Hajian, A a; Rezaeinejad, Saba; Rayman, Kia ash; Kho sand oo, Sajad
A icle
An inno a i e supply chain solu ion o in o ma ion
managemen in cybe esilience: Blockchain echnology
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK)
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Hajian, A a; Rezaeinejad, Saba; Rayman, Kia ash; Kho sand oo, Sajad (2025) :
An inno a i e supply chain solu ion o in o ma ion managemen in cybe esilience: Blockchain
echnology, Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK), ISSN 2444-569X, Else ie , Ams e dam, Vol. 10,
Iss. 4, pp. 1-9,
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An inno a i e supply chain solu ion o in o ma ion managemen in cybe
esilience: Blockchain echnology
A a Hajian
a
, Saba Rezaeinejad
b
, Kia ash Rayman
c,*
, Sajad Kho sand oo
d
a
Depa men Business In o ma ion Sys ems and Analy ics, Willie A. Deese College o Business and Economics, No h Ca olina A&T S a e Uni e si y, NC 27411, USA
b
Depa men o Supply Chain Managemen , G. B in Ryan College o Business, Uni e si y o No h Texas, Den on, TX 76203, USA
c
Depa men o Ma ke ing and Supply Chain Managemen , Willie A. Deese College o Business and Economics, No h Ca olina A&T S a e Uni e si y, NC 27411, USA
d
Depa men o Compu e Science, College o Enginee ing, No h Ca olina A&T S a e Uni e si y, NC 27411, USA
ARTICLE INFO
JEL code:
O00
Keywo ds:
T anspa ency
Sales and ope a ions planning
Blockchain
Cybe esilience
Expe imen
ABSTRACT
Blockchain is an inno a i e solu ion o many supply chain (SC) issues. This s udy p esen s empi ical and
heo e ical e idence o add ess he ollowing esea ch ques ion: How can blockchain impac he in o ma ion low in
SCs o enhance cybe esilience? The p ac ice-based iew p o ides heo e ical suppo o he p esen ed model.
This s udy p esen s a concep ual model ha includes hypo hesized ela ionships. Empi ical da a a e collec ed ia
a igne e-based, be ween-subjec expe imen al design s udy. Blockchain-based SCs can imp o e sales and op-
e a ions planning (S&OP) by allowing i ms o align plans and p ocesses o achie e cybe esilience du ing cybe
dis up ions. This s udy o e s empi ical e idence ha blockchain con ibu es o anspa ency by gi ing SC de-
cision make s access o high-quali y da a du ing cybe dis up ions, which can lead o imp o ed cybe esilience
pe o mance. The con ibu ion o his s udy is wo old. Fi s , his esea ch explains he impac o blockchain on
he in o ma ion low o he SC o c ea e cybe esilience h ough wo media ing a iables: anspa ency and
S&OP. Second, his s udy p o ides empi ical e idence, including a de ailed expe imen al me hodology, o
explo e he ole o blockchain in SC in o ma ion managemen , pa icula ly in enhancing anspa ency and cybe
esilience.
In oduc ion
Blockchain echnology ep esen s an inno a i e solu ion o in o -
ma ion sys ems by in oducing a decen alized and secu e amewo k
o da a managemen , which can esul in he ans o ma ion o adi-
ional p ac ices in anspa ency and cybe esilience (Aslam e al.,
2021). The blockchain dis ibu ed ledge sys em ensu es ha all ans-
ac ions and da a en ies a e immu able, e i iable, and accessible o
au ho ized s akeholde s, which imp o es us and accoun abili y ac oss
ne wo ks (Sizan e al., 2025). In he con ex o anspa ency, blockchain
educes in o ma ion silos and enables eal- ime da a sha ing, he eby
empowe ing o ganiza ions o ack p ocesses and ma e ials wi h un-
p eceden ed cla i y (Cao e al., 2022). Fo cybe esilience, blockchain’s
c yp og aphic algo i hms and decen alized a chi ec u e signi ican ly
mi iga e he isks o da a b eaches and cybe a acks, as no single poin o
ailu e exis s (Zkik e al., 2024). O ganiza ions can e olu ionize hei
in o ma ion sys ems by in eg a ing blockchain, which can esul in
inno a ion managemen and he c ea ion o esilien amewo ks o
handling complex challenges in he digi al e a.
In in o ma ion sys ems, anspa ency has become a signi ican
conce n in supply chains (SCs) due o g owing socie al awa eness.
T anspa ency conce ns equi e inno a i e solu ions and e icien
knowledge managemen . SC anspa ency in ol es open sha ing o in-
o ma ion ega ding bo h in e nal and ex e nal ac o s, such as he
o igin o aw ma e ials and wo king condi ions o employees, among all
membe s o he SC. In socie al conce ns, he o ced labo issue can be
mi iga ed in SC h ough anspa ency. Mo eo e , anspa ency can
con ibu e o i m pe o mance such as esilience and e iciency
(Mon ecchi e al., 2021). SC anspa ency can be a isk managemen
s a egy o imp o e esilience by p o iding high-quali y in o ma ion o
decision make s. Howe e , owing o he sensi i i y o supply in o ma-
ion, ocal i ms a e eluc an o sha e hei business in o ma ion (e.g.,
p oduc de elopmen , daily p o i , and p oduc ion cos ), which is a
ba ie in achie ing anspa ency objec i es in SCs (Mon ecchi e al.,
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed] (A. Hajian), [email p o ec ed] (S. Rezaeinejad), [email p o ec ed], [email p o ec ed] (K. Rayman),
[email p o ec ed] (S. Kho sand oo).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/jik
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2025.100744
Recei ed 7 No embe 2024; Accep ed 27 May 2025
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100744
A ailable online 3 June 2025
2444-569X/© 2025 The Au ho (s). Published by Else ie España, S.L.U. on behal o Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge. This is an open access a icle unde he
CC BY-NC-ND license (
h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).
2021).
Pas empi ical wo ks ha e explo ed an eceden s and ou comes o
anspa ency, o example, SC analy ics (Zhu e al., 2018) and SC
s uc u e (Zhu e al., 2018). Howe e , p e ious s udies ha e unde -
es ima ed he ole o eme ging echnologies in enabling SC ans-
pa ency, pa icula ly when cybe a acks occu (Zelbs e al., 2020).
Disas e s and dis up ions ha e accele a ed SC digi aliza ion, conse-
quen ly making companies mo e ulne able o cybe a acks. Mo e
empi ical esea ch is needed o elucida e he impac o eme ging ech-
nologies, such as blockchain, on anspa ency and hei consequences
o enhancing cybe isk managemen . Blockchain is an inno a i e
p ac ice ha i ms can employ o imp o e SC capabili ies and pe o -
mance (B omiley & Rau, 2014). Blockchain can con ibu e o knowledge
managemen . The e o e, he cu en s udy add esses he ollowing
esea ch ques ion: How can blockchain impac he in o ma ion low in SCs
o enhance cybe esilience? Th ough a e iew o ela ed li e a u e, we
add ess he esea ch ques ion by p esen ing a esea ch model ha in-
cludes hypo hesized ela ionships. The p ac ice-based iew (PBV) p o-
ides heo e ical suppo o he p esen ed model (B omiley & Rau,
2014). Empi ical da a a e collec ed ia a igne e-based be ween-subjec
expe imen al design s udy. Findings e eal ha blockchain echnology
is an inno a i e solu ion o imp o e cybe esilience h ough wo new
media o s.
The con ibu ion o his s udy is wo old. Fi s , his s udy explains he
impac o blockchain as an inno a i e solu ion on he in o ma ion low
o he SC and knowledge managemen o c ea e cybe esilience. In
esponse o Indus y 4.0, which aims o combine dis up i e echnologies
wi h sma ope a ions and SC managemen (SCM), we examined i s
impac s on in o ma ion low h ough anspa ency and sales and ope -
a ions planning (S&OP); hese wo capabili ies can conside ably impac
pe o mance (Goh & Eld idge, 2019; Jonsson e al., 2021). This s udy
builds upon p e ious esea ch by in oducing wo media ing ac o s ha
explain how blockchain can in luence SC esilience h ough imp o ed
in o ma ion low. Second, his s udy p o ides empi ical e idence,
including a de ailed expe imen al me hodology, o explo e he ole o
blockchain in SC in o ma ion managemen , pa icula ly in enhancing
anspa ency and cybe esilience (Ghadge e al., 2020).
Li e a u e e iew
We used P oQues and Google Schola da abases o ind ecen
empi ical s udies ela ed o he esea ch ques ion based on he keywo ds
“ anspa ency,” “ isibili y,” “blockchain,” and “ esilience.”
Blockchain
As an inno a i e SC solu ion, blockchain is he main con ibu o o
ze o- us cybe secu i y and knowledge managemen , which can
imp o e cybe esilience. A blockchain consis s o blocks o da a ha
ch onologically eco d ansac ion wi hina secu e and us wo hy
en i onmen , which is sa egua ded by c yp og aphic echniques (Sizan
e al., 2025). The blockchain enables inancial ansac ions be ween SC
membe s while se ing as an in en o y sys em and egis y o
eco ding, acing, moni o ing, and ansac ing asse s (Sadeghi e al.,
2023). Blockchain-based sys ems o e a high le el o secu i y in
dis ibu ed da a in knowledge managemen by which SC decision
make s can be imp o ed. Se e al s udies e iew pas blockchain wo ks
on ope a ions and SC managemen , o example, Shukla e al. (2024)
and Sizan e al. (2025).
P e ious esea ch has examined he posi i e e ec s o blockchain on
imp o ing logis ics ope a ions (Aslam e al., 2024) and SCM p ac ices
(Aslam e al., 2021) o enhance ope a ional pe o mance and e iciency.
Blockchain adop ion posi i ely impac s SC isibili y and sus ainable
o ganiza ional pe o mance (Sun e al., 2022). Fu he mo e, blockchain
imp o es c edi epo ing and en e p ise c edi in o ma ion sha ing in
SC inance wi h he help o new consensus mechanisms (Zheng e al.,
2022). P e ious esea ch has iden i ied The in luence o blockchain in
disas e managemen and SC esilience. Fo example, Ja adpou e al.
(2023) p oposed a disas e amewo k including blockchain and
In e ne o hings (IoT), which was es ed wi h simula ion models. Pas
s udies ha e ocused on he po en ial o blockchain o imp o e SC pe -
o mance. Howe e , mo e empi ical esea ch is needed o explain how
blockchain can impac complex SC ac i i ies such as S&OP and ans-
pa ency (Jonsson e al., 2021), which is add essed in he cu en s udy.
Sales and ope a ions planning (S&OP)
S&OP is an in eg a ed p ocess o align demand, supply, and inancial
planning, which is in a company’s mas e planning (Goh & Eld idge,
2019). S&OP is de eloped om manu ac u ing esou ce planning (MRP)
as a eplacemen o agg ega e p oduc ion planning (Singhal & Singhal,
2007). S&OP suppo s execu i e-in eg a ed decision-making (Pe ei a
e al., 2020) o balance he o al demand wi h company esou ces. S&OP
in eg a es ac ical decisions ac oss unc ions and SCs, ul ima ely align-
ing daily ope a ions wi h a long- e m s a egy o e ec i e planning. Fo
mo e de ails, we e e in e es ed eade s o p e ious wo ks ha e iew
S&OP in ope a ions and SCM such as Pe ei a e al. (2020).
P e ious s udies ha e examined he ole o S&OP in h ee main
ca ego ies: an eceden s, design, and implemen a ion (K eu e e al.,
2022). Fo example, Laa i e al. (2023) in es iga ed he e ec s o
edundancy and moni o ing s a egies on he p ocu emen abili y o
balance demand and supply in S&OP, in which co-managemen o
p ocu emen was in luen ial. Swaim e al. (2016) ocused on an eced-
en s o S&OP, including in eg a ion, o ganiza ional p io i ies, s an-
da dized p ocesses, and engagemen . Mo eo e , Goh and Eld idge
(2019) examined he impac o coo dina ing mechanisms o S&OP (e.g.,
p ocedu e and schedule) on SC pe o mance. Howe e , inco po a ing
in o ma ion echnologies, o example, blockchain, in o S&OP needs
mo e esea ch, pa icula ly when cybe esilience is a business ocus.
Supply chain anspa ency
SC anspa ency e e s o sha ing high-quali y speci ic business da a
in an SC ela ionship (Wang e al., 2023). SC in o ma ion low man-
agemen comp ises concep s o in o ma ion sha ing, isibili y, ans-
pa ency, and aceabili y. These concep s ha e been used
in e changeably in p e ious s udies (Mon ecchi e al., 2021). We
dis inguished hese concep s using h ee main ca ego ies: quali y, ype,
and ela ionship. In o ma ion sha ing e e s o sha ing a low quali y o
gene al business da a in a business- o-business (B2B) ela ionship, o
example, logis ics cos s and ax da a be ween supplie s and buye s
(Sahin & Robinson J ., 2005). Visibili y e e s o sha ing high-quali y
speci ic business da a in a B2B ela ionship, o example, supplie s’
loca ion and ma e ials da a be ween supplie s and buye s (Williams
e al., 2013). P e ious esea ch p o ides a ela i ely comp ehensi e
e iew o isibili y ypes, which can cla i y he di e ences be ween
hese concep s (Swink e al., 2024). T anspa ency e e s o sha ing a
high quali y o speci ic business da a in an SC ela ionship, o example,
supplie s’ loca ion, i emized cos s, and ma e ials da a be ween sup-
plie s, manu ac u e s, buye s, e aile s, and cus ome s (Wan e al.,
2023). T aceabili y e e s o sha ing a medium quali y o gene al o ga-
niza ional da a in a public ela ionship, o example, sha ing supplie s’
coun ies, employees’ demog aphic in o ma ion, and bene i s da a wi h
he public (Skil on & Robinson, 2009). T aceabili y is some imes called
ex e nal anspa ency in ope a ions and SCM.
A well-es ablished SC ela ionship can sha e a high quali y o in-
o ma ion, hus esul ing in anspa ency (Sunny e al., 2020). T ans-
pa ency posi i ely impac s subsys ems’ moni o ing, which can imp o e
SC pe o mance (Sunny e al., 2020). The a ailabili y and accessibili y o
business da a be ween SC membe s conside ably impac he change
capabili y by which SCs can add ess dis up ions (Feizabadi e al., 2019).
Zhu e al. (2018) p o ided empi ical e idence o he posi i e e ec o
A. Hajian e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100744
2
SC analy ics on anspa ency in SCs. Zelbs e al. (2020) explo ed he
ela ionship be ween anspa ency and echnologies such as adio e-
quency iden i ica ion, indus ial IoT, and blockchain in
echnology-based p ac ices. Mo eo e , Wang e al. (2023) explo ed he
ela ionship be ween anspa ency and supplie s’ p o ision o ade
c edi , in which wo mode a ing e ec s we e conside ed: ma ke sha e
and co po a e social esponsibili y.
Mul iple e iews o anspa ency ha e been conduc ed o con ibu e
o u u e s udies (Mon ecchi e al., 2021) such as blockchain-based SCs
(Sunny e al., 2020). Howe e , ew empi ical s udies conside he ole o
anspa ency in blockchain-based SCs, o example, Zelbs e al. (2020),
mainly when cybe esilience is a ocus o imp o emen .
Supply chain cybe esilience
SC esilience in ol es inding an app op ia e ma ch be ween an SC’s
isk exposu e and he co esponding eadiness le el o handle hose isks
(2024). SC isk is he unce ain ies and po en ial dis up ions in man-
aging he lows om supplie s o cus ome s, and a ises om a ious
ac o s such as na u al disas e s, supplie bank up cy, anspo a ion
delays, and in o ma ion secu i y b eaches. The esilience concep o-
cuses on how well he SC pe o ms agains isk. Ch is ophe and Peck
(2004) conside ed a isk as a sys em’s capaci y o es o e an o iginal
s a e o adap o a mo e a o able s a e a e being dis up ed. Simila ly,
SC cybe esilience ocuses on cybe space as he SC’s capaci y o eco e
om he consequences o cybe a acks and da a b eaches (O. Khan &
Es ay, 2015). Resilience ocuses on p oduc lows, while cybe esilience
includes in o ma ion low and cybe space. Fo mo e comp ehensi e
in o ma ion, we e e in e es ed eade s o e iew pape s on blockchain
in cybe esilien SCs (e.g., Shukla e al. (2024)). Howe e , mo e
empi ical esea ch on supply chain cybe esilience (SCCR) is needed,
pa icula ly when he ole o echnologies such as blockchain is a ocus.
Theo e ical lens: p ac ice-based iew
P e ious esea ch pape s ha e applied he PBV o explain he e ec s
o copyable p ac ices on pe o mance imp o emen . Humani a ian SC
agili y and esilience a e conside ed imi able and easily ans e ed
p ac ices, ul ima ely in luencing humani a ian SC pe o mance (Dubey
e al., 2022). Khan e al. (2023) applied PBV o explain he e ec s o
sus ainable SC p ac ices on a company’s en i onmen al, social, and
economic pe o mances. Simila ly, gene a i e a i icial in elligence
usage has been examined as a p ac ice ha con ibu es o sus ainable SC
pe o mance (Li e al., 2024). In he same ein, Liu e al. (2023) adop
he heo e ical lens o PBV and demons a e ha ci cula manu ac u ing
p ac ices con ibu e o inancial and en i onmen al pe o mances in
manu ac u ing companies. Digi al ans o ma ion p ac ices o e ope -
a ional pe o mance imp o emen , such as wo k o ce p oduc i i y,
physical asse e iciency, and wo king capi al e iciency in
manu ac u ing i ms (Tian e al., 2023). Likewise, digi al SC p ac ices
imp o e ope a ional pe o mance h ough SC iabili y as an in e me-
dia e ou come (Yu e al., 2024).
Theo e ical lens and hypo hesis de elopmen
The PBV explains a phenomenon in which eplicable ac i i ies o
p ac ices a e equen ly accessible o he public and can be adop ed by
a ious i ms (B omiley & Rau, 2014). In he con ex o PBV heo y,
company pe o mance di e ences a e connec ed o he ac i i ies o
ou ines he company ca ies ou (B omiley & Rau, 2016). The PBV
eme ged om he esou ce-based iew (RBV). Howe e , he RBV ex-
plains a i m’s compe i i e ad an age h ough speci ic esou ces ha a e
no imi able, while he PBV ocuses on copyable p ac ices in luencing
i ms’ pe o mance (Ba ney, 1991). While he RBV emphasizes he
impo ance o angible and in angible esou ces as sou ces o compe i-
i e ad an age, how hese esou ces a e applied, ans o med, o
le e aged in day- o-day o ganiza ional p ac ices is no su icien ly
add essed (B omiley & Rau, 2016). In RBV, esou ces a e a e and no
copyable. By con as , he PBV ocuses on he ole o o ganiza ional
p ac ices, ou ines, and p ocesses as he mechanisms h ough which
p ac ices a e e ec i ely u ilized and capabili ies a e de eloped
(B omiley & Rau, 2014). Blockchain echnology is a copyable p ac ice,
which can be implemen ed by any o ganiza ion.
Blockchain echnology is an in o ma ion-based p ac ice, a copyable
me hod by o he i ms o imp o e SC pe o mance such as esilience
managemen . Blockchain-based in o ma ion sys ems can posi i ely
a ec cybe esilience by imp o ing capabili ies in SCM ne wo ks. Ac-
co ding o he PBV, capabili y, o example, anspa ency and S&OP,
e e s o an o ganiza ion’s capaci y o accomplish a ask. Capabili ies
a ise om he in e play o p ac ices, including es ablished p ocedu es
(B omiley & Rau, 2014). The impac o p ac ice on pe o mance may
low h ough media ing a iables (B omiley & Rau, 2016). The e o e,
ou p oposed esea ch model explains how blockchain as a p ac ice can
con ibu e o anspa ency and S&OP capabili ies o imp o e SC cybe
esilience as pe o mance.
Blockchain and S&OP
Blockchain can impac S&OP componen s: demand o ecas ing, op-
e a ions planning, and inancial planning (Pe ei a e al., 2020). Block-
chain can p o ide immu able and dis ibu ed da a blocks ha ensu e
eal- ime in o ma ion low o demand p edic ion and ope a ional de-
cisions in S&OP (Sunny e al., 2020). Dis ibu ed da abases in
blockchain-based SC help SC membe s o collabo a e on ope a ional
planning (Cao e al., 2022). In addi ion, inco po a ing sma con ac s
wi hin blockchain enhances inancial ansac ions in S&OP p ocesses.
Blockchain can con ibu e o S&OP in e ms o da a accu acy and sma
con ac s. S&OP elies on accu a e da a o o ecas ing demand and
planning p oduc ion. Blockchain’s capabili y o p o ide eal- ime, un-
al e able da a signi ican ly educes he isks o e o s, which can esul
in eliable planning p ocesses. Fo example, Walma p ac ices block-
chain o ack he mo emen o goods om supplie s o dis ibu ion
cen e s in eal ime, which ensu es ha S&OP eams ha e up- o-da e
in o ma ion.
De Bee s, which is he wo ld’s la ges diamond p oduce , imple-
men ed a blockchain-based pla o m ha p o ides a ampe -p oo and
pe manen eco d o e e y diamond’s jou ney om mine o e ail
(Bambyshe a & Cas illo, 2024). This c ea es high us among s ake-
holde s, hus educing dispu es and s eamlining ope a ions. Blockchain
acili a es S&OP p ocesses by p o iding a pla o m o anspa en in-
o ma ion sha ing, enhancing coo dina ion, and aligning goals ac oss
he SC. De eloped by Mae sk and IBM, T adeLens is a
blockchain-enabled shipping solu ion ha allows all pa ies in ol ed in
he SC o access eal- ime shipping da a (Pa is, 2019). Fo S&OP, his
means ha companies can adjus hei sales and p oduc ion plans based
on he la es in o ma ion abou shipping delays and cus oms clea ance
imes.
Sma con ac s au oma e ou ine ansac ions and en o ce compli-
ance wi h ag eed-upon e ms, he eby educing lead imes and ope a-
ional bo lenecks. In S&OP, his means mo e e icien o de ul illmen ,
p ocu emen p ocesses, and compliance managemen , hus allowing o
smoo he ope a ions and mo e accu a e planning. In he ood and
be e age indus y, companies such as Nes l´
e ha e expe imen ed wi h
blockchain o au oma e paymen s and ag eemen s wi h supplie s
h ough sma con ac s (Nash, 2018). Acco dingly, we o mula e he
ollowing hypo hesis:
H1. Blockchain-based supply chains a e posi i ely associa ed wi h
sales and ope a ions planning (S&OP).
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Blockchain and supply chain anspa ency
SC s uc u e can posi i ely con ibu e o anspa ency. Blockchain
a ibu es (e.g., aceabili y, immu abili y, dis ibu ed da abase, and
p i a e blockchain) can con ibu e o SC anspa ency. A o al o h ee
ca ego ies o anspa ency a e iden i ied: his o y (e.g., acking and
acing), ope a ions (e.g., collabo a i e planning in logis ics), and
s a egy (e.g., coope a i e inno a ion) anspa ency. Blockchain ace-
abili y enables anspa ency h ough acing and acking (Sunny e al.,
2020). The immu able and dis ibu ed cha ac e s o blockchain can help
achie e ope a ions anspa ency and collabo a i e SC planning among
pa icipan s (Sunny e al., 2020). Simila ly, s a egy anspa ency can be
imp o ed wi h p i a e blockchains p o ec ing sensi i e business
in o ma ion.
Owing o he immu abili y o he blockchain, any ansac ion
eco ded on i emains unal e able and pe manen , which con ibu es o
main aining a clea his o ical eco d o pas in o ma ion ac ions (Shukla
e al., 2024). Blockchain’s aceabili y is employed ac oss a ious sec-
o s o moni o p oduc s, aw ma e ials, and ope a ions, o example,
manu ac u ing SCs.
Blockchain’s immu able dis ibu ed da abase can help inc ease op-
e a ions anspa ency. Ope a ions anspa ency in ol es sha ing in o -
ma ion be ween SC pa ies, he eby enabling hem o coo dina e and
synch onize hei ac i i ies. In a blockchain-based SC, ac i i ies by any
ne wo k membe a e isible and mus be au hen ica ed by all o he
pa icipan s, which can esul in anspa ency h oughou he en i e
ne wo k. The o igin o e e y ac ion emains e iden and pe manen
ac oss he SC ne wo k, ul ima ely ensu ing anspa en ope a ions.
A p i a e blockchain ne wo k comp ises amilia pa ne s who sha e
mu ual us , which can con ibu e o s a egy anspa ency and can
posi i ely impac such anspa ency be ween close membe s o he SC
ne wo k. P e ious empi ical esea ch has in es iga ed he in luence o
blockchain on SC anspa ency; o example, Zelbs e al. (2020) p e-
sen ed he con ibu ion o echnological solu ions, including blockchain,
o ad ancing SC anspa ency. Acco dingly, we o mula e he ollowing
hypo hesis:
H2. Blockchain-based supply chains a e posi i ely associa ed wi h
supply chain anspa ency.
S&OP and supply chain cybe esilience
P e ious empi ical wo ks ha e sugges ed ha S&OP can con ibu e
o isk managemen (Di eld e al., 2021). Mo eo e , S&OP can make a
plan o mi iga e isks in he dynamic business en i onmen (Ta a es
Thom´
e e al., 2012).
S&OP can con ibu e o cybe esilience in e ms o an icipa ion,
main enance ( esis ance), and eco e y. Cybe esilience can be
imp o ed by h ea de ec ion, which is buil on S&OP p edic ion capa-
bili y. S&OP can de elop cybe main enance in which SCs can quickly
adop changes (Jonsson e al., 2021). Du ing he eco e y s age, S&OP
can quickly p o ide inancial and ope a ional plans o scena ios.
S&OP p ocesses necessi a e a comp ehensi e o e iew o he SC,
ha is, isibili y. The BMW au omo i e company uses i s S&OP p ocess
o map ou i s en i e SC ne wo k. This isibili y is essen ial o iden i ying
cybe ulne abili ies. By clea ly unde s anding he en i e SC, o ganiza-
ions can implemen a ge ed cybe secu i y measu es whe e hey a e
mos needed, he eby enhancing o e all cybe esilience. S&OP in ol es
close coo dina ion be ween a ious o ganiza ional depa men s and
ex e nal pa ne s (supplie s, logis ics p o ide s) (Kazmi & Ahmed,
2022). This collabo a i e app oach os e s a cul u e o in o ma ion
sha ing and join p oblem-sol ing. Rega ding cybe esilience, such
collabo a ion ensu es ha cybe secu i y measu es a e in eg a ed in o
e e y aspec o he SC, om he ini ial design o p oduc s and se ices o
he deli e y o cus ome s. Fu he mo e, i enables a apid, coo dina ed
esponse o cybe inciden s, consequen ly minimizing hei impac .
A key goal o S&OP is o c ea e a lexible and esponsi e SC ha can
quickly adap o changes in demand, supply, and o he ex e nal condi-
ions (Di eld e al., 2021). An SC ha can quickly adjus i s ope a ions
in he ace o a cybe a ack (such as e ou ing shipmen s i a logis ics
p o ide ’s sys ems a e comp omised) is less likely o expe ience signi -
ican dis up ions. Flexibili y in ope a ions and planning allows o
con ingency s a egies ha a e i al o cybe esilience. S&OP elies on
da a o o ecas ing, planning, and decision-making (K eu e e al.,
2022). The same da a can be analyzed o p edic and iden i y po en ial
cybe h ea s, such as unusual ac i i y pa e ns ha could indica e a
b each o an a ack in p og ess. By le e aging da a analy ics wi hin
S&OP, companies can enhance hei abili y o de ec and espond o
cybe h ea s mo e e ec i ely. Blockchain is a p ac ice ha can impac
i ms’ capaci y, o example, S&OP, which esul s in pe o mance
imp o emen such as cybe esilience. The e o e, we o mula e he
ollowing hypo heses:
H3. Sales and ope a ion planning (S&OP) is posi i ely associa ed wi h
supply chain cybe esilience.
H3a. Blockchain-based supply chains imp o e sales and ope a ions
planning (S&OP), which esul s in c ea ing a media ion pa hway o
cybe esilience.
Supply chain anspa ency and supply chain cybe esilience
Essen ial s eps o e alua e cybe isk include unde s anding he o -
igins o p oduc s, iden i ying supplie s, and acking mo emen s, which
can be p o ided by anspa ency. T anspa ency includes his o ical,
ope a ional, and s a egic in o ma ion, which can impac SC pe o -
mance, such as cybe - esilience (Mon ecchi e al., 2021). Technological
p ac ices, o example, blockchain, can o e a anspa en his o ical
da a eco d h ough which cybe ulne abili ies can be iden i ied.
Ope a ional and s a egical anspa ency can quickly p o ide unde -
s andable in o ma ion o SC decision make s o main ain businesses
(Rejeb e al., 2021).
Using anspa ency, SC lea n agains cybe a acks by e ie ing p io
da a. Le e aging p io lea ning o iden i y cybe h ea s quickly can
signi ican ly enhance he p obabili y o p e en ing damage (Gani e al.,
2022). In anspa ency, ope a ional in o ma ion can p epa e SCs o
quick change. T anspa ency can mi iga e dis up ions and inc ease
esilience by p o iding use ul in o ma ion o decision make s
(Mon ecchi e al., 2021). The exchange o s a egic in o ma ion in-
c eases us among SC pa ne s (Modgil e al., 2021). Ope a ional SC
anspa ency con ibu es o swi us , which can c ea e esilience.
S a egy anspa ency can acili a e s a egic eco e y plans o possible
cybe a acks.
Acco ding o he PBV heo y, capabili ies a ise om p ac ices and
lead o he abili y o accomplish asks (B omiley & Rau, 2014).
Consis en in o ma ion sha ing h ough blockchain enables SC ans-
pa ency, po en ially achie ing cybe - esilience. P e ious empi ical
esea ch has sugges ed ha isibili y p ac ices can imp o e SC pe o -
mance (Swi e al., 2019; Swink e al., 2024). In o ma ion anspa ency
conside ably impac s esilience by p o iding he equi ed in o ma ion
du ing cybe dis up ions. Thus, we o mula e he ollowing hypo heses:
H4. Supply chain anspa ency is posi i ely associa ed wi h supply
chain cybe - esilience.
H4a. Blockchain-based supply chains imp o e anspa ency, which
esul s in c ea ing a media ion pa hway o cybe - esilience.
Me hodology
We employ a igne e-based design o un expe imen s o collec ing
da a om indi iduals o es he concep ual model illus a ed in Fig. 1.
Possible demand e ec s a e add essed using a be ween-subjec design in
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4
expe imen s. In a wi hin-subjec design, pa icipan s may disce n he
pu pose o he s udy by compa ing condi ions. This awa eness can lead
hem o al e hei esponses based on wha hey hink he esea che
expec s (demand cha ac e is ics). In addi ion o demand e ec s, he
be ween-subjec design measu es i ems in such a way ha hey a e no
in luenced by p io exposu e o o he condi ions, which p o ec s he
in eg i y and objec i i y o he esul s. Mo eo e , he be ween-subjec
design du a ion is sho e han a wi hin-subjec design, which in-
c eases he quali y o da a by less cogni i e load. In a wi hin-subjec
design, pa icipan s a e exposed o mul iple condi ions, which can
lead o ca yo e e ec s, such as lea ning, a igue, o o de e ec s. These
e ec s may in luence how pa icipan s espond o subsequen condi-
ions, he eby in oducing bias. To add ess he complexi ies inhe en in
examining he impac o blockchain echnology on SC pe o mance, we
employ a be ween-subjec expe imen al design, which is explained in
he ollowing subsec ions. Reg ession analysis is used o p o ide s a is-
ical e idence o es he hypo heses. Common me hod bias is checked
along wi h he eliabili y and alidi y o he measu emen model.
Da a and sample
The sample includes indi iduals wi h wo k expe ience in echnology,
ope a ions, and SCM. Owing o i s di e se popula ion (500,000 pa ic-
ipan s), we ec ui ed pa icipan s using he Amazon M-Tu k pla o m,
which is used by ope a ions and SC jou nals. Using a p e-sc eened pool
echnique (Ried e al., 2021), we c ea ed ou sample o include pa ic-
ipan s wi h ope a ions and SC job expe ience amilia wi h Indus y 4.0.
F om an ini ial sample size o 200, a e excluding incomple e su eys
and hose ha ailed a en ion es s, he inal sample consis s o 150
pa icipan s, including 68 women. Indi iduals a e an a e age o 34.9
yea s old wi h a s anda d de ia ion o 9.1. The sample con ains 144
college deg ee holde s and six wi hou college deg ees. The de-
mog aphic in o ma ion shows a di e se selec ion.
Expe imen al design
The expe imen al design ollows a igne e-based design, which in-
cludes h ee main phases: scena ios, manipula ed a iables, and mea-
su emen s. In he i s phase, pa icipan s e iewed consen le e s and
picked a hypo he ical name o be p epa ed o scena io-based ac i i ies.
Pa icipan s we e gi en a company explana ion and a desc ip ion o he
SC manage ole. Pa icipan s we e asked o ocus on he company and
SC manage . Then, pa icipan s we e p esen ed wi h a cybe inciden o
he company o hem o e iew. The i s phase ends wi h con olling
pa icipan ocus. No e ha hypo he ical scena ios a e as ollows.
The hypo he ical company is desc ibed as ollows: Imagine a hypo he ical
scena io whe e a Supply Chain Manage is employed a ABC
–
Company.
ABC
–
Company ope a es en plan s si ua ed in di e en s a es ac oss he
USA. Es ablished wo decades ago, ABC
–
Company has success ully
supplied a di e se ange o p oduc s. Wi h a obus and well-o ganized
supply chain (SC), ABC
–
Company has achie ed a s able posi ion in i s
espec i e ma ke .
The hypo he ical supply chain’s ole is desc ibed as ollows: The Supply
Chain Manage is esponsible o managing isks wi hin he SC. The e-
sponsibili y includes sa egua ding agains cybe a acks and minimizing
hei impac o ensu e a p omp e u n o no mal ope a ions. By
employing isk managemen s a egies, he Supply Chain Manage can
p e en and mi iga e po en ial dis up ions caused by cybe h ea s, hus
ensu ing he smoo h unc ioning o he SC.
The hypo he ical SC inciden is desc ibed as ollows: In a hypo he ical
scena io, on a business day, a sudden ale om he IT depa men shocks
he company, cybe a acks and da a b eaches ha e s uck, causing an
es ima ed cos o $1 million. The g a i y o he si ua ion p opels he
company in o ac ion, ca e ully explo ing a ious business con inui y plans
while conside ing he a - eaching consequences on he en i onmen ,
economy, and socie y.
In he second phase, we manipula ed he independen a iable in o
wo scena ios: non-blockchain and blockchain-based SCs. We andomly
assigned wo manipula ed le els o 150 pa icipan s o ha e 75 in-
di iduals o each ea men . The manipula ed scena ios a e as ollows.
The i s le el is desc ibed as ollows: A adi ional app oach is employed
in he i m SC wi hou u ilizing ecen echnologies such as blockchain.
The SC p ocess in ol es mul iple s akeholde s, including supplie s, man-
u ac u e s, dis ibu o s, and e aile s. Communica ion be ween hese
pa ies elies on con en ional me hods such as emails, phone calls, and
physical documen a ion. While his app oach has been unc ional, i
su e s om challenges such as da a silos and limi ed quick acking da a
om sou ce o ma e ials o he end o he SC. Da a a e s o ed in a
cen alized da abase sys em. SC membe s need a inancial hi d pa y o
conduc inancial ansac ions as hese canno occu immedia ely wi hin
he sys em.
The second le el is desc ibed as ollows: A mode n app oach is employed
in his i m SC, u ilizing ecen echnologies such as blockchain echnol-
ogy. The SC p ocess in ol es mul iple s akeholde s, including supplie s,
manu ac u e s, dis ibu o s, and e aile s. Communica ion be ween
s akeholde s is s eamlined in a dis ibu ed ne wo k, hus educing da a
silos and enhancing aceabili y. Wi h eal- ime upda es, he mo emen o
ma e ials om he sou ce o he end o he SC becomes quick and e icien .
SC membe s do no need a inancial hi d pa y o conduc inancial
ansac ions as hese can occu immedia ely wi hin he sys em.
The hi d phase o he expe imen includes measu ing ou comes. A
se en-poin Like scale anging om 1 (highly disag ee) o 7 (highly
ag ee) measu es a iables.
Va iables
The independen a iable has wo le els: non-blockchain-based and
blockchain-based SCs. The media o a iables a e anspa ency and
S&OP. The dependen a iable is he SC cybe esilience. I ems a e
p esen ed in Table 1. Business ype and company size a e used o e al-
ua e he e ec s o con ol a iables on ou comes.
Fig. 1. Resea ch model.
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5
Resul s
This sec ion p o ides he assump ions es s and obus ness checks o
he measu emen model including hypo heses es ing.
Bias conside a ion
The social desi abili y bias was examined by delibe a ely hiding he
esea ch objec i e, including indi ec ques ioning echniques, while
anonymi y and con iden iali y we e me (Ried e al., 2021). M-Tu k in
pa icipan ec ui men p o ided mone a y incen i es o comple ing
su eys and main ained con iden iali y h oughou he ec ui men
p ocedu e. As a esul , conce ns ega ding non- esponse bias we e
add essed. We employed wo ma ke - a iable es s o add ess common
me hod bias (CMB). Social desi abili y is he ma ke a iable, which is
no ela ed o he esea ch model (Sadeghi R. e al., 2024). In he i s
CMB check, no di e ence was no ed be ween bi a ia e and pa ial
co ela ions, while he ma ke a iable exhibi ed no co ela ion wi h he
a iables (co ela ion 〈0.03 wi h p- alue 〉0.6); he e o e, he CMB
conce n is mi iga ed. In he second CMB check, we used a chi-squa e es
(
χ
2), and he null hypo hesis was upheld bo h o he models inclusi e
and exclusi e o he ma ke a iable ((Δ
χ
2)Δd , p- alue >0.05);
he e o e, CMB’s conce n is mi iga ed.
Reliabili y and alidi y
The obus ness o i em eliabili y is con i med by composi e eli-
abili y (CR) coe icien s exceeding 0.95 (Kline, 2023, p. 287). We
employed con i ma o y ac o analysis o add ess he alidi y o he
measu emen model (see Table 2). The i h i em o cybe esilience was
d opped due o low loadings. The
χ
2 was insigni ican , which suppo s
he good i o he measu emen model (
χ
2/d =66.25/51, p- al-
ue=0.07). Values o ac o loadings (λ) su pass 0.7. Mo eo e , he
con e gen alidi y is no ques ioned because he a e age a iance
ex ac ed (AVE) alues a e g ea e han 0.5 (Kline, 2023, p. 239). The
disc iminan alidi y es is suppo ed by he alues o √AVE, which a e
g ea e han he in e -cons uc co ela ions (φ). In addi ion, we
conside o he i indices (usually used o he condi ions in which
χ
2 is
signi ican ), which a e wi hin ecommended anges, o example,
RMSEA =0.04 and CFI =0.99 >0.90 (Hahs-Vaughn, 2016, p. 452).
The e o e, he measu emen alidi y is no a conce n.
Manipula ion es
The manipula ion es is an impo an s ep in he alidi y o he
expe imen al design o con i m ha he independen a iable, he wo
le els o non-blockchain- and blockchain-based SCs, was pe cei ed by
pa icipan s as in ended. The manipula ion es was implemen ed
immedia ely ollowing he scena io p esen a ion in he second phase o
he expe imen . Pa icipan s we e asked a se o a ge ed ques ions
designed o assess hei unde s anding o he ea u es highligh ed in
hei assigned scena io. Fo ins ance, pa icipan s we e asked o a e
hei ag eemen wi h s a emen s such as, “Da a a e s o ed in a cen al-
ized da abase sys em” o “Supply chain membe s do no need a inancial
hi d pa y o conduc inancial ansac ions.” These i ems we e
measu ed using a se en-poin Like scale o cap u e he deg ee o cla i y
and di e en ia ion pe cei ed by pa icipan s. Manipula ion es
con i med he s udy’s alidi y by demons a ing ha pa icipan s
consis en ly iden i ied he key cha ac e is ics o hei assigned scena io
(p- alue <0.001).
Hypo heses es ing
The eg ession assump ions a e me . Shapi o-Wilk es esul s (p-
alue =0.11) suppo he no mali y assump ion; he B eusch-Pagan es
esul s (11.5, d =7, and p- alue =0.11) pass he homoscedas ici y; and
he a iance in la ion ac o s (VIF) alues do no exhibi mul i-
collinea i y. The da a used in his s udy sa is ies he assump ions o
eg ession, including no mali y, linea i y, and mul icollinea i y h esh-
olds. Reg ession echniques a e well-sui ed o da ase s whe e hese
assump ions a e held, which p o ide obus and in e p e able pa ame e
es ima es. Ano he echnique is he pa ial leas squa es (PLS) me hod,
which is o en used when hese assump ions a e iola ed o when he
da a a e highly collinea , which was no he case he e. Mo eo e , o
p esen mo e de ails abou he media ion analysis s eps, we p o ide ou
s a is ical models using eg ession analysis. The e ec s o con ol a i-
ables on he ou comes we e insigni ican , including eg essing he
dependen a iable on hem (p- alue >0.6). We p esen ou eg ession
Table 1
Measu emen s and ac o loadings.
Va iables I ems λe
Supply chain anspa ency
(SCT) (Kuma e al., 2021)
SCT01: Supply chain membe s
ha e in o ma ion abou he
o igin o aw ma e ials o
se ices.
0.945 0.107
SCT02: Supply chain membe s
ha e in o ma ion abou he
ing edien s and pa s used in
p oduc s and se ices.
0.995 0.011
SCT03: Supply chain membe s
ha e in o ma ion abou
ope a ions and p ocesses.
0.950 0.098
SCT04: Supply chain membe s
ha e in o ma ion abou he
loca ion o o he supply chain
membe s.
0.904 0.183
Sales and ope a ions planning
(S&OP) adap ed om Goh
and Eld idge (2019)
SOP01: Supply chain da a a e
collec ed o demand and sales
planning.
0.996 0.008
SOP02: Supply ope a ions
planning is clea and ma ched
wi h he p edic ed demand.
0.968 0.063
SOP03: Financial decisions a e
aligned wi h he supply ha
ma ches he demand.
0.958 0.082
SOP04: Execu i e decision-
making is based on an
in eg a ed planning p ocess
ha aligns demand, supply, and
inancial planning.
0.955 0.087
Supply chain cybe esilience
(SCCR) adap ed om
Sadeghi R. e al. (2024):
SCCR01: “We can iden i y
po en ial cybe dis up ions o
a oidance.”
0.985 0.029
SCCR02: “We can cope wi h
changes b ough by cybe
dis up ions.”
0.980 0.040
SCCR03: “We can main ain
con ol o e s uc u e and
unc ion du ing cybe
dis up ions.”
0.961 0.076
SCCR04: “We can p o ide a
quick esponse o cybe
dis up ions.”
0.918 0.157
Table 2
Validi y, eliabili y, and cons uc co ela ions.
Cons uc s SOP SCT SCCR √AVE AVE CR
(Ω)
Sales and ope a ions
planning (S&OP)
– – – 0.969 0.938 0.984
Supply chain
anspa ency (SCT)
0.536 – – 0.948 0.899 0.974
Supply chain cybe
esilience (SCCR)
0.555 0.576 –0.962 0.926 0.98
AVE: A e age a iance ex ac ed; CR: Composi e eliabili y.
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6
models in Table 3 o p o ide mo e s a is ical de ails o es ing hypo h-
eses, including con idence in e als.
Model-1 shows he signi ican e ec o blockchain on he SC pe -
o mance o iden i y and a oid cybe a acks by showing cybe esilience
( =7.9, e o =0.203, and p <0.001, adjus ed R squa e =0.28). Model-
2 and Model-3, mo eo e , e eal ha blockchain posi i ely impac s
S&OP (H1: =9.4, e o =0.20, and p <0.001, adjus ed R-squa ed =
0.4) and SC anspa ency (H2: =10, e o =0.18, and p <0.001,
adjus ed R-squa ed =0.44), espec i ely. Model-4 p o ides s a is ical
suppo o c ea e SCCR by SC anspa ency (H3: =3.6, e o =0.08,
and p <0.001, adjus ed R squa e =0.43) and S&OP (H4: =3.3, e o =
0.07, and p <0.001, adjus ed R-squa ed =0.43). Mo eo e , using he
La aan wi hin he R p og amming language, he eg ession analysis is
compa ed wi h he s uc u al equa ion modeling (SEM). The eg ession
ou comes we e consis en wi h he SEM esul s, which a e epo ed in
Table 4.
We pe o m he media ion analysis using he ou h Hayes P ocess
amewo k wi h 5000 boo s ap samples o explain he di ec and
indi ec impac s. Suppo i e indings o he media ion ela ionships a e
p esen ed in Table 5; he media ing oles o S&OP and SC anspa ency,
H3a and H4a, indi ec e ec s, a e signi ican , hus suppo ing a ull
media ion ela ionship. By con as , he di ec e ec s o blockchain on
SCCR a e insigni ican .
Discussion and conclusion
This s udy p oposed a concep ual model o add ess he esea ch
ques ion. Findings sugges ha blockchain con ibu es o in o ma ion
low imp o emen in SCM o imp o e pe o mance.
P e ious wo ks ha e emphasized he conside able impac o new
echnologies on he S&OP (Swaim e al., 2016). The esul s demons a e
he signi ican con ibu ion o blockchain o S&OP h ough i s u iliza-
ion o immu abili y, dis ibu ed da abases, and sma con ac s, H1.
Ou empi ical e idence suppo s he posi i e e ec o blockchain p ac-
ice on he anspa ency in SCs, H2. Howe e , con as ing pe spec i es
exis ega ding he bene i s o anspa ency and SOP in p e ious s udies.
Fo ins ance, p e ious esea ch emphasizes he po en ial ad e se im-
pac s o anspa ency on o ganiza ional pe o mance, including
inc eased audi ees (Ye e al., 2018). Fu he mo e, Babu e al., 2023
obse ed ha SOPs can hinde he e iciency o p oduc ion p ocesses
and he s anda diza ion o p oduc s as hey necessi a e equen upda es.
Ne e heless, he cu en s udy demons a ed ha he ex en o access o
business da a sha ed among SC membe s can signi ican ly imp o e SC
abili ies (e.g., S&OP) o e ec i ely manage and adap o dis up ions
(Feizabadi e al., 2019). Pas s udies ha e es ablished ha S&OP can
imp o e SC pe o mance ega ding isk managemen (Di eld e al.,
2021). By doing so, he esul s o he cu en s udy e ealed ha
blockchain-based SCs can imp o e S&OP by allowing i ms o align
plans and p ocesses o achie e cybe - esilience du ing dis up ions, H3
and H3a. We ex end he exis ing li e a u e o in es iga e he unexploi ed
po en ial o anspa ency in enhancing cybe esilience. Ou indings
indica e ha anspa ency is a undamen al capabili y by which SC de-
cision make s gain access o high-quali y da a du ing cybe dis up ions.
This anspa ency can lead o imp o ed pe o mance in cybe esilience,
H4, and H4a.
Table 3
Reg ession analysis o 150 esponses.
Model-1 Model-2 Model-3 Model-4
(In e cep ) 1.480*1.265*1.697** 0.611
=2.446 =2.031 =3.160 =1.067
se =0.605 se =0.623 se =0.537 se =0.572
[0.284,
2.676]
[0.034,
2.496]
[0.636,
2.759]
[−0.520,
1.742]
Sales and ope a ions
planning (S&OP)
–––0.257***
––– =3.397
–––se =0.076
–––[0.107,
0.406]
Supply chain
anspa ency (SCT)
–––0.321***
––– =3.665
–––se =0.088
–––[0.148,
0.494]
Blockchain 1.606*** 1.985*** 1.913*** 0.482+
=7.904 =9.492 =10.606 =1.781
se =0.203 se =0.209 se =0.180 se =0.271
[1.204,
2.007]
[1.572,
2.399]
[1.556,
2.269]
[−0.053,
1.018]
Goods p oduc ion
companies
−0.217 −0.421 0.229 −0.183
= − 0.407 = − 0.766 =0.482 = − 0.375
se =0.534 se =0.550 se =0.474 se =0.487
[−1.272,
0.838]
[−1.507,
0.666]
[−0.708,
1.165]
[−1.146,
0.780]
Se ices companies −0.056 −0.212 0.134 −0.044
= − 0.105 = − 0.388 =0.285 = − 0.092
se =0.532 se =0.547 se =0.472 se =0.484
[−1.107,
0.995]
[−1.294,
0.870]
[−0.799,
1.067]
[−1.001,
0.912]
T ade and comme ce
companies
−0.110 −0.603 0.164 −0.007
= − 0.183 = − 0.980 =0.309 = − 0.014
se =0.598 se =0.616 se =0.531 se =0.546
[−1.291,
1.072]
[−1.820,
0.613]
[−0.885,
1.213]
[−1.087,
1.072]
Company size 0.003 0.142 −0.109 0.002
=0.023 =1.066 = − 0.950 =0.013
se =0.129 se =0.133 se =0.115 se =0.119
[−0.253,
0.259]
[−0.121,
0.406]
[−0.336,
0.118]
[−0.233,
0.236]
Dependen a iable SCCR
1
SOP SCT SCCR
R
2
0.308 0.401 0.447 0.436
Adj. R
2
0.284 0.381 0.428 0.408
1: Supply chain cybe esilience (SCCR); +p <0.1.
*
p <0.05.
**
p <0.01.
***
p <0.001.
Table 4
Compa ison o he eg ession analysis wi h s uc u al equa ion modeling (SEM).
Rela ionships SEM/
Reg ession
p-
alues
Blockchain → Sales and ope a ions planning (S&OP) 1.907/1.985 <
0.001
Blockchain → Supply chain anspa ency (SCT) 2.039/1.913 <
0.001
Blockchain → Supply chain cybe esilience (SCCR) 0.518/0.482 =
0.075
Supply chain anspa ency (SCT)→ Supply chain cybe
esilience (SCCR)
0.306/0.321 =
0.001
Sales and ope a ions planning (S&OP)→ Supply chain
cybe esilience (SCCR)
0.268/0.257 <
0.001
Table 5
Indi ec and di ec e ec s o 5000 boo s ap samples.
E ec s E ec E o LLCI ULCI
Di ec E ec
Blockchain → SCCR 0.48 0.27 −0.05 1.01
Indi ec E ec s
Blockchain → SCT → SCCR 0.42 0.13 0.16 0.68
Blockchain → SOP → SCCR 0.35 0.10 0.14 0.56
To al 0.77 0.15 0.47 1.07
Lowe limi con idence in e al (CI), Uppe limi CI,.
Supply chain anspa ency (SCT), Sales and ope a ions planning (S&OP),.
Supply chain cybe esilience (SCCR).
A. Hajian e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100744
7
Theo e ical implica ions
The heo e ical implica ions o his s udy a e wo old. Fi s , his
s udy highligh s blockchain as a signi ican explana o y a iable o
imp o ing SC lows, such as cash and in o ma ion low, o imp o e
cybe esilience in isk managemen . As a dis up i e p ac ice, block-
chain can change exis ing SC ela ionships. As demons a ed in he
cu en s udy, anspa ency enabled by blockchain has a conside able
impac on SC pe o mance in e ms o cybe isk mi iga ion. These
indings o e aluable insigh s o de eloping heo ies inco po a ing
blockchain-based anspa ency as a p ac ical componen o isk man-
agemen s a egies. Second, his s udy sugges s ha S&OP is a signi i-
can enable o cybe esilience. Fu u e esea ch has he po en ial o
enhance he unde s anding o his sugges ed ela ionship by in es i-
ga ing he condi ions unde which he impac o S&OP is ei he
dec eased o inc eased. S&OP can enhance coo dina ion and in e ac ion
in he SC while in eg a ing he di e en plans du ing dis up ions (e.g.,
cybe a acks).
Manage ial implica ions
Buil on empi ical e idence and heo e ical suppo , his s udy o e s
h ee manage ial implica ions. Fi s , manage s can employ blockchain-
based in o ma ion managemen o hei SCs. In a blockchain-based
SC, decision make s ha e access o high-quali y da a ha is immune
agains cybe a acks, which con as s wi h adi ional sys ems. SC da a
a e mo e secu e and immune in a blockchain-based sys em, which can
imp o e cybe esilience. A global a e age cybe a ack cos s 4.4 million
dolla s, bu his expense can be a oided in a blockchain-based SC.
Second, manage s can s a egically implemen anspa ency as a
undamen al componen o hei isk managemen app oach. In a
anspa en SC, pe inen in o ma ion, da a, and decision-making p o-
cesses a e isible o s akeholde s. T anspa ency can se e as a p oac i e
ool o ea ly isk de ec ion and assessmen . T anspa ency acili a es
unde s anding o SC isk and empowe s s akeholde s o sha e insigh s
and sugges ions o isk a oidance o mi iga ion. T anspa ency as a isk
managemen s a egy can imp o e s akeholde ela ionships by c ea ing
us and c edibili y. Indus y summi s ha e highligh ed he ole o SC
anspa ency in c ea ing esilience. Thi d, manage s can imp o e SCM
using blockchain-based S&OP, ul ima ely esul ing in highe cus ome
sa is ac ion, lowe lead ime, e icien budge managemen , and be e
demand o ecas ing (Goh & Eld idge, 2019). Ou indings indica e ha
S&OP can imp o e companies’ abili y o iden i y and mi iga e dis up-
ions (e.g., cybe a acks and da a b eaches) (Jonsson e al., 2021). Fo
ins ance, companies such as IBM, Mic oso , and SAP employ
blockchain-based SCs o s eamline anspa en inancial and in en o y
ansac ions.
Limi a ions and u u e esea ch
Findings p esen ed he ein a e limi ed o c oss-sec ional da a, which
can be add essed in u u e esea ch by collec ing longi udinal da a.
Mo eo e , u u e esea ch can imp o e da a quali y by collec ing in-
pe son da a a he han he i ual op ion used in he cu en s udy.
This s udy employed he PBV o p o ide heo e ical suppo . Fu u e
esea ch can employ o he heo e ical amewo ks, such as o ganiza-
ional in o ma ion p ocessing heo y. Fu u e esea ch can explo e po-
en ial media ing a iables o p o ide mo e explana ions ega ding how
blockchain can con ibu e o anspa ency and SCCR. Mo eo e , u u e
esea ch can conside he ole o abso p i e capaci y as a mode a o o
explain when a blockchain-based SC can back i e. The ela ionships
be ween anspa ency and cybe esilience can be explo ed by consid-
e ing he ole o powe and SC complexi y in imes o cybe a acks.
Finally, o he eme ging echnologies, such as he me a e se, can be
conside ed in cybe esilience. Mo e empi ical s udies a e needed o
explain he ole o Indus y 4.0, including blockchain and me a e se, in
SCM, pa icula ly in isk managemen and sus ainable de elopmen .
Fu u e esea ch could explo e he po en ial sus ainabili y implica ions
o blockchain wi hin SCs. Blockchain’s abili y o enhance anspa ency
and aceabili y could play a pi o al ole in ad ancing sus ainable
p ac ices, such as educing was e, op imizing esou ce usage, and
ensu ing e hical sou cing. In es iga ing how blockchain in eg a es wi h
sus ainabili y goals would p o ide aluable insigh s in o i s b oade
impac on SCM and con ibu e o he g owing body o knowledge on
echnology-d i en sus ainabili y ini ia i es.
A ailabili y o da a
The da a is a ailable om he co esponding au ho upon easonable
eques .
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
A a Hajian: W i ing – e iew & edi ing, W i ing – o iginal d a .
Saba Rezaeinejad: W i ing – e iew & edi ing, W i ing – o iginal d a .
Kia ash Rayman: W i ing – e iew & edi ing, W i ing – o iginal d a .
Sajad Kho sand oo: W i ing – e iew & edi ing, So wa e.
Acknowledgmen
This wo k is pa ially suppo ed by NSF g an s 2113945 and
2200538 a NC A&T S a e Uni e si y. Any opinions, indings, and con-
clusions o ecommenda ions exp essed in his ma e ial a e hose o he
au ho s and do no necessa ily e lec he iews o he unding agency.
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