I onsolubili yinmine aldus and
ae osolgene a ed omsoil
samples
Tesisdemás e  ealizadapo VanesadelPila Je ezSa mien o
Tu o a:Ma íaDolo esGelado Caballe o
Más e enOceanog a ía
19deDiciemb ede2013
Index
1. In oduc ion
2. Me hodology
2.1.Samplingsi es
2.2.Me hod
2.3.Ai massclassi ica ion
2.4.D yDeposi ionsamplescha ac e is ics
3. Resul sanddiscussion
4. P elimina yConclusions
1.In oduc ion
Fe
Biological ole
Essen ial nu ien Enzyme sys ems
Pho osyn hesis
Respi a ion P ima y P oduc ion
Ni ogen ixa ion (PP)
[Mo elandP ice,2003;
Jickells e al.,2005]
O he cycles in e ac ion
Ca bon
Sulphu
Ni ogen
Phospho us
Clima e sys em in luence
Fea ailabili y limi ing ac o  o PP
e.g.HNLC egions ca bon ixa ion/CO2
consump ion
[Ma ine al.,1991]
1.In oduc ion
TheI oncycle[Raiswell e al.,2012]
Global i on luxes o he ocean [Jickells e al., 2005]
Sou ce Flux
(Tg Feyea ‐1)
Flu ialpa icula e o ali on 625 o 962
Flu ialdisol edi on 1.5
Glacialsedimen s 34 o 211
A mosphe ic 16
Coas al e osion 8
Hyd o e mal 14
Au higenic 5
A mosphe ic dus inpu 

GlobalImpac
1.In oduc ion
Concep ual diag am illus a ing he main issues, p ocesses and species ela ing o he SOLAS EBUSs and OMZs esea ch p og ammes.
P ocesses a e indica ed in i alic. [E ol ing Resea ch Di ec ions in Su ace Ocean‐Lowe A mosphe e (SOLAS) Science by Cli Law e al. in
En i onmen al Chemis y 2013, 10, 1‐16]
Bioa ailable FesolubleFe(FeS)
[Jou ne e al.,2008]
P edominan specie Fe(III):highly insoluble
Solublespecie Fe(II):un‐s able

1.In oduc ion
Imágenesdelsa éli eEa hP obe
•gene a ed omsoils
•Chemicalandmine alogicalcomposi ioncondi ioned o placeo igin
Mainmine al:qua z,clay,calcil e,gibbsi eandFeoxides
•Sizepa iclecondi ioneddis ance anspo (meansize0.1‐10m)
Mine alae osol
1.In oduc ion
A mosphe icp ocesses

changeFesolubili y
•G a i a ionalse ling
•Mixingwi han h opogenic
andbiomassbu ningae osols
•Up akeo acidicgases
•Pho o educ ion
Fesolubili y (FeS)
pHCloudp ocesses
FeS insoils<0.1% s 80%FeS inae osolso e  emo eocean
[Bake andJickells,2006:Maholwald e al.,2009;Shi e al.,2012]
1.In oduc ion
h p:// iji.ucsd.edu/~g eg/s eamwiseCCN.h m
•Main mechanism o up ake:
CO2,SOx,NOx,…
[Sein eld andPandis,2006]
Dus pa icles ascloud condensa ion nuclei (CNN)
•Se e al condensa ion ande apo a ion cyles pH
•E apo a ion s ep pH<3 he highes Fesolubili y
dus /liquid a io
Ionic s eng h
pH
Objec i es
1. Fespecia ioninae osolscollec edin heCana yIslands
2. Fespecia ioninA icansoils
3. Rep oduceae osols“p ecu so s” h oughachemical
p ocessinsoils
4. Valida e whe he  heseae osolp ecu so sha e hesame
specia ion ha ae osolscollec edinCana yIslands
2.Me hodology
2.3.Ai mass classi ica ion
Ai massiden i ica ionclassi ica iono di e en back ajec o ieso  heai 
masseswi hendpoin a G anCana ia.Geog aphicsec o s:(a)SH(Sahel:0°–
20°N,18°W–20°E),(b)WCS(Wes andCen alSaha a:20°N– 30°N,18°W–
20°E),(c)NS(No ho Saha a:38°N–30°N,18°W–15°E),(d)EUR(ai masses
o e con inen alEu opeand heA lan icOcean)and(e)MAR( ajec o ies
o e  heA lan icocean)[Gelado – Caballe oe al.,2012].
5geog aphicsec o s:
•SHsec o (Sahel:00‐200N,180W‐
200E)
•WCS(Wes andCen alSaha a:
20‐300N,180W‐200E)
•NS(No he nSaha a:380‐300N,
180W‐150E,No hMo occo,No h
Alge iaandTunisia)
•EUR(Eu opeanandma i ime
ae osol, ajec o ies ha c oss he
Eu opeancon inen andA lan ic
ocean)
•MAR(ma i imeae osol,
ajec o ieso e  heA lan ic
ocean)

2.Me hodology
2.4.D y Deposi ion samples cha ac e is ics
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DD1 DD2 DD3 DD4 DD5 DD6 DD7
Days/ai massinDDsamples(%)
AFRICAN EUR MAR
Pe cen ageo days o eacho igino  heai massesin hed ydeposi ionsamples(A ican,Eu opeanandma ine)
2.Me hodology
2.4.D y Deposi ion samples cha ac e is ics
04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
Flux (mg m-2 d-1)
0
100
200
300
400
TSP (g m-3)
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
D y lux
We lux
A e age TSP
DD5 DD2
DD3
DD1
DD7
DD4
DD6
FeT(mgg‐1)FeS(mgg‐1)%FeS
DD1 43.59 0.19 0.44
DD2 46.74 0.28 0.60
DD3 36.77 0.08 0.23
DD4 61.01 0.28 0.46
DD5 47.81 0.25 0.53
DD6 54.80 0.36 0.65
DD7 39.90 0.27 0.68
L23' 31.57 0.21 0.67
L23 31.75 0.06 0.19
Hema i e 469.14 0.03 0.01
Illi e 41.67 0.75 1.79
Ve miculi e 48.87 0.23 0.46(n=1)
Musco i e 22.42 0.003 0.001(n=1)
3.Resul s anddiscussion FeS
% Fe To al
110100
% Fe Soluble
0
1
2
3
L23
L23´
DD
Illi e
Ve miculi e
Hema i e
Musco i e
Ae osols-Ta i a
Ae osols-Pico de la Go a
% S ol. Fe
To al Al (µg m -3)
02468101214
0
5
10
15
20
25
MAR
EUR
A ican dus
FeS
DDFeS
0.49%(±0.18)
3.Resul s anddiscussion
Sample
FeT
(mgFe/g
sample)
FeA
(mgFe/g
sample)
Fe–NaOAc
(mgFe/g
sample)
FeD
(mgFe/g
sample)
FeA/FeT
(%)
Fe‐
NaOAc/FeT
(%)
FeD/FeT
(%)
(FeA+FeD)/
FeT
(F eeFe
Ra io)
FeA/(FeA +
FeD)
(%)
DD1 43.59
(±0.25,n=3)
0.23
(±0.03,n=3)
0.15
(±0.01,n=3)
35.20
(±7.97,n=3)
0.53
(±0.06,n=3)
0.34
(±0.03,n=3)
80.75
(±18.30,n=3)
0.81
(±0.18,n=3)
0.65
(±0.05,n=3)
DD2 46.74
(±1.15,n=2)
0.56
(± 0.01,n=3)
0.10
(±0.02,n=3)
14.85
(±0.93,n=3)
1.20
(±0.02,n=3)
0.21
(±0.04,n=3)
31.78
(±1.99,n=3)
0.33
(±0.02,n=3)
3.65
(±0.29,n=3)
DD3 36.77
(n=1)
0.25
(±0.03,n=3)
0.13
(±0.02,n=3)
5.26
(±0.81,n=3)
0.68
(±0.08,n=3)
0.35
(±0.04,n=3)
14.30
(±2.20,n=3)
0.15
(±0.02,n=3)
4.61
(±0.63,n=3)
DD4 61.01
(n=1)
0.85
(±0.04,n=3)
0.23
(±0.02,n=3)
6.64
(±0.51,n=3)
1.39
(±0.06,n=3)
0.37
(±0.03,n=3)
10.89
(±0.83,n=3)
0.12
(±0.01,n=3)
11.36
(±1.09,n=3)
DD5 47.81
(n=1)
0.59
(±0.03,n=3)
0.24
(±0.04,n=3)
17.90
(±2.54,n=3)
1.24
(±0.06,n=3)
0.51
(±0.08,n=3)
37.45
(±5.32,n=3)
0.39
(±0.05,n=3)
3.24
(±0.54,n=3)
DD6 54.80
(n=1)
0.52
(±0.19,n=3)
0.50
(±0.16,n=3)
15.82
(±1.93,n=3)
0.94
(±0.34,n=3)
0.91
(±0.28,n=3)
28.87
(±3.51,n=3)
0.30
(±0.03,n=3)
3.26
(±1.40,n=3)
DD7 39.90
(n=1)
0.21
(n=1)
0.27
(n=1)
9.91
(n=1)
0.52
(n=1)
0.68
(n=1)
24.84
(n=1)
0.25
(n=1)
2.05
(n=1)
L23’ 31.57
(±5.63,n=3)
0.59
(±0.37,n=3)
0.06
(±0.02,n=3)
7.16
(±0.31,n=3)
1.88
(±1.16,n=3)
0.19
(±0.05,n=3)
22.67
(±0.98,n=3)
0.25
(±0.003,n=3)
7.62
(±4.64,n=3)
L23 31.75
(±6.36,n=3)
0.12
(±0.02,n=3)
0.08
(±0.02,n=3)
11.99
(±0.62,n=3)
0.37
(±0.05,n=3)
0.27
(±0.07,n=3)
37.77
(±1.94,n=3)
0.38
(±0.02,n=3)
0.97
(±0.08,n=3)
Fespecia ion
3.Resul s anddiscussion
4.72%(±0.84)inDDsimila  esul s inae osols collec ed in
G anCana ia[Gelado‐Caballe oe al.,2012]
FeS 0.49%(±0.18)
FeA/FeT 0.97%(±0.50)

0,10
1,00
10,00
100,00
DD1 DD2 DD3 DD4 DD5 DD6 DD7 L23' L23
Di e en Fespecies(Fe/FeT%)
FeA/FeT Fe‐NaOAc/FeT FeD/FeT Feo he s/FeT
Fespecia ion
Logscaleg aphical ep esen a iono  he a iousFespeciesin hesamples
3.Resul s anddiscussion
FeD 32.15%(±20.45)
FeA andFe‐NaOAc one o
wo o de s lowe han FeD
Collec edinShie al.,
2012
Numbe o 
samples Sou ces FeA/FeT(%) FeD/FeT(%) (FeA+FeD)/Fe
TFeT(%) FeA/(FeA+FeD)
(%) Re e ences
Saha a:dus p ecu so s 2
Tibes Moun ains,
Sou hLibya:
Wes e nSaha a
0.5(±0.2) 35.3(±3.4) 0.36(±0.04) 4.7(±0.1) 1.4
Shi e al.,
2011b
Paleolakes:dus 
p ecu so so po en ial
dus p ecu so s
4
Bodele Dep ession,
Chad;Cho el
Dje id,Tunisia;
Wadi alHya ,Libya;
Wadi AshSa i,Libya
1.5(±1.1) 18.8(±10.1) 0.2(±0.11) 1.6(±1.3) 7.4
Bejjing:d ydeposi ion
dus 1No Known 1.7 22.3 0.24 3.5 7.1 Shie al.,
2011a
E.Medi e anean:d y
deposi iondus 1No Known 0.9 35.1 0.36 2.81 2.5 Shie al.,
2009
W.Medi e anean:we 
deposi iondus 1 No Known 2.4 35.6 0.38 3.58 6.3
Cana y Island:
ae osol 12
Saha ano igin
byback
ajec o y
NM NM 0.35
(±0.07) NM NM Laza oe 
al.,2008
2Sahelo iginby
back ajec o y NM NM 0.58
(±0.03) NM NM
This s udy
L23(a ican soil,
po en ial dus
p ecu so s)
3Wes e nSaha a 0.37
(±0.05)
37.77
(±1.94)
0.38
(±0.02)
3.17
(±0.01) 0.97(±0.08)
L23'(dus 
p ecu so s) 3Wes e nSaha a 1.88
(±1.16)
22.67
(±0.98)
0.25
(±0.03)
3.17
(±0.01) 7.62(±4.64)
DD,G anCana ia 7 Saha aNS/WSC 0.93
(±0.36)
32.70
(±23.18)
0.34
(±0.23)
4.72
(±0.84) 4.08(±3.42)
Table.Summa yo  esul so  hespecia iono Fein hiss udyandcompa edwi ho he scompiledin he e iewo Shie al.,2012
(NMisno measu ed)
3.Resul s anddiscussion
Fluxes o elemen s(µgm‐2d‐1)
Thiss udy Johansene al.,2000
Samples DD1 DD2 DD3 DD5 DD6 Coa se Fine A e ange
F‐0.13 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.27 0.01 0.22
Cl‐29.33 2.73 4.13 5.98 3.92 90.43 2.39 62.21
B ‐<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.14 0.004 0.10
NO3
‐1.27 0.15 0.44 0.24 0.45 9.22 0.52 8.16
SO42‐38.07 11.51 9.73 19.32 11.83 18.72 1.73 23.59
C2O42‐2.58 0.84 0.86 0.31 0.59 0.54 0.05 0.68
Na+17.46 1.85 2.92 3.84 2.21 57.60 1.79 41.99
NH4+2.73 0.05 0.50 0.06 0.06 0.99 0.20 2.27
K+<0.01 <0.01 1.62 0.76 0.53 2.61 0.13 2.36
Mg2+ 4.47 0.59 1.11 1.08 1.05 7.11 0.23 5.21
Ca2+ 77.29 9.92 24.48 9.32 6.27 10.97 0.32 7.84
Ca2+ a einag eemen wi h he
A ican o igin o samples
D y Deposi ion Fluxes o majo elemen s om IC
Table.D ydeposi ionFluxes o majo elemen sin hiss udyandcompa ewi hes ima ed luxes omJohansene al.,2000
da es.
3.Resul s anddiscussion
4.P elimina y Conclusions
1. The amoun s o ae osol collec ed by deposi ion sys ems a e e y
low. Fo his eason, “ p epa ed ae osols ” om soils, o mimics he
chemical p ope ies o mine al ae osol, is so impo an .
2. Sequen ial ex ac ion p ocess esul s ha e demons a ed ha he
Fe specia ion in d y deposi ion samples is simila o ae osol
p ecu so s om A ican soils collec ed in he sou ce egions.
3. The solubili y o he mo e labile Fe ac ions is on a e age 0.97%
(±0.49) o he o al Fe con en in he samples. The highly eac i e
Fe (FeA+FeD) co esponds o a signi ican ac ion o he FeT in he
samples, an a e age o 33.10% (±20.27). This Fe can be eadily
dissol ed a low pH.
4. The high a iabili y in he specia ion o Fe in d y deposi ion
samples sugges ha a mosphe ic anspo may be an impo an
ac o con olling ae osol solubili y.