Ro a o Fogaça, Diego; G ijal o, Me cedes; Sacomano Ne o, Má io
A icle
Wha a e Indus y 4.0 and Indus y 5.0 all abou ? An
in eg a i e ins i u ional model o he new indus ial
pa adigms
Adminis a i e Sciences
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Ro a o Fogaça, Diego; G ijal o, Me cedes; Sacomano Ne o, Má io (2025) : Wha
a e Indus y 4.0 and Indus y 5.0 all abou ? An in eg a i e ins i u ional model o he new indus ial
pa adigms, Adminis a i e Sciences, ISSN 2076-3387, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 15, Iss. 4, pp. 1-19,
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci15040118
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Ci a ion: Fogaça, D. R., G ijal o, M.,
& Sacomano Ne o, M. (2025). Wha
A e Indus y 4.0 and Indus y 5.0 All
Abou ? An In eg a i e Ins i u ional
Model o he New Indus ial
Pa adigms. Adminis a i e Sciences,
15(4), 118. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
admsci15040118
Copy igh : © 2025 by he au ho s.
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A icle
Wha A e Indus y 4.0 and Indus y 5.0 All Abou ? An In eg a i e
Ins i u ional Model o he New Indus ial Pa adigms
Diego Ro a o Fogaça 1,2,3,* , Me cedes G ijal o 1and Ma io Sacomano Ne o 2
1Escuela Técnica Supe io de Ingenie os Indus iales (ETSII), Uni e sidad Poli écnica de Mad id (UPM),
28006 Mad id, Spain; [email p o ec ed]
2Depa men o Indus ial Enginee ing, Fede al Uni e si y o São Ca los (UFSCa ),
São Ca los 13565-905, B azil; msacomano@u sca .b
3Facul y o Enginee ing, A chi ec u e and U banism, and Geog aphy (FAENG), Fede al Uni e si y o Ma o
G osso do Sul (UFMS), Campo G ande 79070-900, B azil
*Co espondence: diego. [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : Indus y 4.0 (I4.0) and Indus y 5.0 (I5.0) ep esen impo an changes in in-
dus ial pa adigms. I4.0 is cen e ed on e iciency and compe i i eness, and I5.0 adds
sus ainabili y, human-cen ici y, and esilience o he amewo k. Despi e hei g owing
ele ance, much o he exis ing esea ch emains echno-cen ic, neglec ing he sociocul u al
and ins i u ional o ces shaping hem. This s udy in es iga es how he ansi ion om
I4.0 o I5.0 is occu ing using an ins i u ional pe spec i e. A quali a i e me hodology
was employed, combining heo e ical syn hesis and seconda y da a analysis o de elop
an in eg a i e model. The p oposed model d aws on insigh s om Ins i u ional Theo y,
Scandina ian Ins i u ionalism, Managemen Fashion, and Quin uple Helix, emphasizing
he ole o ansla ion and di usion in ins i u ionalizing hese pa adigms. We main ain
ha bo h o hem a e undamen ally discu si e, shaped by ins i u ional p essu es, sha ed
meanings, and s akeholde in e ac ions. I4.0 al eady allows o a he e ogeneous ision
adjus ed o di e en pe spec i es and s akeholde s. I5.0 goes u he by esponding o
c i icism abou social and en i onmen al issues and in oducing esilience, especially a e
he COVID-19 pandemic and he ongoing clima e c isis. As a esul , I5.0 aligns wi h a
b oade ange o ac o s and in e es s, inc easing i s po en ial o widesp ead accep ance and
long- e m impac . This esea ch challenges de e minis ic iews o echnology, a guing ha
his new indus ial e olu ion is no eminen ly echnology-d i en bu ins ead emphasizes
he cen al ole o discou se and ins i u ional p ocesses in shaping i s de elopmen .
Keywo ds: indus y 5.0; indus y 4.0; ins i u ional heo y; Scandina ian ins i u ionalism;
ansla ion ecology; managemen ashion; amewo k; iple helix; sus ainabili y; echnology
1. In oduc ion
Indus y 4.0 (I4.0), also known as he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion, eme ged o e
a decade ago as a pa adigm o ans o ming adi ional manu ac u ing and indus ial
p ac ices h ough he in eg a ion o ad anced digi al echnologies (Lu,2017;L. D. Xu
e al.,2018). I encompasses a wide ange o inno a ions aimed a enhancing p oduc ion
p ocesses, e iciency, da a managemen , and o e all compe i i eness (Picca ozzi e al.,2018).
Since hen, he concep has expanded beyond manu ac u ing (Ghobakhloo e al.,2021), wi h
an inc easing numbe o companies om a ious sec o s inco po a ing i in o hei business
models and alue chains (Kohno á & Salajo á,2023;Ven u a & Sil a e Mei elles,2025).
Mo e ecen ly, he pa adigm o Indus y 5.0 (I5.0) has eme ged, d i en p ima ily by he
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 118 h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci15040118
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 118 2 o 19
Eu opean Commission (2021) epo , inco po a ing he p inciples o sus ainabili y, human-
cen ici y, and esilience (Ghobakhloo e al.,2023;Ma ín-Gómez e al.,2024). Resea ch
in e es in his new pa adigm has g own apidly and exponen ially (Ciucu-Du noi e al.,
2024;Espina-Rome o e al.,2023;Madsen e al.,2023), b inging new challenges, as i
is nei he ee o con adic ions no ambigui ies (I ano ,2023), lea ing companies jus
beginning o adop I4.0 con on ed wi h his no el y.
Unde s anding hese as -paced changes equi es a deepe discussion o hese phe-
nomena. The e o e, he i s objec i e o his a icle is o discuss he na u e o I4.0 and
I5.0, which is a necessa y s ep owa d unde s anding how he ansi ion be ween hese
pa adigms is occu ing. Much o he exis ing li e a u e, especially on I4.0, adop s a echno-
cen ic iew (Beie e al.,2020). He e, we a gue ha echnology is p o oundly socially
shaped, and in luenced by alues, belie s, and in e es s (Howc o & Taylo ,2022). I is
cons i u ed by sha ed meanings, s uc u es, and p ac ices—beyond objec i e and a ional
conside a ions—b inging i close o an ins i u ion (Zilbe & Goodman,2021). Al hough
he e is no consensus on he de ini ion o an ins i u ion, i is b oadly conside ed a socio-
cul u al cons uc ion essen ial o p o iding bluep in s o o ganiza ions and o ganizing
(Ocasio,2023). Ins i u ionaliza ion is a social p ocess whe e indi iduals accep a collec i e
unde s anding o social eali y ha is pe cei ed as an objec i e eali y, i.e., becomes ac-
cep ed as he inhe en na u e o hings and/o he app op ia e way o doing hem (Aksom,
2022). This de ini ion easily links o I4.0, and, as we a gue, is also cen al o comp ehending
he eme ging pa adigm o I5.0.
Despi e calls o a less echno-cen ic in e p e a ion o his indus ial e olu ion (Beie
e al.,2020), especially h ough ins i u ionalis lenses (D. Fogaça e al.,2022), ew s udies
ha e ollowed his app oach. Reischaue (2018) p oposed in e p e ing I4.0 in Ge many as a
policy-d i en discou se o ins i u ionalize inno a ion sys ems. U. Meye (2019) desc ibed
I4.0 as an en isioned u u e based on he sense-making p ocesses o di e en ac o s, also in
Ge many. D. R. Fogaça e al. (2024) p oposed a amewo k o sys ema ically unde s anding
he discou se used by di e en s akeholde s in his p ocess ac oss a ious coun ies, which
can also se e as a basis o examining I5.0. The Managemen Fashion (MF) app oach has
also been u ilized o unde s and he eme gence o I4.0 (Madsen,2019;Oes e eich e al.,
2020) and I5.0 (Madsen & Slå en,2023), highligh ing i s p oximi y o Ins i u ional Theo y
(Aksom,2022). Howe e , hese s udies lack a mo e in eg a ed pe spec i e on how di e en
ins i u ional concep s and mechanisms con ibu e o o ming I4.0 and I5.0 and how hey a e
in e ela ed. Thus, he second objec i e o his a icle is o p opose an in eg a ed ins i u ional
model o unde s anding I4.0 and I5.0. Toge he , bo h objec i es con ibu e o add essing he
gene al esea ch ques ion o he a icle:
RQ: How is he ansi ion om Indus y 4.0 o Indus y 5.0 occu ing?
We main ain ha I4.0 and I5.0 a e eminen ly discu si e and ins i u ional phenomena.
Indus y 4.0 p ima ily ocuses on p oduc i i y and compe i i eness. Th ough c i icism,
p essu e, and in e ac ions om a ious ac o s and socie y—along wi h conc e e e en s such
as he pandemic and he clima e c isis—elemen s o sus ainabili y, human-cen ici y, and
esilience we e inco po a ed in o a new pa adigm known as Indus y 5.0. I accommoda es
b oade en i onmen al and social dimensions ha mee he expec a ions o a wide ange
o s akeholde s. The ansi ion om I4.0 o I5.0 is no essen ially a echnological shi
bu a econ igu a ion o p io i ies, alues, and ins i u ional unde s andings e lec ed in a
new discou se.
We adop a heo e ical–concep ual app oach. Unlike empi ical s udies ha o mula e
and es hypo heses, his esea ch is explo a o y and heo y-d i en, aiming o de elop
a concep ual model a he han alida ing p ede ined assump ions. We conduc ed an
ex ensi e li e a u e e iew, combining exis ing heo e ical amewo ks and seconda y
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 118 3 o 19
sou ces o p opose an in eg a i e ins i u ional model. The p ima y objec i e o his s udy
is o analyze how he ansi ion om I4.0 o I5.0 is occu ing h ough an ins i u ional
pe spec i e. Speci ically, we aim o (i) discuss he na u e o I4.0 and I5.0 and (ii) de elop an
in eg a i e ins i u ional model o unde s and hese phenomena.
D awing on he gene al concep ual model o Glynn and D’Aunno (2023), we inco -
po a e he empi ical insigh s o D. R. Fogaça e al. (2024) in cha ac e izing he ac o s and
hei ames/discou ses in I4.0, combined wi h he concep o ansla ion ecology om
Scandina ian Ins i u ionalism (Nielsen e al.,2022) o explain he ansi ion be ween he
wo pa adigms. In his con ex , ansla ion e e s o he p ocess by which ac o s adap and
ein e p e ideas, p ac ices, and echnologies as hey mo e ac oss di e en ins i u ional
se ings. The no ion o ansla ion ecology emphasizes ha his p ocess is no linea bu
a he shaped by in e ac ions among a ious ac o s, each wi h dis inc in e es s and ames
o e e ence. These ins i u ional lenses p o ide a unique oppo uni y o mo e beyond
de e minis ic iews o echnology and e eal how discou se, aming, and ansla ion
p ocesses con ibu e o he ins i u ionaliza ion o hese so-called indus ial e olu ions.
In he nex sec ion, we p esen he heo e ical e iew unde pinning ou model: he
concep ualiza ion o I4.0 and I5.0, Ins i u ional Theo y and i s applica ion o hese phe-
nomena, and Scandina ian Ins i u ionalism as a p omising app oach o explain hem.
Sec ion 3de ails he p oposed model, including i s main elemen s and he a ionale behind
i s cons uc ion. Sec ion 4discusses he a icle’s objec i es: explo ing he na u e o I4.0 and
I5.0 and ou in eg a ed ins i u ional model’s heo e ical and p ac ical con ibu ions. Finally,
Sec ion 5add esses he s udy’s limi a ions and sugges s u u e esea ch di ec ions.
2. Theo e ical Backg ound
2.1. Indus y 4.0 and Indus y 5.0
Indus y 4.0, also known as he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion, o igina ed in Ge many
in 2011 as pa o a s a egic ini ia i e o es ablish i sel as a leade in in eg a ed indus y
(L. D. Xu e al.,2018). Despi e he lack o consensus ega ding i s de ini ion (Culo e al.,
2020), I4.0 was ini ially cha ac e ized by he in eg a ion o ad anced digi al echnologies
in o manu ac u ing p ocesses o enhance e iciency, lexibili y, and cus omiza ion (Lu,2017;
Oz emel & Gu se ,2020). A de ini ion p oposed by Rupp e al. (2021, p. 12) desc ibes i
hus: “Indus y 4.0 is he implemen a ion o Cybe Physical Sys ems o c ea ing Sma
Fac o ies by using he In e ne o Things, Big Da a, Cloud Compu ing, A i icial In elligence,
and Communica ion Technologies o In o ma ion and Communica ion in Real Time o e
he Value Chain”.
Mo e ecen ly, he concep o I4.0 has expanded beyond he ac o y, encompassing he
alue chain and o he sec o s such as cons uc ion, heal hca e, and ag icul u e (Ghobakhloo
e al.,2021;Kohno á & Salajo á,2023). Howe e , he common unde s anding o I4.0
emains p ima ily ocused on echnological and p oduc i i y aspec s. Al e na i e and mo e
in e disciplina y app oaches may o e a mo e p ecise in e p e a ion o I4.0, i s impac s,
and i s blind spo s (Beie e al.,2020;D. Fogaça e al.,2022). A equen ly ci ed limi a ion o
I4.0 is ha en i onmen al sus ainabili y is no a s a egic p io i y, playing only a limi ed
ole in i s p edominan de ini ion (Beie e al.,2020;Ghobakhloo e al.,2021). Ano he
weakness lies in he insu icien a en ion gi en o human ac o s, labo , and b oade social
dynamics (Neumann e al.,2021;Sony,2020;Zo zenon e al.,2022). Bo h limi a ions a e
connec ed o he e olu ion om a p e ailing echnical pa adigm o one emphasizing social
and en i onmen al conside a ions, as seen in Indus y 5.0.
The e m Indus y 5.0 was ini ially coined by u u is Michael Rada bu gained mo-
men um wi h he elease o he Eu opean Commission (2021) epo (Madsen & Slå en,
2023). Gi en i s ecen eme gence, he lack o consensus ega ding i s de ini ion is e en
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 118 4 o 19
mo e p onounced han wi h I4.0. Howe e , a common h ead in much o he I5.0 li e a u e
is he in eg a ion o esilience, sus ainabili y, and human-cen ic alues. This in eg a ion
p io i izes he collabo a ion be ween humans and ad anced echnologies o c ea e adap i e,
inclusi e, and eco- iendly sys ems ha bene i socie y as a whole (Ghobakhloo e al.,2023;
I ano ,2023;Zizic e al.,2022). These h ee dis inc i e ea u es o I5.0 ha e spu ed esea ch
discussing each in dep h— esilience (e.g., Hsu e al.,2024;Leng e al.,2023), sus ainabili y
(e.g., Ben Yousse & Mej i,2023;Jamil e al.,2024), and human-cen ici y—ei he om
a mo e echnical pe spec i e a he ac o y le el (e.g., Naha andi,2019;O die es-Me é
e al.,2023) o wi hin a b oade social con ex (e.g., Gambe ini & Pluchino,2024;Kolade
& Owoseni,2022). Table 1summa izes he main di e ences and simila i ies be ween I4.0
and I5.0.
Table 1. Key Simila i ies and di e ences be ween I4.0 and I5.0.
Simila i ies Di e ences
Sha ed Technological Founda ions: ely on IoT,
Big Da a, AI, and CPS
P ima y Focus: I4.0 emphasizes au oma ion and mass p oduc ion,
whe eas I5.0 inco po a es human-cen ici y, sus ainabili y,
and esilience
E iciency and P oduc i i y: aim o enhance
indus ial pe o mance and ope a ional e iciency
En i onmen al Pe spec i e: I4.0’s sus ainabili y e o s a e
seconda y, mainly a ge ing p ocess op imiza ion, while I5.0
in eg a es sus ainabili y as a co e p inciple
Cus omiza ion: p omo e pe sonaliza ion o
p oduc s and se ices
Wo k o ce ole: I4.0 minimizes human in e en ion h ough
au oma ion, while I5.0 places humans a he cen e o p oduc ion,
emphasizing collabo a ion be ween wo ke s and machines
In luence on Indus ial Models: eshape business
s a egies and p oduc ion sys ems
Impac : I4.0 is mo e es ic ed o indus ial ans o ma ion, while
I5.0 ex ends beyond ac o ies o add ess socie al challenges
Whe he I5.0 ep esen s a na u al and inc emen al e olu ion o I4.0, a adical depa u e
om i , o some hing in be ween emains a ma e o deba e (Ghobakhloo e al.,2024). This
a icle con ibu es o his discussion om an ins i u ional pe spec i e. The ollowing sec ion
p o ides a b ie o e iew o Ins i u ional Theo y, how i has been used o in es iga e I4.0
and I5.0, and how i can help unde s and he ansi ion om one pa adigm o ano he .
2.2. Ins i u ional Theo y and De elopmen o Indus y 4.0/5.0
The New Ins i u ional Theo y, also known as New Ins i u ionalism o Neoins i u-
ionalism, p esen s a non- a ionalis pe spec i e on decision-making o he adop ion o
o ganiza ional p ac ices (Aksom,2022). In hei seminal wo k, J. W. Meye and Rowan
(1977) a gue ha o ganiza ions con o m o a ional my hs ha a e socially cons uc ed and
ex e nally alida ed in pu sui o legi imacy and suppo . The in e p e a ion o Indus-
y 4.0 as a a ional my h was p oposed by D. Fogaça e al. (2022). The inco po a ion o
speci ic echniques, policies, and p og ams se es as a symbol ha he o ganiza ion is
adhe ing o wha is conside ed p ope , adequa e, and a ional wi hin i s social and ins i u-
ional con ex . Howe e , hese inno a ions do no necessa ily make o ganiza ions mo e
unc ionally e icien .
DiMaggio and Powell (1983) in oduced h ee mechanisms ha d i e o ganiza ions o
adop p ac ices and become s uc u ally simila : coe ci e, no ma i e, and mime ic. The
i s mechanism is linked o p essu es such as go e nmen al egula ions, he second o
p o essional s anda ds, and he hi d o he imi a ion o o he o ganiza ions pe cei ed as
success ul in unce ain en i onmen s. This concep —isomo phism—has been and con inues
o be applied o unde s and he ins i u ionaliza ion o p ac ices ac oss di e en sec o s,
emaining in luen ial ac oss a ious disciplines (G eenwood & Meye ,2008). The ocus o
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 118 5 o 19
hese s udies on s abili y has been complemen ed mo e ecen ly by discu si e app oaches
ha aim o in es iga e how ins i u ions a e c ea ed, main ained, and changed h ough
language (Phillips e al.,2004;Schmid ,2010). These app oaches emphasize he subs an-
i e con en o ideas and he in e ac i e discou se p ocesses wi hin ins i u ional con ex s,
p o iding a mo e dynamic unde s anding o ins i u ional change.
The adi ional concep o isomo phism has been employed o in es iga e he adop-
ion o I4.0 in gene al (Gup a e al.,2020;Ni mal e al.,2023;Zhou & Zheng,2023), I4.0
eadiness (Ali & Johl,2023), and digi al ans o ma ion (H.-M. Kuo e al.,2022). Addi ion-
ally, echnologies closely ela ed o I4.0, such as Big Da a Analy ics, A i icial In elligence
(Bag e al.,2021;Dubey e al.,2019), and Blockchain (Wamba & Quei oz,2020), ha e also
been examined h ough he lens o isomo phism. A discu si e app oach o cha ac e izing
I4.0 was p oposed by Reischaue (2018) and indi ec ly suppo ed by (U. Meye ,2019),
who applied he concep o sensemaking o analyze he he e ogeneous discou se o ac o s
in ol ed wi h his phenomenon in Ge many. The o me a gues ha I4.0 is an inno a ion
discou se ha encou ages he ins i u ionaliza ion o he T iple Helix, p omo ing collab-
o a ion among indus y, academia, and go e nmen . D. R. Fogaça e al. (2024) ad ance
he discu si e pe spec i e by p oposing a amewo k o sys ema ize he di e en ames
mobilized by a ious ac o s in he discou se on I4.0, enabling compa isons be ween hem
and ac oss coun ies.
Ano he app oach o examining he adop ion o I4.0 has been h ough he lens o
Managemen Fashion (MF). This heo e ical pe spec i e was used o analyze he eme gence
o I4.0 (Madsen,2019;Oes e eich e al.,2020) and I5.0 (Madsen & Slå en,2023). Acco ding
o Fi so a e al. (2023), MF can be conside ed a special case wi hin he neoins i u ional
heo y p oposed by J. W. Meye and Rowan (1977) and DiMaggio and Powell (1983),
se ing as a complemen a y app oach. Aksom (2022) sugges s uni ying hese heo ies,
no ing ha hey sha e he same on ological basis in social cons uc i ism. He a gues ha
he concep o a ional my h is p ac ically in e changeable wi h Managemen Fashion.D.
Fogaça e al. (2022) p opose ha I4.0 can be unde s ood as a a ionalized my h shaped by
di e se ins i u ional con ex s and ac o s du ing i s di usion.
The ins i u ionaliza ion p ocess in ol es mul iple s ages ac oss a ious le els o
analysis (Ocasio,2023). Ini ially, key ac o s con ibu e o he concep ion o pa adigms by
aming hei co e ideas and goals, c ea ing sha ed ypi ica ions o oles and p ac ices. These
pa adigms a e hen subjec o di usion as hei ideas sp ead ac oss di e en indus ies and
egions. Howe e , du ing his p ocess, adap a ion occu s, whe e ac o s ein e p e and
modi y he pa adigms o i hei local con ex s and speci ic needs. Such p ocesses illus a e
how I4.0 and I5.0 can e ol e as ins i u ional phenomena. A p omising app oach o
in es iga ing hese dynamics is Scandina ian Ins i u ionalism, which ocuses on ansla ion
and adap a ion du ing di usion. Despi e i s po en ial, we ound no s udies employing his
amewo k o in es iga e I4.0 o 5.0. The ollowing sec ion will in oduce i s basic concep s.
2.3. Scandina ian Ins i u ionalism
Scandina ian Ins i u ionalism (SI) o e s a dis inc i e pe spec i e wi hin he b oade
Ins i u ional Theo y amewo k by emphasizing he dynamic and e ol ing na u e o change
(Sahlin & Wedlin,2008). In his con ex , ansla ion e e s o he p ocess by which ideas,
models, and p ac ices a e con inuously ein e p e ed, modi ied, and adap ed as hey mo e
ac oss di e en con ex s. While adi ional ins i u ional heo ies o en ocus on s abili y
and con inui y, SI iews change as cons an , in ol ing he con inuous ansla ion and
ein e p e a ion o ideas (Wedlin & Sahlin,2017). As ideas a el ac oss con ex s, hey a e
no me ely adop ed bu ans o med, e ised, and adap ed. This ansla ion app oach is
oo ed in ac o -ne wo k heo y, pa icula ly in La ou ’s model, and i di e ges om he
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 118 6 o 19
mo e igid amewo ks o coe ci e, mime ic, and no ma i e isomo phism o en emphasized
in No h Ame ican ins i u ionalism (Wæ aas,2021;Wes ney & Piekka i,2020).
Howe e , SI has o en been ela ed o o he mains eam heo ies. Fo ins ance, al-
hough i does no explici ly add ess he concep o ins i u ional logic, s udies on public
sec o e o ms in Scandina ia ha inco po a e p i a e sec o p ac ices a e linked o he
concep o ins i u ional complexi y (Pe kmann e al.,2022). This occu s when ac o s a e con-
on ed wi h con lic ing o incompa ible p esc ip ions ega ding a cou se o ac ion o goals
(G eenwood e al.,2011). Addi ionally, due o i s ocus on change, Managemen Fashion has
also been discussed in conjunc ion wi h SI (Ca lsson,2022;Wæ aas & Nielsen,2016;Wedlin
& Sahlin,2017). The same applies o ins i u ional en ep eneu ship (Cza niawska,2009;
Ri ala & G anq is ,2009), whe e indi iduals o o ganiza ions aim o c ea e, ans o m, o
des abilize es ablished ins i u ional p ac ices and s uc u es (Magui e e al.,2004).
One ecen p omising de elopmen in SI is he concep o ansla ion ecology (Wes ney
& Piekka i,2020). In oduced by Sahlin and Wedlin (2008), his concep p o ides a s onge
heo e ical ounda ion o SI by econnec ing i wi h mains eam Ins i u ional Theo y and
o e ing a aluable app oach o s udies on he adop ion and a ia ion o p ac ices (Fi so a
e al.,2023). I mo es away om linea models o idea di usion and ins ead p oposes
a mul idi ec ional and dynamic p ocess (Nielsen e al.,2022). The no ion o ansla ion
ecology emphasizes ha ideas a e no ansla ed in isola ion bu in ela ion o o he ideas,
ac o s, and con ex s. These in e ac ions o m complex webs, whe e ideas, once ansla ed,
in luence bo h he ac o s in ol ed and o he ideas (Nielsen e al.,2022;Wedlin & Sahlin,
2017). Sec ion 3.3 applies he SI concep , pa icula ly he ansla ion ecology app oach, o
examine how key ac o s shape he ansi ion om I4.0 o I5.0.
3. Model De elopmen
The in eg a i e ins i u ional model o I4.0 and i s ansi ion o I5.0 is ou lined in
Figu e 1. I is based on ecen ad ances in Ins i u ional Theo y, such as he p oposal o
he in eg a i e concep ual model by Glynn and D’Aunno (2023), Ocasio’s (2023) s ages o
ins i u ionaliza ion, and he idea o ecologies o ansla ion (Nielsen e al.,2022;Wedlin &
Sahlin,2017) om Scandina ian Ins i u ionalism. Ou model combines hese heo e ical–
concep ual de elopmen s wi h empi ical s udies on digi aliza ion, I4.0, and I5.0. Fo in-
s ance, he de ailing o ins i u ional elemen s ( egula i e, no ma i e, and cul u al–cogni i e)
ca ied ou in Sec ion 3.1 is based on a c i ical analysis o a ious s udies on isomo phism
in I4.0 (e.g., Ali & Johl,2023;Bag e al.,2021) and on Managemen Fashion in I4.0 and I5.0
(Madsen,2019;Madsen & Slå en,2023).
The pa o he model ela ed o ac o s and ames (de ailed in Sec ion 3.2) is based
on Reischaue ’s (2018) idea o I4.0 as a discou se o ins i u ionalize inno a ion sys ems
wi hin he T iple Helix and on he he e ogenei y o sensemaking and sensegi ing by ac o s
in ol ed in I4.0, as discussed by U. Meye (2019). Based on empi ical s udies, D. R. Fogaça
e al. (2024) p oposed a amewo k o be e unde s and he ela ionship be ween ac o s and
ames (which a e ela ed o discou se and sensegi ing/sensemaking) in I4.0. In ou model,
we apply his amewo k in mo e de ail and ex end i o I5.0. In addi ion, we in eg a e he
idea o he dis inc i e cha ac e is ics o I5.0 ( esilience, sus ainabili y, and human-cen ici y)
wi h he Quin uple Helix (Ca ayannis e al.,2022,2023). In he “e olu ion” om I4.0 o
I5.0, we employ he concep o ansla ion ecology (Nielsen e al.,2022;Wedlin & Sahlin,
2017) as a p omising mechanism o explain his ansi ion (as de ailed in Sec ion 3.3). While
Figu e 1p o ides an o e iew o he en i e ins i u ional model, Figu e 2complemen s i by
de ailing how ansla ion p ocesses un old among key ac o s.
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 118 7 o 19
Adm. Sci. 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 21
Fogaça e al. (2024) p oposed a amewo k o be e unde s and he ela ionship be ween
ac o s and ames (which a e ela ed o discou se and sensegi ing/sensemaking) in I4.0.
In ou model, we apply his amewo k in mo e de ail and ex end i o I5.0. In addi ion,
we in eg a e he idea o he dis inc i e cha ac e is ics o I5.0 ( esilience, sus ainabili y, and
human-cen ici y) wi h he Quin uple Helix (Ca ayannis e al., 2022, 2023). In he “e olu-
ion” om I4.0 o I5.0, we employ he concep o ansla ion ecology (Nielsen e al., 2022;
Wedlin & Sahlin, 2017) as a p omising mechanism o explain his ansi ion (as de ailed in
Sec ion 3.3). While Figu e 1 p o ides an o e iew o he en i e ins i u ional model, Figu e
2 complemen s i by de ailing how ansla ion p ocesses un old among key ac o s.
In summa y, Sec ion 3.1 de ails he Ins i u ional Elemen s (le pa o Figu e 1), he
ollowing Sec ion 3.2 desc ibes he Ac o s and F ames o I4.0 and I5.0 (cen e o Figu e 1),
and Sec ion 3.3 discusses how T ansla ion Ecology can explain he ansi ion om I4.0 o
I5.0, desc ibing Figu e 2 o a mo e de ailed iew o he p ocess.
Figu e 1. O e iew o he ins i u ional model o I4.0 and i s ansi ion o I5.0.
Figu e 1. O e iew o he ins i u ional model o I4.0 and i s ansi ion o I5.0.
Adm. Sci. 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 21
Fogaça e al. (2024) p oposed a amewo k o be e unde s and he ela ionship be ween
ac o s and ames (which a e ela ed o discou se and sensegi ing/sensemaking) in I4.0.
In ou model, we apply his amewo k in mo e de ail and ex end i o I5.0. In addi ion,
we in eg a e he idea o he dis inc i e cha ac e is ics o I5.0 ( esilience, sus ainabili y, and
human-cen ici y) wi h he Quin uple Helix (Ca ayannis e al., 2022, 2023). In he “e olu-
ion” om I4.0 o I5.0, we employ he concep o ansla ion ecology (Nielsen e al., 2022;
Wedlin & Sahlin, 2017) as a p omising mechanism o explain his ansi ion (as de ailed in
Sec ion 3.3). While Figu e 1 p o ides an o e iew o he en i e ins i u ional model, Figu e
2 complemen s i by de ailing how ansla ion p ocesses un old among key ac o s.
In summa y, Sec ion 3.1 de ails he Ins i u ional Elemen s (le pa o Figu e 1), he
ollowing Sec ion 3.2 desc ibes he Ac o s and F ames o I4.0 and I5.0 (cen e o Figu e 1),
and Sec ion 3.3 discusses how T ansla ion Ecology can explain he ansi ion om I4.0 o
I5.0, desc ibing Figu e 2 o a mo e de ailed iew o he p ocess.
Figu e 1. O e iew o he ins i u ional model o I4.0 and i s ansi ion o I5.0.
Figu e 2. Ac o s and elemen s ela ed o ansla ion ecology om I4.0 o I5.0.
In summa y, Sec ion 3.1 de ails he Ins i u ional Elemen s (le pa o Figu e 1), he
ollowing Sec ion 3.2 desc ibes he Ac o s and F ames o I4.0 and I5.0 (cen e o Figu e 1),
and Sec ion 3.3 discusses how T ansla ion Ecology can explain he ansi ion om I4.0 o I5.0,
desc ibing Figu e 2 o a mo e de ailed iew o he p ocess.
3.1. Ins i u ional Elemen s
The ins i u ional elemen s ( egula i e, no ma i e, and cul u al–cogni i e) a e based
on he ounda ional wo k o DiMaggio and Powell (1983) ega ding isomo phism, we e
u he de eloped by Sco (2014), and ha e been applied o I4.0 and digi al ans o ma ion
esea ch by a ious au ho s (e.g., Ali & Johl,2023;Bag e al.,2021;Bag & P e o ius,2020;
Dubey e al.,2019;Gup a e al.,2020;H.-M. Kuo e al.,2022;Ni mal e al.,2023). The main
coe ci e componen s include go e nmen , egula o y bodies, and powe ul buye s and
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 118 8 o 19
supplie s. No ma i e elemen s such as o mal educa ion and p o essional associa ions
and ne wo ks a e linked o p o essionaliza ion. Las ly, cul u al–cogni i e elemen s a e
associa ed wi h mime ic p essu es, whe e o ganiza ions imi a e hose conside ed success ul,
especially in unce ain en i onmen s.
Mos s udies ha apply hese concep s a e quan i a i e, based on su ey applica ions
(D. Fogaça e al.,2022). Howe e , se e al p oblems ha e been iden i ied. Some a icles
e oneously de ine he no ma i e elemen as associa ed wi h p essu es om supplie s
and cus ome s (Bag e al.,2021;Gup a e al.,2020), which should ac ually be linked o
coe ci e p essu es. O he s p o ide a co ec heo e ical de ini ion o no ma i e elemen s
bu ope a ionalize hem inco ec ly (Ali & Johl,2023;Dubey e al.,2019), once again
including issues ela ed o buye s and supplie s. We also ound p oblems in he ope a-
ionaliza ion o mime ic p essu es (Bag e al.,2021) by including coe ci e elemen s, such as
complying wi h laws and egula ions. Some s udies do no clea ly speci y he pa icula
a iables used, which hinde s he ep oducibili y o he me hods (Bag & P e o ius,2020;
Ni mal e al.,2023).
Table 2summa izes he main egula i e (coe ci e p essu es), no ma i e, and cul u al–
cogni i e (mime ic p essu es) elemen s in ligh o he c i ical analysis o a icles ha use
hem o unde s and Indus y 4.0 and digi aliza ion. I is possible o conduc esea ch
ha e alua es ins i u ional p essu es wi hou including all i ems in each ca ego y. Fo
ins ance, (H.-M. Kuo e al.,2022) do no include issues ela ed o buye s and supplie s in
he egula i e elemen , no o mal educa ion and p o essional ce i ica ion in he no ma i e
elemen . Howe e , i is ecommended ha hese choices be app op ia ely jus i ied and
subs an ia ed on a case-by-case basis. Al hough we ha e no ound s udies analyzing
isomo phism in Indus y 5.0, hese elemen s a e common o bo h phenomena.
Table 2. Main ins i u ional elemen s.
Regula i e (Coe ci e)
(Ali & Johl,2023;Bag e al.,2021;
Gup a e al.,2020)
No ma i e
(H.-M. Kuo e al.,2022;
Ullah e al.,2020)
Cul u al–Cogni i e (Mime ic)
(Ali & Johl,2023;H.-M. Kuo e al.,2022;
Ullah e al.,2020)
Legisla ion and Regula ion
(a di e en le els)
S anda ds and Technical No ms
(in e na ional o ganiza ions)
Go e nmen Policies (including ax
incen i es, subsidies, and
inancing ini ia i es)
Powe ul Buye s and Supplie s
( a ying acco ding o ield/indus y)
Fo mal Educa ion and T aining
(uni e si ies and business schools)
P o essional Ce i ica ions ( o
eme ging echnologies, p ac ices,
and sus ainabili y)
Indus ial Associa ions and
S anda ds (bes p ac ices
and ne wo king)
P o essional Associa ions
(s anda ds by
p o essional communi ies)
Bes P ac ices and Technological
Inno a ions (benchma king; imi a ing
success ul compe i o s and
indus y leade s)
O ganiza ional Cul u e ( alues and
belie s wi hin companies)
Consul ing Fi ms (bes p ac ices,
echnological inno a ions, and
o ganiza ional cul u e)
The e a e s udies on Managemen Fashion applied o I4.0 (Madsen,2019;Oes e eich
e al.,2020) and I5.0 (Madsen & Slå en,2023). Al hough hey do no explici ly use he
concep o ins i u ional elemen s, hey e e o egula i e, no ma i e, and cul u al–cogni i e
issues and o cen al ac o s associa ed wi h hem (which will be discussed in mo e de ail
in Sec ion 3.2). Fo example, go e nmen s in ela ion o egula i e aspec s; business
schools, media, and con e ences ega ding no ma i e p essu es; and consul ing i ms in
ela ion o mime ic p essu es. Such s udies could bene i om adop ing a pe spec i e
based on hese adi ional aspec s o Ins i u ional Theo y. The same can be said o esea ch
in es iga ing he ba ie s and challenges o he implemen a ion o I4.0 and I5.0 p ac ices,
such as (Mukhe jee e al.,2023). Fo I5.0, hey iden i ied ba ie s linked o legal and
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 118 15 o 19
ca ion o he concep o ansla ion ecology, which explains how he ansi ion om I4.0 o
I5.0 is no linea bu ins ead esul s om he i e a i e adap a ion and ein e p e a ion o
ideas and p ac ices by di e en ins i u ional ac o s ac oss a ious se ings.
The p oposed model con ibu es o Ins i u ional Theo y by demons a ing he applica-
bili y o he concep ual amewo k ha Glynn and D’Aunno (2023) p oposed in a conc e e
con ex and by in eg a ing insigh s om Scandina ian Ins i u ionalism and Managemen
Fashion. F om a p ac ical s andpoin , he indings can p o ide ac ionable insigh s o policy-
make s, o ganiza ions, and educa o s. Policymake s can use he model o design s a egies
ha os e collabo a ion and alignmen wi h social and en i onmen al p io i ies. Com-
panies can bene i om unde s anding ha I4.0 and I5.0 a e no solely abou echnology,
echnical e iciency, o p oduc i i y bu a e ins i u ional phenomena, whe e adop ing hese
pa adigms is essen ial o main aining legi imacy wi h o he s akeholde s. Educa ional ins i-
u ions can adap hei cu icula o add ess he demands o he new I5.0 pa adigm while
e lec ing on how hei ac i i ies— esea ch, eaching, and ou each—ac i ely in luence he
cons uc ion and ins i u ionaliza ion o hese pa adigms.
While his s udy o e s signi ican heo e ical and p ac ical insigh s, some limi a ions
mus be acknowledged. Focusing on mac o-le el ins i u ional dynamics may o e look
mic o-le el p ocesses and he agency o indi idual ac o s. Balancing gene aliza ion wi h
con ex ual speci ici y emains a challenge. Addi ionally, in eg a ing a ious heo e ical
pe spec i es can lead o o e simpli ica ion o a loss o nuance, simila o wha can happen
wi h a ia ions be ween indus ies and na ional con ex s. The heo e ical na u e o he
p oposed model calls o empi ical alida ion. Fu u e esea ch could add ess his gap by
employing p ima y esea ch me hods such as in e iews and su eys wi h s akeholde s
in ol ed in implemen ing and de eloping I4.0 and I5.0. S udies could ocus on speci ic
indus ial sec o s, unpacking he ac ions o key ac o s in ol ed. Compa a i e s udies
ac oss coun ies could yield aluable insigh s by e ealing he unique cha ac e is ics o he
ansi ion om I4.0 o I5.0, de ailing s akeholde ac i i ies and he in luence o each coun-
y’s ins i u ional condi ions in his p ocess. Pa icula ly p omising and unde explo ed is
esea ch on how uni e si ies ha e ac ed o shape bo h I4.0 and I5.0. Mo eo e , longi udinal
s udies can p o ide no el insigh s in o ins i u ional change, e ealing how ce ain e en s
o policies can acili a e o hinde he ins i u ionaliza ion o new indus ial pa adigms.
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, D.R.F., M.G., and M.S.N.; me hodology, D.R.F., M.G., and
M.S.N.; alida ion, M.G. and M.S.N.; o mal analysis, D.R.F.; in es iga ion, D.R.F.; da a cu a ion,
D.R.F.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, D.R.F.; w i ing— e iew and edi ing, M.G. and M.S.N.;
isualiza ion, D.R.F.; supe ision, M.G. and M.S.N.; p ojec adminis a ion, M.G. and M.S.N.; unding
acquisi ion, M.G. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable.
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : The da a suppo ing his s udy is a ailable om he co esponding
au ho upon eques .
Acknowledgmen s: The second au ho wan s o hank he suppo p o ided by he p ojec en i led
“Use o obus deep lea ning me hods o he au oma ic quali y assessmen o s eel p oduc s (Deep-
Quali y)” (G.A. No 101034037), which was unded by Resea ch Fund o Coal and S eel (RFCS) o
he Eu opean Union (EU). The sole esponsibili y o he issues ea ed in he p esen pape lies wi h
he au ho s; he Commission is no esponsible o any use ha may be made o he in o ma ion
con ained he ein.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 118 16 o 19
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