Assessmen o he ini ial s a e o wo
ese es,
Mic o á eas Eco u ís icas Li o ales
(MAEL), in G an Cana ia, Cana y Islands
Tesis de Más e p esen ada po Ja ie R. Vidal López
Di igida po Fe nando Tuya y A u o Boy a
Tu o izada po An onio Juan González Ramos
Tu o Di ec o es Tesinando
Las Palmas de G an Cana ia, julio de 2014
3
CONTENTS
1. ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………..4-6
2. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………6-8
3. MATERIAL AND METHODS…………………………………………………8-12
3.1 S udy a ea and sampling design……………………………………………..8
3.2 Selec ion o ish species, ophic and unc ional
g oups………………………………………………………………………………………….10
3.3 Da a analysis…………………………………………………………………………..12
4. RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………13-23
4.1 Comme cially- a ge ed species……………………………………………...13
4.2 Taxonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y………………………….20
4.3 Co ela ion be ween axonomic, ophic and unc ional
di e si y.................................................................................................................22
5. DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………..24-26
5.1 O e all esul s…………………………………..................................................24
5.2 Cab ón-Risco Ve de……………………………………………………………….24
5.3 Can e as-Con i al…………………………………............................................25
5.4 Link be ween axonomic, ophic and unc ional
di e si y……………………………………………………………………………………….26
6. ACKNOWLEDGES……………………………………………………………………26
7. REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………..27-32
8. APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………………33
4
1. Abs ac
The es ablishmen o '
Mic o á eas eco u ís icas li o ales
' (MAELs) is a new
s a egy o ma ine conse a ion and managemen , based on a bo om-up
go e nance s a egy. In his s udy, we assessed he ini ial s a e ('s a e 0') o wo
MAELs a G an Cana ia Island (Cana y Islands): 'El Cab ón' and 'Las Can e as',
loca ed in he eas and in no h-eas coas o G an Cana ia Island, espec i ely.
Speci ically, we e alua ed di e ences in he abundance and biomass o a ge
ish species be ween inside (MAELI) and ou side (MAELO) hese wo p oposed
ese es; i e comme cially- a ge ed ish species we e selec ed: he pa o ish,
Spa isoma c e ense
, he whi e sea-b eam,
Diplodus sa gus
cadena i
, he
common wo-banded sea-b eam,
Diplodus ulga is
,
he island g oupe ,
Myc e ope ca usca
,
and salema,
Sa pa salpa
. Fish assemblages we e sampled a
7 imes wi hin each managemen ca ego y in du ing summe and au umn o
2013. Uni a ia e es s p o ided an o e all mode a e ‘ ese e e ec ’ o he ini ial
s a e o bo h MAELs.
Myc e ope ca usca
and
Diplodus ulga is
showed g ea e
abundances and biomasses, espec i ely, wi hin he ‘El Cab ón’
MAELI compa ed
o he adjacen MAELO.
Spa isoma
c e ense
,
Diplodus sa gus cadena i
,
Diplodus
ulga is
and
Sa pa salpa
showed g ea e abundances and biomasses wi hin he
'Las Can e as' MAELI compa ed o he adjacen MAELO. Fu he mo e, we es ed
whe he axonomic di e si y ( h ough calcula ion o he Shannon di e si y index
o he en i e ish assemblage) may be a su oga e o he ophic and unc ional
di e si y o he ish assemblage o adequa ely suppo he capaci y o MAMPs
o p ese e ma ine biodi e si y. Ou da a sugges ed a nea link be ween hem.
Keywo ds: Mic o á eas ma inas p o egidas, MAMPs, unc ional di e si y,
axonomic di e si y, ophic di e si y, a ge species and ese e e ec .
Resumen
'
Mic o á eas eco u ís icas li o ales
' (MAELs) es una nue a es a egia de ges ión y
conse ación ma ina, basada en la es uc u a de decisión bo om-up. En es e
es udio, e aluamos el es ado inicial ('es ado 0') de dos MAELs en G an Cana ia
(Islas Cana ias). 'El Cab ón' y 'Las Can e as', localizadas en es e y no es e de la
isla de G an Cana ia, espec i amen e. Especí icamen e, e aluamos di e encias
en abundancia y biomasa de especies de peces obje i o-come ciales, den o
(MAELI) y ue a (MAELO) de las dos ese as p opues as; Las cinco especies
come ciales es udiadas ue on:
Spa isoma c e ense, Diplodus sa guscadena i,
Diplodus ulga is, Myc e ope ca usca y Sa pa salpa.
Las poblaciones de peces
5
ue on mues eadas du an e 7 iempos comp endidos en e e ano y o oño de
2013. Tes s uni a ian es mos a on un mode ado 'e ec o ese a' du an e el
es ado inicial de las dos MAELS.
Myc e ope ca usca
y
Diplodus ulga is
mos a on mayo es abundancias y biomasas, espec i amen e, den o ‘El
Cab ón’ MAELI compa adas con la zona adyacen e MAELO.
Spa isoma
c e ense
,
Diplodus sa gus cadena i
,
Diplodus ulga is
y
Sa pa salpa
mos a on mayo es
abundancias y biomasas den o de 'Las Can e as' MAELI compa ado con la zona
adyacen e MAELO
.
Además, es amos si la di e sidad axonómica (median e el
cálculo del índice de di e sidad de Shannon pa a la población de peces) puede
es a elacionada con la di e sidad ó ica y uncional de la población de peces
pa a e alua la capacidad de p ese a la biodi e sidad ma ina de las MAMPs.
Encon amos en nues os da os una unión en e ellas.
Palab as cla e: Mic o á eas ma inas p o egidas, MAMPs, di e sidad uncional,
di e sidad axonómica, di e sidad ó ica, especies obje i o y e ec o ese a.

6
2. In oduc ion
The Uni ed Na ions (UN) o Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion's (FAO) es ima e
ha 75% o he wo ld's ishe ies a e ac ually o e exploi ed (Ray Hilbo n e al.,
2005). In pa icula , shallow-wa e ishe y esou ces a e being subjec ed o
s ong an h opogenic p essu es, including o e exploi a ion in he las decades
(Lauck e al., 1998; Cas illa., 2000). In ac , he main sou ce o e osion o ma ine
ecosys em biodi e si y is o e ishing (Jackson e al., 2001), bu he e a e o he s
sou ces o biodi e si y loss such as pollu ion (Eu opean agency, 2006), in asion
by alien species (Gollasch., 2006) and ca as ophes induced by global wa ming
(Ha ley e al., 2006). A solu ion o p ese e coas al esou ces consis s in he
es ablishmen o Ma ine p o ec ed a eas (MPAs). Two main objec i es ha e
been iden i ied when add essing he pu poses o MPAs: ensu ing sus ainable
use o economic esou ces, and p o ec ing biodi e si y – aluable species,
habi a s and landscapes (Salm
e al.
2000): In u n, he numbe o MPA has been
inc easing in he las decades, o p ese e and manage coas al esou ces and
hei habi a s, and so coas al ecosys ems and hei biodi e si y (F asche i e al.,
2011).
The e icacy o MPAs has been widely discussed (Ha melin-Vi ien e al., 1995;
Guide i e al., 2005; Micheli e al
.,
2005), wha depends on a ange o di e en
ac o s (Ba e e al., 2007), as he size o no- ake and adjacen bu e ing a eas
(Claude 2008; 2010), he ime since p o ec ion (Micheli e al., 2004), connec i i y
wi h adjacen zones (Vega Fe nandez e al., 2008) and, o cou se, he e ec i e
le el o en o cemen and compliance by local adminis a ions and use s
(Claude , 2010).
A new s a egy o ma ine conse a ion and managemen p omo e he
es ablishmen o
Mic o á eas eco u ís icas li o ales
(MAELs), which a e based on
a bo om-up go e nance philosophy. In his case, local communi ies boos he
es ablishmen and decla a ion o p o ec ed a eas ia local adminis a ions,
a he han elying on legal au ho i ies wi h compe ence in ishe ies and
conse a ion managemen The o e all goal o MAELs is o con ibu e o he
conse a ion o he biological di e si y and p oduc i i y o he oceans, including
ecosys em p ocesses, bu p omo ing sus ainable uses such as eco- ou ism,
adi ional ishing, scien i ic esea ch and so o imp o e local economy.
T adi ionally, managemen o coas al ecosys ems ha e ollowed a ( op-down
app oach), whe e go e nmen al bodies decide on speci ic egula ions.
F equen ly, MPA go e ning bodies ha e no aken ull esponsibili ies in hei
a emp s a managemen ; in u n, manage s ail o ecognize and encompass
7
s akeholde opinions in hei a emp s a ealizing a success ul MPA (Himes,
2007). A di e en s a egy, p omo es s akeholde pa icipa ion, ia a bo om-up
s a egy, whe e local communi ies, use s and local-adminis a ions collabo a e
since he ea lies s age o c ea ion o hese ese es. I has been widely
ecognized ha public pa icipa ion and local communi y in ol emen is an
essen ial ac o con ibu ing o he success o MPAs (Fiske, 1992; Wol enden,
1994). Fo example, changes in policies conce ning how exploi a ion o ma ine
esou ces in he Philippines should be implemen ed ha e shi ed om a
cen alized bu eauc acy o co-managemen among local communi ies, local
adminis a ion, and he na ional go e nmen (Alcala e al., 2006). Galicia (NW
Spain) has pionee ed co-managemen ini ia i es p oposing he c ea ion o a
ma ine ese e, designed and de eloped by he ishe s in pa ne ship wi h
biologis s and social scien is s, en i onmen alis s and membe s o he
au onomous Go e nmen o Galicia (Pe ez, 2013).
Typically, ese es es ablished ia bo om-up go e nance app oaches a e o
educed size. The posi i e e ec s o small-sized ese es, i.e. wi h a simila size
o he MAELs, ha e been demons a ed in many cases (Les e e al., 2009;
A onso e al., 2011; Ho e al., 2013), we show he posi i e he e ec s o small-
sized ese es a ound he wo ld (Appendix 1). Mo eo e , a small size do
acili a e co-managemen be ween s akeholde s (e.g. ishe s, use s, di e s,
adminis a ion), a o ing a sus ainable managemen . A goal o any ma ine
ese e is o e alua e he expec ed bene i s, ei he om an ecological poin o
iew, o also h ough social and economic me ics. In he li e a u e, he e a e
many di e en popula ion pa ame e s as bioindica o s o assess such expec ed
‘ ese e e ec ’.
Many biological s udies ha e ocused on one o se e al a ge species and, in
many ci cums ances, epo ed inc eased abundances and la ge sizes inside
MPAs (e.g. Ba e e al., 2006; Tuya e al., 2006; B i o e al., 1997, 1998, 2001).
Howe e , conse a ion o pa icula species is ques ioned, because i depends
on species-speci ic li e ai s (Villamo e al., 2012). Mo eo e , unde s anding
species’ ole in na u e is limi ed; less 1% ha e been s udied (Wilson, 2000), a
species can be conside ed o be unc ionally edundan when he communi y
con ains unc ionally-analogous species, so ha i s disappea ance om he
communi y en ails no measu able loss o unc ionali y (Dua e, 2000).
Rela ionships be ween species, hei biodi e si y and ecosys em unc ion a e
impo an o p edic ing he ecological and economic impac o human
8
in e en ions (A mswo h e al., 2007). Indices based only on he axonomic
iden i y p o ide an incomple e iew o biodi e si y (Villege e al., 2010). A
ecen consensus poin ou he impo ance o pa icula axa a he han species
ichness o explain ecosys em p ocesses in aqua ic communi ies (O’Conno e
al., 2008). A s ep u he in biodi e si y assessmen needs o conside he ole o
each species in ecosys ems o species esponses o en i onmen al condi ions.
This can be somehow app oached h ough he es ima ion o ophic and
unc ional di e si y o bio ic communi ies in conjunc ion wi h axonomic
di e si y s udies (Mc Gill e al., 2006). The eby, axonomic s udies ha
adi ionally ha e ocused on he iden i y o species may be complemen ed wi h
ophic and unc ional di e si y app oaches o adequa ely suppo he capaci y
o MAELs o p ese e ma ine biodi e si y.
In his s udy, ou goal was o assess he ini ial s a e ('s a e 0') o wo MAELs a
G an Cana ia Island, by compa ing se e al desc ip o s inside and ou side hese
wo p oposed ese es. This included he abundances and o al biomasses o
se e al a ge species (uni a ia e esponses), as well as es ima o s o he
axonomic di e si y ( h ough Shannon di e si y index) and ophic and
unc ional di e si y (mul i a ia e esponses). We ul ima ely aimed o un a el
whe he axonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y we e co ela ed wi hin he
s udy sys ems.
3. Ma e ial and me hods
3.1
S udy a ea and sampling design
This s udy ocused on wo ecen ly p oposed
Mic o á eas eco u ís icas li o ales
(MAELs) a G an Cana ia Island. The i s , 'El Cab ón', is loca ed in he eas side
o G an Cana ia Island. The second, 'Las Can e as', is loca ed in no h-eas side
o he island (Fig 1). Bo h zones a e biogeog aphically and clima ically simila . A
bo h loca ions, wo adjacen a eas we e s udied, one wi hin he p oposed MAEL:
no ake zone (MAELI), whe e he exploi a ion o ben hic and deme sal esou ces
will be p ohibi ed, he ea e so-called 'Cab ón' and 'Can e as', espec i ely, and
wo adjacen a eas ou side hese p o ec ed a eas (MAELO), he ea e so-called
'Risco Ve de' and 'Con i al', espec i ely, whe e ishing ac i i ies a e allowed.
Da a collec ion we e unde aken du ing Summe -Au umn o 2013 (Table 1), a 7
andom imes. F om an en i onmen al poin o iew, bo h a eas a each loca ion
9
we e simila in e ms o dep h, ype o bo om, wa e clima e and oceanog aphy.
A Cab ón and Risco Ve de, sampling was pe o med be ween 10 and 18 m
dep h, on ocky bo oms o simila s uc u al complexi y, o minimize he
possible e ec o he habi a (so-called 'habi a e ec ',
sensu
Ga cía-Cha on
and Pé ez-Ruza a., 1999). A ‘Can e as’ and ‘Con i al’, sampling ook place
be ween 3-5 m dep h, on ocky bo oms o simila s uc u al complexi y.
Table 1. Sampled locali ies and imes o compa e ish assemblages be ween
MAELI
and MAELO
a G an Cana ia Island.
Locali y (UTM)
Cab ón
Risco Ve de
Can e as
Con i al
Da e
27º52’N
15º23’W
27º51’N
15º23’W
28º08’N
15º26’W
28º09’N
15º26W
T1
26/07/2013
8/06/2013
T2
10/08/2013
22/07/2013
T3
12/09/2013
30/07/2013
T4
22/09/2013
7/08/2013
T5
30/09/2013
12/08/2013
T6
7/10/2013
2/09/2013
T7
15/10/2013
12/10/2013
16
Las Can e as
Vs
Con i al
Abundance
Biomass
Diplodus sa gus
cadena i
d
MS
F
P
d
MS
F
P
Locali y
1
77.709
22.650
0.001
1
3068.685
33.378
0.001
Time
6
4.115
3.312
0.009
6
112.901
1.896
0.104
LoxTi
6
3.430
2.761
0.022
6
91.936
1.544
0.184
Res
42
1.242
42
59.520
To al
55
55
Diplodus ulga is
d
MS
F
P
d
MS
F
P
Locali y
1
2.448
9.483
0.025
1
208.878
6.504
0.038
Time
6
0.176
0.549
0.780
6
35.177
0.837
0.564
LoxTi
6
0.258
0.805
0.564
6
32.117
0.764
0.642
Res
42
0.321
42
42.021
To al
55
55
Spa isoma c e ense
d
MS
F
P
d
MS
F
P
Locali y
1
14.488
14.479
0.005
1
5.084
5.085
0.046
Time
6
0.890
0.713
0.638
6
2852.681
1.011
0.433
LoxTi
6
1.000
0.801
0.573
6
4444.058
1.575
0.171
Res
42
1.249
42
2820.191
To al
55
55
Sa pa salpa
d
MS
F
P
d
MS
F
P
Locali y
1
72.470
24.679
0.004
1
24461.08
8.993
0.025
Time
6
3.552
0.766
0.606
6
3523.73
1.171
0.344
LoxTi
6
2.936
0.633
0.707
6
2720.00
0.904
0.510
Res
42
4.636
42
3008.84
To al
55
55

17
Figu e 3. (A, B) Abundance and (C, D) o al biomass (± SE) o he whi e sea-
b eam,
Diplodus sa gus cadena i
, a a eas wi hin MAELI (black ba s) o MAELO
(g ay ba s) a each sampling ime.
18
Figu e 4. (A, C) Abundance and (B, D) o al biomass (± SE) o he
common wo-
banded sea-b eam
,
Diplodus ulga is
, a a eas wi hin MAELI (black ba s) o
MAELO (g ay ba s) a each sampling ime.
19
Figu e 5. (A) Abundance and (B) o al biomass (±SE) o he island g oupe ,
Myc e ope ca usca,
a a eas wi hin MAELI (black ba s) o MAELO (g ay ba s) a
each sampling ime.
Figu e 6. (A) Abundance and (B) o al biomass (±SE) o he Salema,
Salpa salpa
a a eas wi hin MAELI (black ba s) o MAELO (g ay ba s) a each sampling ime.
20
Figu e 7. (A, B) Abundance and (C, D) o al biomass (± SE) o he pa o ish,
Spa isoma c e ense
, a a eas wi hin MAELI (black ba s) o MAELO (g ay ba s) a
each sampling ime.
4.2 Taxonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y
Wi h ega d o axonomic di e si y, no signi ican di e ences we e de ec ed
be ween p o ec ed (MAELI) and non-p o ec ed (MAELO) a eas a ‘Cab ón-Risco
Ve de’ (Table 5, Fig. 8-A). Howe e , axonomic di e si y a ied signi ican ly
be ween p o ec ed and non-p o ec ed a ea (p= 0.036, Table 4, Fig. 8-A) a
‘Can e as’.
Di e ences in ophic di e si y be ween p o ec ed (MAELI) and non-p o ec ed
(MAELO) a eas we e no ound (Table 4, Fig. 8-B). In u n, analysis o ophic
21
composi ion did no show signi ican di e ences (Appendix 2). In ‘Can e as-
Con i al’, we ound ha unc ional di e si y was signi ican ly g ea e (Table 5, Fig
8-C) in he MAELI han he MAELO, bu he unc ional composi ion did no a y
(Appendix 2).
Figu e 8. Taxonomic di e si y (A), ophic di e si y (B), and unc ional di e si y
(C) on he wo MAMPs s udied.
Cab ón Las Can e as
Taxonomic Di e si y
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Cab ón Can e as
T ophic di e si y
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Cab ón Las Can e as
Func ional di e si y
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
A B
C

22
Table 5. Resul s o 2-way ANOVAs es ing o di e ences be ween a eas and
imes, o he axonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y a each loca ion. P-
alues < 0.05 a e conside ed signi ican .
Cab ón Vs Risco Ve de
Can e as Vs Con i al
Taxonomic
Di e si y
d
MS
F
P
d
MS
F
P
Locali y
1
0.007
1.138
0.326
1
0.166
9.289
0.026
Time
6
0.009
3.570
0.007
6
0.025
1.761
0.141
LoxTi
6
0.006
2.501
0.041
6
0.018
1.242
0.303
Res.
42
0.003
42
0.014
To al
55
55
T ophic
Di e si y
d
MS
F
P
d
MS
F
P
Locali y
1
0.0000
0.002
0.969
1
0.016
1.251
0.305
Time
6
0.0011
0.510
0.797
6
0.011
1.533
0.187
LoxTi
6
0.0023
1.097
0.384
6
0.013
1.863
0.119
Res.
42
0.0021
42
0.007
To al
55
55
Func ional
Di e si y
d
MS
F
P
d
MS
F
P
Locali y
1
0.015
1.132
0.330
1
0.160
31.57
0.002
Time
6
0.010
1.637
0.165
6
0.014
2.13
0.077
LoxTi
6
0.013
2.116
0.081
6
0.005
0.78
0.594
Res.
42
0.006
42
0.007
To al
55
55
4.3 Co ela ion be ween axonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y
Taxonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y we e posi i ely co ela ed (Fig. 9).
23
Func ional Di e si y
0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
Taxonomic Di e si y
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
y=0.442+0.295x;Rsq = 0.489,p=0.005
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
y= -0.403 +2.207x;Rsq = 0.666,p=0.001
T ophic Di e si y
0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
Taxonomic Di e si y
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
y=-0.120+1.381x;Rsq =0.585 ,p= 0.001
0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
y=-0.120+1.381x;Rsq =0.585 ,p= 0.001
Func ional Di e si y
0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
T ophic Di e si y
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
y=0.442+0.295x;Rsq = 0.489,p=0.005
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
y=0.337+0.382x;Rsq =0.243 ,p= 0.073
Figu e 9. Rela ionship be ween axonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y.
Linea eg ession models es ed he signi icance o his ela ion sepa a ely o ‘El
Cab ón’ (A, C, D) and ‘Las Can e as’ (B, D and F).
24
5. Discussion
5.1 O e all esul s
Ou s udy aimed o es o di e ences in he abundances and biomasses o
a ge species be ween a eas ha will be soon be implemen ed as ma ine
p o ec ed a eas and adjacen , un-p o ec ed, a eas ha may ac as con ols; his
is an a emp o quan i y he ini ial s a e ('s a e 0') o ge baseline da a o assess
he so-called ' ese e e ec ' in he u u e. Such ' ese e e ec ' using a ange o
species ha e been demons a ed by a ange o s udies ha showed ha he
abundances and o al biomasses o ce ain species di e ed be ween p o ec ed
and un-p o ec ed a eas (Ba e e al., 2006; Tuya e al., 2006; B i o e al.
1999,
1998, 2001, 2006, among o he s). To adequa ely assess he e ec i eness o
MPAs, be o e-a e con ol–impac (BACIP) app oaches a e highly necessa y
(Edga and Ba e 1997; Edga e al., 2004). In his sense, ou s udy e alua ed he
' ese e e ec ' immedia ely be o e he implemen a ion o he s a o he
en o cemen . Wi hou a doub , ou da a will help ou o implemen a p ope
BACIP p o ocols in he u u e.
Fu he mo e, we analyzed communi y-le el di e ences be ween 'p o ec ed' (a
's a e 0') and adjacen a eas. We used ou da a o calcula e species ( axonomic),
ophic and unc ional di e si y, educing ou mul i a ia e da a in o single
di e si y alues. Some au ho s ha e demons a ed ha di e si y a e o en
highe inside han ou side p o ec ed a eas (Ba e e al., 2007; Claude e al.,
2006) and e en ophic and unc ional di e si y can esponse o p o ec ion mo e
apidly han species ( axonomic) di e si y (Villamo e al., 2012). Recen
syn heses and empi ical s udies ha e highligh ed ha unc ional ai s p edic
he e ec s o global changes on ecosys em se ices be e han species di e si y
pe se
(Cado e e al., 2011) and many ecosys em p ocesses and se ices
depend mo e on unc ional di e si y han species di e si y (Nys om., 2006).
Impo an ly, ou s udy has demons a ed ha , a he s udy loca ions in G an
Cana ia Island, he e is a clea connec ion be ween he 3 ways biodi e si y o
nea sho e ishes was quan i ied, i.e. a he axonomic, ophic and unc ional
le els.
5.2 Cab ón-Risco Ve de
Myc e ope ca usca
, a op p eda o inhabi ing shallow ocky ee s o he
Maca onesia, was unique among he ou s udied species in he sense ha we
ound la ge abundances and o al biomasses inside ela i e han ou side he
p o ec ed a eas (a ime 0, o cou se). In he Cana y Islands, Tuya e al. (2006)
ound he g ea es mean abundances and o al biomasses o his species a El
25
Hie o Island (
ca
. mean abundances o 1.5-2 ind 100 m2), pa icula ly inside he
'Ma de Las Calmas' MPA. We ound simila abundance alues o his species,
e en a he s a e 0 o implemen a ion. This esul is indica i e o he good s a us
o his ish a his a ea, as his species is slow-g owing, la ge-sized, wi h low
popula ion u no e a es (Zabala e al., 1997; La Mesa e al., 2002; Bodilies e al.,
2003) and is hea ily a ge ed by bo h p o essional and ec ea ional ishe men in
he Cana ias (Bas e al., 1995; Falcon e al., 1996; Tuya e al., 2006). A simila
ou come has been desc ibed in he Medi e anean Sea, whe e he e ec s o
p o ec ion om ishing nea he coas ha e lead o inc emen s in he
abundance and biomass o ano he Se anid, he dusky g oupe ,
Epinephelus
ma gina us
(Zabala e al., 1997; La Mesa e al., 2002).
The sea-b eam,
Diplodus ulga is
, is a species a ge ed by bo h ec ea ional and
comme cial ishe ies in he Medi e anean (Coll e al., 2004; Llo e e al., 2004)
and he A lan ic (Velga e al., 2010). This ish showed a highe biomass inside
han ou side he p o ec ed a ea. Small p o ec ed a eas, such as MAEL can
he e o e o e an al e na i e o he sus ainable de elopmen o his and simila
species (Alós e al., 2011).
5.3 Can e as-Con i al
The a ge species:
Spa isoma c e ense
,
Diplodus sa gus
,
Diplodus ulga is
and
Sa pa salpa
, showed la ge abundances and o al biomasses be ween he u u e
p o ec ed a ea and he neighbo ing un-p o ec ed a ea. This may be a ibu ed
o eased con ol o ishing ac i i ies; by law, ishing is p ohibi ed inside beaches,
wha is also acili a ed by he la ge numbe o use s ha somehow make
di icul ex ac ion o esou ces wi hin he beach. As a esul , his a ea can be a
g ea si e o conse e and egene a e ish popula ion.
Spa isoma c e ense
,
Diplodus ulga is
and
Diplodus sa gus
a e highly p ized in bo h local
ec ea ional and comme cial ishe ies ac oss he Maca onesian egion, and
especially h oughou he Cana ian A chipelago (Bo one e al., 1991; Bas e al.,
1995). The la ge abundances and o al biomasses eco ded o
Salpa salpa
migh be he esul o a la ge ishing p essu e ou side he p o ec ed a ea.
5.4 Link be ween axonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y
Es ima ion o unc ional di e si y is ele an o assess he heal h s a e o coas al
esou ces, whe e he e is inc easing in e es in cla i ying he ole o na u al and
human impac s. In his s udy, we only ound highe unc ional di e si y in ‘Las
Can e as’ han in he adjacen un-p o ec ed a ea. I we ake in o conside a ion
ha inc emen s in axonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y a e expec ed a e
he implemen a ion o conse a ion measu es, his da a poin s owa ds a
mode a e ese e e ec a he ime 0.
32
 Llo e , J., Za agoza, N., Caballe o D., Fon T., Casade all M., Rie a V., 2008.
Spea ishing p essu e on ish communi ies in ocky coas al habi a s in a
Medi e anean ma ine p o ec ed a ea. Fish. Res. 94, 84–91.
 Pe ez L., 2013. Fishe s as ad oca es o ma ine p o ec ed a eas: a case
s udy om Galicia(NW Spain). Ma ine Policy, 41, 95–102.
 McGill B. J., Enquis B., Weihe E., Wes oby M., 2006. Rebuilding
communi y ecology om unc ional ai s. T ends in Ecology and
E olu ion 21:178-185.
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co ela es o communi y change in no- ake ma ine ese es. Ecol Appl 14:
1709−1723.
 Micheli F., Benede i-Cecchi L., Gambaccini S., Be occi I., Bo sini C., Osio
GC., Romano F., 2005. Cascading human impac s, ma ine p o ec ed a eas,
and he s uc u e o Medi e anean ee ish assemblages. Ecol Monog
75: 81−102.
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Gas on K.J., Mye s R.A., 2006. Co al ee s and he global ne wo k o
ma ine p o ec ed a eas. Science 312, 1750–1751.
 Nys öm M., 2006. Redundancy and esponse di e si y o unc ional
g oups: implica ions o he esilience o co al ee s. Ambio 35, 30–35.
 O’Conno N. E., G abowski J., Ladwig L., B uno J., 2008. Simula ed
p eda o ex inc ions: p eda o iden i y a ec s su i al and ec ui men o
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 Salm RV., Cla k J.R., Sii ila E., 2000 Ma ine and coas al p o ec ed a eas: a
guide o planne s and manage s. IUCN. Washing on DC.
 Shea s N.T., Babcock R.C., 2003. Con inuing ophic cascade e ec s a e
25 yea s o no- ake ma ine ese e p o ec ion. Ma ine Ecology P og ess
Se ies 246, 1–16.
 Tisdell C., 1986. Con lic s abou li ing ma ine esou ces in Sou heas
Asian and Aus alian wa e s: u les and dugong cases. Ma ine Resou ce
Economics, 3: 89–109.
 Tuya F., Boy a A., Sánchez-Je ez P., Ba be a C., Ha oun R.J., 2004.
Rela ionships among ishes, he long-spined sea u chin Diadema
an illa um and algae h oughou he Cana ian A chipelago. Ma ine
Ecology P og ess Se ies 278, 157–169.
 Tuya F., Ga cía-Diez C., Espino F., Ha oun RJ., 2006. Assessmen o he
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Spa isoma c e ense
(Pisces: Sca idae), ac oss he Cana ian A chipelago
(eas e n A lan ic).Fishe ies Resea ch 77, 24–33.
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34
 Villamo A., Bece o M.A., 2012.Species, ophic, and unc ional di e si y
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Medi e anean, Spain). Scien iaMa ina 61, 65–77.
1
8. Appendix
Appendix 1.The posi i e e ec s o small-sized ese es a ound he wo ld.
Polunin &
Robe s (1993)
Aga dy (1993)
Robe s &
Hawkins
(1997)
Rese e
Saba Ma ine
Pa k
Ambe g is
Caye
Rese a Bios e a Sian Ka'an
(Quin ana Roo)
Pa que Ma ino Isla
Saba
G an Ba e a de
A eci es
Anse
Chas ane
Coun y
Ne he lands
An illes
Belize
Méjico
An illas
Nee landesas
Aus alia
S . Lucía
Size (ha)
20
20
320000
2.6
Age
4
4
7
2
Indica o s: ecologic/ ishing
To al densi y o ishes
+
+
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
+
To al biomass o ishes
+
+
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
+
Densi y o p eda o s ishes
+
+
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
+
Biomass o p eda o s ishes
+
+
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
+
Species di e si y
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Species size a e age
+
+
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
+
P eda o s size a e age
+
+
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
+
Densi y o comme cial
a ge ishes
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Indica o s:socio-economic
Tou is uses
n.a.
n.a.
+
+
+
n.a.
Di e s
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
+
+
+
Fishing local bene i s
+
+
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Economic local bene i s
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
En i omen local bene i s
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
2
Russ e al.
(2004)
Pa nell e al.
(2005)
Meli a A.
Samoilys e al.
2007
Ha melin
-Vi en e
al. (2008)
Apo
Island
La Jolla
Handumon
Pandano
n
Asina
n
Bilang-
bilangan
Ba asa
n
Banyuls
Cabo de
Palos
Cab e
a
Ca y-le-
Roue
Medes
Taba c
a
Filipinas
Cali o niam,
US
Bohol,
Filipinas
F ancia
España
F ancia
Españ
a
22.5
216
50
20
66
10.5
21
650
1898
8680
85
418
1400
>18
12
3
7
8
8
>10
n.a.
-
+
+
+
+
+
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
+
+
+
+
+
+
n.a.
0
+
+
+
+
+
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
+
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
+
+
+
+
n.a.
0
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
0
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
0
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
3
Claude
e al.
(2008)
La
Res inga
La
G aciosa
Cabo
de
Palos
Taba ca
San
An onio
Columb e es
Medes
Islands
Ce be e-
Banyuls
Cap
Cou onne
Ca y-
le-
Roue
Bouches de
Boni acio
Siis Mal
di Ven e
España
F ancia
I alia
180
1225
270
120
110
1883
93
65
210
85
1200
529
14
13
13
22
15
18
25
34
14
26
17
15
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

4
Appendix 2. Resul s o wo way ANOVAs es ing o di e ences be ween
locali ies, imes, o he species, ophic and unc ional composi ion each ma ine
ese e. *Signi ican di e ence a
P
<0.05.
Cab ón Vs Risco Ve de
Can e as Vs Con i al
Taxonomic
composi ion
d
MS
F
P
d
MS
F
P
Locali y
1
0.976
4.309
0.087
1
1.116
3.981
0.098
Time
6
0.287
2.543
0.032
6
0.275
1.488
0.199
LoxTi
6
0.227
2.006
0.091
6
0.280
1.518
0.195
Res.
42
0.113
42
0.185
To al
55
55
T ophic
composi ion
d
MS
F
P
d
MS
F
P
Locali y
1
0.004
0.226
0.624
1
0.187
1.295
0.305
Time
6
0.032
1.317
0.281
6
0.045
0.514
0.799
LoxTi
6
0.016
0.658
0.677
6
0.145
1.648
0.168
Res.
42
0.024
42
0.089
To al
55
55
Func ional
composi ion
d
MS
F
P
d
MS
F
P
Locali y
1
0.009
0.048
0.835
1
0.378
1.671
0.246
Time
6
0.147
1.731
0.139
6
0.057
0.573
0.750
LoxTi
6
0.188
2.219
0.062
6
0.226
2.284
0.051
Res.
42
0.084
42
0.099
To al
55
55
5