Dmitrij Tschižewskij’s Reading of Jan Amos Komenský’s Labyrint světa a ráj srdce

Dmi ij Tschižewskij’s Reading
o Jan Amos Komenský’s Laby in s ě a a áj s dce
Rena e Lachmann
Uni e si ä Kons anz
ena e.lachmann@uni-kons anz.de
SYNOPSIS
This pape deals wi h Dmi ij Tschižewskij’s in e p e a ion o Jan Amos Komenský’s poe ical wo k
Laby in s ě a a áj s dce. In Dmi ij Tschižewskij’s a icles dedica ed o his mas e piece o Czech
li e a u e he analysis o i s s uc u e and he explo a ion o i s mo al- eligious message a e in e -
wined. The ac ha he wo k is an ou s anding example o Ba oque li e a u e is o p ime in e es
and allows o an inno a i e app oach o i s de ices. Dmi ij Tschižewskij de ec s as uc u al qual-
i y o he poem which he is he i s o name ‘wo d chains’. In ollowing he o e whelming quan i y
o his de ice he lays ba e aunique e bal cons uc ion ha consis s o amul i ude o wo d g oups
each o which belongs o aseman ic ield o i s own. In o de o cap u e he e y essence o his p o-
cedu e Dmi ij Tschižewskij makes use o no ions which he he o ical sys em o e s. In poin ing
ou he Ba oque cha ac e o some he o ical igu es ha Komenský adop s in his poem, Dmi ij
Tschižewskij e eals he in e play be ween hese igu es and he ‘wo ld iew’ hey con ey— acco d-
ing o his wo old in e p e i e s yle.
KEYWORDS
Jan Amos Komenský; Ba oque poem; s uc u al s a egies; he o ical igu es; in e p e i e s yle.
DOI
h ps://doi.o g/10.14712/23366680.2025.1.1
I
As we know, Halle was he e y place whe e Dmi ij Tschižewskij in ensi ied his in-
e es o he w i ings o philosophe s and poe s o he Ba oque, especially o mys-
ics and hei language. This in e es ound i s coun e pa in his emendously g ow-
ing lib a y which he seems o ha e collec ed in an ea ly phase o his s udies in his
ield.1 Wi hin his amewo k, Komenský, acciden ally, became ap ominen igu e.
In he lib a y o he F anckeschen S i ungen he edisco e ed apa o De e um
1 Angela Rich e (2009) ga e an enligh ening accoun o his Halle yea s s essing he li-
b a y aspec . She was he Halle Sla is o ake ca e o he aluable lib a y o a a and p e-
ciosa, published aca alogue and made he lib a y accessible o eading.
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16 SLOVO A SMYSL 46
humana um emenda ione consul a io ca holica, aLa in manusc ip o 3440 pages, es-
ima ed as he main wo k o he humanis and heologian Comenius. Inspi ed by
his disco e y, Tschižewskij s a ed his ho ough explo a ion no only o his no ye
p in ed sec ion o he opus magnum bu also o Komenský’s heo e ical (pedagogical
and linguis ic) wo k, mos ly published in Ams e dam, and wi h g owing in e es he
no elis ic poem w i en in he Bohemian B o he ’s mo he ongue, Laby in s ě a a áj
s dce (Komenský 1998), ab illian example o Ba oque li e a u e.
In he in oduc ion o acollec ion o a icles dedica ed o Tschižewskij’s memo y
Angela Rich e (2009, p.15) men ions his a ious con ibu ions o he jou nal Ana-
lec a Comeniana in which he con inuously discusses new con ibu ions o Comenio-
logy, accen ua ing his own in e es in he Ba oque na u e o he Bohemian au ho ’s
philosophical and poe ic p oduc ions.
In o de o cap u e Tschižewskij’s app oach o Komenský’s poe ic no el Iwill y
o shed some ligh on his inno a i e me hod o analyzing Ba oque ex s and on some
o his poe ologial heses.2
2 Fo mo e de ails conce ning his aspec , compa e my ecen a icle ‘Dmi ij Čiže skij as
a esea che o Ba oque’, in Susanne F ank and Galina Babak (eds.), in p in .
Figu e 1:The i le page
o he i s edi ion o he
Laby in h ex wi h he i le
Labi yn Swě a aLus hauz
S dce, 1631 (Wikipedia).
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RENATE LACHMANN 17
II
The gene al in e disciplina y occupa ion wi h he Ba oque as an o e a ching cul u al
phenomenon culmina ed in ase ies o publica ions in he la e 1950s and 1960s. One
o he majo wo ks was Gus a René Hocke’s Manie ismus in de Li e a u (1959) which
delinea es he Ba oque as he climax o manne ism and explo ing he i egula , ec-
s a ic, enigma ic, ludic, and hype ophic in amul i ude o Wes e n Eu opean li e -
a u es wi h a oo no e hin (Hocke 1959, p.121) o Tschižewskij’s Fo malis ische Dich-
ung bei den Sla en (1958).3 The he o ic o ‘conce ismo’, he in luence o Kabbalah
and ce ain s ands o mys ical w i ings, including phenomena o he ‘a cana’, we e
subjec o his explo a ions. Tschižewskij does no e e o Hocke di ec ly bu he e
a e a ini ies in app oach and in he main a ge s o in e es . Ins ead, he insis s on
he s udies o he o e unne s in his ield who p o ided ample li e a y ma e ial and
aca alogue o desc ip i e e ms: E ns Robe Cu ius and Hein ich Wöl lin, while
also ying, o cou se, o es ablish ace ain adi ion in Ba oque s udies ep esen ed
by Sla ic schola s, naming pa ly o go en igh e s o he non-classical, such as he
Polish Edwa d Po ęmbowicz who al eady a he end o he 19 h cen u y de ined Jan
And zej Mo sz yn as aBa oque poe and pupil o Giamba is a Ma ino. He also quo es
he Czech schola s— Jose Vašica, Zdeněk Kalis a, and An onín Ška ka— who os-
e ed esea ch in his ield.4
One o Tschižewskij’s conce ns was o elabo a e he in e ela ionship be ween
Ba oque s ylis ics and he Ba oque wo ld iew, he Ba oque mind s uc u e, which he
explo es ac oss language, gen e, and e en epoch bo de s. Connec ing he diach onic
wi h he synch onic aspec , and combining a opological wi h a ypological in e es ,
he ies o answe ques ions conce ning he genesis and adi ion o ce ain s ylis ic
phenomena and hema ic complexes, as well as hei unc ional ans o ma ion in
agi en ensemble o Ba oque ex s.
His he o ically o ien ed analysis, inally, is mean o es ablish a ypology o Ba-
oque poe ics. In o de o de end his goal, Tschižewskij was eady wi h his ex s o
igh agains ace ain g oup o li e a y schola s who denied he legi imacy o he
e m ‘Ba oque’ and i s applica ion o li e a u e and cul u e,5 and he p esen ed his
concep o aWes e n schola ly audience whose membe s we e no acquain ed wi h
Sla ic Ba oque li e a u es (Tschižewskij 1968).
I is in e e ing o he appeal unc ion o Ba oque poe y ha Tschižewskij ap-
p oaches i s s a egies, s essing hype bolism, isky an i heses, he wei d, he un-
usual, he unp eceden ed, he shocking, and closes his cha ac e is ics wi h ascep i-
cal ema k:
3 Fo malis ische Dich ung bei den Sla en (1958), acollec ion o Sla ic poe ical ex s o di e -
en li e a y pe iods cha ac e ized by play ul expe imen s om medie al o u u is ic ex-
amples.
4 In his espec i is enligh ening o ollow Tschižewskij’s co espondence wi h Ška ka, e-
cen ly published by Ma ie Ška po á e al. (2024).
5 Tschižewskij’s ‘ba oquism’ includes Russsian li e a u e o he la e 17 h o he beginning o
he 18 h cen u ies. This claim was epudia ed by So ie li e a y schola s. ‘Classicism’ is he
no ion hey used o cha ac e ize Russian li e a u e o ha pe iod.
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18 SLOVO A SMYSL 46
Wha usually happens wi h e e y s yle, he highes achie emen s o Ba oque a e
exposed o in e nal isks, e en o de e io a ion, lea ing he se iousness o he ex-
cep ional o he me ely g o esque, he in e nal emo ion o en angled, deco a i e,
pu ely ex e nal, supe icial ai s o he a wo k. The d i e o o iginali y leads o
o e doing, exagge a ion, in o de o enhance, o hype bolize, o each ame ely ‘lud-
is ic’ [‘spiele isch’] o iginali y igno ing he con en by copious a ia ions o o ms.
Ins ead o emo ion [E schü e ung], he se ious pa hos, we a e con on ed wi h
emp y declama ion and hea ical e ec s (Tschižewskij 1968, pp.210–211).6
Poe ic s a egies o eccen ici y, o unb idled o ms, a e e med ‘ o malis ic’ belong-
ing o his la ge domain o wo d play, lingual manipula ions, and alli e a ion, e -
sus canc ini, e sus appo a i, ca mina echoica, ac os icha, ha is s a egies oid o an
idea. The absence o an idea illus a ing ace ain wo ld iew and ep esen ing ace -
ain mind s uc u e leads Tschižewskij o aspli aes he ic e alua ion o a a ie y o
Ba oque ex s. This e alua ion has amo alis ic implica ion, ye i is ambi alen . Be-
cause he e is an un eiled pleasu e in de ec ing exci ingly new s ylis ic ad en u es,
he mas e y o language. I is in his domain ha he eels compelled o de ine s ylis ic
and gene ic ea u es, emphasizing hei inno a o y cha ac e . His ho ough knowl-
edge o he o ic as adesc ip i e and p osc ip i e sys em enables him o p ecisely de-
ine he de ices Ba oque au ho s make use o . In his exempla y eading o Komen-
ský’s Laby in s ě a a áj s dce he p oceeds in his ein.
III
We lea n om Jana S ejskalo á’s publica ion (in Čyže skij 2017) ha Komenský’s
mas e piece was a opic o Tschižewskij’s s udies appa en ly much ea lie . In 1941 he
dedica ed amanusc ip on his subjec o Jan Mukařo ský, honou ing his 50 h bi h-
day. The ex in he p in ed edi ion, p o ided and commen ed by S ejskalo á (KLaby-
in u s ě a), con ains wo pa s combining a he o ical analysis wi h an in e p e a ion
o he hema ic le el o his eminen example o Bohemian poe ical p ose. An a icle
ecalling he 2nd pa o his Czech explo a ion conce ning wha he calls he ‘con en
o ali e a y ex ’ was published in English (c . Tschižewskij [1953] 1972). The analy i-
cal pa o his s udy (nea ly iden ical wi h he manusc ip e sion) was published
in Ge man (c . Tschižewskij [1957] 1983). His in e es conce ning he con en o he-
6 ‘Und wie bei einem jeden S il liegen in den höchs en Leis ungen des Ba ock die Ele-
men e de inne en Bed ohung, ja des Ve alls, die on dem E ns des Eigena igen zu bloß
‚G o eskem‘, on de inne en Beweg hei zu e wickel en deko a i en, abe ein äuße li-
chen, ja obe lächlichen Zügen de Kuns we ke üh en. Die Vo liebe ü O iginali ä und
Übe eibung üh zu dem Bes eben, jede Einzelhei zu s eige n, zu hype bolisie en, zu
eine bloß ,spiele ischen‘ O iginali ä , zu Übe las ung des Inhal s du ch die Fo m a ia-
ionen, und an die S elle de in die Tie e d ingenden E schü e ung, des e ns en Pa hos,
i die Deklama ion und hea alische E ek hasche ei‘.— T ansla ion, unless o he wise
no ed, by me— R.L.
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RENATE LACHMANN 19
ma ic le el7 leads him o ead his no elis ic poem as aspeculum mundi ha seems o
dissimula e he exis ing wo ld, unable o mi o , o e lec i s eali y. Komenský’s im-
age o he wo ld as alaby in h, seen om Tschižewskij’s pe spec i e, means he ne-
ga ion o he wo ld as abook (an o en used me apho ) which implici ly means ha
he knowledge which he wo ld has accumula ed abou i sel alls p ey o o al anni-
hila ion: he laby in h u ns ou o be anega i e encyclopaedia.
The O bis pic us o 1658, we can add, will e e his nega i i y in o aposi i i y o
eliable signs (c . Lachmann 2022). In o he wo ds, Komenský’s gene al app oach o
7 S ejskalo á in he eading o Tschižewskij’s s udy e e s o 4 di e en hema ic ields
(Čyže skij 2017, pp.14–16), which eappea in he English e sion.
Figu e 2:Apage om
Jan Amos Komenský’s O bis
Pic us. S ě ob azích. Die Wel
in Bilde n. Le monde en ableaux,
H adec K álo é 1883 (in my
lib a y, R.L.).
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20 SLOVO A SMYSL 46
cul u e and i s sign s uc u e is de ini ely bina y. His pedagogical p ojec o O bis pic-
us belongs o he adi ion o sys em building wi h he assis ance o pic u es, alpha-
be , g amma , and in elligible signs which is mean o deli e acomple e desc ip ion
o he isible, disce nible wo ld, adesc ip ion which is ins uc ed and guided om
abo e: God’s eye in an o e a ching iangle ( he ini y emblem) can be seen in his
unc ion.8
Whe eas he O bis pic us is auni e se o de ed by God and inhabi ed by people who
pu sue meaning ul ac ions, indi iduals coming in o he wo ld and lea ing i as awo ld
which was concep ually cap u ed and desc ibed in all i s appea ances, he laby in h
is opaque, denying all a ional app oaches, depic ed as u e ly de icien , mo ally de-
es able, and as an e il wo ld, azlý s ě , be e o sense and o de . The pilg im who has
le his hea -chambe is me by wo guides who allow him abi d’s-eye iew o he
wo ld, agaze om high abo e. This pe spec i e o e s ascene o u mos incomp e-
hensible, incohe en human ac ions, a agmen ed wo ld made o sense deb is. The e
is a equency o o and o, sem a am, which seems o hy hma ize he ex , an image
8 Fo he emblema ics in Komenský’s w i ings, see Schadel (2003).
Figu e 3:Komenský’s
d awing in he i s
e sion o he Laby in h,
1623 (The Na ional
Pedagogical Museum and
Lib a y o J.A.Comenius,
P ague).
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RENATE LACHMANN 21
which pe mea es and encapsula es i , i appea s as an insec -like swa ming ‘hmyzilo’
(Chap. VI, 6). This image ecalls apassage in Lukian’s Cha on, whe e he gaze om
abo e mee s aswa ming o an s. I is, o cou se, Tschižewskij who de ec ed his in e -
ex ual bond be ween hese ex s, which bo h, acco ding o Bakh in’s gen e e mino-
logy, belong o he adi ion o he Menippean sa i e. His e e ence o Lukian is one
o his s a egies o embedding Ba oque li e a u e in ab oade his o ical con ex . In
all o his wo ks, he ecalls classical ex s in o de o ace a adi ion back o i s o igin.
IV
Following he pic u e o he laby in h which Komenský himsel depic s in he shape
o aci cle s uc u e we disce n buildings a ce ain poin s, pa hs o ci cui s (six in
all acco ding o he ex ), which ci cum en a he i egula ly he inne space which
is he wo ld and he wo ld- own in one. The laby in hine web dissol es he idea o
apedagogical and sys em-o ien ed encyclopaedia and sha e s he assump ion o
uni e sal laws and eliabili y o ules. I e eals i sel as aplace ha is comple ely
de ached om awo ld go e ned by o de . Acco dingly, he opic o o de -diso de is
he p e ailing one in Tschižewskij’s eading, which includes wo app oaches, some-
imes coinciding. His leading idea he e means ha a e bal igu e is simul aneously
a igu e ( o m) and a hough (con en ). In o de o cap u e he co e o he mul i-lay-
e ed ex he add esses i om hese wo pe spec i es. His p e ailing goal, he e o e,
consis s in analyzing he s ylis ic cons uc ion o he no elis ic poem and in s udying
i s cen al objec : he s i ing o wisdom and eligious anquilli y and i s acquisi-
ion a e along and puzzling sea ch o i . In addi ion o Tschižewskij’s analysis o
s uc u e and con en , he na a i e aspec o he ex appea s o be o in e es . The
expe iences ga he ed by he pilg im on he di e en s a ions and phases o his wan-
de ings, he play o ques ions and answe s be ween him and his un eliable guides a e
na a ed om he pilg im’s pe spec i e, which he s o y elle has adop ed as his al e
ego. O , o pu i di e en ly, i is a i s -pe son na a ion abou he ‘ an as ic’ expe i-
ence o lea ning, an in oduc ion in o he mechanism o he wo ld and i s ules. Ye ,
he lessons he agen s in his no el o educa ion a e o e ing u n ou o be u e ly
misleading. Only eligious enligh enmen will inally escue he pilg im om he in-
ellec ual o u es he has o endu e. The no el o educa ion, howe e , is also ano el
o ad en u e, one o bo h body and mind. The he o ic o he O bis pic us, a he o ic o
an unequi ocal co espondence be ween wo d and objec , nomencla u a and es, i.e.,
a he o ic o cla i as, pe spicui as and, acco ding o i s conciseness, also o b e i as, has
i s coun e pa in he he o ical equipmen o he Laby in h which Tschižewskij sees
as being go e ned by ambigui as, aequi oca io, and ampli ica io.
V
Acco ding o his wo old in e es , Tschižewskij add esses he o mal o cons uc i e
side o he poem wi h coun ing he nouns on he i le page o he wo k, which con-
on s he eade wi h one o i s s anda d de ices— sound epe i ion:
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22 SLOVO A SMYSL 46
Laby in s ě a a áj s dce, o jes s ě lé ymalo ání, k e ak  om s ě ě a ěcech jeho
šechněch nic není než ma ení amo ání, kolo ání alopo o ání, mámení ašalba, bída
a esknos , anaposledy om zení šeho azou ání: ale kdož doma s dci s ém sedě
sjediným Pánem Bohem se uza í á, en sám kp a ému aplnému mysli upokojení
a ados i že přichází (Komenský 1998, p.119).
Das Laby in h de Wel . Das is eine kla e Besch eibung, wie in diese Wel
und allen ih en Dingen nich s he sch als I ung und Ve wi ung, Unsiche hei
und Bed ängnis, Lug und T ug, Angs und Elend, und zule z Ekel an allem und
Ve zwei lung und Das Pa adies des He zens Das besch eib , wie nu de , welche
zu Hause in seinem He zen wohne und sich mi Go allein da in e schließe , zum
wah en und ollen F ieden seine Seele und zu F eude gelang . (Comenius 1970,
on page)9
The enume a ion is ollowed by a egula ing elemen which seems o p omise aclea -
cu s uc u e and calcula ed a angemen o ex ual componen s. These a e he wo d
chains which Tschižewskij was he i s o de ine and name as Wo ke en. He is awa e
o Komenský’s s ylis ic s a egies and he poe ic e ec which ensues om he assem-
blage o wo ds belonging o he same g amma ical ca ego y. I is pa o his analy ical
handic a ha he coun s he a ying numbe s o he chain-segmen s, paying a en-
ion o hy hm, he e ec o sho e and a he leng hy chains con aining aquan i y
o membe s om 15 o 37.
When coun ing he wo d chains con aining h ee o mo e elemen s we ind 582 o
such chains on he 140 pages o he mode n edi ion. We p oceed ca e ully paying a -
en ion only o ob ious cases. We no ice ha in some places Comenius in ensi ies hei
e ec . […] The equency o wo d chains dec eases acco ding o he numbe o ele-
men s packed in o one chain (Tschižewskij 1983, p.4).10
Wha is amazing in his analysis o he changing quan i y o membe s in one chain
is ha , in coun ing hem, he means o disco e ace ain poe ical ai in Komen-
ský’s no el. Tschižewskij dwells on expounding his ai by poin ing ou wo d
play— a a ie y o ludic o ms— and he is eage o disce n he ypes o wo d
chains he au ho uses. The e is one ype which unc ions as he dissec ion/di i-
sion o ace ain e m in o mino e ms, and he e is ano he which wo ks as he
assemblage o names o amul i ude o objec s in e ela ed by con igui y. His me-
9 In wan o an adequa e English ansla ion Ishall ci e he o iginal and he Ge man e sion
by Zdenko Baudnik (Comenius [1907] 1970), C.J.Buche , Luze n— F ank u a. M 1970,
wi h a o ewo d by Pa el Kohou . Tschižewskij did no hink much o his ansla ion.
10 ‘Wenn wi die Wo ke en on d ei und meh Elemen en zählen, so inden wi au den
e wa 140 Sei en des mode nen D uckes nich wenige als 582 solche Wo ke en. Bei de
Zählung e ah en wi ech o sich ig und beach en nu solche S ellen, wo die Wo -
ke en ganz augenscheinlich sind (und, wie wi sehen we den, e eich es Comenius
du ch alle lei Kuns g i e, daß die Wo ke en noch au ällige we den). […] Die Häu ig-
kei de Wo ke en nimm mi de Zahl de ‚Gliede ‘, de Elemen e de Ke en ab’.
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RENATE LACHMANN 23
iculous accoun o hese membe s and hei analysis om a he o ical-s ylis ic
pe spec i e is nea ly exhaus i e, be ays a e en (nea ly en husias ic) in e es
in Komenský’s lingual ingenui y. The c ea ion o egis e s and ca alogues o ce -
ain ypes o chains leads o disce n he complex e bal a chi ec u e o his mul i-
laye ed wo k. Special a en ion is paid o he phone ic s uc u e o he chains, he
equency o alli e a ions, and o ano he su p ising de ice: he play wi h opposi e
p e-syllables o agi en e b p oducing ace ain hy hm. We see his, o exam-
ple, wi h dobý ají aodbý ají, and skládají a ozkládají. I goes wi hou saying ha he
highligh s he abundance o homoio eleu a which he g amma ical possibili ies o
Sla ic languages p o ide, as well as he equen wo d-play de ices: he combina-
ion o wo phone ically ma ching e bs: a nice ap anice; sekali a lekali; p udili,
s udili; ázali, mazali.
In o he wo ds, wi h Tschižewskij’s analysis we unde s and ha he scene o u -
mos diso de and disquie ing senselessness ha he laby in h ep esen s, is me
by an imp essi e coun e pa : he egula i y o wo d chains which cons ues his
wo ldly laby in h. I abounds in alli e a ions, pa allelisms, and epe i ions ha b idle
he a bi a iness, chaos, and absu di y o he wo ld. His me iculous accoun o hese
membe s and hei analysis om a he o ical-s ylis ic pe spec i e is nea ly exhaus-
i e, be aying a e en in e es in Komenský’s lingual ingenui y. The c ea ion o
egis e s and ca alogues o ce ain ypes o chains highligh s he complex e bal a -
chi ec u e o his mul i-laye ed wo k. The laby in hical chaos is amed by amani es
o de , i.e. by alingual geome y, leading he eade o p esume ha he laby in h,
in spi e o he e iden conund um, is awell-designed cons uc ion. The wo d chains
can be seen as a chi ec onic ac o s. O , o pu i di e en ly, he chains ep esen
an o de o hei own, an o de which is dic a ed by language i sel . The g amma
ha Sla ic languages make use o allows o a a ie y o lingual de ices such ag am-
ma ical hyme, homoio eleu a, ha a e highligh ed by he analysis in ques ion ( hese
s uc u es se e as excellen illus a ions o Roman Jakobson’s ‘Poe y o G amma
and G amma o Poe y’, 1981).
VI
Le us ha e aclose look a some o he chains11. The i s example ells us abou he
i s encoun e o he pilg im wi h he so-called noble human ace, whe e he seman-
ic ield o exp essions o human mo emen s and modes o beha iou a e enume -
a ed:
Nebo jedni chodili, jiní běhali, jiní jezdili, jiní s áli, jiní seděli, jiní leželi, jiní s á ali,
jiní zas léhali, jiní se ozličně ěli; […] Po kali-li se k eří, ozličného u bylo kejklo-
ání, ukama, us y, koleny ajinak ksobě se oulení achoulení, sumou ozličné e y
(Chap. VII, 2, Komenský 1998, pp.137–138).
11 In o de o emphasize Tschižewskyj’s analy ical app oach Iwill enla ge he numbe o
quo a ions.
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30 SLOVO A SMYSL 46
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