English binominal noun phrases as seen through their Czech counterparts

English binominal noun ph ases
as seen h ough hei Czech coun e pa s
Gab iela B ůho á#— Ka eřina Va&ků (Cha les Uni e si y( P ague)
ABSTRACT
!is pape p o ides an analysis o "00 English binominal noun ph ases (BNPs) and hei Czech
ansla ion coun e pa s, using da a om apa allel English-Czech co pus. BNPs, cha ac e ized by
he N%-o -N& s uc u e, ha e dis inc syn ac ic and seman ic p ope ies, whe e N& ypically unc-
ions as he seman ic head, and N% con eys an a ibu i e quali y. !e s udy aims o iden i y Czech
s uc u es pe o ming simila unc ions and o speci y he oles o BNPs h ough hei Czech ans-
la ions. !e me hodology in ol es manual ex ac ion o BNPs om aco pus, classi ying Czech ans-
la ions in o eigh ca ego ies, and analyzing hei e alua i e, desc ip i e, o in ensi ying unc ions.
Findings highligh he p e alence o adjec i al p emodi ica ion in Czech ansla ions, he nuanced
oles o BNPs, and he cul u al and linguis ic adap a ions in ansla ion. !e esea ch unde sco es
he complexi y o ansla ing exp essi e cons uc ions and o(e s insigh s in o linguis ic ypology
and ansla ion s a egies.
KEYWORDS
binominal noun ph ases, con as i e linguis ics, exp essi i y, e alua i e unc ion, seman ic head
DOI
h ps://doi.o g/%0.%)*%&/%+0,-.",.&0&,.&.)
1 INTRODUCTION
Based on he da a om apa allel English-Czech co pus, he p esen pape o(e s an
analysis o "00 English binominal noun ph ases (BNPs) as seen h ough hei Czech
ansla ion co espondences. BNPs cons i u e adis inc i e ca ego y o syn ac ic con-
s uc ions cha ac e ized by he combina ion o wo nouns linked by he p eposi ion
o . !ese N%-o -N& cons uc ions a e desc ibed as “aspecial case o p eposi ional ap-
posi ion” (Qui k e al., %-+,, p.%&+)), exempli ied by ph ases such as ahell o ap ob-
lem, ha idio o ap ime minis e , he ni wi o ahusband, he ool o apoliceman, and an
angel o agi l (Aa s, %--+). BNPs a e no able o hei unique syn ac ic and seman ic
p ope ies. Syn ac ically, acco ding o p io esea ch, i is he second noun ha unc-
ions as he head, wi h he i s noun and he p eposi ion o ac ing as amodi ie in
he chunk [N% o a], e.g. hell o a(Aa s, %--+; Kim and Sells, &0%,).1 Seman ically, he
i s noun [N%] con eys ap ope y o quali y a ibu ed o he e e en o he second
noun [N&] (Aa s, %--+, p.%%+). !is p edica i e aspec o he i s noun mani es s i -
sel in wo main ways: he po en ial o pa aph asing BNPs as copula cons uc ions
(e.g., he ool o apoliceman becomes he policeman is a ool) and he abili y o subs i u e
1 The modi ie cons uc ion can he e o e be seen as being embedded in ala ge nominal
cons uc ion.
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GABRIELA BRŮHOVÁ#— KATEŘINA VA,KŮ -./
[N% + o + a] wi h an adjec i e (e.g., he ool o apoliceman ans o ms in o he oolish po-
liceman). !is dual pa aph asing capabili y unde sco es he seman ic /exibili y and
ichness o BNPs in English. !is pape has a wo old aim: a) o iden i y and desc ibe
he Czech means which pe o m he same unc ions as he English BNP, b) o u he
speci y he unc ions o he cons uc ion as seen h ough he Czech coun e pa s.
2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
English binominal noun ph ases exhibi a ange o p ope ies ha ha e been he
subjec o linguis ic analysis in wo ks such as hose by Aa s (%--+), Keize (&00*),
Kim and Sells (&0%,), and en Wolde (&0&&). !ese p ope ies p o ide insigh s in o he
s uc u e and seman ics o BNPs in English.
One undamen al cha ac e is ic o English BNPs is he obliga o y use o he
p eposi ion o . !is p eposi ion is in eg al o he complex chunk [N% o a], which as
awhole unc ions as amodi ie (Aa s, %--+, p.%%-; en Wolde, &0&&, p.&-%; Napoli,
%-+-, p.&&)). Fo example, in he ph ase jewel o a ci y in “And i in oduced he o Bu-
dapes , ajewel *(o ) aci y.”, he omission o he p eposi ion o would ende he ph ase
g amma ically inco ec .
!e canonical de e mine o he i s noun in hese ph ases is ypically an in-
de ini e a icle. Howe e , a ia ions a e possible (Keize , &00*, p.++(), including
demons a i e p onouns ( ha idio o aboy), possessi e p onouns (he ni wi o ahus-
band), and inde ini e p onouns like one (one hell o abea ing) o some (some d agon o
a ecep ionis ) (Kim and Sells, &0%,, p.))). !is /exibili y in he choice o De % allows
o a ange o nuances in BNPs.
!e second de e mine , on he o he hand, is in a iably an inde ini e a icle, e.g.,
he s upid ni wi o ahusband. (Huddles on and Pullum, &00&, p.))&), o ahell o aday
(Kim and Sells, &0%,, p.))–),), wi h o he de e mine s no being possible (c . ahell
o *some/*any/*one day). Howe e , in some cases, especially wi h plu al nouns, he
a icle may be omi ed, as in jewels o illages like Wes Bu on and Ask igg (Kim and
Sells, &0%,, p.))–),).
Akey aspec o BNPs is ha i is he second noun (N&) ha ypically unc ions as
he seman ic head, con ibu ing o he co e meaning o he BNP. Fo ins ance, in She’s
a igh ened li"le mouse o awoman, he ph ase essen ially means She is a igh ened
woman, no She is a igh ened li"le mouse. Howe e , he e a e ins ances whe e bo h
N% and N& can se e as seman ic heads, as seen in She doesn’ wan o alk o his idio o
ap ime minis e , whe e idio and p ime minis e bo h hold seman ic weigh : She doesn’
wan o alk o his idio . o She doesn’ wan o alk o ap ime minis e .2 (Kim and Sells,
&0%,, p.),).
In e es ingly, he i s de e mine can ex end i s scope o encompass no only he
i s noun bu also he second noun. !is is e iden in ph ases like you ool o a a he
(Kim and Sells, &0%,, p.)*) o ou mise able sod o acleane (Aa s, %--+, p.%"%), whe e
2 Howe e , amo e sui able pa aph ase would con ain ade ini e de e mine : She doesn’ wan
o alk o he / his p ime minis e in his case.
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he e alua ion applies o he pe son deno ed by he second noun ( a he , cleane ): You
a he is a ool. o Ou cleane is amise able sod.
F om he p agma ic s andpoin , BNPs a e desc ibed as in a iably e alua i e. One
common cha ac e is ic o BNPs is ha hey o en in ol e nega i e assessmen s o
he e e en o N& o a e used as insul s (Aa s, %--+, p.%&%). Examples like a ool o
ad i e , abi ch o asec e a y, and aslu o aschool eache demons a e he nega i e
e alua i e na u e o BNPs. By combining N% wi h N&, hese ph ases in ensi y he
nega i e judgmen o de oga o y na u e o he desc ip ion. Howe e , i is impo an
o no e ha BNPs can also be used o posi i e assessmen when an app op ia e N%
is employed (Aa s, %--+, p.%&%). Fo ins ance, ph ases like an angel o agi l, apea l o
ajob, and awonde o aci y exp ess posi i e e alua ions. In hese cases, BNPs c ea e
asense o admi a ion o emphasize he excep ional quali ies o he desc ibed pe son
o hing.
In e ms o meaning, “ he e does seem o be aco e o ‘exp essi e’ meaning in
all BNP examples, and his exp essi e na u e is p esumably how he cons uc ion is
unc ionally mo i a ed in ac ual usage” (Kim and Sells, &0%,, p.,%) . BNPs o(e a alu-
able means o exp ess e alua ions o judgmen s o pe sons and hings, pa icula ly in
ic ion . !ey a e ypically used o he desc ip ion o indi iduals and hings o con ey
as ong e alua i e meaning and c ea e i id image y. !us, BNPs allow speake s o
w i e s o con ey hei subjec i e e alua ions wi h added emphasis and in ensi y,
e oking apa icula emo ional o desc ip i e e(ec . Den Dikken (&00., p.%.&) dis in-
guishes wo sub ypes o he cons uc ion: a compa a i e (ajewel o a illage) and an
a ibu i e sub ype (an idio o adoc o ).
In summa y, English BNPs a e cha ac e ized by hei obliga o y use o he p epo-
si ion o , /exibili y in de e mine choice, he ypical ole o N& as he seman ic head,
he po en ial o bo h N% and N& o ha e p emodi ie s, and hei in a iably e alua i e
na u e.3 !ese p ope ies con ibu e o he ich exp essi e po en ial o BNPs in Eng-
lish.
3 MATERIAL AND METHOD
!e s udy ocuses on examining English BNPs and hei Czech coun e pa s. !is
compa a i e analysis seeks o deepen ou unde s anding o he s uc u al and unc-
ional cha ac e is ics o English BNPs by explo ing how hey a e ansla ed in o
Czech, he eby shedding ligh on he seman ics o he English cons uc ion h ough
i s Czech coun e pa s. Since he e is no di ec coun e pa o he BNP in Czech, ou
main aim is o in es iga e how his speci ic cons uc ion is ansla ed in o Czech and
how i s exp essi i y is e/ec ed. !e p ima y me hodology in ol es ex ac ing ex-
amples o BNPs om apa allel English-Czech co pus and analysing hei ansla ion
equi alen s in Czech.
!e da a o his s udy we e sou ced om he In e Co p pa allel English-Czech
3 Fo ade ailed discussion o he BNP p ope ies see Kim and Sells (2015) and en Wolde
(2022).
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GABRIELA BRŮHOVÁ#— KATEŘINA VA,KŮ -.4
co pus, speci ically ocusing on English o iginals om he ic ion gen e. To iden i y
English BNPs, we used he ollowing que y:
[ ag = "N."][wo d = "o "][lemma = "a"][ ag = "JJ"]{0,%}[ ag = "N."].
Howe e , his app oach esul ed in nume ous alse posi i es, making manual se-
lec ion essen ial o accu a ely iden i ying and ex ac ing au hen ic BNPs. Conse-
quen ly, we chose a andom se o au ho s and i les and p ocessed he que y esul s
un il we compiled "00 examples o BNPs. !e inal sample con ains )+ i les by ".
au ho s.
!e manual selec ion p ocess o ex ac ing BNPs was guided by wo p ima y c i-
e ia. !e i s c i e ion was e o mula ion by p edica ion, whe e he BNP allows pa -
aph asing h ough acopula p edica ion (e.g. agian o aman ansla ing o he man
is agian ), o apa aph ase by asimile (e.g. ahoney o ahouse ansla ing o he house is
like honey). !e second c i e ion was ha he second noun (N&) in he BNP s uc u e
should be he seman ic head.
!is app oach, howe e , p esen ed challenges, pa icula ly wi h p oblema ic
examples. Fo ins ance, in he ph ase shadow o a, di(e en con ex s led o a ying
in e p e a ions. In she was he shadow o agi l, i aligns wi h BNP c i e ia (“ he gi l
is ashadow”), bu in she saw he shadow o agi l, ambigui y a ises—i could mean
“she saw he gi l” (BNP) o “she saw he gi l’s shadow” (no aBNP). In he case o she
s epped in o he shadow o agi l, he s uc u e doesn’ mee he BNP c i e ia. !ese nu-
anced con ex s necessi a ed ca e ul manual analysis o ensu e accu a e iden i ica ion
o genuine BNPs.
!e ex ac ed da a we e hen classi ied in o eigh ca ego ies based on he ans-
la ion coun e pa s in Czech. !ese ca ego ies include p emodi ica ion, pos modi i-
ca ion, clausal coun e pa , syn he ic coun e pa , apposi ion, in ensi ie , adjec i al
ph ase and o he means. !is classi ica ion allows o ade ailed analysis o how he
s uc u al and seman ic p ope ies o English BNPs a e con eyed in Czech.
Wi hin each ca ego y, we de e mined he unc ion he [N% o a] sequence wi h
espec o he ollowing noun. We iden i ied h ee di(e en unc ions: e alua i e,
desc ip i e o in ensi ying. In he case o e alua i e unc ion, he [N% o a] exp esses
aposi i e o nega i e e alua ion o N& ( ha a nigh ma e o agi l, ahoney o ahouse).
!e desc ip i e unc ion is used when he [N% o a] sequence desc ibes he size, shape
o appea ance o he N& e e en (apink- aced, gold-hai ed, o e g own che ub o aman)
and, las ly, he [N% o a] sequence can be used o in ensi y ap ope y which is ei he
exp essed by amodi ie o N& (ahell o as ong wo d “a e y s ong wo d”) o which
can be in e ed (hell o an acciden “a e y se ious acciden ”).
Ou hypo hesis is ha he p ima y ype o he Czech coun e pa will di(e ac-
co ding o he unc ion o he BNP cons uc ion. !e esea ch is expec ed o p o ide
insigh s in o he ansla ion s a egies used o BNPs in Czech, e ealing he linguis-
ic and cul u al conside a ions ha in/uence hese ansla ions. Addi ionally, he e-
sea ch aims o deepen ou unde s anding o he unc ional mo i a ions d i ing he
use o BNPs in English.
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4 ANALYSIS
.5- VARIABILITY OF N-
!e sample o "00 examples o he cons uc ion con ains %&% di(e en ypes a he
N% posi ion. !e ollowing igu e displays he mos p ominen ypes wi h hei e-
quency in he co pus4:
igu%e 1:Mos equen nouns in he N1 posi ion
!e da ase exhibi s ama ked cons uc ional p e e ence o he noun hell (e.g. ahell
o apa y). Addi ionally, a ai ly s ong p e e ence is obse ed o se e al o he
nouns, such as shadow, de il, ool, ghos , gian (e.g. ashadow o a own, ade il o asi -
ua ion, ha ool o acons able, agian o alad). Howe e , he N% posi ion wi hin hese
cons uc ions also exhibi s ahigh deg ee o lexical di e si y, as e idenced by he in-
clusion o awide a ay o o he low- equency ypes, sugges ing a e sa ile pa e n
o noun inco po a ion.
.51 VARIABILITY OF N1
!e sample con ains e en mo e di(e en ypes a he N& posi ion, ha is %*& di(e -
en nouns. Nouns wi h s a is ically signi ican equency a e p esen ed in Figu e &.
We can e eal adisce nible pa e n in he dis ibu ion o nouns occupying he
N& posi ion wi hin ou cons uc ional amewo k. Unlike he N% posi ion, which is
domina ed by aconspicuous ou lie , hell, he N& posi ion showcases g ea e a ia-
ion wi h no single noun disp opo iona ely equen . !is sugges s amo e dynamic
and /exible u iliza ion o nouns in he N& slo . !e nouns man and ime appea mos
equen ly, bu wi h coun s o &) and &" espec i ely, hey do no o e shadow o he
nouns signi ican ly. !is is indica i e o acons uc ion ha in eg a es ypically gen-
e al nouns such as man, woman, and hing, e/ec ing a endency owa ds gene al
a he han speci ic desc ip ions in he N& posi ion.
4 We applied abinomial p obabili y model o assess he s a is ical signi icance o linguis-
ic a ian equencies o bo h N1 and N2. We chose o limi ou discussion o ypes wi h
4 and mo e occu ences, as nouns wi h lowe equencies displayed lowe con idence in-
e al bounds o ze o, indica ing insu%cien s a is ical e idence o conclusi ely di&e en-
ia e hei p esence om andom chance wi hin he gi en con idence le el (p>0.05).
hell
shadow
de il
ool
ghos
gian
igu e
5
7
8
10
15
16
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GABRIELA BRŮHOVÁ#— KATEŘINA VA,KŮ -3-
Based on he examples o he cons uc ion p o ided in li e a u e we expec ed ha
mos N& e e en s will be anima e, bu ..% o he da ase display an inanima e N&
e e en .
As o he ypical seman ics o N&, he mos equen e e en s include ape son
(ahawk o aman, an impe ious whi lwind o awoman, ahell o aguy), ime (ahell o
a ime, ahell o aday; anigh ma e o ayea ), place o loca ion ( his dull ho b u e shi
o as ee ; he all, de elic bi d’s nes o ahouse; some ou is ap o aho el) o nouns
desc ibing human looks o cha ac e is ics (he squashed- oma o o anose; Goyle’s low
asp o a oice; abi"e inkle o alaugh; abig c inkled Uo asmile). !e N& is o en agen-
e al, seman ically edundan noun, he main unc ion o which is mainly o ill in he
g amma ical slo in he cons uc ion.
.56 TRANSLATION COUNTERPARTS
igu%e (:Mos equen nouns in he N2 posi ion
p emodi ica ion
pos modi ica ion
clausal coun e pa
syn he ic coun e pa
o he
in ensi ie + ad /adj
apposi ion
adjec i al ph ase
106
56
36
33
26
21
14
8
man
ime
hing
woman
day
way
guy
gi l
ways
smile
oom
place
doub
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
9
10
23
24
igu%e ):Dis ibu ion o Czech ansla ion coun e pa s o he English BNP
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.565- PREMODIFICATION BY AN ADJECTIVE
!e mos equen coun e pa o he English BNP in ou s udy is p emodi ica ion,
obse ed in %0. ins ances, accoun ing o o e a hi d o ou da a. Consis en wi h
p io esea ch, hese Czech coun e pa s co obo a e ha N% a ibu es ap ope y o
N& (Aa s, %--+; Kim and Sells, &0%,), a ole ypically ul illed by adjec i al p emodi-
ica ion in Czech.
F om he seman ic pe spec i e, he [N% o a] sequence p ima ily se es h ee
unc ions: e alua i e, desc ip i e, and in ensi ying. In Czech ansla ions, hese a e
ende ed h ough co esponding e alua i e, desc ip i e, o in ensi ying adjec i es.
As depic ed in Figu e ), he e alua i e unc ion is ma kedly mo e p e alen in his
ca ego y han he desc ip i e and in ensi ying unc ions.
igu%e 4:Func ions o [N1 o a] co esponding o Czech p emodi ica ion
E alua i e unc ion
Bo h N% in he English BNP and he adjec i e in he Czech coun e pa asc ibe an
e alua i e p ope y o he seman ic head (N& in English, head o NP in Czech). E al-
ua ion is a unc ion which is equen ly desc ibed as he main unc ion o BNPs (c .
Aa s, %--+).
Examples om ou da ase include:
(%) a. you ool o amo he
její p a1 2ná ma ka [he oolish mo he ]
b. he a sehole o ahusband
její k e énsk3 man4el [he c e inous husband]
c. a eal p ince o aman
á4n2 sk 2l3 chlap [a eally g ea guy]
!e examples abo e ep esen pu ely e alua i e unc ion, in ol ing ei he nega i e
(exx. %a and %b) o posi i e (ex. %c) assessmen o he e e en o N&.
Desc ip i e unc ion
Con a y o ou ini ial assump ions, ou da a include &* ins ances whe e he BNP
se es apu pose o he han e alua ion, wi h he [N% o a] sequence being mo e de-
sc ip i e. He e, he p ima y ole o he i s noun is o desc ibe he size, shape, o
appea ance o he N& e e en . !e e o e, we decided o ca ego ize hem sepa a ely.
(&) a. agian o aman
ob o i 3 mu4 [ahuge man]
e alua i e
desc ip i e
in ensi ying
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GABRIELA BRŮHOVÁ#— KATEŘINA VA,KŮ -36
b. a o midable ba el o aman
ako 3 dob5e ud2lan3, mohu n3 chlapík [awell-buil , la ge man]
c. apudding o a ellow
osolo i 3 chlapík [ajelly-like ellow]
In ensi ying unc ion
In ce ain ins ances, bo h he English N% and he Czech equi alen exhibi an in en-
si ying unc ion, ampli ying ap ope y associa ed wi h N&, which can be deduced
om he con ex .
(") a. one hell o anoise
1ílen3 acho [an insane noise]
b. one hell o an achie emen
za acen3 úsp2ch [adamn achie emen ]
Examples "a and "b demons a e ha he posi ion o he i s de e mine ypically oc-
cupied by he inde ini e a icle can ins ead be illed by he inde ini e p onoun one. As
en Wolde (&0&&, p.&+-) no es, his ep esen s an empha ic use o one. Fu he mo e,
Keize (&00*, p.+-) highligh s ha one se es a ein o cing ole, he eby ampli ying
he in ensi y o he ph ase hell o .
.5651 POSTMODIFICATION
!e second mos equen ansla ion coun e pa in ou s udy is he use o aCzech
pos modi ying ph ase o clause (%-% o sample da a). Pos modi ica ion di(e s om
p emodi ica ion in ha i allows o mo e exp essi e and e bose desc ip ions, which
a e pa icula ly sui able o depic ing he appea ance o he N& e e en . !e dis ibu-
ion o he h ee unc ions o he [N% o a] sequence is comple ely di(e en in his ca -
ego y. I seems ha he e alua i e unc ion in Czech is mo e associa ed wi h he ad-
jec i al p emodi ica ion han wi h pos modi ica ion. !e di(e en dis ibu ion o he
desc ip i e and e alua i e unc ion in p emodi ica ion and pos modi ica ion coun-
e pa s is s a is ically signi ican .
igu%e 5:Func ions o [N1 o a] co esponding o Czech pos modi ica ion
Pos modi ica ion akes a ious o ms, anging om a ela i e clause (exx. )a, ,a),
p eposi ional ph ase (exx. )b, ,) o an adjec i al ph ase (ex. )c). In se e al ins ances
he Czech ansla ion coun e pa s con ain ame apho (sjes řábí áří in ex. )b) o
asimile (jako ěs o in ex. )c), c ea ing acompa ison be ween he desc ibed pe son o
hing and he noun used in N%. !e ansla ion may also make use o an idioma ic ex-
desc ip i e
in ensi ying
e alua i e
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-3. LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 1/1213
p ession wi h aco esponding unc ion, e.g. an in ensi ying [N% o a] is ansla ed as
an in ensi ying idiom in o Czech (ex. .). !is ansla ion app oach appea s mo e ap
o complex seman ic ela ionships han ap emodi ie , especially in he desc ip i e
unc ions o N%.
Desc ip i e unc ion
()) a. he squashed- oma o o anose
nos, k e 3 p5ipomínal ozmačkané ajče [anose ha looked like asquashed
oma o]
b. a hin, shabby, agged hawk o aman
yzábl3, o1un 2l3, zpus l3 mu4 sjes 5ábí á5í [a hin, shabby, agged man
wi h ahawk ace]
c. he a pudding o agi l
a dí ka nakynu á jako 2s o [ he gi l isen like dough]
E alua i e unc ion
(,) a. he uin o an old woman
4ena, zní4 zbyla jen s a5ičká oska [awoman who emained jus an old
w eck]
b. Well, you’ e one hell o adoc o !
Teda y js e op a du dok o za 1echny p achy! [You a e eally adoc o o
all he money! = You a e a e ible doc o !]
In ensi ying unc ion
(.) one hell o ac ack
puklina jako h om [ac ack like hunde = ahuge c ack ]
.5656 CLAUSAL COUNTERPART
Ano he ela i ely equen means how o deal wi h he BNP in he Czech ansla ion
is subs i u ing he seman ically dense nominal cons uc ion by aclausal coun e pa
(%&% o sample da a). In hese ins ances, he ansla o op s o amo e explici , and
o en mo e e bose, manne o exp ession (exx. * a, b) o e/ec he exp essi i y o
he o iginal BNP. !ese cases show ha Czech ends o explici ly exp ess wha Eng-
lish only implies, hus p o iding amo e i id desc ip ion o he e e en o N&.
In many o hese ins ances, he Czech use o alexical e b co esponds o an
English cons uc ion wi h aseman ically weak e b like ha e, ake, o make comple-
men ed by an objec (exx. + a, b).
!e ypological di(e ence in he choice o nominal and e bal means in Czech
and English was al eady desc ibed by Ma hesius (%-*,, p.%0)), who no iced ha “[i]
n Czech, one almos in a iably encoun e s apu ely e bal p edica ion, i.e. he ac-
ion is exp essed by he ini e e b- o m. !is is also qui e common in English, bu
in addi ion, a e y equen ype appea s o be he e bo-nominal p edica ion, i.e.
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