Fine Tools for Fine Work. The Form and Function of ‘Small Craft Tools’ from Bronze Age Kaymakçı (Türkiye)

Fine Tools o Fine Wo k. The Fo m and Func ion o
‘Small C a Tools’ om B onze Age Kaymakçı (Tü kiye)
Ka hleenC. Schaupp– Magda Pieniążek– Tunç Kane – Ch is ophe H. Roose el
ABSTRACT
Tools ha e always played an ex emely impo an , de ining ole in human li e. Aclose look a Small C a
Tools (SCTs), such as d ills, awls, punches, and small chisels, no only allows us an insigh in o he exac
p oduc ion echniques o a e ac s bu can also p o ide in o ma ion on egional exchanges o goods and
c a specializa ions in indi idual se lemen s. Ne e heless, hese a e ac s ha e been la gely neglec ed
in p e ious s udies, and he e seems o be no ag eemen among he ew au ho s who ha e desc ibed such
small b onze ools in mo e de ail. The la ge numbe o middle and la e B onze Age SCTs ound a Kaymakçı
(Tü kiye) was used as an oppo uni y o s udy hei ypology, cha ac e is ics, and use -wea . A o al o 31
SCTs we e ound in only six yea s o exca a ion (2014–2021). In ela ion o he yea s o exca a ion, his is
compa able o he numbe o SCTs ound a Ha usa. This indica es he impo ance o Kaymakçı as apo en ial
lea he / ex ile p oduc ion cen e . This s udy desc ibes and cha ac e izes he SCTs om Kaymakçı in de ail.
The au ho s a e able o iden i y dis inc di e ences be ween hese ools and make sugges ions o amo e
uni ied classi ica ion, unde lining ha such i ems a e wo hy o close conside a ion in u u e s udies.
KEYWORDS
B onze age; wes e n Ana olia; Kaymakçı; c a manship; lea he ; small c a ools; ypology; use wea
DOI
h ps://doi.o g/10.14712/23368144.2025.1.7
INTRODUCTION
The making o o namen s, he d illing o gems one beads, he ca ing o bone o i o y objec s,
and he in ica e wo k o cobbling– all hese a isanal and echnical c a s played a e y sig-
ni ican ole in e e yday household ac i i ies as well as in specialized manu ac u e in eli e-
-sponso ed wo kshops. Undoub edly, ine ools and ine c a manship we e impo an ields
o B onze Age p oduc ion o bo h mundane and luxu y goods. Howe e , his ype o ool has
been neglec ed in p e ious s udies o a leas has no ecei ed he ea men i su ely dese es.
This pape ocuses on b onze ‘Small C a Tools’ (SCTs) such as awls, d ills, small chisels, and
punches. These a e classi ied he e as small ools o abou 5.0 o 15.0 cm in leng h, usually (bu no
always) composed o an edge (wo king head) and asha . The wo king head should no be wide
han ca. 1 cm.1 Excep ions wi h wo wo king heads a e also known om Kaymakçı and o he si es
1 De ailed analysis o all known SCTs would be necessa y in o de o de ine he a e age dimensions
mo e p ecisely. The longes SCT om Kaymakçı (awl 108.522.13.7) is 9.2 cm, he wides wo king
head is 0.9 cm (chisel 99.526.185.1). Awls longe han 10 cm a e known om Ha usa (e.g. He -
bo d – Van Wickede 2021, Bo 79/89; Bo 86/413). The e o e, he leng h limi was se a 15 cm.
STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIX/1, 95–119
96 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIX/1
(see below). These ypes o objec s ha e ne e been he subjec o aspeci ic publica ion, al hough
hey a e common a chaeological inds. The cu en s a e o esea ch does no p o ide acon incing
classi ica ion bu a he o e laps and con uses whole classes o ools. Awls and d ills ha e o en
been de ined simply as poin ed pins o s icks, some imes dis inguished by hei c oss -sec ion o
he posi ion o he sha shoulde , while punches ha e been de ined simply as ‘blun e ’ awls and
small chisels by hei ypical cu ing -edge. P e ious ypologies a ied acco ding o each se o el-
e an esea ch ques ions, so ce ain cha ac e is ics we e some imes included and some imes no .
Typology should be seen as a ool in scien i ic analysis, howe e , aiming o g oup a e ac s by shape
as objec i ely as possible, balancing accu acy wi h aminimum numbe o ypes (c . B ew 1946).
The pape begins wi h agene al e iew o SCTs, ollowed by he p esen a ion and classi ica-
ion o small b onze ools ound a he B onze Age ci adel o Kaymakçı (cen al wes e n Ana olia,
Tü kiye). Typological assignmen s a e based on shape, speci ic mo phological ea u es, and
aces o use, depending on he s a e o p ese a ion and whe e possible, he con ex ual si u-
a ion. Finally, new de ini ions o speci ic b onze ools and hei unc ions a e p oposed, con-
ibu ing o ongoing and u u e esea ch on ine ools used o ine wo k in B onze Age socie ies.
STATE OF RESEARCH
As men ioned abo e, SCTs made o b onze ha e ne e been ea ed in acomp ehensi e
way. Ins ead, hey ha e been included in b oade discussions o me alwo king and ela ed
equipmen . As a esul , hei classi ica ions lack consis ency. J. Deshayes (1960, 39–44), o
example, de ined poin ed pins as awls and classi ied ou ypes acco ding o he posi ion o
he ang and shoulde . R. M. Boehme (1972, 115) ollowed simila logic bu desc ibed he same
objec s as chisel -like ools, dis inguished om eal chisels only by hei ips. Bo h de ini ions
p e en sepa a ion o awls om d ills o e en poin ed punches. K. B anigan (1974, 27) added
he c oss -sec ion as acha ac e is ic ea u e, which should be angula in awls and punches
bu ound in d ills.
C oss -sec ion de ails we e no ed by A. Mülle -Ka pe (1994, 166–167) oo, bu because he o-
cused on me alwo king in gene al, he did no ocus on awls a all, e en hough his chisel ypes
8a and 9b, and pe haps e en 7e and 7h, migh ha e been used as awls. R. D. G. E ely (1993, 86)
dis inguished be ween awls, poin s, and punches, de ining hem by hei sha p o blun ips,
hei slee es and hei sizes, bu did no go in o u he de ail. A e y de ailed desc ip ion was
gi en by S. He bo d and A. Van Wickede (2021, 109–113). They used he gene al size, c oss sec ion,
and shape o he ips o de ine and desc ibe in de ail se en main ypes o awls, pa ly based on
Boehme ’s ypology and wi h compa ison o Mülle -Ka pe’sde ini ions. Howe e , hey also
men ioned he g ea di icul y o dis inguishing awls om d ills (He bo d – Van Wickede
2021, 105). As he e we e many di e en opinions on he de ini ion o awls in his case, N. G.
Blackwell (2011, 33) decided o call all poin ed ools used in ex ile and lea he wo k awls. He was
also he i s o in oduce he e m ‘Small C a Tool’, which is used he e also as agene ic e m.
As b ie ly ou lined abo e, p e ious esea ch used a ying app oaches o in es iga e SCTs.
Di e en classi ica ions we e de eloped o Ana olia and he Aegean. Fu he mo e, wo c ucial
s udies o bo h egions appea ed almos simul aneously and did no e e o each o he : ha
o E ely (1993) and Mülle -Ka pe (1994). Ne e heless, ega dless o he ype o classi ica ion,
de ailed desc ip ion and illus a ion o he inds, e en o hose ha appea less sophis ica ed
and/o unimpo an , a e essen ial o any kind o esea ch aiming o poin ways o wa d.
E en i he way in which hese SCTs a e e e ed o in he li e a u e is inconsis en , i is
he unc ion o he awl ha mos au ho s ag ee is o be ound in lea he wo kshops o p oduce
97KATHLEENC. SCHAUPP– MAGDA PIENIĄŻEK– TUNÇ KANER– CHRISTOPHER H. ROOSEVELT
objec s such as shoes, clo h, bags, o saddles, in pu poses o which i con inues o be used oday
(c . Jacobi 1974, 54–55; Blackwell 2011, 107; He bo d – Van Wickede 2021, 109). Illus a ions
o awls used in his con ex , o example by shoemake s (Fig. 1), a e known om he House
Books o he Twel e B o he s Founda ion (Nu embe g, Ge many, 15 h–19 h cen u y CE). In abook
om 1706 an awl smi h is explici ly men ioned (Saue 2023). In addi ion, some au ho s ha e
sugges ed he use o awls in me al and woodwo king o pe o a ing o ma king con ou s (c .
Ma yon 1938, 245; Un ach 1968, 55; Jacobi 1974, 54; E ely 1993, 93). O he s ha e sugges ed
ha his ype o ool was used as acosme ic u ensil (Hochs e e 1987, 27), o wax modelling
(A mb us e 2000, 151), o unc ioned as aspu o a a oo needle (Zimme mann 2009, 146).
Fig. 1: Illus a ion o an awl, used by ashoemake . Twel e B o he s Founda ion Nu embe g, 1595.
(Saue 2023, Amb. 279.2° Folio 64 e so– Landaue I).
D ill bi s, which a e usually he only p ese ed pa o d ills, can be di ided in o solid, and
hollow d ills (E ely 1993, 77). While he o me g inds in o he d illed ma e ial, he la e
pe o a es aci cle and lea es acha ac e is ic d ill co e2 (c . E ely 1993, 77; Seehe 2005, 14;
Lud ike al. 2015, 13). Some au ho s de ined d ills by hei ound c oss sec ion, size, and
weigh (B anigan 1974, 26; Mülle -Ka pe 1994, 174), while o he s conside he shape o he
ip (B epohl 1980, 218, ig. 178; E ely 1993, 77–78), al hough his should no be he p ima y
ea u e used o cha ac e iza ion (E ely 1993, 86). Mülle -Ka pe (1994, 174) men ions he
dange o con usion wi h o he ools and encou aged sea ching o use -wea ma ks (ab asi e
ma ks), which should un c osswise o he sha (Fig. 2a); hese ma ks come om he use
o ab asi e ma e ials such as eme y o qua z. This addi i e was pa icula ly necessa y o
a leas ad an ageous o d illing ha de ma e ials such as ha d s ones, which could no be
d illed wi hou hese ab asi es by a‘so ’ b onze d ill.
3
Howe e , so e s ones o i o y a e also
2 See o example he SEM image o aca nelian bead om he Aigina easu e in he B i ish Museum,
illus a ing an abandoned d illing made using ahollow d ill (Fi one al. 2009, 24, ig. 107).
3 Fo expe imen al wo k ela ed o his opic, e e o Go elick– Gwinne 1983; Gwinne –
Go elick 1987 and Lud ike al. 2015.
98 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIX/1
likely o ha e been ea ed using ab asi es o make he p ocess mo e e ec i e (c . Un ach
1968, 399–400; Go elick– Gwinne 1983, 41; Gwinne – Go elick 1987, 20; E ely 1993,
84, 158; Mülle -Ka pe 1994, 174–175; Lud ike al. 2015, 4–6; He bo d – Van Wickede 2021,
105). He bo d and Van Wickede (2021, 105; e.g., Bo 85/120, Bo 85/290) men ioned some d ills
wi h use -wea om d illing, bu did no desc ibe he ma ks in de ail, excep o he ac ha
hey we e spi ally h eaded up he sha . In hese pa icula cases, he use as ad ill is clea ly
isible. I is usually no possible o di e en ia e be ween simple -poin ed solid d ills and awls
wi hou any aces o use.
The shape o he ip has also been used as adis inc i e ea u e o punches. In mos cases,
punches a e desc ibed as poin s wi hou ahandle, and wi h hamme -blow ma ks, so called
bu s o bea ds, and wi h speci ic names gi en o hem acco ding o hei ip shapes (c .
B aun -Feldweg 1968, 68, 184; B epohl 1980, 230; B epohl 1999, 52; E ely 1993, 86; Mülle -
-Ka pe 1994, 160). These ools we e used o chasing and punching pa e ns in o gold, sil e ,
and b onze pla es4 o lea he (c . Lowe ye al. 1971, 173; He bo d – Van Wickede 2021, 85).
The e o e, hey we e used o chip -less (non - emo al) de o ma ion o he ma e ial, whe eas
chisels we e used o pe manen cu ing ( emo al) o he ma e ial, which is he mos impo -
an dis inguishing ac o be ween hem (c . Ma yon 1938, 243; B aun -Feldweg 1968, 177;
Lowe ye al. 1971, 172; B epohl 1980, 213).
Some au ho s ha e used he e m chisel -shaped punch o punching chisel o desc ibe ools
ha esemble chisels bu we e used o chip -less shaping, also known as chasing (Ma yon
1938, 243; B epohl 1980, 231; A mb us e 2000, 56; He bo d – Van Wickede 2021, 85; a.o.
no: Bo 85/181, Bo 86/151). Such punches, also called ace s,5 we e used o c ea e lines o o he
linea designs. Acco ding o G. Jacobi (1974, 24) hey can be ecognized by he asymme ical
4 D esche (1968) ques ioned he use o b onze punches on b onze shee s due o hei simila ha d-
ness. Howe e , expe imen al s udies ha e shown ha i is possible o use hem by using di e en
alloy pe cen ages and aking ad an age o hei a ying deg ees o ha dness (Lowe ye al. 1971,
173; A mb us e 2000, 116).
5 Punching chisel by He bo d and Van Wickede (2021, 85, a. o. No.: Bo 85/181, Bo 86/151).
Fig. 2: Schema ic explana ion o use wea ma ks desc ibed
by Mülle ‑Ka pe 1994, 174. a– ans e se o c osswise
o he sha ; b– pa allel o he sha . G aphic by E. Kane
and K. C. Schaupp; ©Gygaia P ojec s.
99KATHLEENC. SCHAUPP– MAGDA PIENIĄŻEK– TUNÇ KANER– CHRISTOPHER H. ROOSEVELT
shape o he cu ing edge (Fig. 3). Mülle -Ka pe (1994, 160) and A. Hänsel (2014, 140) obse ed
he same pa e n in SCTs. This asymme ic shape is due o ‘ acing’ aline, whe e only one side
o he cu ing edge imp esses new ma e ial and he o he side uns in he p e ious imp ession,
esul ing in less wea . The di icul y o dis inguishing be ween ace s and chisels has led some
schola s o classi y punches as belonging o he chisel - amily (Jacobi 1974, 24; B epohl 1980,
230), which has con ibu ed o he gene al con usion in de ining SCTs.
Finally, he las g oup o SCTs, he small ‘ eal’ chisels, we e desc ibed in de ail by Mülle -Ka pe
(1994). Chisels a e ypically iden i ied by hei a iable size, cu ing edges, and comp ession
ma ks, also known as bu s o bea ds (c . Jacobi 1974, 19; E ely 1993, 11; Mülle -Ka pe 1994,
162–170; A mb us e 2000, 56). The cu ing -edges a e he mos dis inc i e and simul ane-
ously he mos sensi i e pa o chisels in e ms o p ese a ion. E ely (1993, ig. 2) desc ibed
di e en shapes– wi h la e, wi hou la e, cu ed, and s aigh – o dis inguish be ween
s aigh chisels and punches o poin ed chisels and d ills/awls o punches. Mülle -Ka pe
highligh ed he impo ance o use -wea aces in ool iden i ica ion. Fo chisels, use -wea
ma ks should un pa allel o he sha and ollow he di ec ion o hamme blows (Fig. 2b)
(Mülle -Ka pe 1994, 174).
The case o ‘ ine b onze ools’ becomes e en mo e complex when conside ing speci ic
implemen s such as mand els, bol -shaped a ow ips, o s yli, which can look e y simila
o he a o emen ioned ools. Ap ope de ini ion h ough use -wea analysis should assis in
dis inguishing be ween hem, a leas in heo y.
SMALL BRONZE TOOLS FROM ANATOLIA AND THE AEGEAN
One o he mos in iguing si es ega ding SCTs is Ha usa (Fig. 4). Wi h mo e han 600 SCTs
om he 2nd millennium BCE egis e ed o da e, his si e has p oduced a mo e SCTs han
any o he B onze Age Ana olian o Aegean si e, based on a ailable publica ions. The SCTs
ound a Ha usa consis mos ly o awls, bu possible d ills and punches a e also ep esen ed
(Boehme 1972; 1979; He bo d – Van Wickede 2021).
Fig. 3: Asymme ic wea on he cu ing edge o a ace . G a‑
phic by E. Kane and K. C. Schaupp.

100 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIX/1
Fewe SCTs, e en in ela ion o he size o he si e, ha e been ound in wes e n Ana olia.
Fo ins ance, in T oy, less han 20 SCTs belonging o he Middle B onze Age (MBA) and La e
B onze Age (LBA) we e documen ed (Blegene al. 1953; 1958; Pieniążek 2020a; 2020b). The
de ini ion o such ools a T oy emains p oblema ic in some cases. Blegene al. did no p o-
ide ade ailed desc ip ion o he awls, excep o wo small ones om he LBA. These awls
we e ound inside bone handles, one comple e and one agmen ed (Blegene al. 1953, 22;
Blegene al. 1958, 15, no. 37:425, 37:494). Abou adozen addi ional SCTs, ala ge d ill, achisel,
h ee awls, and some poo ly p ese ed, unde inable ools we e desc ibed in de ail by Pieniążek
(2020a, 605–606).
Fig. 4: Map showing he loca ions o si es men ioned in he ex , wi h inse showing gene al loca i‑
on. Backg ound om ESRI opo map da a.
The published in en o y om he olde exca a ions a Beycesul an, one o he la ges si es
in wes e n Ana olian, only o e ed a ound nine SCTs (Mellaa – Mu ay 1995, 115–117, pl.
O.5–O.11). Du ing he new exca a ions, howe e , addi ional examples ha e been disco e ed
(E dem 2015, 64, ca . no. 9, 11, 22). F om Kocabaş Tepe only nine SCTs ha e been published
(Ayku 2021, 420, ig. 6k–ö), and o he si es ha e yielded only a ew SCTs each.6
Addi ionally, six ools iden i ied as chisels by C. Pulak we e ound in he Ulubu un ship-
w eck nea Kaş (Bachhube 2006, 352; Pulak 2008, 301). Mülle -Ka pe (1994, 174) desc ibed
wo o hese objec s as la ge d ills, while Blackwell (2011, 295) e e ed o hem as chisels o
d ills. One o he d ills has an angula (diamond -shaped) ip and is simila o ad ill ound in
T oy (c . Mülle -Ka pe 1994, 175, pl. 76:24, 25; Pieniążek 2020a, 602, no. A07.0606).
6 Addi ional ind si es in Ana olia included: ou SCTs om Çine -Tepecik (exhibi ed in he A chae-
ological Museum in Aydın); h ee SCTs om Panaz epe (E kanal -Ök ü 2018); h ee SCTs om
Liman Tepe (Ayku 2020); and one SCT om Seyi öme Höyük (Bilgen– Bilgen 2015).
101KATHLEENC. SCHAUPP– MAGDA PIENIĄŻEK– TUNÇ KANER– CHRISTOPHER H. ROOSEVELT
On he Aegean side, he numbe o SCTs seems o be lowe in ela ion o he in ensi y o
a chaeological wo k. Among he la ge si es in Mainland G eece, a ound 53 SCTs appea ed
in Ti yns (Kilian 1982; Rahms o 2008; Blackwell 2011) and 40 SCTs ha e been epo ed
om Mycenae (S ubbings 1954; Shea 1987; Blackwell 2011). Howe e , he numbe o SCTs
published om o he si es is much lowe .7
The pic u e is simila in C e e. Rega ding he la ge si es, a ound 60 SCTs we e ound
a Knossos, mos ly de ined as chisels, awls/punches, o awls/punches/poin s (E ans 1906;
Ca ling– Jones 1977; B anigan 1974; Popham 1984; E ely 1993); a ound 40 in Malia (Cha-
pou hie – Joly 1936; Dema gne– DeSan e e 1953; Deshayes– Dessenne 1959; Chapou hi-
e e al. 1962; Van E en e e– Van E en e e 1969; Amou e i 1970; Van E en e e
1980; E ely 1993); and 28 a Zak os (Hoga h 1901; Shaw 1973; E ely 1993; Pla on 1966a;
1966b; 1966c; 1968; 1969; 1973; 1981; Pla on 1988). As elsewhe e, hese small ools a e much
less ep esen ed a o he si es.8
Conside ing he o al numbe s o p e iously published SCTs om hese a chaeological
si es in he Aegean and wes e n Ana olia, he impo ance o Kaymakçı as asou ce o new
in o ma ion becomes clea . As desc ibed below, he si e has p oduced anumbe o SCTs sim-
ila o ha known om T oy, Mycenae, and Malia, bu in only six yea s o exca a ion and in
amuch smalle o al exca a ed a ea.
THE SITE OF KAYMAKÇI
The a chaeological si e o Kaymakçı is loca ed in cen al wes e n Ana olia, nea he mode n
own o Gölma ma a on he wes e n ma gin o he cu en ly desicca ed Lake Ma ma a in he
Gediz Ri e alley (Roose el 2014, 33). I is one o six oughly con empo a y ci adels a ound
Lake Ma ma a and is si ua ed a he end o amoun ain ange in as a egic posi ion (Roo-
se el – Luke 2017, 136; Roose el e al. 2018, 646). Kaymakçı is he la ges o hese ci adels
(8.6 ha); oge he wi h he nea by ceme e y and ex amu al sac ed and se lemen a eas, i s
o al buil en i onmen p obably co e ed abou 25 ha (Luke– Roose el 2017; Roose el –
Luke 2017, 137). Al hough Kaymakçı was al eady se led in he local MBA, he si e’s heyday was
in he ea ly local LBA. The co e a ea o he se lemen a ound an inne ci adel was o i ied
mos p obably al eady wi hin he local LB 1 phase (ca. la e 18 h/ea ly 17 h–16 h cen u ies BCE).
I was du ing he i s pa o he ollowing local LB 2 phase (la e 16 h–15 h cen u y BCE) ha
he si e seems o ha e expanded a chi ec u ally ac oss he ull 8.6 ha o i s ci adel, wi h mos
o he ou e o i ica ions and blocks o building complexes on he sou he n e ace ini ially
da ing o his pe iod (Roose el 2024).
7 O he si es in Mainland G eece included: 18 SCTs om Midea (Walbe g 1998; 2007; Blackwell
2011); 17 SCTs om Nicho ia (Blackwell 2011); 11 SCTs om Le na (Blackwell 2011); 10 om
Pylos (Blegen– Rawson 1966; Blegene al. 1973; Blackwell 2011) and nine SCTs om Spa a
(Blackwell 2011).
8 Fu he collec ions o C e e include: 15 SCTs om Phais os (Pe nie 1935; Pe nie – Ban i 1951;
Le i 1976; Le i– Ca inci 1988; E ely 1993); 10 SCTs om Mochlos (Soles– S os -Gale 2004;
Soles– Giumlia -Mai 2022); 10 SCTs om Palaikas o (Bosanque 1901–1902; Dawkingse al.
1904–1905; Bosanque – Dawkins 1923); ou SCTs om Kommos (Bli ze 1995) and only wo
SCTs om Psei a (Be ancou 1995; 1998). Hakulin 2013 summa ised 118 SCTs om B onze Age
C e e, excluding chisels.
102 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIX/1
Fig. 5: Si e plan o he Kaymakçı ci adel, showing he exca a ion a eas men ioned in he ex (Roo‑
se el e al. 2018, 649, ig. 2).
Du ing exca a ions be ween 2014 and 2021, se en exca a ion a eas (EAs) we e opened so as
o gain insigh s in o di e en pa s o he se lemen (Fig. 5). EAs 81.551 and 95.555 p o ided
in o ma ion abou he o i ica ion sys ems. The co e a ea including he inne ci adel and su -
ounding slopes we e in es iga ed in EAs 93.545, 97.541, and 98.531, while he adjoining sou h-
e n e ace was examined in EAs 99.526 and 108.522/109.523 (Roose el e al. 2018, 648–661).
The highes numbe o awls and d ills was documen ed in con ex s om he LB 2 phase.
These inds add o he pic u e o an in ense in e na ional exchange wi h he Aegean and cen-
al Ana olia, as documen ed by o he a e ac s om his pe iod (Roose el e al. 2018, 682;
Pieniążeke al. 2019, 199). As has been sugges ed elsewhe e (e.g., Roose el e al. 2018, 646),
based on he si e’sloca ion, a chi ec u e, size, and ma e ial cul u e, Kaymakçı was undoub edly
an impo an egional cen e in he LBA Gediz Ri e alley, i s likely apa o he A zawa
Lands, and la e iden i ied as he co e o he Seha Ri e Land in Hi i e ex s.
TOWARDS ANEW DEFINITION OF ‘SMALL CRAFT TOOLS’:
BASIC GUIDELINES
As demons a ed abo e, use -wea aces a e he mos eliable a gumen s o de ining he
unc ion o p ehis o ic ools, including SCTs (c . Lowe ye al. 1971, 172; Mülle -Ka pe 1994,
174). Tool shape is also e y impo an , bu no decisi e. He e we p o ide some basic guide-
lines wi h he hope o p esen ing amo e s anda dized app oach o u u e s udies (Fig. 6).
103KATHLEENC. SCHAUPP– MAGDA PIENIĄŻEK– TUNÇ KANER– CHRISTOPHER H. ROOSEVELT
Fig. 6: Idealised examples o SCTs. a– Punches; b– D ills; c– Awls; d– Chisel. G aphic by E. Kane
and K. C. Schaupp.
I can be concluded ha awls we e used p ima ily o pie ce and widen holes in lea he , bu
also in o he ma e ials such as hicke clo hes, hin me al shee s, and wooden panels. These
ac ions can be pe o med by ba e muscle powe o ca e ul hamme ing. These small ools,
some imes only a ew cen ime e s long, could be i ed wi h abone o wooden handle o
make hem easie o handle. I was also possible o w ap he awl wi h aco d wi hou aspecial
ang (He bo d – Van Wickede 2021, 113). In bo h cases o ope a ion, he use -wea aces
should be pa allel o a asligh angle o he sha , due o he wis ing mo ion o making ahole
wi hou ahamme . All hese ma ks should also be dis ibu ed ai ly symme ically a ound
he wo king ip. I ha de ma e ials a e pie ced wi hou asuppo unde nea h he ma e ial
being pie ced, he use ma ks should ex end beyond he o emos ip, because he awl may ha e
slipped h ough he ma e ial du ing he blow and mus ha e been pulled ou again. Con e sely,
equen wo king wi h lea he and he associa ed o a ing mo emen o he awl, would esul
in asmoo h, polished, a he asymme ic ip.
110 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIX/1
THE POTENTIAL USE OF SCTS
Wi h ega d o he c a ac i i ies in which he SCTs om Kaymakçı we e used, i is possible
o make some gene al sugges ions based on he ool iden i ica ions abo e, o he inds om
he si e, and he s a e o esea ch in wes e n Ana olia. Awls (like 97.541.511.1 o 108.522.13.7,
Pls. 1/1b, 1/2h) we e mos p obably used o lea he wo king. Rich zooa chaeological ma e-
ial con i ms he impo ance o animal husband y a Kaymakçı (Roose el e al. 2018, 679;
Slim e al. 2020; Ma s one al. 2021; Fındıkla e al. 2024; I inee al. 2024), suppo ing
his p obabili y. Addi ionally, SCTs we e undoub edly also used o he deco a ion o objec s
made o o he ma e ials, such as an le (95.555.137.1– Roose el e al. 2018, 671, ig. 21: 6).
Small d ills could ha e been used o d ill s one, ce amic, o wooden objec s such as pendan s
and beads, o o ix b oken ools (e.g. Roose el e al. 2018, ig. 21). Ca e ully d illed holes
a e isible on se e al small inds om Kaymakçı made o bone, shell, ce amic, and s one (e.g.
93.545.301.1– Roose el e al. 2018, 671, ig. 21:7). Fo ins ance, in addi ion o acalci e bead
ha was pe o a ed om each side wi h he help o asolid d ill (108.522.18.10, Fig. 10, le ),
a agmen o anspa en aw ma e ial has also been ound a he si e, sugges ing he possi-
bili y o local p oduc ion (Fig. 10, igh ).10
Fig. 10: Example o bead ypes and ma e ials– shown he e wi h acalci e bead (108.522.18.10) and
aw ma e ial om Kaymakçı– possibly wo ked using d ills and/o o he SCTs. ©Gygaia P o‑
jec s.
Small chisels (such as 99.526.172.1; 99.526.185.1, Pl. 1/2e, 1/2 ) may ha e been used p ima ily
wi h wood and s one wo king. Because o hei size and delica e design, hey a e e en mo e
likely o ha e been used o he de ailed shaping and/o deco a ion o objec s by emo ing
some kind o so e ma e ial. The lea -shaped chisel (99.526.185.1, Pl. 1/2 ) is aspecial case. I
is e y likely ha he chisel was used a an acu e angle, as indica ed by i s p onounced use-
-wea ma ks. The o ien a ion o he cu ing edge, pe pendicula o he wides pa o he sha ,
makes hese chisels sui able o making mo ises (as amo ise chisel) in bo h wood and s one,
al hough o he ypes o ca ing canno be uled ou (c . Mülle -Ka pe 1994, 168).
10 The p elimina y iden i ica ion o ma e ial by C. O’G ady and M. Pieniążek.

111KATHLEENC. SCHAUPP– MAGDA PIENIĄŻEK– TUNÇ KANER– CHRISTOPHER H. ROOSEVELT
Asimila bu sligh ly di e en use can be assumed o punches (such as 108.522.7.9, Pl.
1/2 g). Mainly o deco a i e pu poses, punches we e used o ‘p in ’ hei head shape in o
ano he ma e ial, like me al o lea he . This can be seen, o example, on ab onze kni e om
Kaymakçı, he handle o which was gi en ahe ingbone pa e n by indi idual punch ma ks
(Pieniążeke al. 2019). This deco a ion mus ha e been made wi h apunch wi h a chisel-like
head. Punch 108.522.7.9 could ha e been used o make o al inden a ions, ei he as adeco a ion
on shee me al o du ing p oduc ion p ocesses. Again, aspecial use migh apply o he small
double chisel (98.531.23.6, Pl. 1/1c); because o i s size, i is likely o ha e been held be ween
he humb and he index o middle inge o do ine wo k in so e ma e ials o e en ually
o be used o o he kinds o ine wo k, o example ela ed o he p epa a ion o cosme ics.
CONTEXTUALIZING THE FINDS
The majo i y o he SCTs ound so a a Kaymakçı come om ills and o he seconda y deposi s.
Howe e , con inui y in he spa ial dis ibu ion o SCTs can be obse ed o e ime. O he six
SCTs ound in con ex s secu ely da ed o he local LB 1 phase, i e we e ound in he sou he n
e ace, a om he co e a ea o he ci adel (in EA 99.526 and 108.522/109.523). This suppo s he
idea ha his pa o he se lemen was used o a ious small -scale indus ial ac i i ies al eady
du ing he ea lie s ages o he local LBA, as sugges ed p e iously (e.g., Roose el e al. 2018;
Roose el 2024) (Fig. 11). One awl (99.526.112.1) was ound oge he wi h spindle who ls and
aneedle, possibly indica ing sewing, ex ile p oduc ion, and lea he wo king in his a ea. The
numbe o SCTs clea ly inc eased du ing he local LB 2 phase, bu he spa ial dis ibu ion seems o
ollow he pa e n known om he p e ious pe iod: he majo i y o ools we e ound again on he
sou he n e ace (11 o 18 LB 2 SCTs we e eco e ed in EAs 99.526 and 108.522/109.523). Asimila
pic u e eme ges when we include he o al numbe o small ools ound a Kaymakçı, including
ones ha canno be p ecisely da ed: ou o 31 SCTs coming om he si e, 21 we e eco e ed om
exca a ion a eas loca ed on he sou he n e ace. This sugges s ha he sou he n e ace was
he main a ea o a leas some b anches o p oduc ion om he 18 h o he 15 h cen u y BCE.
Fi e o hese SCTs we e ound on o nea he s ee in EA 108.522/109.523 (Fig. 12), ou
o hem we e comple e and e y well p ese ed. Mos p obably he s ee was used as adis-
posal a ea, especially gi en ha he SCTs we e eco e ed om he seconda y con ex s o ills.
Howe e , i is easonable o expec ha ac i i ies in ol ing SCTs ook place somewhe e in he
icini y. In e es ingly, ou SCTs we e also ound in he inne ci adel (EA 97.541), mainly in he
ills o a ious pi s o he local LB 2 phase. Consequen ly, i seems ha some o he ‘ ine wo k’
ook place also in he co e o he ci adel. I may be signi ican ha he iny SCT ha could be
used o he d illing o small beads (97.541.213.1, Pl. 1/1a), as well as he piece o aw calci e
men ioned abo e (97.541.205.5), we e ound in he same exca a ion a ea in he inne ci adel.
This kind o calci e could heo e ically be used o he p oduc ion o beads such as 108.522.18.10.
The nea comple e absence o SCTs om he no he n exca a ion a eas associa ed wi h
he o i ica ion sys em is also elling, addi ionally highligh ing he di e en unc ions o he
no he n pa s o he se lemen . This spa ial dis ibu ion may indica e acen ally con olled
o ganiza ion o p oduc ion, wi h ce ain c a ac i i ies being delega ed o he sou he n e ace.
The high numbe o SCTs ound a Kaymakçı in only six seasons o exca a ion may be com-
pa ed o he si ua ion in Ha usa in cen al Ana olia o ace ain deg ee. A his Hi i e cen e ,
se e al hund ed SCTs we e ound o e many seasons o exca a ion, bu hey we e sp ead o e
amuch la ge a ea han a Kaymakçı. In e es ingly, o he la ge si es wi h long exca a ion his-
o ies, such as T oy, Beycesul an, Mycenae, and Knossos, ha e signi ican ly lowe numbe s o
112 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIX/1
Fig. 11: The dis ibu ion o SCTs in EA 99.526. ©Gygaia P ojec s.
SCTs ela i e o hei sizes and pe iods o exca a ion. One possible eason o hese di e ences
could be ap e ious lack o in e es in such small b onze ools, especially in olde exca a ion
publica ions. On he o he hand, i is also possible ha some o he ac i i ies in which SCTs
we e in ol ed, such as lea he wo king, ook place elsewhe e, ou side he main cen e s.
The e o e, i lowe owns, sa elli e se lemen s, and o he di ec pe iphe ies o he main a eas
o se lemen cen e s a e mo e in ensi ely explo ed, he pic u e could change. Ha usa s ands
ou in his espec , clea ly indica ing ha lea he wo k was an ex emely impo an b anch o
local p oduc ion (He bo d – Van Wickede 2021). This is demons a ed by he shee numbe
o objec s, hei di e si y, and is also indica ed by he w i en sou ces (Bu gin 2022). As shown
by He bo d and Van Wickede (2021, 399, 400), he highes concen a ions o ools, including
lea he wo king implemen s such as awls, ha e been documen ed in he side wings o emples, as
well as in he emples hemsel es, in con ex s da ing o he 13 h cen u y BCE. Acco ding o hem
(He bo d – Van Wickede 2021, 476), his high numbe o mundane ools sugges s ha c a
ac i i ies and wo kshops mo ed o emple a eas, wha migh be ela ed wi h pa ial secula iza-
ion o he dis ic du ing his la e pe iod o he Empi e. On he o he hand, c a ac i i ies using
113KATHLEENC. SCHAUPP– MAGDA PIENIĄŻEK– TUNÇ KANER– CHRISTOPHER H. ROOSEVELT
Fig. 12: The dis ibu ion o SCTs in EA 108.522/109.523. ©Gygaia P ojec s.
SCTs may ha e o med an impo an segmen o he emple economy. We canno ule ou ha
lea he wo k was one o i s mos impo an ocuses, especially gi en ha he numbe s o SCTs
eco e ed in o he a eas o he si e we e lowe (Boehme 1972; 1979). On he o he side, because
he ou e a eas a ound Ha usa ha e no been exca a ed ye , he use o SCTs on ala ge scale
in he pe iphe y, in he sa elli e se lemen s su ounding he capi al, also canno be uled ou .
I seems ha no only in Ha usa bu p obably also in Kaymakçı, he b anches o p oduc-
ion in ol ing SCTs, such as lea he wo k, played impo an oles in he local economy. As
men ioned abo e, in Ha usa his c a smanship migh ha e been especially connec ed o he
114 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIX/1
emples. No such e idence pe ain in he case o Kaymakçı: lea he wo king appea s o ha e
been p ac iced p edominan ly (bu no exclusi ely) in he pe iphe al domes ic and wo king
spaces o he se lemen such as sou he n e ace. The same may be ue o ‘ ine ’ wo k, such
as he manu ac u e o jewel y and o he o namen ed objec s. The inc easing numbe o ools
o e he cou se o he LBA is also signi ican . Asimila endency was obse ed by Mülle -Ka pe
(1994, 161, ig. 101) o o he Ana olian si es du ing he 2
nd
Millennium BCE. This could be due o
inc easing popula ion sizes, as well as o he ising impo ance o c a ac i i ies in ol ing SCTs.
Lea he wo k mus ha e been an impo an economic ac i i y no only in Ha usa and
Kaymakçı, bu h oughou Ana olia. In he ea y o Mu sili II wi h Ta gasnalli o Hapalla, i
is said ha he king o Ha i is no obliged o e u n ugi i es who come o his land om he
assal s a es, bu specialized wo ke s a e excluded om his ule: ‘Bu [i ] he is acul i a o ,
o awea e , aca pen e , o alea he wo ke [sic]– wha e e so o c a sman, and he does
no [deli e ] his assigned wo k, [bu ] uns o and comes o Ha i, Iwill a es him and gi e
him back o you’ (Beckman 1999, 71). I emphasizes he impo ance o his c a by speci ically
men ioning lea he wo ke s.11 I is no su p ising ha hese ou p o essions we e especially
aluable o Ana olian economies, since hey ep esen c ucial and i al indus ies: cons uc-
ion o houses and p oduc ion o ood, clo hes, and ex iles.
Linea B ex s, oo, highligh he impo ance o hese b anches o local economies in he
Aegean. One Pylos able (PY Ub 1318), which ep esen s he ea lies documen in G eece e-
ga ding he p ocessing o hides, con ains in o ma ion no only abou he manu ac u e and
ade o his ma e ial bu also abou he di e en uses o hides, some acco ding o he animal
species (Tan alidou 2001, 285). This able , o he a chaeological emains, and e hnog aphic
pa allels and la e es imonies make clea ha lea he was used o ab oad a ie y o p oduc s
and pu poses in many a eas o wo k and li e: ga men s (e.g., clo hing, oo wea ); anspo a-
ion (e.g., sacks, lasks, saddles, shipsails); suppo ing ma e ials (e.g. hongs, bald ics, opes);
weapon y (e.g., shields, helme s, bows, bellows o me al cas ing); u ni u e, housing, and
p o ec ion (e.g., olding s ools, beds, en s, doo s); and a is ic and adminis a i e a eas (e.g.,
musical ins umen s, oys, w i ing ma e ials, book binding) (Tan alidou 2001).
This e idence p o ide aclea pic u e o he impo ance o lea he and lea he wo k in he
li e o he B onze Age peoples o he Medi e anean and Ana olia. Lea he was used in almos
e e y aspec o li e; he e o e app oaching his e sa ile b anch o c a smanship h ough i s
bes p ese ed emnan s– he ools– should be awo hwhile ocus o e o and in e es in
u u e exca a ions and esea ch.
CONCLUSIONS
In his a icle, he s a e o esea ch on SCTs has been highligh ed and c i ically analyzed. The
SCTs om Kaymakçı we e used as an oppo uni y o ake aclose look a awls, d ills, punch-
es, and chisels. Inconsis encies in p e ious de ini ions we e demons a ed, and app op ia e
guidelines o new de ini ions we e p oposed. Building on Blackwell’s (2011) o iginal coining
o he e m, he au ho s sugges using SCT (‘Small C a Tool’) as a collec i e e m o all such
ools, o apply i o ools ha canno be mo e p ecisely classi ied, and o adop he guidelines
p oposed he e o iden i ying speci ic ypes o SCT. Al hough SCTs may appea small and
inconspicuous, hey can p o ide aluable in o ma ion abou ancien c a smanship.
11 The same is p obably included in he ea y wi h Kupan a -Ku un a o Mi a -Kuwaliya and wi h
Alaksandu o Wilusa, bu he ele an pa s o he ex a e no p ese ed (c . Beckman 1999, 80, 91).
115KATHLEENC. SCHAUPP– MAGDA PIENIĄŻEK– TUNÇ KANER– CHRISTOPHER H. ROOSEVELT
E en hough all SCTs seem o be e y simila a i s sigh , i is possible o cha ac e ize
hem by size, shape, and use -wea aces in o g oups o awls, d ills, chisels, and punches. The
ela i ely high numbe o SCTs ound a Kaymakçı in compa ison wi h o he se lemen s in he
Aegean and Ana olia, wi h he single excep ion o Ha usa, sugges s ha lea he wo k and o he
ine c a s may ha e been an impo an local economic b anch. The speci ic uses o hese ools
appea o include he p oduc ion o deco a i e o e en luxu y objec s, such as me al essels,
bel s, i o y objec s, s one seals, beads, and pendan s, and, especially, he p oduc ion o lea he
goods, such as clo hing, shoes, bags, saddles, and en s, o name jus a ew possibili ies. We
hope ha ongoing and u u e esea ch will shed mo e ligh on con ex ual and ch onological
signi icances, u he highligh ing he impo ance o his p e iously neglec ed class o objec
no only a Kaymakçı, bu ac oss Aegean and Ana olian B onze Age si es.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Resea ch a Kaymakçı is conduc ed wi h hanks o pe missions and assis ance om he Gene al
Di ec o a e o Cul u al He i age and Museums o Tü kiye’sMinis y o Cul u e and Tou ism
and i s annual ep esen a i es, as well as om he di ec o and s a o he Manisa Museum
Di ec o a e. Field esea ch o his s udy was suppo ed by Koç Uni e si y, he Me ops Founda-
ion, and p i a e dono s, o all o which we acknowledge ou deb o g a i ude. We would like
o hank all membe s o he Kaymakçı A chaeological P ojec o hei suppo and coope a ion,
wi h special g a i ude o Ch is ina Luke, o p e ious discussion o p oduc ion a Kaymakçı,
Cai lin O’G ady, o ad ice on a ious aspec s o me al ools, Pe e Pa úk, o discussions o
po e y and ch onology, and Eb u Kane , who p epa ed all ini ial hand illus a ions. Las bu
no leas we wish o hank he Ge man Science Founda ion (DFG) o i s suppo (p ojec no.
391366721), as well as he anonymous e iewe s who helped imp o e he quali y o he a icle.
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Ka hleenC. Schaupp
Ins i u e o P ehis o y and P o ohis o y
Tübingen Uni e si y
Tübingen, Ge many
kc [email p o ec ed]
Tunç Kane
Resea ch Cen e o Ana olian Ci iliza ions
(ANAMED)
Koç Uni e si y, Is anbul, Tü kiye
kane [email protected]. , unckane @gmail.com
Magda Pieniążek
Ins i u e o P ehis o y and P o ohis o y,
Tübingen Uni e si y
Tübingen, Ge many
magda.pieniazek@i u.uni - uebingen.de
Ch is ophe H. Roose el
Resea ch Cen e o Ana olian Ci iliza ions
(ANAMED) and Depa men o A chaeology
and His o y o A , Koç Uni e si y, Is anbul,
Tü kiye.
ch oose el @ku.edu.