends he ol-
lowing hypo hesis:
H1. Indi iduals who expe ience highe le els o
pandemic shock a e posi i ely ela ed o a highe
le el o psychological s a e.
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed he wo ld
in he way we wo k and li e. People eel anxious i
physical dis ance is no main ained o i hey ha e
o pa icipa e in ace- o- ace ac i i ies and social
ga he ings. Indi iduals ha e o cope wi h cul u al
s ess when adap ing o he usage o digi al com-
munica ion, dis an con e ences, and apid cul u al
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changes (Singh e al., 2022; Williams, 2020). Panic
and anxie y associa ed wi h COVID-19 may also
lead o s igma iza ion, social isola ion, and exclu-
sion o suspec ed and con i med in ec ious cases
and hei ela ed g oups (Babu & Bha , 2022; J.
Zhang e al., 2020). The pandemic shock escala es
when i is accompanied by inc eased ea o con-
ac ing he in ec ion, he ad leads o isk, he ad-
jus men o diso de , isola ion, and dep ession (Lin,
2020; Sa ici e al., 2020). COVID-19 has o ced
people o adap o emo e wo king and lea ning.
Howe e , he home en i onmen may no be con-
duci e o e icien and p oduc i e wo k. The abil-
i y o adap is impo an o people o adjus o he
new wo k cul u e, and o make hem eel alued,
in-con ol, and success ul (Gu ié ez, 2020). To
adap o he new condi ions, people ha e o lea n
how o use new echnologies while also handling
se e al dis ac ions and con lic ing esponsibili ies.
Adap ing o he new s uc u e is c i ical o ensu e
ou ine in e ac ion and collabo a ion in e ms o
wo k (Gu ié ez, 2020; Me cedes & Bu ell, 2022;
Wu e al., 2023). The c isis is hus enhancing he
adjus i e capabili y o people. The e o e, we ecom-
mend he ollowing hypo hesis:
H2. Indi iduals who expe ience highe le els o
pandemic shock a e posi i ely ela ed o a highe
le el o adjus i e capabili y.
Rega ding he a ec i e economy pe spec i e,
digi al communica ion echnologies ha e enabled
people o main ain physically dis an communica-
ion wi h mig an s and hei sepa a ed kin (F an-
cisco-Mencha ez, 2018). Digi al echnologies can
ans o m pandemic shock in o an emo ional cop-
ing mechanism by na owing he physical dis ance,
educing dis ess and su e ing, inc easing suppo
ac oss dis ances (Ahlin, 2018), and cons uc ing
bonds h ough mu ual engagemen h ough digi al
p esence, p ac ices, and i uals (F ancisco, 2013;
Jiang & S ylos, 2021). The ou ines o digi al p es-
ence c ea e p ac ical and emo ional closeness o
enable e icien bonds ha ans o m o ganiza ions
in o i ual s uc u es and hie a chies (Hanna o d,
2014; Madianou, 2012). In such si ua ions, people
mus su pass con ex ual asymme ies and sus ain
wo king ela ionships h ough di e en digi al
pla o ms. The pandemic has o cibly sca e ed
employees o o ganiza ions o wo k om di e -
en geog aphical pa s while main aining e icien
and e ec i e pe o mance. Rega dless o he chal-
lenges o echnical in as uc u e, a con inuous and
smoo h low o wo k and in imacy ac oss dis ances
a e expec ed (Cabalquin o, 2018). Thus, he ollow-
ing hypo hesis is p oposed:
H3. Indi iduals who expe ience highe le els o
pandemic shock a e posi i ely ela ed o a highe
le el o cul u al in elligence.
2.4. Psychological S a e (PS), Cul u al In elli-
gence (CQ), and Adjus i e Capabili y (AC): The
Role in Indi idual Pe o mance
Du ing COVID-19, he emo e wo k en i onmen
encou ages a democ a ic, p oac i e, and
communica i e cul u e which could ease echnos ess
and imp o e o ganaza ional communica ion (An e al.,
2023; Gu ié ez, 2020; Zi o e al., 2021). To ensu e social
dis ancing, communal space, sea ing con igu a ions,
and ou e s uc u es ha e been changed. To mi iga e
he isk, s a egies such as en i onmen al clean-up,
a el bans, u loughs, and sala y educ ions a e also
being used (Whi e, 2020). Due o he pandemic, i
has been obse ed ha indi iduals ha e a s onge
ai h in collec i e ac ion han hey p e iously did.
Despi e i epa able cul u e and social damage, hey a e
wo king oge he o he g ea e good (Mann, 2020).
The collec i e ac i i ies and syne gy o public suppo
may educe he nega i e impac and in oduce new
oppo uni ies ha ensu e esilience. The capabili y
o deal wi h changes is a eac ion o en i onmen al
demands (Be y, 1997; Wu e al., 2023). Psychological
adap a ion is a s a e ha includes belongingness,
psychological heal h, and li e con en men , while he
socio-cul u al a ibu es o adap a ion include he
abili y o con on and deal wi h p essu es, diso de s,
and dep ession caused by he s ess associa ed wi h a
pandemic (Fo bush & Foucaul -Welles, 2016; Joo &
Lee, 2017; Sa ici e al., 2020). Adap ion o change is he
mechanism o gene a ing sa is ac o y pe o mance
(P esbi e o, 2016; Smi h & Khawaja, 2011). The mo e
posi i e he adap a ion, he g ea e he likelihood
o a aining a sense o iden i y, p oduc i i y, li e
sa is ac ion (Joo & Lee, 2017), and ole pe o mance
(Bowen & Ma in, 2011) se ice inno a ion
pe o mance (Özsungu , 2019), imp o ed decision
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ou comes (Nicholson e al., 2021). Thus, we p opose
he ollowing hypo hesis:
H4. Indi iduals who possess a highe le el o
adjus i e capabili y a e likely o display a highe le el
o pe o mance.
To deal wi h he panic and p essu es associa ed
wi h COVID-19, people may p ac ice psychological
s a egies (e.g., add essing ela ed issues di ec ly) o
seconda y con ol (e.g., co ec ing, modi ying, and
e-e alua ing exis ing p oblems) (Guan e al., 2020).
Coping s a egy choices a e also shaped by cul u al
psychology (De Vaus e al., 2017). Indi iduals belonging
o Wes e n socie y gene ally p ac ice p ima y con ol
s a egies hea ily, while Eas e n socie y emphasizes
seconda y con ol s a egies (Weisz e al., 1984). The
la e (e.g., Vie namese, Chinese, and Japanese) may
use uni e sal, in eg a ed ( e sus analy ical), and
dialec ical s yles o hinking as compa ed o he o me
(e.g., Ame icans), who emphasize con ex ( ela i e
o he subjec ) as he de ining o ce, he expec a ion
o con inual change (e.g., he dissa is ac ion can be
con e ed in o a o ableness), and he possibili y o
he abili y o ole a e con lic (e.g., opposing ea u es
o ac o s can exis oge he ). Bo h p ima y con ol
s a egies, in e p e ed as psychological s a e, and
seconda y con ol s a egies, in e p e ed as adjus i e
capabili y, a e used o jus i y he high deg ee o
psychological lexibili y o posi i e belie o ace
challenging si ua ions (De Vaus e al., 2017; Shaik e al.,
2021). Psychological and AC o change become a use ul
mechanism in shaping coping s a egies and hei
impac . The unc ional dimension o psychological
s a egies eme ging om di e en cul u al expe iences
po en ially cul i a e pe sonal ese a ion and esilience
o indi idual p oduc i i y and ac i i ies in esponse o
he si ua ional c isis (Guan e al., 2020). In addi ion o
he nega i e social-cul u al aspec s associa ed wi h he
impac o COVID-19, a e iew is equi ed o use his
pandemic as a ans o ma i e and posi i e oppo uni y
(Mai , 2020, Ma ch 30). Thus, we p opose he ollowing
hypo heses:
H5. Indi iduals wi h a highe le el o psychological
s a e a e posi i ely ela ed o a highe le el o adjus i e
capabili y.
H6. Indi iduals wi h a highe le el o psychological
s a e a e posi i ely ela ed o a highe le el o
pe o mance.
Cul u al in elligence is a mul idimensional no ion
ha encompasses an indi idual's capaci y o pe o m
well in a a ie y o social se ings (Rao, 2017; Shaik e
al., 2021). Fo high pe o mance and goal a ainmen ,
an indi idual can agg ega e and combine a di e si y o
knowledge, expe ise, and skills (Kau & Shah, 2018).
The posi i e associa ion be ween cul u al in elligence
and expa ia e pe o mance (Lee & Sukoco, 2010)
sugges s he ollowing hypo hesis:
H7. Indi iduals wi h a highe le el o cul u al
in elligence a e posi i ely ela ed o a highe le el o
pe o mance.
The pandemic- ela ed psychological shock,
su e ing, and dis ess a e media ed o mode a ed
by he adjus i e and in ellec ual capaci y o associa e
wi h he goal and adap o he digi al pla o m. A
pandemic shock is expec ed o p edic adjus i e
capabili y and psychological s a e, and ha capabili y
and psychological s a e can lead o be e pe o mance.
Thus, we sugges a psychological and adjus i e p ocess
whe eby he pandemic shock is ela ed o pe o mance
h ough adjus i e capabili y and psychological s a e.
Adjus men o psychological well-being is conside ed
a mechanism o cope wi h daily s esso s in school,
job, and socie y, gaining iden i y, men al heal h, and
li e sa is ac ion (Wa d & Kennedy, 1994). Speci ically,
an indi idual wi h posi i e adap a ion can o e come
pandemic shock which sugges s a consequence o be e
pe o mance (Leja aga & Pinda d-Leja aga, 2020).
Acco dingly, we p opose he ollowing hypo heses:
H8a. The posi i e ela ionship be ween pandemic
shock and pe o mance will be posi i ely media ed by
adjus i e capabili y.
In addi ion o adjus i e capabili y, a psychological
s a e also se es as a pa ial media o be ween pandemic
shock and pe o mance. The psychological s a e is
in e p e ed as de achmen o an indi idual's expe ience
o isola ion o sepa a ion om hei en i onmen
(Män ymäki e al., 2022). Thus, psychological s a e
emphasizes he expe ience pa o s ess and eco e y
s udies (Sonnen ag e al., 2008) o gain be e
pe o mance. Thus, he ollowing hypo hesis is posi ed:
H8b. The posi i e ela ionship be ween pandemic
shock and pe o mance will be posi i ely media ed by
he psychological s a e.
Cul u al in elligence (CQ) e e s o he capaci y
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o communica e and collabo a e e ec i ely in a ied
con ex s (Li e mo e e al., 2022). New esea ch on
o ganiza ional CQ p o ides aluable insigh s o
handling oday's complex and dynamic co po a e
clima e. Acco ding o Ang and Inkpen (2008),
o ganiza ional CQ e e s o a company's abili y o
ope a e success ully in a di e se and unexpec ed
en i onmen . Agile s a egies p omo e o ganiza ional
esilience, e olu iona y i ness, and eco e y om
ad e si y. G o e , Tseng, and Pu (2022) ecognize ha
digi al pla o ms a e social places wi h in e sec ing
iden i ies. CQ is a dynamic in elligence pa adigm
ha enables o ganiza ions o p edic and capi alize on
eme ging oppo uni ies while adap ing o he VUCA
( ola ili y, unce ain y, complexi y, and ambigui y)
wo ld. Thus, we posi :
H8c. The posi i e ela ionship be ween pandemic
shock and pe o mance will be posi i ely media ed by
cul u al in elligence.
2.4.1. Cul u al In elligence as a Mode a o
Cul u al in elligence is he me acogni i e pe cep ion
o cul u e in di e en con ex s and changes (Aldhahe i,
2021; Ang e al., 2007; Shaik e al., 2021). Cul u al
in elligence is he abili y o use app op ia e e bal and
non e bal ges u es, wo ds, and exp essions o mee he
expec a ions o new en i onmen al equi emen s (Ang
e al., 2007). Indi iduals possessing cul u al in elligence
will make adjus men s, adop cle e modi ica ions,
and apply knowledge o p ac ices in o hei ac i i ies.
The COVID-19 pandemic has adically eshaped
he wo ld and led o inc eased public delibe a ion
and democ a ic accoun abili y, and his gene a es
in elligen collec i e ac ion (UNESCO, 2020). The
connec i i y and access o knowledge and in o ma ion
should be expanded and should inc ease oppo uni ies
o emo e wo king h ough non-s anda d wo k
models, echnological applica ions, and ools. The
con ingen and lexible wo k o ce is encou aged o
wo k emo ely, and employe s u ilize echnologies o
moni o and unde s and he employees’ expe iences
and well-being (Hazzam e al., 2023). Employe s
expand hei ole and ake pa in he employee’s
inancial, physical, and psychological well-being
(Ga ne , 2020). Addi ionally, cul u al change based
on he use o echnology also leads o new beha io in
e ms o eamwo k, p oduc i i y, and communica ion.
Fi ms and o ganiza ions equen ly encou age open
communica ion o demons a e hei suppo o
employees and make dona ions o suppo socie y e en
hough cos -sa ing measu es a e being implemen ed
(Ga ne , 2020). This new cul u e encou ages
au onomy and o e s lexibili y o ac collabo a i ely.
I is encou aged ha echnology and educa ional
esou ces a e o e ed ee o cos and a e made a ailable
o he public. The alen -sha ing pa ne ships wi h
o he o ganiza ions and ad ances in global solida i y
inc ease complexi y. Cul u al in elligence e e s o
he cul u al knowledge o a pe son. This implies
knowledge om mul iple sou ces including economic,
poli ical sys ems, eligious belie s, and language, which
could be ga ne ed h ough daily p ac ices, expe iences,
and con ex ual changes. To p ac ice e ec i ely,
indi iduals a emp o unde s and he con ex and
ope a e acco ding o he gi en si ua ion (Ang e
al., 2007). I indi iduals a e in insically conce ned
abou he change and he di e se en i onmen s, hey
shape he abili y o lea n and adap o new cul u al
en i onmen s and display a highe le el o sel -e icacy
and pe o mance. Thus, indi idual wi h high sco e o
cul u al in elligence will ha e app op ia e ac ions in
o de o i in he new con ex and comple e asks (Jyo i
& Kou , 2015; P esbi e o, 2016). Based on he abo e
a gumen , we o e he ollowing hypo heses:
H9a: The indi ec ela ionship be ween pandemic
shock and pe o mance h ough adjus i e capabili y
will be s onge when an indi idual has high e sus low
cul u al in elligence.
H9b: The indi ec ela ionship be ween pandemic
shock and pe o mance ia psychological s a e will
be s onge when an indi idual has high e sus low
cul u al in elligence.
2.4.2. In luence o Cul u e Di e ence in COVID-19
Times
The cul u al ole has been p oposed in managemen
as one o he human emo ional shocks ela ed o inne
ne ous ene gy. P io s udies sugges ed ha di e en
cul u es cause di e en mo i a ions and emo ions
o hei deg ee o com o abili y in uns uc u ed
ci cums ances (Guan e al., 2020; Man za is & Myloni,
2023). Ho s ede’s (Ho s ede, 1984, 2011) cul u al
dimensions would o e cla i ica ion o add ess his
issue. This s udy included unce ain y a oidance (UA)
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Al oge he , he model explained 44.3% o he a i-
ance in pe o mance and 36.10% o he a iance
in adjus i e capabili ies, 14,5% o he a iance in
cul u e in elligence, 7.5% h ough o he a iance
in psychological s a e. Acco dingly, i can be con-
cluded ha pandemic shock, psychological s a e,
adjus i e capabili ies, cul u al in elligence can en-
hance pe o mance du ing pandemic adap a ion.
4.4. Analysis o Media ing and Mode a ion E ec s
The PROCESS Model 4 (Hayes, 2018), 5,000
boo s ap i e a ions, and 95% con idence in e al
(CI) alues do no include ze o esul s, as shown
in Table 5. This indica es he indi ec e ec o
cul u e shock on pe o mance h ough psycho-
logical s a e and AC. The indi ec e ec o cul u e
shock on pe o mance h ough he psychological
s a e (αb = 0.033, 95% CI = [0.057, 0.123]), AC
(αb = 0.088, 95% CI = [0.014, 0.055]) and CQ
(αb=0.099, 95% CI = [0.042, 0.156]) is signi ican .
These indings suppo hypo heses 8a, b, and c.
In conclusion, he esul s a e consis en wi h he
hypo heses and demons a e ha pandemic cul-
u al adjus men and psychological s a e a e e ec-
i e media o s o he ela ionship be ween cul u e
shock an
d pe o mance.
Table 4c
Fo nell-La cke C i e ion
AC CQ PR PS SH
AC 0.799
CQ 0.459 0.797
PR 0.542 0.496 0.811
PS 0.583 0.384 0.572 0.825
SH 0.306 0.383 0.272 0.276 0.800
No e: *p<0.05, **p<0.01. Gen=Gende ; MA=Ma i al s a us; Edu=Educa ion; SH=Pandemic shock; PS=Psychological
s a e; AC= Adjus i e Capabili y; CQ=Cul u al in elligence; PR=Pe o mance; SD=S anda d de ia ion.
Figu e 2
PLS-S uc u al Equa ion Model
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The PROCESS Model 7 (Hayes, 2018), 5,000
boo s ap i e a ions and 95% CI alues do no con-
ain ze o esul s, as shown in Table 5, indica ing ha
he indi ec e ec o cul u e shock on pe o mance
h ough psychological s a e and pandemic cul u e
adjus men is mode a ed by cul u e in elligence.
The index o mode a ed media ion, which p o ides
a o mal es o mode a ed media ion (Hayes, 2018),
was signi ican (index=.01, 95% CI=[.002, .028]).
As Table 5 shows, he indi ec e ec o SH on pe -
o mance h ough PS was mo e posi i e (di e ence
= .02, 95% CI = [.004, .066]) when CQ was high (es-
ima e=0.194, 95% CI=[.124, .263]) han when CQ
was low (es ima e=-0.011, 95% CI=[–.103, .081]).
Simila ly, he indi ec e ec o SH on pe o mance
h ough AC was mo e posi i e (di e ence=.02, 95%
CI=[.004, .066]) when CQ was high (es ima e=.218,
95% CI=[.138, .298]) han when CQ was low (es i-
ma e=.040, 95% CI=[–.067, .146]). Addi ionally, i
p edic s ha he posi i e ela ionship be ween SH
on PS and cul u e adjus men will be s onge o
hose wi h high CQ. The plo o he in e ac ion (see
Figu e 3) using mean-cen e ing demons a ed ha
he ela ionship be ween SH and psychological s a e
was mo e p onounced when cul u e in elligence
was high (+1 SD; simple slope: b=0.216, p<.001)
as opposed o low (–1 SD; simple slope: b=0.047,
n.s.). Simila ly, he ela ionship be ween SH and AC
is mo e p onounced when cul u e in elligence was
high (+1 SD; simple slope: b=0.191, p<.001) as op-
posed o low (–1 SD; simple slope: b=-0.003, n.s.).
This pa e n suppo s Hypo heses 9 a and b.
4.5. Mode a ing E ec o Cul u e Di e ence
To examine he mode a ing e ec , mul iple
g oup analysis (MGA) wi h Sma PLS was pe -
o med o conduc he SEM analysis by di iding
he da a se in o wo di e en cul u al g oups o
Vie nam and Ame ica. Based on he PLS MGA
sugges ed by Sa s ed , Hensele , and Ringle (2011)
and J. F. Hai e al. (2012), we use he boo s ap-
ping o 5000 e-sampling o analyze he da a. A e-
sul is signi ican i he e is a 5% p obabili y o e o
le el (i.e., he p- alue is less han 0.05 o p- alue
is g ea e han 0.95) which indica es a signi ican
di e ence in g oup-speci ic pa h coe icien s. Table
6 illus a es signi ican di e ences be ween g oups
in e ms o he ela ionship be ween SH and AC,
SH and Pe o mance, SH and PS, PS, and AC which
suppo hypo heses 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d.
Table 5
Mode a ion and Media ion Resul s
Panel A. Media ion esul s Coe icien 95% CI
Indi ec e ec s
SH→ AC →pe o mance 0.088** 0.014, 0.055
SH→ PS→pe o mance 0.033** 0.057, 0.123
SH→ CQ →pe o mance 0.099** 0.042, 0.156
Panel B. Mode a ed media ion esul s
SH→ AC →pe o mance
Low CQ (–1 SD) 0.040 -0.067, 0.146
A e age CQ 0.141** 0.075, 0.207
High CQ (+1 SD) 0.218** 0.138, 0.298
SH→ PS→pe o mance
Low CQ (–1 SD) -0.011 -0.103, 0.081
A e age CQ 0.105** 0.048, 0.163
High CQ (+1 SD) 0.194** 0.124, 0.263
No e: Coe icien s a e uns anda dized. **p < .01, wo- ailed. Pandemic shock =SH; psychological s a e =PS, adjus i e
capabili ies =AC, cul u al in elligence =CQ
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5. Discussions 5. Discussions
Undoub edly, he COVID-19 led o many di e -
en economic, social, and cul u al p oblems glob-
ally. Besides he physical heal h impac , i has had
a signi ican impac on cul u al, psychological, and
social ac o s and i is impe a i e o unde s and
hese o ga ne an unde s anding o he de ense
mechanisms. This s udy a emp s o examine how
pandemic shock, could in luence pe o mance ia
he e ec s o cul u al in elligence, social-cul u al
adap abili y, and psychological s a e. Many ques-
ions ela ed o i s p edic o s and beha io al ou -
comes a e unanswe ed, especially in he new digi al
en i onmen and cul u al di e ences ac oss di e -
en con ex s (Män ymäki e al., 2022). To his end,
his s udy has examined i s shock a iable wi h i s -
ie consequences and second- ie consequences.
We u ilize he shock-adap a ion amewo k and
explain hese ela ionships in a heo e ical model,
he eby esponding o calls o adding insigh s o
he knowledge ela ed o shock-adap a ion.
Ou esul s p o e ha he wo le els o shock-
adap a ion exis . The esponden s in he combined
da a speci y ha he pandemic can be conside ed as
a con inuum wi h eelings o s ain, eeling o so-
cial p essu e, missing hei iends and amily, no
accep ing igo ous lockdown condi ions, escaping
om COVID-19, and being con used abou hei
ole o iden i y in he pandemic en i onmen . We
also con i med he obus ness o his model om
a c oss-na ional pe spec i e by examining wo
samples o esponden s om he U.S. and Vie nam
o e alua e he alidi y o he amewo k. Resul s
om he combined da a con i med he suppo
o all en hypo heses, demons a ing he iabili y
o his model. Fi s , his s udy demons a es ha
indi iduals who expe ienced s ong shock du ing
he COVID-19 pandemic a e mo e likely o make a
s onge e o o adjus o he changes (Singh e al.,
2022). Addi ionally, indi iduals who ha e a posi i e
psychological s a e a e likely o adjus be e o pan-
demic si ua ions and display e ec i e pe o mance
du ing c ises (Lo in e al., 2023). In e es ingly, pe -
o mance is expec ed o imp o e a e he shock
caused by he pandemic.
Second, aligned wi h he shock–adap a ion
model, his s udy illus a es a posi i e impac o
pandemic shock ia psychological s a e and adjus-
i e capabili y ia social media usage on indi idual
pe o mance (Wu e al., 2023). A limi ed numbe
o s udies ha e in es iga ed he concep ha he
shock due o he COVID-19 pandemic has led o
imp o ed le els o adjus men and enhanced pe -
o mance. P io s udies ha e sugges ed ha he ea
o COVID-19 is posi i ely ela ed o dep ession
and dec eases li e sa is ac ion (Sa ici e al., 2020).
Exposu e o global news abou he numbe o cases
and he a e o sp ead has led o dep ession, ension,
and ea (Aho su e al., 2020). Howe e , he posi-
i e aspec o he PS o an indi idual has no been
explo ed ho oughly. A posi i e psychological s a e
could inc ease psychological well-being, empa hy,
and passion o o e come any c isis and ha dship.
Thi d, ac o s including AC and PS a e signi i-
Table 6
Cul u e Mode a ing E ec s: Resul s o Mul iple G oup Analysis
Uni ed
S a es
Vie nam pa h coe icien s di e ences
(Uni ed S a es -Vie nam)
-s a is ic MGA p- alue
(Uni ed S a es
s Vie nam)
SH -> AC 0.1291 -0.0721 0.2012 1.975 0.049*
SH -> Pe o mance 0.2749 0.0203 0.2546 2.637 0.009*
SH -> PS 0.5678 0.1202 0.4476 5.633 0.000*
AC -> Pe o mance 0.2731 0.301 -0.0279 0.27 0.787
PS -> AC 0.6975 0.257 0.4405 5.888 0.000*
PS -> Pe o mance 0.3381 0.2093 0.1288 1.183 0.237
No es: *p<0.05 o p>0.95
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can media o s o he ela ionship be ween SH and
pe o mance. Media ion analysis demons a es a
s ong posi i e ela ionship be ween pe o mance
and shock h ough he PS as a p ima y con ol
s a egy and social cul u e adjus men as a sec-
onda y con ol s a egy (Guan e al., 2020), as p e-
dic ed. The capabili y o adjus o digi al cul u e
change b ough abou by a pandemic is a media o
o he ela ionship be ween SH-pe o mance and
PS- pe o mance. This dimension ep esen s a pe -
son’s pe spec i e in e ms o ega ding change as an
oppo uni y o pe o mance g ow h a he han
a si ua ion ha equi es pe sonal adjus men and
adap a ion (Joo & Lee, 2017). I has been obse ed
ha psychologically s ong indi iduals s uggle less
du ing a pandemic. They conside he c isis as an
exci ing oppo uni y o de elop a he han ocus-
ing on he p oblem.
The adap a ion dimension is simila o he in-
e nal locus o con ol as i assumes a sense o
con ol o e a pe son’s li e and en i onmen (Wu
e al., 2023). I is c i ical o conclude ha a c isis
may enable indi iduals o ealize how he wo ld is
in e connec ed and in e dependen and he ela-
i ely li le con ol ha hey ha e o e hei global
en i onmen . Thus, he abili y o human beings o
modi y hei en i onmen al p ac ices and wo k
could be p edic ed by hei mechanism o deal wi h
ea , shock, and dis ess.
Finally, CQ and cul u al di e ences mode a e
he posi i e ela ionship be ween shock and pe o -
mance (Aldhahe i, 2021; Shaik e al., 2021). Indi-
iduals who can emb ace and h i e in he new di-
e se cul u e ia social media and digi al pla o ms
and ac i ely in ol e hemsel es in he media ed
deg ee o psychological o adjus men s a egies a e
likely o succeed and a ain p oduc i i y in a ime
o c isis (Man za is & Myloni, 2023). The Uni ed
S a es epo s a highe sco e (46) on he UA dimen-
sion as compa ed o Vie nam (30). Howe e , he
Uni ed S a es has sco es lowe (40) on he powe
dis ance (PD) dimension as compa ed o Vie nam
(70). Coun ies ha sco e highly on he powe dis-
ance dimension and ha e less need o lessen u u e
unce ain y a e likely o ha e a high le el o pe -
sonnel bu eauc acy. This ype o cul u al and social
s uc u e is buil a ound a s ong leade whose in-
luence is based mo e on he pe son han his po-
si ion o unc ion. These cul u al s uc u es mos
likely eside in China, India, Hong Kong, Singa-
po e, and Vie nam. Changes and inno a ions ha
encou age in o ma ion dis ibu ion can become a
challenge a he han an ad an age in his cul u e
because o incomple e bu eauc acies. In con as ,
Ame icans end o ge con ex meaning, lessen
con e sa ional ambigui y, and suppo accep able
echnological usage.
6. Theo e ical Implica ions6. Theo e ical Implica ions
In addi ion o he heo e ical implica ions dis-
cussed, his s udy has se e al psychosocial implica-
ions and social media o ensu e he pe o mance and
p oduc i i y o indi iduals and a success ul ou come
o he c isis. Adap a ion capabili y plays a i al ole in
mo i a ing indi iduals o cope wi h pandemic shock
(Be y, 1997). To de elop success ul adap a ion s a e-
gies, a holis ic unde s anding o he pandemic shock
concep is necessa y. The p esen s udy aims o o e
a deepe unde s anding o pandemic shock in he
VUCA wo ld. Building on se e al esea ch s eams
ela ed o pandemics, including he pandemic shock–
adap ion model suppo ed by he people-en i onmen
ela ionship li e a u e (Coope , 2013), he psychologi-
cal pe spec i e (Wa d & Kennedy, 1994), he cul u al
shock pe spec i e (P esbi e o, 2016), he beha io s o
coping wi h p essu es (Män ymäki e al., 2022), and
c oss-na ional esea ch (Ho s ede, 1984, 2011), he
p esen s udy p oposes new pe spec i es on he pan-
demic. Ou wo k also ad ances he li e a u e ela ed
o he e ec o cul u e on shock-adap a ion ela ion-
ship by compa ing wo na ions, namely he U.S. and
Vie nam.
F om a heo e ical pe spec i e, his esea ch leads
o a mo e comp ehensi e unde s anding o shock-
adap ion in COVID-19 in se e al ways. Män ymäki e
al. (2022) amewo k c ea ed a landscape o all ac i i-
ies on digi al mediums. P ecisely, he pu pose o hei
s udy was o build shock-adap a ion and o main ain
hese ela ionships o he be e pe o mance. Ou
s udy has b oadened Män ymäki e al. (2022)’s and
P esbi e o (2016)’s p oposed concep ual amewo k
ela ed o shock-adap a ion. Consis en wi h Män-
ymäki e al. (2022) wo k, ou amewo k p esen ed
pandemic shock as a i s - ie consequence. While
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Män ymäki e al. (2022) p oposed he beha io al di-
mension o s esso , we p opose he cul u al dimen-
sion o pandemic shock. The cul u al dimension is
conside ed a key ac o in people-en i onmen (Coo-
pe , 2013). Addi ionally, P esbi e o (2016) e ealed
ha shock in luences adap a ion (second- ie conse-
quence). The ela ionship be ween communi y shock
and adap a ion is well-de eloped in he li e a u e. As
such, i is mo e aluable a he cu en ime o examine
he ela ionship be ween he wo le els o pandemic
shock and he psychological and cul u al pe spec i es
o adap a ion as hey ha e been a ely s udied. Hence,
his s udy p o ides a mo e in-dep h in es iga ion by
examining h ee ypes o adap a ion, namely adjus -
men , psychological s a e, and cul u al in elligence
(second- ie consequences) induce pe o mance.
Second, his pape con ibu es o he li e a u e on
digi al pla o m s a egies o coping wi h pandemic
shock. Speci ically, adminis a o s, communi ies, and
amilies should assess indi iduals on hei AC be o e
hey join he wo k o ce. Indi iduals ha e o accele a e
hei AC o change (Wu e al., 2023). Pandemic c i-
ses encou age people o li e in a i ual wo ld whe e
hings a e accessible and physical in e ac ion is no
equi ed. In o ma ion is quick, manipula ed, and in e-
g a ed wi h he leas cul u al media ion, which leads o
e ec i e and e icien pe o mance. Cul u e is digi ally
accessible h ough mechanisms ha include digi al
pla o ms and digi al social media, which a e equi a-
len o cul u al ins i u ions. CQ has become a new con-
cep ha is s ongly associa ed wi h digi al communi-
ca ion and no as much wi h a gi en eligion, e i o y,
o na ion (Shaik e al., 2021). Human in e ac ion has
ans o med in o a new isual unc ion h ough a
mo e common and useable language, like English, and
as images and pedagogies a e key o lea ning o ad-
jus ing as equi ed.
7. Implica ions o Policy and P ac ice7. Implica ions o Policy and P ac ice
WThe men o ing o counseling communi y could
acili a e a p og am o be e adjus men o indi idu-
als who expe ience highe c isis shock o de elop hei
psychological s a e and CQ. Ano he s a egy could be
o iden i y a - isk indi iduals and p o ide enhanced
counseling o enable hem o cope wi h di icul ies and
p o ide suppo du ing he c ises. Go e nmen s, com-
panies, and communi ies, especially in middle-income
coun ies like Vie nam, should ocus on es ablishing
addi ional psychological counseling, educa ion, and
aining mechanisms o wo ke s o help hem de elop
a heal hy psychological s a e and adjus i e capabili ies.
In such si ua ions, mobilized cul u al indi iduals be-
come agen s o global collec i e o ces. While hal o
he wo ld’s popula ion was in lockdown because o he
pandemic c isis, digi al in e cul u al dialogue and co-
ope a ion ook cen e s age. To implemen a pleasan ,
cul u ed, and enligh ened in e ac ion, people mus e-
spec di e se cul u es o enhance enewed, p oduc i e,
and c ea i e iden i ies (Keane .eu, 2020).
The COVID-19 ou b eak has led o a ans o ma-
ion ha is popula wi h he digi al younge gene a-
ion. This gene a ion depends on i ual mechanisms,
ne wo ks, and pla o ms. O ganiza ions should adap
o his sociological end o le e age he ad an age o
collec i e beha io and digi al cul u es. O e ime, he
landscape o digi al companies in he con en indus y
(en e ainmen , cul u e, and a sec o ) will become
mo e c i ical and la ge . Du ing he pandemic, cus-
oms, belie s, habi s, and cul u e ha e mo ed owa d
he digi al con en pla o ms and eComme ce, wi h
companies such as Disney, Amazon, Alphabe , Ne lix,
and Tencen . Digi al cul u al con en is inc easingly
accumula ing many special a ibu es, including a i i-
cial in elligence, da a connec ing e ail, exhibi ion, and
digi al dis ibu ion, o educe in e media ies and o
magni y indi idual sa is ac ion and bene i s. Indi idu-
als inc ease hei en e ainmen choices as wi h ime,
cul u al media ion will ans o m. Fu he mo e, new
alen s a e being gi en mo e oppo uni ies o ecei e
unding when ans o ming new business models and
implemen ing b eak h oughs in he alue chain. The
mic o-p o ide s a e obliged o collabo a e and sha e
esou ces and c ea i i y o ensu e easibili y and sus-
ainabili y.
Fu u e policies o cul u al and c ea i e sec o s a e
being al e ed o p og essi ely adap suppo i e mea-
su es o enable he eco e y and coo dina ion o he
en i e c ea i e ecosys em ac oss coun ies. Emphasis
is being laid on he ac ha indi iduals should pe -
o m e icien ly and c ea i ely in a digi al en i onmen
o add ess he expec ed global challenges. People a e
being encou aged o inc easingly engage in cul u al
esilience ac i i ies o achie e pe o mance and p o-
duc i i y objec i es and en i onmen al goals (less pol-
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Vol. 19 Issue 1 74-992025
lu ing
and sus ainable p oduc ion, dis ibu ion, and
e en s).
Fi ms a e p epa ing o enhance hei compe i i e
capabili y in he managemen o he cul u al and c e-
a i e aspec s o deal wi h unce ain ies and disas e s,
new digi al consump ion ends, and inc eased in e -
na ional business pa adigms. I is ecommended ha
he adap a i e cul u al and con en policies ake in o
accoun new digi al ends o ensu e esilience. The
cul u al and c ea i e aspec s may speed up he ans-
o ma ion in a eas o digi al p og amming o espond
o new cul u al and consump ion beha io s. Fi ms
may shi o digi alized cul u e and implemen new
policies o assis he adjus men , p epa e well o cul-
u al di e si y, and inc ease i ual mechanisms ( i -
ual eali y headse s) o suppo online con e ences,
emo e wo k, c owd i ual e en s, i ual se ices,
and i ual en e ainmen . A his poin , compe i ion
policy should no only ocus on he impac o indi-
idual di e ences and di e si y. La ge in e na ional
digi al pla o ms do no disc imina e agains na ional
and local con en and smalle independen playe s in
e ms o licensing. S eaming pla o ms should be
app op ia ely inanced o bene i om his c ea i e
ecosys em. The a and cul u al p oduc s should be
ans o med in o suppo i e ma ke ing and dis ibu-
ion channels o independen p oduce s.
7. Limi a ions and Fu u e Di ec ions7. Limi a ions and Fu u e Di ec ions
This s udy examines he SH and PS p ocess as p e-
dic o s o pe o mance owa d digi aliza ion du ing
c isis-based cul u al change. Fi s , he limi a ions can
be igu ed ou in he selec ion o esea ch a iables.
While shock, psychological s a e, and adjus i e capa-
bili y a iables a e included, o he h ea s o physical
heal h, and po en ial inancial p oblems should be
conside ed as addi ional a iables. Second, he shock
and psychological s a e ia digi al pla o m and social
media, adjus i e capabili y success would enhance an
indi idual’s e iciency and e ec i eness du ing un-
ce ain ies and u bulences. Fu u e esea ch should
in es in o he social and cul u al suppo s a egies.
Thi d, escala ed shock implies ha indi iduals
adjus o new digi al habi s, expe iences, and cus-
oms, which help hem o e ec i ely deal wi h s ess,
dep ession, and o he c ises-induced si ua ions o
pe o m be e . Fu u e s udies ha can enhance he
dep h o he esul s h ough o he combined da a
collec ion me hods, including quali a i e me hods o
big da a analysis, should be conduc ed.
Finally, he da a in his s udy p ima ily ocuses on
esponden s wi h college deg ees o highe , which
we e collec ed om Vie namese and M u k wo ke s
who a e amilia wi h digi al pla o ms (Amazon).
Some pa icula ly salien challenges o MTu k e-
sea ch includes “ina en ion, sel -mis ep esen a ion,
sel -selec ion bias, high a i ion, inconsis en English
language luency, non-nai e e, g ow h o MTu ke
communi ies (Aguinis, Villamo , & Ramani, 2020).
Al hough all hypo heses a e s ongly suppo ed, o
a mo e comp ehensi e assessmen , he la ge global
su eys a e needed.
Conclusions
We s udied a heo e ical amewo k ha an ici-
pa ed a holis ic unde s anding o pandemic shock in
shock-adap a ion model. This amewo k p o ided
new pe spec i es on esiden pandemic shock by il-
lumina ing key indi idual-le el an eceden s and i s
i s - ie and second- ie consequences. Ou pape
ocused on he psychological s a e, cul u al in el-
ligence and adap a ion as media o s o he ela ion-
ship be ween pandemic shock and pe o mance. We
u he con i med he obus ness o his amewo k
om a c oss-na ional pe spec i e by compa ing wo
ep esen a i e samples om he U.S. and Vie nam.
Ou indings con i med ha U.S. indi iduals’ high
pandemic shock is linked o highe le els o psycho-
logical s a e, cul u al in elligence and adap a ion han
hose epo ed by Vie namese indi iduals. This indi-
ca es ha pandemic shock a ies om one na ion o
ano he , which is a key con ibu ion o his pape .
Simila ly, we epo ed some di e ences be ween
he U.S. and Vie namese indi iduals. Fo example,
in he assessmen o he ela ionship be ween pan-
demic shock and he wo ie s o pandemic shock,
he e ec s we e s onge o he U.S. esponden s.
Howe e , he e ec o adap a ion on pe o mance,
and he e ec o psychological s a e on pe o mance
we e no signi ican ly di e en o he wo g oups o
esponden s. This s udy adds new insigh s in o he
pandemic shock li e a u e as i is conside ed one o
he mos impo an ac o s in mo i a ing indi iduals
o cope wi h shock and pe o m be e .
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