Vogel, Johanna; Reine s, Wul
Wo king Pape
The impac o global go e nance ne wo ks on social inno a ion o
sus ainable de elopmen : Linking se up, enable s and coope a ion
esul s o he Managing Global Go e nance (MGG) Ne wo k
IDOS Discussion Pape , No. 31/2025
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Ge man Ins i u e o De elopmen and Sus ainabili y (IDOS), Bonn
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Vogel, Johanna; Reine s, Wul (2025) : The impac o global go e nance ne wo ks
on social inno a ion o sus ainable de elopmen : Linking se up, enable s and coope a ion esul s
o he Managing Global Go e nance (MGG) Ne wo k, IDOS Discussion Pape , No. 31/2025, ISBN
978-3-96021-276-8, Ge man Ins i u e o De elopmen and Sus ainabili y (IDOS), Bonn,
h ps://doi.o g/10.23661/idp31.2025
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The Impac o Global Go e nance
Ne wo ks on Social Inno a ion o
Sus ainable De elopmen
Linking Se up, Enable s and Coope a ion
Resul s o he Managing Global Go e nance
(MGG) Ne wo k
Johanna Vogel
Wul Reine s
IDOS DISCUSSION PAPER
31/2025
The impac o global go e nance
ne wo ks on social inno a ion o
sus ainable de elopmen
Linking se up, enable s and coope a ion
esul s o he Managing Global Go e nance
(MGG) Ne wo k
Johanna Vogel
Wul Reine s
Bonn 2025
D Johanna Vogel is a Senio Resea che in he depa men “Knowledge coope a ion & aining” a he Ge man
Ins i u e o De elopmen and Sus ainabili y (IDOS) in Bonn.
Email: johanna. ogel@idos- esea ch.de
D Wul Reine s is Head o he Managing Global Go e nance (MGG) P og amme a IDOS.
Email: wul . eine s@idos- esea ch.de
The Ge man Ins i u e o De elopmen and Sus ainabili y (IDOS) is ins i u ionally inanced by he Fede al Minis y
o Economic Coope a ion and De elopmen (BMZ), based on a esolu ion o he Ge man Bundes ag, and he
s a e o No h Rhine-Wes phalia (NRW) as a membe o he Johannes-Rau-Fo schungsgemeinscha (JRF).
Sugges ed ci a ion:
Vogel, J., & Reine s, W. (2025). The impac o global go e nance ne wo ks on social inno a ion o sus ainable
de elopmen : Linking se up, enable s and coope a ion esul s o he Managing Global Go e nance (MGG) Ne wo k
(IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025). IDOS. h ps://doi.o g/10.23661/idp31.2025
Disclaime :
The analyses exp essed in his pape a e hose o he au ho (s) and do no necessa ily e lec he iews o
policies o he Ge man Ins i u e o De elopmen and Sus ainabili y (IDOS).
Excep o he wise no ed, his publica ion is licensed unde C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC BY 4.0). You a e
ee o copy, communica e and adap his wo k, as long as you a ibu e he Ge man Ins i u e o De elopmen
and Sus ainabili y (IDOS) gGmbH and he au ho (s).
IDOS Discussion Pape / Ge man Ins i u e o De elopmen and Sus ainabili y (IDOS) gGmbH
ISSN 2751-4439 (P in )
ISSN 2751-4447 (Online)
ISBN 978-3-96021-276-8 (P in )
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.23661/idp31.2025
© Ge man Ins i u e o De elopmen and Sus ainabili y (IDOS) gGmbH
Tulpen eld 6, 53113 Bonn
Email: publica ions@idos- esea ch.de
h ps://www.idos- esea ch.de
P in ed on eco- iendly, ce i ied pape .
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
III
Abs ac
Ne wo ks as ela ional in as uc u e play an impo an ole in s eng hening coope a i e e o s
owa d sus ainable de elopmen . This pape analyses he Managing Global Go e nance (MGG)
Ne wo k – a ansna ional, mul i-s akeholde ne wo k ha employs collabo a i e aining,
knowledge coope a ion and policy dialogue ins umen s. The ne wo k includes membe s om
B azil, China, he EU, India, Indonesia, Mexico and Sou h A ica. To unde s and how he
implemen a ion o Agenda 2030 h ough coope a ion in ne wo ks can be os e ed, his pape
examines he condi ions unde which global go e nance ne wo ks c ea e impac .
Using a li e a u e e iew, ex e nal e alua ion s udies and 27 quali a i e in e iews, he pape
ca ego ises impac ac oss ou le els: indi idual, o ganisa ional, ne wo k and sys emic–
ins i u ional. Addi ionally, i analyses he impac on he ne wo k i sel – no only as an enable o
impac bu also as a subjec a ec ed by coope a ion wi hin he ne wo k. In his con ex , se e al
ypes o impac can be dis inguished, anging om imp o ed in e na ional coope a ion s uc u es
o beha iou change and he eo ien a ion o o ganisa ional policies.
We conclude ha h ee dimensions o a ne wo k’s se up a e key o enabling social inno a ion
o sus ainable de elopmen :
1. he composi ion o ne wo k membe s
2. he coope a ion in as uc u e
3. he coope a ion cul u e.
These insigh s con ibu e o he ongoing deba e on how o link change a he indi idual le el
wi h ans o ma ion in mo e ins i u ionalised s uc u es – pa icula ly in o ganisa ions and
b oade sys emic con ex s. The pape is especially ele an o schola s engaged in ne wo k
analysis and de elopmen , decision-make s in ol ed in ansna ional mul i-s akeholde
ne wo ks, and in e na ional coope a ion ac o s aiming o sus ainable de elopmen impac .
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
IV
Acknowledgemen s
This s udy was possible only wi h he suppo om many sides. We ex end ou since e g a i ude
o he membe s o he Managing Global Go e nance Ne wo k who ha e sha ed hei s o ies
abou how he ne wo k changed hei li es, and enabled hem o achie e impac in a ious ways.
We a e also e y hank ul o colleagues a IDOS, especially E a Lynde s, Albe Thönniges, D
Cha les Ma in-Shields, D Do o hea Weh mann and D S en G imm o hei in aluable
commen s, addi ions and guidance h oughou he d a ing and pee - e iew p ocess. Na u ally,
he s udy would no ha e been possible wi hou he an as ic wo k and con ibu ions o he en i e
eam a IDOS in concep ualising and cons an ly imp o ing he MGG p og amme objec i es and
ac i i ies along wi h co esponding moni o ing and e alua ion schemes. Finally, we would like
o hank Janne King o he ca e ul language edi ing.
Bonn, Sep embe 2025
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
V
Con en s
Abs ac
Acknowledgemen s
Abb e ia ions
1 In oduc ion 1
1.1 Global go e nance ne wo ks and global sus ainabili y challenges 2
1.2 Me hodology 3
1.3 Main indings o he s udy 5
1.4 S uc u e o he pape 6
2 Impac leading o sus ainable de elopmen 6
2.1 Impac assessmen s ia heo ies o change in de elopmen coope a ion 6
2.2 Impac -enabling se ups o global go e nance ne wo ks 8
2.3 Impac o global go e nance ne wo ks 10
3 The Managing Global Go e nance Ne wo k 12
3.1 Backg ound and objec i es o he MGG Ne wo k 12
3.2 MGG’s heo y o change 14
4 The ques o impac : empi ical e idence and s o ies o change 21
4.1 Indi idual le el 21
4.2 O ganisa ional le el 23
4.3 Sys emic–ins i u ional le el 27
4.1 Impac on he ne wo k i sel 29
5 Discussion o esul s 33
5.1 Enabling ac o s: how a ne wo k’s se up makes impac mo e likely 33
5.2 Types o impac 38
6 Conclusions 41
Re e ences 44
Annexes 49
Annex 1: MGG Ne wo k membe s who con ibu ed change s o ies 49
Annex 2: In e iew guideline/ques ions 50
Annex 3: Follow-up consul a ion on MGG Academy 2018–2023: impac o MGG Ne wo k 53
Annex 4: Numbe o MGG publica ions 2009–2024 55
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
VI
Figu es
Figu e 1: The impac cycle 8
Figu e 2: Impac le els 11
Figu e 3: Linking ne wo k se ups and impac 12
Figu e 4: IDOS heo y o change 13
Figu e 5: Compe encies o sus ainable u u es 15
Figu e 6: MGG Academy pa icipan s pe sec o 2018–2024 16
Figu e 7: Coope a ion hexagon 18
Figu e 8: Enabling ac o s o impac 33
Figu e 9: Impac ypes highligh ed by ne wo k membe s 39
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
VII
Abb e ia ions
ASCI Adminis a i e S a College o India
BMZ Fede al Minis y o Economic Coope a ion and De elopmen
CO2 ca bon dioxide
CSIS Cen e o S a egic and In e na ional S udies
DEI di e si y, equi y and inclusion
ENAP Na ional Ins i u e o Public Adminis a ion o B azil
EU Eu opean Union
G20 G oup o Twen y
GIZ Gesellscha ü In e na ionale Zusammena bei
IDOS Ge man Ins i u e o De elopmen and Sus ainabili y
MGG Managing Global Go e nance
NeST Ne wo k o Sou he n Think Tanks
OECD O ganisa ion o Economic Co-ope a ion and De elopmen
PRODIGEES P omo ing Resea ch on Digi alisa ion in Eme ging Powe s and Eu ope
Towa ds Sus ainable De elopmen
QCI Quali y Council o India
SDG Sus ainable De elopmen Goals
TCU B azilian Fede al Cou o Accoun s
UN Uni ed Na ions
UNFSS Uni ed Na ions Fo um on Sus ainabili y S anda ds
VSS Volun a y Sus ainabili y S anda ds
2030 Agenda 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable De elopmen
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
7
imp o e ac ions o ac o s o enable hem o s i e o impac in an in o med way (Eb ahim &
Rangan, 2014, p. 122). Faced wi h he need o adap o changing en i onmen s, impac assess-
men s help indi iduals, implemen ing o ganisa ions and ne wo ks alike o ind ou how ac i i ies,
se ices and measu es pe o m – whe he o no hey c ea e a pa icula ype o e ec , and wha
he mos p omising en y poin s a e o achie ing g ea e le e age (Co o e al., 2021, p. 2).
Achie ing impac s a s wi h de ining he objec i e o collabo a ion. To be e ec i e in a a ge ed
manne , ac i i ies should ollow a s a egy ha se s ou which o m o in e en ion may b ing
abou he desi ed change. In such a “ heo y o change”, ac o s combine hei (long- e m) goals
wi h a causal logic o e ec s. This e lec s he condi ions in which he ac o ope a es, and he
p ocess o a ge ed in e en ions equi ed (Val e s, 2022). In e en ions can di ec ly con ibu e
o he achie emen o goals, o do so indi ec ly when hey es ablish a p e equisi e o an
in e en ion ha is necessa y in a longe chain o e ec s.
Theo ies o change and impac assessmen ha e, o a long ime, played an impo an ole in
in e na ional de elopmen coope a ion, whe e i is employed o imp o e he c edibili y and
legi imacy o de elopmen ini ia i es (Vähämäki e al., 2011, pp. 2-4). Whe eas ea ly concep s
o social impac assessmen da e back o he 1970s (Vanclay, 2020), he cu en esul s-o ien ed
app oach de eloped in he 2000s, and includes he in oduc ion o he OECD concep o
“managemen o de elopmen esul s” in 2005 (Vähämäki e al., 2011, p. 14). Howe e , a one-
size- i s-all esul s-based managemen app oach does no exis . The e a e esea ch gaps a
di e en le els, no ably he impac o global go e nance ne wo ks on (sus ainable) de elopmen
(Eils up-Sangio anni 2016), and he link be ween changes in he li es o indi iduals and
socie al change (Vähämäki e al., 2011). Such concep ual di e si y and gaps in knowledge o
he condi ions ha lead o impac a e p oblema ic in academic e ms, and hey come wi h
ope a ional consequences o ne wo ks in he ield o de elopmen coope a ion. The assess-
men o collabo a i e wo k is no only necessa y in o de o e alua e and imp o e a ne wo k’s
impac , bu is o en also needed o sa is y he accoun abili y expec a ions o ( unding) pa ne s.
Theo ies o change connec inpu (in es ed esou ces), ou pu ( he immedia e esul s o inpu ,
a se ice o p oduc ), ou come (change esul ing om ou pu ) and impac ( he wide and long-
e m e ec s o ou come) wi h he challenges (and needs a ising om hem) ha equi e
add essing. The concep o he heo y o change plays a p ominen ole in de elopmen
coope a ion. To illus a e, he Gesellscha ü In e na ionale Zusammena bei (GIZ), a cen al
p o ide o Ge many's in e na ional coope a ion se ices, measu es i s esul s in e ms o he
ca ego ies o ou pu , ou come and impac . They desc ibe ou pu as changes achie ed h ough
hei ac i i ies (e.g. p oduc s, ans e ed knowledge, new skills), ou comes as di ec sho - and
medium- e m esul s o an ac i i y (including bene i s o he a ge g oup and any concomi an
beha iou al changes), and impac as longe - e m, o e a ching de elopmen esul s (GIZ, 2020).
In a simila ein, he Ge man Ins i u e o De elopmen and Sus ainabili y wo ks wi h a heo y o
change ha connec s he ins i u e’s ac i i ies ac oss he ields o esea ch, policy ad ice and
aining o ou pu s, ou comes and impac s ha con ibu e o de eloping sus ainable u u es
(IDOS, 2024b).
Pu ing emphasis on he las ing and s uc u al na u e o impac , leads on o a discussion o
social inno a ion. Social inno a ion is de ined as “a complex p ocess o in oducing new
p oduc s, p ocesses o p og ams ha p o oundly change he basic ou ines, esou ces and
au ho i y lows, o belie s o he social sys em in which he inno a ion occu s” (An adze &
Wes ley, 2012, p. 133). Social inno a ion in ol es g oups o people de eloping solu ions o such
demands, and al hough i is a collec i e ac i i y, i is no a mass mo emen , which is loca ed on
he demand side. Figu e 1 isualises he in e connec ed elemen s in ol ed in c ea ing impac in
e ms o he wa e cycle, and an o ganisa ion as like a ship, ha nessing he powe o he
elemen s (s a egy, esou ces, se ices and p oduc s) o make p og ess owa ds a bene icial
ou come ha c ea es impac .
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
8
Figu e 1: The impac cycle
Sou ce: Ku z & Kubek (2014)
In p ac ice, howe e , he a eas o ou come and impac canno always be igidly di e en ia ed
(Ha ding, 2014), as i is done in he abo e-men ioned GIZ de ini ion. A guably, o esea ch
ins i u ions such as IDOS, whe e he MGG p og amme is implemen ed, such di e en ia ion is
no always sensible, as he mode o ope a ion di e s om ha o implemen ing agencies.
P o iding policy ad ice o acili a ing “ac ionable esea ch” may no necessa ily esul in long-
e m impac o nume ous easons, including causes oo ed beyond he quali y o esea ch o
he e idence-basis o he ecommenda ions. Impac assessmen he e o e needs o ake in o
accoun ha esea ch o ganisa ions ha e a a he limi ed co ido o di ec con ibu ions o
de elopmen . In con as o he igid de ini ion o impac – as o ins ance applied by GIZ (see
abo e) – o he pu pose o his s udy we hus ocus bo h on immedia e, measu able ou comes
and on he longe - e m impac o collabo a i e wo k o ne wo k pa ne s.
2.2 Impac -enabling se ups o global go e nance ne wo ks
In e es ed in a be e unde s anding o he condi ions unde which he impac o global
go e nance ne wo ks on sus ainabili y challenges occu s, he s udy ollows he guiding
assump ion ha a ne wo k’s in e nal se up is one o he key enabling ac o s. In iew o his
analysis, he concep o collec i e impac p o ides sui able ools. Collec i e impac is a
amewo k o collabo a i e social change (Ennis & To a, 2020). I e e s o he “commi men o
impo an ac o s om many di e en sec o s o a common agenda o sol ing a speci ic social
p oblem” (De Moo , 2018). In mo e de ail, he “collec i e impac amewo k in ol es c oss-
sec o , in e disciplina y collabo a i e wo k aimed a add essing complex social p oblems” (Ennis
& To a, 2020, p. 3). Typically, “i in ol es s akeholde s such as o ganisa ions, communi y
leade s, go e nmen and business, coming oge he o de elop a common unde s anding o a
p oblem and wo king collabo a i ely o add ess i ” (Kania & K ame 2011). This pa icipa o y
mul i-s akeholde app oach is impo an in ou con ex , as solu ions o complex sys emic
sus ainabili y challenges equi e con ibu ions om, and he meaning ul collabo a ion o , a
he e ogeneous g oup o ac o s om di e en backg ounds, including coun ies, sec o s and
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
9
disciplines. This p inciple is ensh ined in he Uni ed Na ions 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable
De elopmen and i s Sus ainable De elopmen Goals, in pa icula “Goal 17 – Pa ne ship o
he Goals”.
The concep o collec i e impac hus s esses key aspec s ele an o he analysis o ne wo ks,
unde s ood as he space whe e social inno a ion – as a o m o collec i e impac – can ake
place o be ini ia ed (Plas ik e al., 2022, p. 13): he composi ion o ac o s, hei collabo a i e
wo k, hei commi men and he s uc u e suppo ing in e ac ions. Connec ed o he deba e
abou global go e nance ne wo ks and he impac deba e in he de elopmen coope a ion ield,
hese aspec s can be ansla ed in a b oade sense o h ee ele an ca ego ies as key
componen s o analyse a ne wo k. In e y simple e ms, a ne wo k is a social s uc u e ha
consis s o ac o s ha in e ac wi h each o he (Ma in & Wellman, 2011; Sco , 2012). On he
ele ance o in e ac ion, h ee undamen al ques ions can be asked:
1. Who coope a es? – he composi ion o ne wo k membe s
2. On wha s uc u al bases do ac o s coope a e? – he coope a ion in as uc u e (including
inpu and ou pu )
3. How do ac o s coope a e? – he coope a ion cul u e o a ne wo k.
(1) The composi ion o membe s o a ne wo k is c ucial, as he membe s p o ide he
knowledge, skills and social and poli ical capi al ha can be employed in collabo a i e ac ion
ha leads o social inno a ion. Any ans o ma ion equi es, amongs o he hings, he igh
combina ion o expe ise (Laza us & Fun owicz, 2023), along wi h access o in o ma ion and
decision-making p ocesses. In o he wo ds, whe he o no a ne wo k can achie e impac
depends on he membe s whose coope a ion i makes possible, and on whe he hese membe s
conside he ne wo k o p o ide a aluable ma ch-making unc ion ha will help hem o wo k
( ecip ocally) owa ds hei own goals.11 Ne wo k membe s a e ypically indi iduals, bu , in
p inciple, en i e o ganisa ions o sub-uni s o en i ies can be ega ded as membe s.
(2) The coope a ion in as uc u e e e s o he ools, mechanisms and s uc u es ha enable
ele an decision make s o access a ne wo k o o he like-minded people, who con ibu e
expe ise and ha e he capaci y o shape decisions o ou comes in line wi h hei objec i es. I
includes esou ces and ins umen s ha enable collabo a ion be ween ne wo k membe s. As
such, he impac assessmen may conside hem as in bo h he inpu and ou pu a ea.
(3) The coope a ion cul u e in a ne wo k is de e mined by he alues, no ms and p inciples
ha cha ac e ise he app oach o he ne wo k membe s o coope a ion. Cul u es may a y
ac oss he di e en “beha iou al dimensions” o coope a ion (Messne & Weinlich, 2016), such
as us among ne wo k membe s, decision-making and en o cemen p ocesses in he ne wo k,
s onge o weake hie a chies in he go e nance se up, and he s eng h o a common iden i y.
Clea ly, he h ee key aspec s o a ne wo k se up a e in e dependen . To illus a e, coope a ion
in as uc u e and cul u e in luence which ac o s can be a ac ed o join ne wo k ac i i ies.
Simila ly, he composi ion o ac o s comes wi h s ong implica ions o he epu a ion o he
ne wo k and has an e ec on in as uc u al elemen s (e.g. inancial esou ces) and coope a ion
cul u e. The a ailabili y o a coope a ion in as uc u e, in u n, a ec s he possibili y o sel -
o ganisa ion (Biggs e al., 2010; Vogel, 2021) and he eby he coope a ion cul u e o a ne wo k.
11 Fu he in o ma ion can be ound in Reibe & Ebe z, 2024, p. 64, in he sec ion “Iden i ying and connec ing
change make s”.
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
10
2.3 Impac o global go e nance ne wo ks
When we ake a close look a impac on sus ainable de elopmen in he con ex o ne wo ks
and collabo a i e coope a ion, i becomes clea ha i can ake many di e en o ms. The eason
si s in he in eg a ed and global na u e o he 2030 Agenda and he (po en ially) wide ange o
a eas whe e ne wo ks ope a e. To illus a e, ele an impac can occu ac oss he en i e
spec um o SDGs, om po e y educ ion, o clima e ac ion, o he de elopmen o public–
p i a e pa ne ships. I can span all poli ical le els, om he local o he global. In his con ex , a
highly ins i u ionalised na u e o impac , such as is ep esen ed in he o m o social inno a ion,
is ele an and ul ima ely desi able. A he same ime, con ibu ions ha seem o be smalle o
ini ially o a empo a y na u e, can cons i u e impo an s eps owa ds a undamen al change in
he ield o sus ainable de elopmen .
Agains his backg ound, ou analysis applies a lexible scheme o g asp di e en ypes o impac
along wo basic dimensions: he numbe o people a ec ed and he deg ee o which a change
is ins i u ionalised, in he sense o being las ing and o a s uc u al na u e. Along hese c i e ia,
we can di e en ia e h ee le els o impac (Vogel & Reine s, 2022).
The indi idual le el o impac e e s o he si ua ion when ne wo k ac i i ies a ec a pe son’s
li e. To illus a e, he ou pu o a aining o ma p o ided by he ne wo k can be he s eng hened
compe encies o he enla ged ne wo k o a ci il se an . Impac a he indi idual le el akes
place when hese compe encies o ne wo k con ac s lead he indi idual ealise p og ess in he
implemen a ion o he 2030 Agenda. Analy ically, impac also akes place a he le el o he
indi idual when he e ec can be seen on a g oup o indi iduals as, o ins ance, when a coho
o ainees bene i s om compe ence de elopmen .
The o ganisa ional le el is add essed when s uc u al change can be obse ed o an en i y,
o ins ance a public body o a company. To illus a e, a ne wo k ac i i y may lead o a cu iculum
upda e o a aining ins i u ion. The analy ical le el o o ganisa ions is also add essed when a
g oup o o ganisa ions unde goes such a change. The le el o ins i u ionalisa ion is ypically
highe in his con ex due o he “s ickiness” o o ganisa ions and hei o malised go e nance
s uc u es.
Impac akes place a he sys emic–ins i u ional le el, when ne wo k ac i i ies esul in
undamen al change in wide (poli ical, socie al, economic) sys ems. Ne wo k membe s migh
in luence in e na ional discou ses and unde s andings o “good p ac ice” ega ding aining
ela ed o he 2030 Agenda, o con ibu e in ano he o m o he s uc u al e-shaping o he
aining landscape. This highes deg ee o ins i u ional change is based on deep epis emic and
socie al oo edness, and a wide ange o ac o s, indi idual and o ganisa ional, pe pe ua ing and
p o ec ing he inno a ion.
Las , bu no leas , a pa icula impac le el o ansna ional ne wo k ac i i ies is he ne wo k
i sel . Ne wo k ac i i ies can be mu ually ein o cing, and, linked o he ne wo k’s size, cha ac e
and modus ope andi, collabo a i e wo k can a ec he se up o he ne wo k. In mos cases, his
impac would quali y as o ganisa ional-le el impac (a he le el o he ne wo k’s pa ne
o ganisa ions, and o he ne wo k as a o m o o ganisa ion) bu is mos ly g ounded ini ially in
indi idual change. Howe e , in p inciple, he e-s uc u ing o e y la ge and highly in luen ial
ne wo ks can also come wi h impac a he sys emic–ins i u ional le el. Fo he pu pose o his
s udy, hese sel - ela ed e ec s a e ea ed as a dis inc ca ego y o impac .
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
11
Figu e 2: Impac le els
Sou ce: Au ho s
Figu e 2 illus a es he app oach. The spec um o impac is he e ma ked on he one side
(x-axis) by he numbe o people in ol ed and on he o he side (y-axis) he deg ee o ins i u-
ionalisa ion. The g ea e he numbe o people in ol ed in a change p ocess, he u he igh
on he g aph he change can be loca ed. Simila ly, he longe , he mo e egula , na u al o
in eg a ed a change, he highe i is loca ed wi hin he spec um o change. Bo h axes can be
iewed as a con inuum o as luid, because in many conc e e cases in es iga ed o e a
compa a i ely sho pe iod o ime, i is ha d o conclusi ely de e mine how many people exac ly
we e a ec ed, bo h di ec ly and indi ec ly, and how deeply a ce ain impac has ul ima ely been
oo ed in he espec i e sys em. Consequen ly, he assessmen is no pu ely quan i a i e. While
ha is a s a , quali a i e elemen s – na a i es o he dep h o change – ha e o be aken in o
conside a ion, oo.
Building on hese concep ual unde pinnings, Figu e 3 p esen s he in e ela ions be ween he
impac o ne wo ks a di e en le els and he ne wo k se up as in oduced in Sec ion 2.2.
Essen ially, i condenses he esea ch amewo k o his s udy, illus a ing ou esea ch in e es in
he in e connec ion be ween ne wo k se up and impac c ea ed by he ne wo k a he indi idual,
o ganisa ional and sys emic–ins i u ional le el. Beyond his in e ela ion, he s udy also
in es iga es he ypes o impac ha a e c ea ed.
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
12
Figu e 3: Linking ne wo k se ups and impac
Sou ce: Au ho s
3 The Managing Global Go e nance Ne wo k
Ou s udy o a global go e nance ne wo k ha s i es o a posi i e impac on sus ainable
de elopmen is he Managing Global Go e nance (MGG) Ne wo k. Analysing MGG wi h
e e ence o he condi ions ha acili a ed impac ul collabo a i e ac ion, we will, in a i s s ep,
p esen i s heo y o change as well as i s coope a ion se up along he ca ego ies o composi ion,
in as uc u e and cul u e. In p epa a ion o his, a b ie in oduc ion on backg ound and his o y
will help unde s and he ne wo k de elopmen since 2007. In a second s ep, we will sc u inise
he impac o he ne wo k achie ed ac oss di e en le els and ypes o impac .
3.1 Backg ound and objec i es o he MGG Ne wo k
MGG is a ansna ional and in e disciplina y mul i-s akeholde ne wo k, which has been
de eloped since 2005 (Fues, 2018a). Funded by he Ge man Fede al Minis y o Economic
Coope a ion and De elopmen and he Minis y o Cul u e and Science o No h Rhine-
Wes phalia, he Ge man Ins i u e o De elopmen and Sus ainabili y (IDOS) has he cen al ole
in implemen ing, main aining and nu u ing i s ac i i ies. In 2025, he ne wo k encompasses
a ound 500 indi idual ne wo k membe s and a ound 100 o ganisa ions ha a e o ha e been
in ol ed in i s ac i i ies. Acco ding o he e ms o e e ence, he MGG p og amme’s ac i i ies
a e aimed a he join de elopmen and implemen a ion o con ibu ions o add ess global
sus ainabili y challenges.
The MGG p og amme ope a es wi hin he amewo k o IDOS’s heo y o change (IDOS, 2024b)
and concep ualisa ion o pa hways o impac . A IDOS, impac is de ined as success ul shaping
o academic, policy and public deba es as con ibu ions o a ans o ma ion ha leads o
sus ainable u u es. Consequen ly, he impac assessmen o he MGG Ne wo k is aligned wi h
he ins i u e's s a egic manda e o implemen in e disciplina y esea ch, impac -o ien ed policy
ad ice and in e na ionally o ien ed aining. In his ein, he objec i es o indi idual p ojec s and
ne wo ks a e e alua ed in iew o hei scien i ic, ad iso y and educa ional ou comes ac oss
planning and epo ing cycles. The assessmen ocuses on bo h quan i a i e and quali a i e
indica o s – such as publica ions, policy in luence and engagemen wi h a ge g oups –
emphasising he impo ance o subs an ia ed na a i es and plausibly a gued links be ween
esea ch ac i i ies and obse ed changes in discou se o p ac ice (IDOS, 2020).
Figu e 4: IDOS heo y o change
Sou ce: IDOS (2024b, p. 43)
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
14
The ins i u e employs ex e nal e alua ions, eedback mechanisms, ace s udies and quali a i e
assessmen s, such as policy in e ac ions and alumni engagemen , o highligh success beyond
nume ical me ics. Consequen ly, he ac i i ies o MGG and i s impac assessmen a e
embedded in he ins i u ional amewo k o IDOS, and in pa icula i s depa men “knowledge
coope a ion and aining”, manda ed o de elop indi idual compe encies, shape o ganisa ional
cul u es, os e ins i u ional linkages and p omo e sel -sus ained ne wo ks.
Building on his, MGG’s wo k s a s om he assump ion ha a commonly ag eed agenda is key
o add essing any (sus ainabili y) challenge. Despi e g owing con es a ion amid geopoli ical
ensions, he 2030 Agenda and i s SDGs o e s such a global e o m agenda, ag eed upon by
all membe s a es in he UN Gene al Assembly. As an exis ing and anspa en sys em o goals
ha also p o ides guidance o local and egional ac o s, i o e s a common poin o e e ence
o collec i e ac ion. The ambi ious and in e ela ed goals o he 2030 Agenda, howe e , exceed
he scope o ac ion o indi idual policies and indi idual s a es. They can only be achie ed in a
c oss-sec o al and c oss-policy app oach h ough coope a ion be ween go e nmen ins i u ions,
academia, ci il socie y and he p i a e sec o , when coope a ion and c oss-bo de p oblem-
sol ing go beyond in e go e nmen al p ocesses. MGG’s se up as a mul i-s akeholde ne wo k
is based on his unde s anding. Following a concep o global coope a ion by he Ge man
go e nmen , MGG b ings oge he ac o s om coun ies wi h wide global each: B azil, China,
India, Indonesia, Mexico and Sou h A ica, as well as om Ge many and he EU. Coope a ion
wi h hese ising global powe s is o pa icula impo ance, as hey combine aspi a ion o global
in luence and egional impac due o hei geog aphical and demog aphic si ua ion as well as
hei economic and poli ical de elopmen . A he same ime, hey ace eno mous in e nal
de elopmen challenges (see: BMZ (Fede al Minis y o Economic Coope a ion and
De elopmen ), 2021).
3.2 MGG’s heo y o change
MGG’s heo y o change ope a es in he con ex o he IDOS heo y o change (Figu e 4), which
s i es o success ul shaping o academic, policy and public deba es in iew o ans o ma ions
owa ds sus ainable u u es based on IDOS esea ch, policy ad ice and aining (impac ). In his
con ex , MGG and IDOS employ academic publica ions, e en s, policy publica ions and
compe ence de elopmen (ou pu s) o con ibu e o he ins i u e’s ambi ions. In he speci ic se up
o a global go e nance ne wo k, MGG’s heo y o change is based on a combina ion o (1)
ele an ac o s, (2) an e ec i e coope a ion in as uc u e ha de elops and employs he
compe encies combined in he ne wo k, and (3) a dis inc o m o coope a ion cul u e. In his
con ex , compe ence is unde s ood as a combina ion o knowledge, skills and a i udes, enabling
an ac o ’s e ec i e engagemen in a ious si ua ions and con ex s (Reibe , 2025, pp.62-67).
MGG conside s a dedica ed se o compe encies as key o enabling change owa ds sus ainable
de elopmen . These compe encies (Figu e 5) a e needed o sense-making (including sys ems
hinking, no ma i e compe ence and c i ical hinking), inno a ion and ans o ma ion (including
u u es hinking, le e aging c ea i i y and s a egic ac ion), and coope a ion compe encies
(including e lexi i y, communica ion and dialogue, con lic managemen and le e aging
di e si y) (Reibe , 2025, Reibe & Ebe z, 2024; Cha opadhyay, 2018).
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
15
Figu e 5: Compe encies o sus ainable u u es
Sou ce: Reibe (2025)
(1) Composi ion o ne wo k membe s
Wi h he ambi ion o b ing oge he a s ong ep esen a ion o hese compe encies so ha pee
lea ning ac oss sec o s and coun ies can un old, he ne wo k implemen s a membe selec ion
and on-boa ding s a egy. The o e a ching objec i e is o b ing oge he “change-agen s” and
key o ganisa ions whose collabo a ion allows o a ge ed ansna ional and ansdisciplina y
wo k owa ds global sus ainable de elopmen (Reibe & Ebe z, 2024). This app oach ul ima ely
aims o impac he domes ic and in e na ional sphe es, and ollows he insigh ha in e -
disciplina y and in e -sec o al collabo a ion inc eases he possible impac o ini ia ed p ocesses
(Biggs e al., 2010, p. 4).
Consequen ly, he selec ion o ne wo k membe s is based on c i e ia ega ding he ele ance o
applican s’ wo k a ea o sus ainable de elopmen and global coope a ion, indi idual expe ise
and quali ica ion, o ganisa ional a ilia ion and posi ion he ein, as well as mo i a ion and
change-making po en ial. On his basis, wha is aspi ed o is a balanced ep esen a ion o
coun ies, sec o s (go e nmen ins i u ions and public adminis a ion, esea ch ins i u ions and
hink anks, in e na ional o ganisa ions, ci il socie y, he p i a e sec o , a s), disciplines and
gende . Also, a s ong di e si y in e ms o cul u es, socio-economic s a us and pe sonali ies
(Domínguez, 2021) is conside ed as bene icial o he mul i-s akeholde se up needed o add ess
he sys emic na u e o sus ainabili y ans o ma ions (And ade, 2020).
Rec ui men and on-boa ding o ne wo k membe s can ake wo o ms. Ei he candida es a e
accep ed in esponse o an open call o applica ion o one o he ac i i ies, o hey a e in i ed
o pa icipa e in an ac i i y based on hei epu a ion and ecommenda ions om ne wo k
membe s. A key ac i i y o b inging new membe s o he ne wo k is he Academy ha uns
abou h ee mon hs e e y yea . He e, pa icipan s a e accep ed only in esponse o an open call
agains he complex se o c i e ia and quo as p e iously men ioned.12 Al hough oppo uni ies
o candida es om di e en na ionali ies o pa icipa e in ime-in ensi e ac i i ies ab oad a e no
equal, con inuously high numbe o applica ions demons a e in e es in he o ma and he
ensuing ne wo k membe ship om all pa ne coun ies and egions (MGG, 2025a).
12 Fo a comple e o e iew o he Call o Applica ion see h ps://mgg.ne wo k/page/mgg-academy.
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
16
Pa ne o ganisa ions play an impo an ole in he s a egic de elopmen o he ne wo k, as hei
quali y, posi ion and ele ance ansla e in o oppo uni ies o he ne wo k as a whole o ha e
impac . An o ganisa ion is conside ed a pa ne i indi idual employees o a ilia es a e ne wo k
membe s, and i he leade ship o he o ganisa ion suppo s he o ganisa ion’s a ilia ion o he
ne wo k. MGG seeks o build las ing coope a ion among ins i u ional pa ne s by engaging
mul iple indi iduals om he same o ganisa ions o e ime, while also os e ing di e si y and
openness by acili a ing exchange ac oss di e en pa ne ins i u ions, and by con inuously
welcoming new ac o s in o he ne wo k. Among long-s anding pa ne s a e o ganisa ions ha
ha e p o ed o play a key ole in d i ing sus ainable ans o ma ions bo h in he domes ic con ex
and in global discou se. Fo example, in he public sec o , pa ne o ganisa ions wi h mul iple
indi idual ne wo k membe s include he Minis y o En i onmen and he Cen al Bank o B azil,
and he Minis y o Finance in Indonesia. A coope a ion ag eemen wi h he Ge man Fede al
Fo eign O ice ensu es join aining and dialogue ac i i ies wi h in e na ional diploma s. In he
ield o academia and hink anks, leading o ganisa ions such as he Shanghai Ins i u es o
In e na ional S udies (SIIS), he Resea ch and In o ma ion Sys em o De eloping Coun ies in
India (RIS), he Ins i u e o Applied Economic Resea ch (IPEA) in B azil, he Cen e o S a egic
and In e na ional S udies (CSIS) in Indonesia, o Ins i u o Mo a in Mexico a e cases in poin .
Leading uni e si ies and aining ins i u ions o he public sec o a e key pa ne o ganisa ions
as well, including he Na ional School o Go e nmen o Sou h A ica (NSG), he Adminis a i e
S a College o India (ASCI), he Na ional Ins i u e o Public Adminis a ion o B azil (ENAP), o
he Na ional Ins i u e o Public Adminis a ion o Indonesia (NIPA/LAN). Ci il socie y
o ganisa ions wi h a global o ien a ion, and inno a o s om he p i a e sec o , o ins ance
wo king o Amazon, complemen he mix o o ganisa ions. Figu e 6 illus a es he sec o al
dis ibu ion o MGG Academy pa icipan s be ween 2018 and 2024.
Figu e 6: MGG Academy pa icipan s pe sec o 2018–2024
Sou ce: Own calcula ion based on MGG Academy Pa icipan s S a is ics 2018-2024
(2) Coope a ion in as uc u e
MGG o e s a mul i-laye ed coope a ion in as uc u e ha acili a es bo h he u he de elop-
men o compe encies and coope a ion in he ne wo k, aiming o un old he po en ial o change-
making. The in as uc u e comp ises: an annual aining and dialogue o ma (MGG Academy),
knowledge coope a ion and policy dialogue ini ia i es ac oss ele an issue a eas, and a se o
ins umen s o con inuously s eng hen he bonding and coope a ion o membe s.
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
23
p og amme backed by addi ional unding o pu sue insigh s om he Academy. Imp o ed
expe ise and in e na ional ca ee de elopmen ul ima ely come wi h chances o con ibu e o
global deba es, pa icipa e in he sys emic–ins i u ional a ena, and o access ele an o ums.
The p omo ion o ne wo k membe s o in e na ional o ganisa ions is a case in poin , as
happened o ins ance o a ne wo k membe , who mo ed om he Indonesian Na ional Bu eau
o S anda disa ion o he cen al sec e a ia o he In e na ional O ganiza ion o S anda diza ion
(ISO).
Impac on he indi idual le el also becomes isible (and ungible) when ne wo k membe s
change hei communica ion on sus ainabili y- ela ed opics o di e se a ge g oups, be i in
publica ions, newspape con ibu ion o on social media. Inc eased communica ion can be bo h
a e lec ion o he coope a ion app oaches o MGG and he in ol emen o di e en ne wo k
membe s:
Inspi ed by he ib an Glocal illage a MGG [Academy] 2022, I ini ia ed a podcas
named “Going Glocal”. The name i sel encapsula es he essence o MGG’s philosophy
– he concep ha ou ideas, like he wo ld, should ha e no bounda ies. (Sim an
Dhing a, India, Academy 2022) 16
Mau icio D. Ace es om my ba ch s a ed w i ing egula ly o Ga eway House (Aliasge
Boo wallas’s Home Ins i u ion) on issues o Wes Asia and o eign ela ions. (Ali
Boo walla, India, Academy 2022).17
To sum up, impac on he indi idual le el ypically ma e ialises in he o m o s ong de elopmen
ac oss a wide spec um o compe encies needed o in e na ional coope a ion and sus ainabili y
ans o ma ions. Based on deepened and widened knowledge, he ange and numbe o
indi idual sus ainabili y-o ien ed ini ia i es inc eases oo. Following s eng hened awa eness
and knowledge, ne wo k membe s change hei communica ion – indi idually, and in coun y
eams – o ad ance he sus ainabili y agenda h ough publica ions o o he media. I communi-
ca ion and dissemina ion add esses decision-make s in he global go e nance a ena, we can
assume he ambi ion o achie e impac a u he le els, including he sys emic–ins i u ional.
The de eloped compe ence se can also cons i u e he basis o academic p omo ion and he
decision o ad ance expe ise in specialised ields, o ins ance in he o m o pu suing a PhD o
aking up a ellowship. Mo e o en han ha , howe e , impac akes he o m o a change in job
and ca ee de elopmen , which can be acili a ed by he epu a ion associa ed wi h he Academy
aining p og amme, o wi h con ac s in he ne wo k ha suppo job p omo ion. Mos impo an ly,
he aspi a ion o change he posi ion is ypically associa ed wi h he ambi ion o engage mo e
(p o oundly) wi h sus ainabili y.
4.2 O ganisa ional le el
In many cases, impac on he indi idual is – and is aspi ed o be – he i s s ep owa ds la ge
sus ainabili y-o ien ed change p ocesses. On he o ganisa ional le el, i akes place when
p ocesses, p og ammes o o he ype o ac ions wi hin an o ganisa ion a e al e ed ollowing an
ini ia i e o , o he collabo a ion wi h, he ne wo k, i s ac o s and in as uc u e. Whe eas he
16 The podcas can be ound he e:
h ps://open.spo i y.com/show/48GicVQnE51j 4Ja92Bb P?si=eUMSQeRGR yEme9DqnsubA&u m_sou c
e=wha sapp&u m_medium=wha sapp&nd=1&_b anch_ma ch_id=1262681721794004715&_b anch_ e e
e =H4sIAAAAAAAAA8soKSko LXLy7IL8lMq9TLyczL1k8ud J0DHQ1NHNOAgAUGnqOIAAAAA%3D%3D
. Accessed: 19 May 2025.
17 The con ibu ion o Mau icio D. Ace es o Ga eway House India can be ound he e:
h ps://www.ga ewayhouse.in/au ho /mau icio-d-ace es/. Accessed: 19 May 2025.
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
24
indi idual le el in ol es only one o a ew ac o s, a he o ganisa ional le el, mo e people han
one ne wo k membe mus be subjec o impac ; i needs o be a g oup o membe s o addi ional
colleagues, an en i e uni , o mo e. In his sense, impac a he indi idual le el is an in eg al
elemen o b oade impac a he o ganisa ional le el. O ganisa ional change is, hence, a le el
a which impac on and o indi iduals can be mul iplied. A he same ime, o ganisa ional change
in ol es a s onge deg ee o ins i u ionalisa ion as impac becomes embedded in o ganisa ional
s uc u es. Consequen ly, in ou iew, impac a he o ganisa ional le el anges om he
changed beha iou o mul iple indi iduals in he same o ganisa ion o changes in an
o ganisa ion’s in e nal modus ope andi, policies o s a egic o ien a ion. Na u ally, simila impac
on a la ge numbe o o ganisa ions, in pa allel, is possible oo.
In he MGG con ex , o ganisa ional change is o en connec ed o he Academy’s impac on
pa icipan s, when he lea ning and dialogue expe ience o an indi idual is he s a ing poin o
de elop ela ed aining o ma s o hei home o ganisa ion o ex e nal pa ne s. Gi en he
mul iplica ion unc ion o aine s, alumni o he Academy he eby ad ance p og ess owa ds he
implemen a ion o he 2030 Agenda h ough he de elopmen o compe encies in a wide se o
indi iduals. The ollowing quo es illus a e his ype o impac :
Wi hin he (MGG) Academy I ha e lea ned […] how o design i ual wo kshops and
how o p io i ise he mos ele an opics o di e en s akeholde g oups o p omo e he
Agenda 2030. Toge he wi h ano he MGG Alumni (2021) we had he oppo uni y o
ans e hese lea nings in o p ac ice and design a i ual wo kshop o a g oup o high-
anking public se an s in Guadalaja a who we e planning o sus ainable de elopmen
a he municipal le el. We could expe ience di ec ly how ou lea nings om he MGG
Ne wo k made a di e ence o he wo k o hese public se an s, who gained mo e
cla i y on how o in eg a e p io i ies o sus ainable de elopmen in hei plans. (Mi iam
O donez, Mexico, Academy 2020)
Du ing my MGG jou ney, I wo ked on he change-make p ojec : How o c ea e a deepe
unde s anding o he newly adop ed concep o eminis de elopmen policy (on a
municipal le el? […] I ook his wo kshop back o my o ganisa ion and we we e able o
ealise a eam day on […] his opic wi h all my 40 colleagues. […] As a consequence,
we included ques ions in ou unding applica ion o ms on eminis de elopmen policy
and how p ojec s deal wi h gende equali y. (Sab ina Die e , Ge many, Academy 2022)
My change s o y s a ed in he MGG Academy 2019, whe e I me wo ellows who we e
also in e es ed in mains eaming gende ac oss all pa s o he SDGs. We
concep ualised a wo kshop and acili a ed i in he nex i ual Academy. I was able o
include he lea ning […] a my job as a Gende Scien is a he In e na ional C ops
Resea ch Ins i u e o he Semi-A id T opics (ICRISAT). As pa o a p ojec on
wa e shed esea ch, we ained 22 echnical scien is s how o include gende in his
enginee ing and bio-physical science domina ed ield. […] I could expe ience how he
awa eness le el o he pa icipan s was changing du ing he wo kshop. (Ananya
Chak abo y, India, Academy 2019).
The examples illus a e how MGG Ne wo k membe s employ inc eased knowledge, imp o ed
skills and nu u ed a i udes o add ess a la ge g oup o people. The impac on a la ge numbe
o indi iduals om he same o ganisa ions ansla es o changing ac ions, p ocesses o
p og amme s uc u es wi hin he o ganisa ion. The ainings di e in e ms o o m, scope and
in ensi y. He e, impac is mo e s ongly mul iplied when a whole se ies o semina s is
implemen ed, o when wide audiences a e add essed h ough uni e si ies o in e na ional
o ganisa ions.
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
25
As a pa o he Expe ODS (Obje i os de Desa ollo Sos enible / Sus ainable De elop-
men Goals) g oup, I ha e a semina on sus ainable go e nance. I eme ges om he
Sus ainable De elopmen Solu ions Ne wo k (SDSN) o he Uni ed Na ions and he
Municipal S udies Cen e . 23 public se an s and specialis s om Mexico, Colombia,
Ge many, No way and Sweden ha e pa icipa ed, exposing success ul cases o mul i-
s akeholde alliances in achie ing 16 o he 17 SDGs o he 2030 Agenda. (Blanca Elena
Gómez Ga cía, Mexico, Academy 2021)
E en s onge impac is achie ed when an o ganisa ional change s a s o o malise and
add esses o ganisa ional s uc u es o p ocesses. This has happened o ins ance du ing he
se up o he Policy Uni o he Quali y Council o India (QCI) ollowing he con ibu ions o he
MGG Ne wo k membe Rud aneel Cha opadhyay (India, Academy 2017), who led he
o ma ion p ocess, epo ing o he Sec e a y Gene al o QCI in Augus 2019. In he unde lying
concep no e, he wo king p inciples o he uni make explici e e ence o MGG.18 Fu he
examples, in which new wo king ou ines ha e been es ablished, documen he impac o MGG
in he a ea o managemen o leade ship. A epo om a ne wo k membe exempli ies how he
p inciple o mul i-s akeholde engagemen and compe ence de elopmen played ou in he
con ex o a esea ch o ganisa ion.
Al e na i es in planning ac i i ies and alignmen be ween all pa ies in ol ed in he
p ojec s, as well as he o ma ion o new capabili ies o social impac p ojec s in u al
de elopmen , we e some o he changes b ough abou by he knowledge acqui ed on
my jou ney a he MGG Academy 2022. (Ma cel A ioli, B azil, Academy 2022)
Whe eas some imes he change ini ia ed a he o ganisa ional le el is o an inc emen al na u e,
possibly less obse able o he ou side, he MGG ajec o y also includes examples wi h widely
isible impac . The s eng hening o he sus ainabili y o ien a ion o he Cen al Bank o B azil is
a case in poin , as illus a ed by he “Sus ainabili y Dimension o he Agenda BC#”.19 A MGG
Ne wo k membe played a cen al ole in he de elopmen o his ini ia i e, and connec ed his
ins umen al con ibu ions o he co e o he ne wo k’s coope a ion in as uc u e, he MGG
Academy:
Thanks o wha I lea ned a he MGG Academy, I go in ol ed wi h he ea ly e o s o
in eg a e sus ainabili y in o he Cen al Bank o B azil ope a ions, ac ing as a liaison wi h
sus ainabili y NGOs and helping shape g ass oo s uc u es ha la e ga e bi h o he
Sus ainabili y Dimension a he Cen al Bank o B azil, in eg a ing en i onmen al and
social c i e ia in o he hea o he coun y’s inancial sys em. […] The MGG Academy
is he sou ce o all o his. Wi hou wha I lea ned he e, I couldn’ ha e been in ol ed in
such an impo an sys emic change in B azil’s inancial sys em. (Raphael And ezo,
B azil, Academy 2017, o hcoming)
Ano he example om B azil, whe e he MGG Ne wo k gene a ed angible impac a he
o ganisa ional le el, comes om he Na ional School o Public Adminis a ion (ENAP). The
ins i u ion has sen mul iple s a membe s o pa icipa e in he MGG Academy, and de eloped
in o a key pa ne in he ne wo k’s knowledge coope a ion and policy dialogue ini ia i es. O e
he yea s, sus ainabili y has become pa o he o ganisa ional cul u e; oday, i is one o i s
18 The concep no e is an in e nal documen ; i was shown o he au ho s o his s udy.
19 The “Sus ainabili y Dimension” (#BC) is an ini ia i e launched by he Cen al Bank o B azil in 2020, which
aims o in eg a e en i onmen al, social and clima e conside a ions in o he inancial sys em. I comp ises a
se ies o measu es and ules, including he es ablishmen o he bank’s Social, En i onmen al and Clima e
Responsibili y Policy. This policy guides he bank’s in e nal go e nance and he app oach owa ds he na ional
inancial sys em. Fo mo e in o ma ion see: h ps://www.bcb.go .b /en/ inancials abili y/sus ainabili y, and
he ideo documen a ion o he launch: h ps://www.you ube.com/wa ch? =lxYmzkTTVOU. Accessed 31
Janua y 2025.
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
26
s onges ields o expe ise. The con ibu ion o MGG o his o ganisa ional de elopmen is
illus a ed by he s a emen o one o he MGG Ne wo k membe s wo king a ENAP:
Th ough he MGG Ne wo k I ha e in luenced decision-make s o make he 2030
Agenda an in eg al pa o he mind se o ou ins i u ion, he B azilian Na ional School
o Public Adminis a ion (ENAP). We ha e become a e e ence aining ins i u ion in
La in Ame ica on he implemen a ion o he 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable De elopmen
in ou cu iculum. (João Vi o Domingues, B azil, Academy 2018)
Addi ionally, ne wo k impac also eaches he o ganisa ional le el i a new wo king a ea linked
o sus ainable de elopmen is in oduced in an o ganisa ion ollowing he coope a ion wi h he
MGG Ne wo k. This has been he case o he Cen e o S a egic and In e na ional S udies
(CSIS) in Jaka a, Indonesia, an in e na ionally ecognised esea ch ins i u ion, which belongs
o he leading hink anks o Sou heas Asia. Whe eas he o ganisa ion adi ionally ocused on
o he opics, he se up o a clima e change uni is pa ly associa ed wi h MGG. Today, he
ins i u e uns mul iple p ojec s in his ield.
[…] and in ou case […] we es ablished a clima e change ne wo k wi hin CSIS, which
has been adi ionally ocusing on ade and o eign a ai s. This is a huge success o
us. We a e now in eg a ing clima e s udies and disas e isk managemen wi hin ade
economics. (Bel saza K ise ya, Indonesia, Academy 2019)
The ollowing example o o ganisa ional change – in an enginee ing con ex – illus a es ha
such o ms o inno a ion can be his o ic o an o ganisa ion, and po en ially in ol e a high
numbe o sub-uni s and a ilia ed indi iduals:
This yea , my dean in i ed me o become an ad iso o in e na ional coope a ion o my
ins i u e. In his unc ion I […] p omo ed a compe i ion o ou 22 campuses (in Bahia
S a e) o de elop a sus ainable p ojec ela ed o a leas one o he SDGs wi h an
in e na ional con ex . This compe i ion wi h he ocus on he SDGs is comple ely new o
ou ins i u e which has a mo e han 100-yea -old his o y. The ins i u e will o e a
inancial suppo o he implemen a ion o he ou bes p ojec p oposals. (Ma ia
Cândida Mousinho, B azil, Academy 2007)
A dis inc ype o o ganisa ional change is he ealisa ion o new collabo a i e p ojec s be ween
ac o s and o ganisa ions ini ia ed by he ne wo k.20 Such impac o en akes he o m o join
publica ion p ocesses, when mo e han one o ganisa ion con ibu es o i s implemen a ion. This
p ocess includes he c ea ion o a common unde s anding o he esea ch objec and i s
analysis, he gene a ion o new knowledge, as well as he communica ion o he insigh s o
ele an a ge g oups. In his way, join publica ion p ojec s con ibu e o he o ma ion o a
common unde s anding o sus ainabili y challenges and solu ions ac oss o ganisa ions. He e,
ypically, he coope a ion in he ne wo k akes o e he unc ion o an in ellec ual igge o
ma chmake . The ollowing examples o he G20 Ene gy T ansi ions and Clima e Finance Task
Fo ce Repo sheds ligh on hese ne wo k-in e nal p ocesses om wo sides:
I was also able o connec wi h [an MGG alumna om B azil, Ba ch 2, 2007] – who was
in i ed o be a membe o Ga eway House’s G20 Ene gy T ansi ion and Clima e Finance
Task o ce a he ecommenda ion o he Indian Ambassado o B azil. (Aliasga
Boo walla, India, Academy 2022)
20 See Annex 4 o a g aphic showing he publica ion o join p ojec s o e ime.
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
27
[…] he Indian Embassy in B azil in i ed me o a discussion in a G20 g oup wi h Ga eway
House India (ano he pa ne o ganisa ion o he MGG Ne wo k) on ene gy ansi ion
and ene gy inance. (Ma ia Candida, B azil, Academy 2007) 21
MGG encou aged esea ch and in ellec ual g ow h. Toge he wi h wo MGG pee s, we
con ibu ed o an a icle in he Wo ld Public Sec o Repo 2023 (Lus osa e al., 2023).
Ou piece highligh ed he impac o ansna ional ne wo ks and unde sco ed he
indispensable ole MGG plays in ad ancing he SDGs. (Sim an Dhing a, India, Ca los
Lus osa, B azil, and Isabela Blumm, B azil, all Academy 2022)
Building on hese examples, we can summa ise ha impac a he o ganisa ional le el o en
s a s wi h he de elopmen o indi idual compe ence, which is ansla ed in o he
concep ualisa ion and implemen a ion o ele an ainings by ne wo k membe s. In his way,
hey de elop among a g oup o colleagues he knowledge, skills and a i udes needed o
implemen he 2030 Agenda, and he o ganisa ion as a whole is be e posi ioned o engage
wi h sus ainabili y issues. Beyond de elopmen o compe ence, o ganisa ional impac akes
place when pa ne s implemen s uc u al changes such as se ing up new uni s o depa men s,
o shi ing he ocus o esea ch. In his way, hey embed he wo k on sus ainabili y issues deeply
in he o ganisa ion. Es ablishing inno a i e ins umen s like he “sus ainabili y compe i ions” in
an o ganisa ion, whe e sus ainabili y has no been a p io i y be o e, is ano he way o
s eng hening o ganisa ional s uc u es owa ds sys emic ans o ma ions. A he same ime, we
can obse e ha engagemen in ne wo k ac i i ies and socialisa ion wi hin he ne wo k´s
coope a ion cul u e can igge o ganisa ions o in e nalise coope a ion pa e ns, aking he o m
o a change o o ganisa ional cul u e and hema ic o ien a ion.
4.3 Sys emic–ins i u ional le el
Global s uc u al change owa ds sus ainable de elopmen akes place a he sys emic–
ins i u ional le el. Achie ing impac a his le el is a - eaching and e ec i e, and he e o e mos
desi able o a ne wo k like MGG. A he same ime, i is he le el whe e impac is mos di icul
o achie e. Building on he de ini ion o social inno a ion owa ds sus ainable de elopmen ,
impac a his le el ma e ialises when basic ou ines, esou ces and au ho i y lows, o ela ed
changes in belie s o social sys ems, a e modi ied owa ds he SDGs (An adze & Wes ley, 2012,
p. 133). In he a ea in which MGG ope a es, coope a ion on sus ainable de elopmen , he social
sys em a he highes poli ical le el includes in e na ional o ums such as he a ious bodies o
he UN and he G20 and i s engagemen g oups, as well as simila ela ed in e - and
ansna ional ins i u ions, o ums and p ocesses. Aspi a ions a e hus loca ed a he global
poli ical le el. Howe e , ele an unde lying social sys ems can also be loca ed a o he poli ical
le els, such as he egional o na ional le el, wi h implica ions o he global le el.
Whe eas impac a he sys emic–ins i u ional le el by de ini ion goes beyond he indi idual and
o ganisa ional le els, i o en builds on de elopmen s a hese le els and, hus, can include
hem. C ucially, ne wo k impac a he sys emic–ins i u ional le el is cha ac e ised by a highe
deg ee o ins i u ionalisa ion; change akes place in a highe numbe o (in luen ial) o ganisa-
ions and on a mo e egula , possibly mo e o malised, basis.
A conc e e example, which links such a p ocess o MGG, is he change o he composi ion o
s akeholde s in he so-called Clima eScanne Ini ia i e. Clima eScanne is a global assessmen
ool o go e nmen ac ions ela ed o clima e change.22 The ini ia i e has been p oposed by he
B azilian Fede al Cou o Accoun s (TCU) as Chai o he In e na ional O ganiza ion o Sup eme
21 The esul s o he collabo a ion in he G20 p ocess can be ound in Ga eway House, 2023.
22 See h ps://si es. cu.go .b /clima escanne /ingles.h ml
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
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Audi Ins i u ions (INTOSAI). A ne wo k membe om B azil wo king a TCU, who played a
cen al ole in i s c ea ion and oll-ou , es i ies o he impac o MGG on he ep esen a ion o
ac o s (especially om he Global Sou h) in he mul i-s akeholde p ocess:
As supe iso o he global ini ia i e Clima eScanne , I insis ed, inspi ed by he MGG
Academy, o include a ious coun ies om he Global Sou h and Asia (in he execu i e
g oup). Clima eScanne is an inno a i e ini ia i e o Na ional Audi Ins i u ions which will
p o ide a global and unp eceden ed pano ama abou he challenges, s eng hs and
good p ac ices ela ing o Clima e C isis. (Ca los Lus osa, B azil, Academy 2022)
Lea ning and collabo a ion p inciples, including me hods as in oduced and p ac ised in MGG,
ha e also been in eg a ed in o he e-design o a poli ical p ocess in Sou h A ica:
In he con ex o he Academy I disco e ed inno a i e me hods, such as Design
Thinking, used o b eak adi ional ways o hinking and suppo o join ly de ine he
p oblem and come up wi h new solu ions ha I now implemen in my cou ses a
Uni e si y. Pa icipan s o my cou ses a e usually senio go e nmen o icials, senio
echnoc a s o o he senio poli ical o icials who epo ha using hese inno a i e
me hods helps o design poli ical p ocesses in a di e en way. In he Na ional Policy
De elopmen F amewo k 2020 (P esidency Sou h A ica, 2020) his could be
ma e ialised. (TK Pooe, Sou h A ica, Academy 2018)
The pape also speaks o sys emic–ins i u ional changes, when compe ence and ca ee
de elopmen , ypically unde s ood as impac a he indi idual le el, is ansla ed o impac a a
wide na ional se ing. He e, he o ganisa ional backg ound can p o ide a powe ul le e age
poin . The SDG-alignmen o go e nmen in es men s in Indonesia h ough he Minis y o
Finance is a case in poin :
A e going h ough he MGG Academy, I became, oge he wi h my eam, he d i ing
o ce behind s a egic p ojec s aimed a embedding sus ainabili y in o go e nmen
amewo ks. In 2020, wi hin he Minis y o Finance in he Minis y o Finance
(Indonesia), I suppo ed he implemen a ion o a egula ion ha manda ed he alignmen
o all go e nmen in es men s wi h Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs) and
speci ic a ge s. (Radhi iono Wicaksono, Indonesia, Academy 2018)
A good example o sys emic–ins i u ional impac in he o m o ins i u ion building is he ongoing
coope a ion in he MGG Ne wo k on Volun a y Sus ainabili y S anda ds (VSS). VSS o e
demand-led o ma ke -based egula o y ins umen s ha can help implemen he 2030 Agenda
o Sus ainable De elopmen (He nandez e al., 2021). O e many yea s, he ac i i ies o
ne wo k membe s ha e played a ca alysing ole o in e - and ansna ional coope a ion on he
opic, wi h a s ong ocus on join knowledge. The p ojec s a ed in 2015 as a esea ch
collabo a ion o alumni o he Academy and b ough o wa d pionee ing publica ions, including
a book and a la ge numbe e en s ocused on knowledge coope a ion and policy ad ice wi h
key ac o s om he VSS communi ies in B azil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico and Sou h
A ica, as well as he Uni ed Na ions Fo um on Sus ainabili y S anda ds (UNFSS). I has also
suppo ed he es ablishmen o na ional VSS pla o ms in se e al o he coun ies – China,
B azil, India and Mexico – ypically in collabo a ion wi h na ional s anda disa ion o ganisa ions.
The na ional pla o ms se e as hubs o in o ma ion on VSS, b ing oge he s akeholde s and
p o ide ad ice o businesses o os e a be e unde s anding and adop ion o VSS in local
con ex s. The ne wo k was also success ul in b inging oge he esea che s, go e nmen
o icials and s akeholde s om he p i a e sec o o explo e he po en ials o VSS in gene al,
and o se up he UNFSS Academic Ad iso y Council wi h he pa icipa ion o a numbe o MGG
Ne wo k membe s.
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
29
These sys emic–ins i u ional e ec s o he ne wo k in he a eas o ins i u ion building and agenda
se ing, and he in luence on (in e )na ional discou ses, become isible in he ollowing
s a emen s by in ol ed ne wo k membe s:23
As a esul o my pa icipa ion in he MGG Academy, I go in ol ed in he wo king s and
on sus ainabili y s anda ds in 2015. A e a p ojec spanning se e al yea s and
connec ing ac oss se e al con inen s, I published as co-edi o , he book Sus ainabili y
S anda ds and Global Go e nance: Expe iences o Eme ging Economies, oge he wi h
MGG alumnus Jo ge An onio Pe ez Pineda and o me IDOS esea che Johannes
Blankenbach, in 2020 (Negi e al., 2020). […] Th ough his p ocess, we s eng hened
awa eness on his opic and os e ed academic exchange as well as policy ad ice
among a wide ange o ac o s and in e na ional o ganisa ions. (A chna Negi, India,
Academy 2007)
As a scien is and policy analys a a Chinese hink ank, I had he chance o in luence
his p ojec on olun a y sus ainabili y s anda ds p ocess on a global le el oge he wi h
my colleagues om he MGG Ne wo k. I could con ibu e wi h many o he MGG
colleagues in se ing up he Chinese Na ional pla o m o olun a y sus ainabili y
s anda ds. I can be seen as a model o Indonesia´s e o s o build i s own pla o m.
(Jiahan Cao, China, Academy 2014)
The eme gence o he Ne wo k o Sou he n Think Tanks (NeST) is an addi ional example o
how he ne wo k un olded impac on a sys emic–ins i u ional le el. NeST was es ablished on
he sidelines o he i s high-le el mee ing o he Global Pa ne ship o E ec i e De elopmen
Coope a ion (GPEDC) in Mexico in Ap il 2014 (NeST, 2025). The mee ing p o ided a o um o
in ica e exchange on no ms and p ac ices in Sou h–Sou h Coope a ion amongs key
esea che s wi h close ela ions o policy-making in hei espec i e coun ies. As a so o sub-
ne wo k o MGG, NeST eme ged wi h he suppo o MGG wi h he aim o “collabo a i ely
gene a ing, sys ema ising, consolida ing and sha ing knowledge on he Sou h–Sou h
Coope a ion app oaches o in e na ional de elopmen ” (Kompe us, 2021, p. 46). By suppo ing
he ins i u ionalisa ion o he g oup, MGG con ibu ed o he c ea ion o an ac o in oday’s
esea ch and policy-ad ice s uc u es o Sou h–Sou h coope a ion (Fues, 2018a; 2018b, p. 16;
Kompe us, 2021, p. 6).
Building on hese examples o sys emic–ins i u ional impac , we can summa ise ha he MGG
Ne wo k has con ibu ed o di e si ying ac o s in global ini ia i es, edesigning poli ical
p ocesses on a na ional le el based on changes in he coope a ion cul u e, SDG-alignmen in
go e nmen -in es men s on a na ional le el, and ins i u ion-building and agenda se ing h ough
he global coope a ion in as uc u e.
4.1 Impac on he ne wo k i sel
As de eloped in he concep ualisa ion o impac (see 2.1), he ne wo k i sel can be a dis inc
le el o impac . This ype o impac ma e ialises when he collabo a ion o membe s o pa ne
o ganisa ions a ec s he ne wo k, i s s uc u e o modus ope andi as such. Ul ima ely, ne wo k
ac i i ies may al e he o ien a ion o u u e ac i i ies, he composi ion o ne wo k ac o s, i s
coope a ion in as uc u e o cul u e. O en hese ypes o impac s a e e y e ec i e, because
hey engage membe s and o ganisa ions in long- e m p ocesses and suppo he u he
imp o emen o he ne wo k´s pe o mance. In his unde s anding, he impac a he ne wo k
le el is a o m o impac a he o ganisa ional le el wi h po en ial o each up o he sys emic–
ins i u ional le el.
23 Fu he in o ma ion on he wo k o MGG on Volun a y Sus ainabili y S anda ds can be ound a :
h ps://www.idos- esea ch.de/en/managing-global-go e nance/ olun a y-sus ainabili y-s anda ds- ss/
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
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In his con ex , he concep ual ela ion be ween a ne wo k’s ac i i ies on he one hand, and
impac on he ne wo k on he o he , is no easy o handle, as he a iables mus be ea ed
sepa a ely, e en i hey a e closely in e wined in eali y. S ill, he de elopmen o a global
go e nance ne wo k belongs o he a eas in which impac on p og ess owa ds sus ainable
de elopmen can become mani es . Consequen ly, o unde s and he o ms o impac , and he
ole o ne wo ks as enable s, his le el o impac should also be acked and analysed wi h
academic igou , as a as possible.
An illus a i e example in he con ex o MGG is he case o a B azilian alumna, Tâma a, whose
ac i i ies showed di e en e ec s on he ne wo k. She joined he ne wo k h ough he
pa icipa ion in he MGG Academy, when she was co- ounde and di ec o o Ve o B asíl, a ci il
socie y o ganisa ion based in Sao Paolo ha iden i ies and de elops p o essionals o inc ease
he e iciency o he public sec o and educe social inequali ies in B azil.24 A e comple ing he
Academy in 2021, and building on he expe iences he ein, she applied – wi h suppo om
IDOS – o he Ge man Chancello Fellowship implemen ed by he Alexande on Humbold
Founda ion. Whe eas he use o MGG’s coope a ion in as uc u e hus gene a ed le e age
e ec s (and indi idual impac ), he engagemen con inued as Tâma a b ough a wo kshop on
inclusion and di e si y o he 2024 edi ion o he Academy. He wo k hus ex ended o e ec s
on he ne wo k le el by changing he Academy cu iculum, and he hos ing ins i u ion o he
Academy and he ellowship p og amme. As a ellow a ilia ed o IDOS, she made use o he
posi ion in he ne wo k o wo k ou and help embed ins i u ionally a s uc u al guide and p ocess
o p e en ing ha assmen and disc imina ion, which she also documen ed on social media.
Fu he mo e, she buil on IDOS’s ole in he science sys em o No h-Rhine Wes phalia o
implemen a wo kshop on di e si y, inclusion and equi y wi h mo e han 15 heads o leade ship
p og ammes in he wide egion.25 A he same ime, she also con ibu ed o he de elopmen
o he composi ion o ac o s in he MGG Ne wo k, as he wo kshop b ough oge he
ep esen a i es o leade ship p og ammes ha we e p e iously unconnec ed.
The example illus a es how he a ge ed use o he ne wo k’s coope a ion in as uc u e can
lead o impac on he ne wo k i sel and indi idual o ganisa ions wi hin he ne wo k alike, wi h
he po en ial o each he sys emic–ins i u ional le el i u he o ganisa ions inside and ou side
he ne wo k ollow, o a leas ake inspi a ion om, he ini ia ed change p ocess.
Ano he case ha illus a es he combina ion o di e en impac le els wi h clea e ec s on he
ne wo k le el has occu ed on he opic o “gende in in e - and ansna ional coope a ion
owa ds sus ainable de elopmen ”. Once again, he co e elemen o MGG’s coope a ion in a-
s uc u e, he Academy, se ed as he s a ing poin , and was subjec o modi ica ion as well:
My change s o y s a ed in he MGG Academy 2019, whe e I me wo ellows who we e
also in e es ed in mains eaming gende ac oss all pa s o he SDGs. We
concep ualised a wo kshop and acili a ed i in he nex i ual Academy. […] I was able
o include he lea ning om he MGG Academy wo kshop a my job as a Gende
Scien is a he In e na ional C ops Resea ch Ins i u e o he Semi-A id T opics
(ICRISAT). (Ananya Chak abo y, India, Academy 2019)
This example illus a es how indi idual membe s se e as agenda se e s and esou ce pe sons
in u u e ne wo k de elopmen s. Besides he e ec on he cu iculum o he Academy 2020,
u he gende - ela ed ac i i ies documen he agenda-se ing impac o he ne wo k a he
o ganisa ional and ne wo k le el. The coope a ion o ma s ha eme ged in he ne wo k and
changed i s app oach o he opic anged om in e nal online e en s o in e na ional esea ch
24 See ma e iais. e o b asil.o g/cen al- e o .
25 Tâma a And ade’s achie emen s ha e been documen ed on LinkedIn:
h ps://www.linkedin.com/pos s/ ama aband ade_di e si y-equi y-inclusion-ac i i y-7239241206247899136-
dbpl/?u m_sou ce=sha e&u m_medium=membe _desk op. Accessed 18 June 2025.
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
31
p ojec s26 and discussion ounds – designed and implemen ed by ne wo k membe s – a he
Ge man Fede al Minis y o Economic Coope a ion and De elopmen .27 A case in poin is he
in e na ional esea ch p ojec hos ed by IDOS on “Local eminis pe spec i es as ans o ma ion
le e s o g ea e gende equali y”, in which wo ne wo k membe s go in ol ed (Sengup a e
al., 2025). Thei con ibu ions documen how changes, which had o iginally aken place a he
le el o he ne wo k in as uc u e, laid he ounda ion o collabo a ion wi h pa ne s beyond he
MGG ci cles.
P ominen cases ha demons a e how MGG Ne wo k ac i i ies c ea e long- e m impac wi hin
bu also beyond he ne wo k a e also he de elopmen o hema ic wo king s ands. As long-
e m ini ia i es in he ne wo k coope a ion, wo examples s and ou in his con ex .
Fi s , unde he heading o “T aining and Lea ning - Implemen a ion o he 2030 Agenda wi h
he public sec o ” he ne wo k coope a es on capaci y de elopmen o he ci il se ice. The
coope a ion was ini ia ed by discussions and expe iences in he Academy 2016 and a pee -
exchange in 2018 among na ional schools o public adminis a ion, acili a ed by IDOS and he
B azilian Na ional School o Public Adminis a ion. The idea o his coope a ion is o connec
and s eng hen key mul iplie o ganisa ions in MGG pa ne coun ies. I ollows he a ionale
ha he public sec o is o key impo ance o he implemen a ion o he 2030 Agenda, and ha
compe en ci il se an s a e needed o localise i s objec i es. As o icials and ci il se an s
acqui e ele an knowledge and p ac ical skills a colleges, academies and schools o public
adminis a ion (SPAs), hese aining ins i u ions o he ci il se ice a e s a egic en y poin s
wi h s ong le e age o he in eg a ion o he global sus ainabili y goals. A he same ime, he
in e es in exchange is mu ual, as documen ed by he ac s ha he coope a ion idea was
o iginally de eloped wi h a pa icipan o he MGG Academy, and included ac i i ies wi h
con ibu ions om many pa ne s.
Since he s a o his wo k s and, he ne wo k’s ela ed knowledge coope a ion and policy
dialogue o ma s in B azil, India, Mexico, Sou h A ica and a he UN p o ided space o a
sys ema ic and in-dep h exchange on s a egies o in eg a ing and mains eaming he 2030
Agenda in o cou se p og ammes, awa eness aising among decision-make s, aining o mul i-
plie s, and esea ch. The example is illus a i e o he impac o o ganisa ions and indi iduals
on he o ien a ion o he ne wo k. Building on exis ing coope a ion in as uc u e elemen s,
ne wo k membe s join ly de eloped a coope a ion agenda, o iginally as a New Yo k P og amme
o Ac ion o Schools o Public Adminis a ion and pa ne ins i u ions on he ma gins o he UN
High Le el Poli ical Fo um 2018, wi h se e al upda es since hen (see .28 The coope a ion, in
u n, shows (mu ual) le e age e ec s on he pa ne o ganisa ions, o ins ance hei aining
cu iculums, and has po en ial o sys emic–ins i u ional impac . To illus a e, he Adminis a i e
S a College o India epo ed ha as a consequence o he coope a ion he ins i u ion would
p opose a “Na ional Cu iculum o SDGs” o he NITI Aayog, a key public policy hink ank o
he Go e nmen o he Republic o India, and pi o al agency asked wi h os e ing economic
de elopmen . The p oposed cu iculum was desc ibed by he Adminis a i e S a College o
India (ASCI) o “help in de eloping localised aining ools, cou sewa e and me hodologies”
(ASCI, 2019).
26 See: Local eminis pe spec i es as ans o ma ion le e s o g ea e gende equali y. h ps://www.idos-
esea ch.de/en/ esea ch/desc ip ion/de ails/local- eminis -pe spec i es-as- ans o ma ion-le e s- o -
g ea e -gende -equali y/.
27 See: Feminis o eign and de elopmen policy – How o encoun e an i-gende mo emen ?
h ps://mgg.ne wo k/ne wo ks/e en s/121923.
28 Fo mo e in o ma ion on he wo k in his a ea, see h ps://mgg.ne wo k/page/ aining&lea ning
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
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The PRODIGEES (P omo ing Resea ch on Digi alisa ion in Eme ging Powe s and Eu ope
Towa ds Sus ainable De elopmen )29 p ojec , ini ia ed and hos ed by MGG, is ano he example
ha illus a es how ac o s o he ne wo k employed he coope a ion in as uc u e i s o
in luence he ne wo k’s o ien a ion and hen o gene a e indi idual, o ganisa ional o sys emic–
ins i u ional impac . The p ojec was ini ially concep ualised as he esul o a se ies o ne wo k
mee ings o explo e he in e connec ion o digi alisa ion and sus ainable de elopmen , and o
iden i y ac o s in he ne wo k who sha e an in e es in i . Wi h he concluding mee ing o ha
se ies, in Decembe 2018, a co e g oup decided o un o a compe i i e EU esea ch and
ne wo k g an applica ion. Following he success o his applica ion, PRODIGEES ma e ialised
as a sub-ne wo k o MGG pa ne s in e es ed in c ea ing a deepe comp ehensi e unde -
s anding o he impac o digi alisa ion ac oss he social, economic and en i onmen al dimension
o sus ainable de elopmen and i s go e nance. Funded by he EU’s Ho izon2020 p og amme,
he p ojec p o ides a s uc u ed exchange scheme o esea ch and inno a ion s a , ans-
na ional aining and mul i-s akeholde dialogue o analyse condi ions unde which posi i e
e ec s o digi alisa ion can be ealised, while a he same ime po en ial nega i e e ec s can be
mi iga ed. The p ojec hus documen s he ne wo k’s abili y o employ pa icipa o y in as uc u e
(in his case, he na ional ne wo k mee ings o MGG) in iew o no only agenda se ing o
coope a ion, bu also he se up o complemen a y in as uc u e (s uc u ed s a exchange
scheme, including inancial esou ces30). Beyond he ne wo k impac o PRODIGEES, he
in ensi e coope a ion among pa ne s o implemen mo e han 70 in e na ional esea ch p ojec s
in i e yea s comes wi h a high po en ial o impac a o he le els, in pa icula he indi idual
and he o ganisa ional le els.
To illus a e, a he indi idual le el, he p ojec p omo ed digi al li e acy among pa icipan s as
well as compe encies in unde s anding and using digi al echnologies o socie y and he
common good. Gi en he ac ha many pa icipan s ha e posi ions in enowned esea ch
ins i u ions o in key ins i u ions o he public sec o , including he o eign o ices o minis ies o
en i onmen , his impac eaches indi iduals wi h g ea le e age o shape a ai s a he
o ganisa ional o e en sys emic–ins i u ional le el. A he o ganisa ion le el, he PRODIGEES
p ojec “has had an impac on cu icula de elopmen , uni e si y semina s augh , and bachelo
and mas e heses w i en” (Schneide , 2025). Impac examples also ex end o he inclusion o
concep s and use cases o digi alisa ion ac oss pa ne coun ies, o ins ance om he Global
Sou h in Eu opean pa ne ins i u ions. The in e na ional exchange has hus “p o ided
di e en ia ed answe s o he including and excluding e ec s o digi alisa ion in di e en a eas,
such as educa ion, inance, access o public se ices, p o ec ion o p i acy, and he common
good in gene al” (Schneide , 2025). Policy ad ice esul ing om he p ojec was aken up in he
ield o “ he egula ion o AI and he impo ance o e hical and human igh s amewo ks o a oid
disc imina ion and digi al exclusion” (Schneide , 2025).
29 See www.p odigees.in o
30 The o al cos s o PRODIGEES as o iginally speci ied in he EU G an Ag eemen (2019) was EUR
1,067,200 o a pe iod o h ee yea s.
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
39
− imp o ed in e na ional coope a ion, including he ad ancemen o he ne wo k’s
coope a ion in as uc u e and be e access o in e na ional expe s and high-le el
o ums.
Figu e 9: Impac ypes highligh ed by ne wo k membe s
Sou ce: Au ho s
When men ioning compe ence de elopmen , esponden s e e o a di ec ou pu o MGG
coope a ion; he e alua ions o he Academy, knowledge coope a ion o ma s and ne wo k
mee ings show ha pa icipan s con i m how hei compe encies ha e de eloped, in pa icula
h ough he comple ion o he Academy as he cen al aining and dialogue p og amme. This
de elopmen o compe encies p ima ily ela es o knowledge, skills and a i udes in he a ea o
sus ainable de elopmen , as well as leade ship skills. Al hough all pa icipan s possess p io
expe ise in ele an a eas, hey epo ha ollowing hei a endance, hei expe ise ela ed o
he 2030 Agenda and global go e nance has g own. The impac on Academy pa icipan s o en
akes he o m o a change in pe spec i e ha enables hem o be e g asp he sys emic na u e
o global challenges and he alue o di e si y. This esul is he e o e highly ele an o e ec i e
de elopmen coope a ion, seeing ha he Academy pa icipan s a e (o a e likely o become)
u u e decision-make s in na ional and in e na ional key o ganisa ions.
Ano he change egula ly asc ibed o MGG is ca ee de elopmen o ne wo k membe s. This
esul is a ype o impac ha can be associa ed wi h he indi idual le el. Howe e , i implies a
gene al “upg ading” o he ne wo k in e ms o expe ise, decision-making powe and po en ial
le e age o e ime as well. Al hough no in es iga ed in de ail in his s udy, he examples show
ca ee de elopmen connec ed o a mix o ac o s, including compe ence de elopmen and
connec edness o an in e na ional ne wo k. Ca ee de elopmen ypically ma e ialises in he i s
yea a e he comple ion o he Academy in he o m o p omo ion, a p es igious ellowship o
accep ance o a highe s udy p og amme, o he assignmen o new asks wi h mo e espon-
sibili ies.51 The Ge man chancello ellowships o di e en alumni a e a case in poin . Mo e
esponsibili y o en comes wi h mo e decision-making powe s o ad ance a sus ainable
51 See change s o y Gómez Ga cía h ps://mgg.ne wo k/news/1290585. The ace s udy o he Academy
ba ch o 2022 shows ha 59% o he Academy pa icipan s we e gi en mo e esponsibili ies, 24% we e
p omo ed and ano he 24% we e gi en mo e asks ela ed o he 2030 Agenda. 29% o he pa icipan s
s a ed ha hese changes we e in luenced by he pa icipa ion in he MGG Academy (Uzbonn, 2024).
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
40
de elopmen and in e na ional coope a ion agenda a he indi idual and o ganisa ional le el.
The implica ions o he new assignmen and job p omo ions o ne wo k membe s in di e en
B azilian ins i u ions, including ENAP and he Cen al Bank, illus a e his ype. Clea ly, in his
con ex , oppo uni y and iming plays a ole he e, when pa icipan s e u n o hei home
ins i u ions a e hey ha e spen a couple o mon hs in Ge many. Ca ee de elopmen also inds
exp ession in job change ou side he o iginal sending o ganisa ion. This impac is ypically
associa ed wi h inc eased awa eness abou sus ainabili y conce ns, so ha alumni ansla e he
expe iences in he ne wo k o he decision ha ano he ins i u ion p omises g ea e po en ial o
con ibu ions o sus ainable de elopmen o in e na ional coope a ion in he u u e.52
A u he ype o impac ha we can de i e is imp o ed in e na ional coope a ion. This impac
ype implies be e access o and s onge engagemen wi h in e na ional expe s and high-le el
o ums o ne wo k membe s. A he same ime, as shown by he analysed examples, membe s
also ad ance he in as uc u e o he ne wo k hemsel es o inc ease coope a ion and le e age
o impac . This happens h ough expansion o u he key o ganisa ions, he c ea ion o new
o ganisa ions, he ins i u ionalisa ion and p o essionalisa ion o ne wo k s uc u es, o he
c ea ion o dedica ed sub-ne wo ks, wi h he esul ha MGG oday consis s o abou 500
membe s and 100 pa ne o ganisa ions, wi h many key ac o s in in e na ional de elopmen
coope a ion a ound he globe. C ucially, he imp o emen o in e na ional coope a ion inds
exp ession in he de elopmen o bo h he join de ini ion o global challenges and possible
solu ions. Common unde s andings and solu ions can ake many di e en o ms, anging om
co-au ho ed publica ions o he de elopmen o mul iannual, mul i-pa ne p ojec s. The lis o
esea ch pape s and policy b ie s de eloped in he MGG amewo k ha come om wo o mo e
au ho s adds up o 98 ( om 178 in o al) be ween 2009 and 2024. Mo e han 60% come om
au ho s wi h di e en na ionali ies, he eby p epa ing g ound o common unde s anding in
p ac ical coope a ion and building b idges be ween pa ne s in he pa icipa ing coun ies and
egions.53 In he case o he be o e-men ioned PRODIGEES p ojec , a se ies o ne wo k
con e ences culmina ed in he common unde s anding o how he ields o digi alisa ion and
sus ainable de elopmen – which, a he ime o p ojec de elopmen in 2018, we e mos ly
un ela ed concep s – and a ela ed s a exchange scheme can be app oached. The examples
o NeST and he na ional pla o ms o VSS show ha ne wo k collabo a ion can e en lead o
ins i u ion building. Obse a ions, e alua ions and impac epo s b ough o wa d many mo e
examples o how collabo a ion in he ne wo k imp o ed in e na ional coope a ion.
Finally, ne wo k coope a ion esul s in he e-o ien a ion o indi idual beha iou o o ganisa ional
policies owa ds sus ainable de elopmen . This impac ype essen ially means he applied
ansla ion o he upg aded p io i isa ion o sus ainabili y conce ns in o ac ion, and hus de ac o
implemen a ion o solu ions. He e, impac s a s wi h e e yday li e decisions a he indi idual
le el, bu hese p ac ices can change ou ines wi hin o ganisa ions oo. Following such indi idual
ini ia i es o ne wo k coope a ion o ma s, he eo ien a ion o go e nmen , esea ch and aining
ins i u ions in he ne wo k o in eg a e he 2030 Agenda o clima e change ques ions in hei
hinking and ield o ac i i y goes up o he o ganisa ional and sys emic–ins i u ional impac le el.
New ools o align inances o he SDGs o o moni o clima e impac a e examples om he
MGG Ne wo k.
52 See change s o y Jaqueline Aguila Baca ( o hcoming); See also Jaqueline Aguila Baca summa ising he
s o y on LinkedIn h ps://www.linkedin.com/pos s/jacquelineaguila baca_my-jou ney-in-sus ainable-
digi aliza ion-ac i i y-7293150443411517440-a-
Xg?u m_sou ce=sha e&u m_medium=membe _desk op& cm=ACoAAD_R1a8Bg iunQTqli2kUIQCUXew
G2GI w
53 These numbe s ha e been calcula ed based on he annual epo s o he p ojec be ween 2009 and 2014
h ps://www.idos- esea ch.de/en/managing-global-go e nance/. See Annex 4 o a isual ep esen a ion o
his da a.
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
41
Change in beha iou and policies o en comes wi h an al e ed o m o communica ion abou
sus ainable de elopmen ha also add esses ac o s and a ge g oups ou side he o iginal MGG
sphe e. I includes he ounding o ele an esea ch uni s, changed policy guidelines, o he
es ablishmen o sus ainabili y con e ences by pa ne o ganisa ions, all ini ia ed by indi iduals
o g oups o ne wo k membe s. Ano he ield is cu iculum de elopmen o he e-design and
implemen a ion o aining o ma s. In he MGG con ex , hese o ma s s and ou o wo easons.
Fi s , he Academy is he bigges componen in he ne wo k’s coope a ion in as uc u e and has
a ounda ional ole o compe ence de elopmen and he coope a ion cul u e wi hin he ne wo k
as a whole. Agains his backg ound, many pa icipan s ge inspi a ion om i in e ms o con en
and me hods o he de elopmen and implemen a ion o hei own aining and lea ning o ma s;
he expe ience o meaning ul aining and dialogue appa en ly eeds he mo i a ion o o e such
an expe ience o mo e people. Second, wha makes his impac ype special is i s huge po en ial
o mul iplying e ec s; ainings a e by design gea ed owa ds impac on many indi iduals and
o ganisa ions, so ha hei ele ance o he implemen a ion o he 2030 Agenda canno be
o e es ima ed.54
6 Conclusions
Global go e nance ne wo ks enable social inno a ion o add ess complex global p oblems such
as sus ainable de elopmen . They can p o ide he space o he complex p ocesses o
“in oducing new p oduc s, p ocesses o p og ams ha p o oundly change he basic ou ines,
esou ces and au ho i y lows, o belie s o he social sys em” (An adze & Wes ley, 2012, p. 133).
This s udy sheds ligh on he condi ions ha make i mo e likely ha ne wo ks will ha e a posi i e
impac . To analyse he pe o mance o a ne wo k, and he eby s eng hen i s ele ance and
c edibili y, a social impac assessmen is help ul. In his con ex , we de eloped a di e en ia ion
ac oss enable s, le els and ypes o impac . Wi h his inno a i e analy ic amewo k, we also
aim o con ibu e o he concep ual deba e abou he impac assessmen o global go e nance
and o he ansna ional ne wo ks.
This s udy should no be con used wi h an a emp o desc ibe he ull design and impac o he
MGG p og amme o he las 18 yea s; i is, a he , a s ep owa ds concep ualising and acking
selec ed cases in o de o illus a e he ype and quali y o impac du ing his long pe iod. Clea ly,
he hund eds o ne wo k membe s ha e c ea ed impac in many o he o ms based on o
associa ed wi h MGG ac i i ies.
Wi h a ocus on he expe ience o ne wo k membe s, we analysed 27 impac s o ies, en iched
by a ailable eedback ques ionnai es and ex e nal e alua ions. They show ha he MGG
Ne wo k is ull o examples o social inno a ion a an indi idual, o ganisa ional and ins i u ional–
sys emic le el, and documen he ele ance o he ne wo k. These examples es i y ha
membe s a e in e es ed in wo king wi h he ne wo k’s ac o s, in as uc u e and cul u e, and ha
he ne wo k acili a o s’ in es men s pay o – he ne wo k seizes he oppo uni ies o align on
objec i es, and makes p og ess owa ds achie ing hem.
The analysed impac ypes, be i ca ee de elopmen , implemen ing ainings o ins i u ion
building, equi e mo e han isola ed ac ions. The ou comes and impac depend on quali y
coope a ion in as uc u e nu u ed by a coope a ion cul u e based on ecip oci y, di e si y and
us , which enables meaning ul exchange, long- e m commi men and collec i e p oblem-
54 The wo kshop on Feminis Fo eign De elopmen Policy implemen ed in Engagemen Global and ini ia ed
by Sab ina Die e (see change s o y Die e h ps://mgg.ne wo k/news/1829943) o a wo kshop on he 2020
Agenda in Dolo es B i os o ganisa ion (see change s o y B i o h ps://mgg.ne wo k/news/1005138) a e
cases in poin .
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
42
sol ing. Such an en i onmen is c ucial o d i e social inno a ion, as i ans o ms agmen ed
e o s in o cohe en , syne gis ic p og ess ac oss sec o s and bo de s.
Key enable s o his impac can be ound in he ne wo k se up. In he case o MGG i consis s
o a di e se g oup o indi iduals and o ganisa ions wi h ele an expe ise om se en global
powe s, uni ed by he join objec i e o add ess global sus ainabili y challenges h ough in e -
and ansna ional coope a ion. Gi en he complexi y o global sus ainabili y challenges, he
mul ina ional, c oss-sec o al and in e disciplina y na u e o he ne wo k wi h ele an pa ne s is
key. An encompassing coope a ion in as uc u e ensu es con inuous communica ion and o e s
ai , pa icipa o y o ma s o he ecip ocal de elopmen o common de ini ions o global
challenges and inno a i e solu ions. The coope a ion cul u e p ac ices he che ishing o
inclusion and di e si y, and aims a he o ma ion o us , epu a ion and a common iden i y.
Wi h he in eg a ion o hese elemen s – he igh mix o ac o s, in as uc u e and cul u e o
coope a ion – impac on sus ainable de elopmen can ma e ialise in many o ms, including
imp o ed in e na ional coope a ion owa ds he common de ini ion o challenges and inno a i e
solu ions, and he ( e-)o ien a ion o beha iou and policies e en behind he g oup o membe s.
Fo he case o MGG, which has a aining and dialogue o ma a he co e o i s coope a ion
in as uc u e, he s udy has shown ha he mos immedia e e ec s ake place a he indi idual
le el. Fa om being “easy” o achie e - and despi e i s undamen al na u e o he coope a ion
in he ne wo k as a whole -, his esul is a he weakly ins i u ionalised as i si s wi h ew people
in a ha dly o malised se up. Consequen ly, mo e in e media y, ins i u ionalised impac a he
o ganisa ional o he sys emic–ins i u ional le el is much ha de o achie e, and equi es a
complex a ou able coope a ion se up. Gi en i s po en ial scope and ins i u ionalisa ion deg ee,
i appea s mos desi able o s i e o sys emic–ins i u ional impac , he ype o impac ha has
he wides and mos las ing e ec s on he la ges numbe o people. Fu he mo e, change
p ocesses a he sys emic–ins i u ional le el also build on change p ocesses, skills, knowledge,
a i udes and beha iou changes a he indi idual le el, o en combined wi h changes a he
o ganisa ional le el. Consequen ly, i makes sense o ake indi iduals and hei embeddedness
in coope a ion ne wo ks as he s a ing poin when i comes o add essing global challenges.55
To illus a e how he di e en ypes o impac build upon each o he , once compe encies and
awa eness o he 2030 Agenda de elop (in he case o MGG ypically in he Academy), changed
pa e ns o in e na ional coope a ion and indi idual beha iou change ollow a new p io i isa ion
o con ibu ing o he implemen a ion o he SDGs. This change can spill o e o he wo king
en i onmen o ne wo k membe s. Inspi ed by pa icipa o y and inclusi e me hods ha
cha ac e ise MGG’s coope a ion cul u e, and equipped wi h espec i e skills, many ne wo k
membe s s a communica ing (di e en ly) o ele an decision-make s in hei o ganisa ions.
They s a implemen ing wo kshops, publishing on sus ainabili y- ela ed opics, o e-shaping
p ocesses in hei home o ganisa ions. Fo many cases in he MGG con ex , change on he
o ganisa ional le el has s a ed wi h a aining o a join publica ion implemen ed by Academy
alumni. These changes bea he po en ial o c ea e change in a wide social o e en in e na ional
con ex , i ( u he ) ne wo k membe s and pa ne o ganisa ions eam up. We ha e obse ed
changes on he sys emic–ins i u ional le el ini ia ed by indi iduals and due o a ou able
en i onmen s – suppo i e colleagues, in luen ial posi ions, p o essional expe iences o
ne wo ks ha complemen he new skills and knowledge. Ins i u ional changes can also esul
om long-s anding (knowledge) exchange, which b ing oge he in e es ed ac o s on a opic o
common in e es , as he examples o he coope a ion o aining ins i u ions, VSS and
PRODIGEES ha e shown.
Going back o he de ini ion o social inno a ion, once new p oduc s, p ocesses o p og ammes
a e ini ia ed ha change basic ou ines, esou ces o au ho i y lows and belie s in he
o ganisa ional en i onmen , social inno a ion happens. In he MGG case, impac a he
55 On his poin , see also Reibe & Ebe z (2024, p. 65).
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
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indi idual le el can be linked o a change in undamen al belie s (awa eness and knowledge
changes) and is applied in one’s wo king en i onmen . Change a an o ganisa ional le el o en
akes he o m o p ocesses o p og ammes in oduced ( ainings, wo kshops, semina s) o
changes in p ocesses implemen ed wi hin one’s o ganisa ion. Change a an ins i u ional le el
e e s o change in au ho i y lows o changes in basic belie s (e.g. due o na ional policy
amewo ks ha ing been changed).
Connec ed o he o ganisa ional and ne wo k le els o impac , i should no be o go en ha he
ne wo k’s coope a ion in as uc u e can be o signi ican pe manen alue o he wo k o
pa icipa ing membe s, including key o ganisa ions o he ne wo k such as IDOS. Fo an
in e na ionally o ien ed esea ch o ganisa ion whose quali y o wo k also depends on he
coope a ion oppo uni ies in he pa ne coun ies, he alue o he ne wo k becomes appa en
when i s membe s de elop esea ch coope a ion o es ablish g oups o ac o s ha a e hen
aken up in u he esea ch ini ia i es o he ins i u e. IDOS’s coope a ion on alue chains (linked
o VSS) o Sou h–Sou h coope a ion (SSC) a e examples in his ega d. PRODIGEES is a
special case o he ne wo k’s alue, as i p o ided hi d-pa y unded coope a ion oppo uni ies
o all esea ch and inno a ion s a o IDOS.
Despi e hese impac examples, we mus no con use a ou able condi ions wi h au oma ism.
When oppo uni ies p o ided in o beyond he ne wo k mee willingness o ac , change
p ocesses owa ds sus ainabili y ans o ma ions a e mo e likely o un old – bu he e is no
gua an ee. In he con ex o global go e nance and de elopmen coope a ion, social inno a ion
ypically does no happen in a linea , p edic able manne . Any heo y o change o ne wo ks
ac oss di e en le els will ace a a ie y o unce ain ies. C ucially, besides all he ne wo k
enable s, ac o s ou side he con ol o he ne wo k ac o s play impo an oles, anging om he
ci cums ances o indi iduals’ li es and hei le el o sel -o ganisa ion o poli ical condi ions and
esou ces suppo ing o hinde ing in e na ional and sus ainabili y o ien a ions. Agains his
backg ound, MGG migh be an excep ional example in e ms o impac achie emen , pa ly
hanks o a ou able ex e nal condi ions and ela ed esou ces ha ha e allowed he ne wo k o
de elop o almos wo decades. Ce ainly, a s ong and e ec i e ne wo k equi es con inuous
in es men om people, esou ces and ime o nu u e and de elop i s in as uc u e and cul u e
o coope a ion in o de o un old i s po en ial. In his con ex , i mus be men ioned ha MGG
bene i ed eno mously om being concep ualised, de eloped and un om he e y beginning
by indi iduals who combined hough ulness wi h deep empa hy and pe sonal dedica ion.
Agains his backg ound, he s udy also se s an agenda o u u e esea ch in o how be e o
g asp he esul s o ne wo k coope a ion and o unde s and he condi ions o impac on
sus ainable de elopmen . The expansion o sys ema ically analysed change s o ies om
ne wo k membe s, along wi h egula ne wo k-wide ques ionnai es beyond a ocus on he
Academy, will help o s eng hen he explana o y alue o u u e s udies. Ins i u ionalising impac
epo ing among ne wo k membe s and connec ing he epo s o u he da a sou ces, possibly
employing quan i a i e ins umen s o social ne wo k analysis, could wo k in a simila di ec ion.
Beyond ha , a compa a i e analysis wi h ne wo ks o a simila kind could help shed ligh on he
condi ions o ne wo k impac .
The ex e nal condi ions o in e - and ansna ional coope a ion owa ds sus ainable de elop-
men be ween global powe s a e no ge ing easie . In imes o sca ce esou ces, when he
global agenda is being de ailed om a common sus ainabili y pe spec i e, lessons on how o
op imise he impac o global go e nance ne wo k a e mo e ele an han e e .
IDOS Discussion Pape 31/2025
44
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Annex 4: Numbe o MGG publica ions 2009–2024
