THE
SLOW
GROWING
GRAM
NEGATIVE
PIGMENTED
WATER
BACTERIA
L.G.
He man,
BSA,
Ph.D.
Na ional
Ins i u es
o
Heal h
En i onmen al
Sa e y
B anch
Be hesda,
Ma yland
20205
Summa
Bac e ia,
p oducing
yellow
o
o ange
pigmen ed
colonies
on he
su ace
o
na u al
and
a i icial
media,
can
be
ound
in
i ually
e e y
segmen
o
he
en i onmen .
They
can
be
isola ed
om
he
soil,
om
esh
and sal
wa e ,
om
ain
and
snow,
as
well
as
om
man,
animals,
bi ds,
ish
and
plan s.
The
majo i y
o
pigmen ed
o -
ganisms
a e
slow
g owing
and
can
bes
be
seen
on
he
su ace
o
aga
pla es
and
mem-
b ane
il e
pads,
bu
usually
only
a e
ex ended
incuba ion
o
5-15
days
a
oom
empe a u es,
Some
species
appea
o
be
chlo ine
ole an
and
can
be
eadily
isola-
ed
om
domes ic
wa e
supply
ou le s
such
as
aps,
spigo s
and
d inking
oun ain
heads.
They
also
g ow
eadily
in
s a ic
wa e
holding
uni s
such
as
anks,
wa e
ba hs
and
special
equipmen ,
commonly
no ed
in
labo a o ies
and
hospi als.
Al hough
mos
o
he
yellow
pigmen ed
bac e ial
colonies
can
be
classi ied
as
ha mless
mic o-
o ganisms,
occu ing
in
mos
na u al
wa e
supplies;
in ec ions
can
and do
occu
among
in an s,
debili a ed
pa ien s,
su gical
pa ien s
and
pa ien s
on
immunosup es-
si e
d ug
he apy,
chie ly
h ough
ca eless
handling
o
wa e
supplies
con amina ed
wi h
hese
o ganisms,
The
use
and
abuse
o
ou
na u al
esh
wa e
supplies
is
an
e e
inc easing
wo ldwide p oblem.
No
only
a e
he
lakes
and
s eams
pollu ed
by
chemicals,
e i-
lize s,
and
insec icides
om
su ace
wa e s,
bu
he
sewage
disposal
p ac ices
en-
cou age
he
su i al
and
g ow h
o
many
undesi able
species
o
mic obes.
Bayliss
/2/
in
1930
o esaw
he
coming
e en s
when
he
s a ed,
"I
is
easy
o
emo e
mic o-
o ganisms
and
a oid
o he
pa icles
by
il a ion,
bu
i is
no
easy
o
educe
he
o ganic
con en
o
many
wa e s
o
he
poin
whe e
i
will
no
suppo
mic obial
g ow h."
The
u h
o
his
s a emen
was
e i ied
many
imes
o e
a
pe iod
o
wen y
yea s
o
mic obiological
analyses
o
wa e
samples
in
a
hospi al
and
esea ch
acili y.
170
L.
G.
He man
The
samples
came
om
many
sou ces
such
as
dynamic
and
ee
lowing
and
s a ic
o
s o ed
wa e
supplies
especially
in
dead
end
o
li le
used
pipe
lines,
wa e
ba hs,
ese oi s,
ank
and
s o age
uni s.
Mos
samples
a
one
ime
o
ano he ,
con ained
iable
mold
spo es,
yeas
cells,
acid
as
bacilli,
ae obic
and
anae obic
spo e
o me s,
mic ococci,
s ep ococci
and
dip he oids
in
addi ion
o
many
species
o
pigmen ed
and
nonpigmen ed
g am
nega i e
ods
/14/—some
o
which
s ill
emain
o
be
classi ied
as
his
symposium
is
a emp ing
o
demons a e.
Ou
a en ion
was
i s
d awn
o
his
p oblem
when
ou
open
hea
su ge y
pa ien s
de eloped
a
bac-
e emia
du ing
hei
con alescen
pe iod
/4/.
En i onmen al
s udies
demons a ed
a
simila
o ganism
in
a
wa e
ba h
o
empe ing
blood
in
he
su gical
a ea,
and
in
he
wa é
cooling
sys em
o
he
hea
lung
machine
used
on
he
ou
pa ien s,
as
was
isola ed
om
blood
cul u es
o
hese
pa ien s.
Subsequen
en i onmen al
s udies
showed
ha
a ious
species
o
pigmen ed
g am
nega i e bac e ia
could
be
eadily
isola ed
om
he
wa e
om
i ually
e e y
a ea,
in
a ying
numbe s,
o he
e-
sea ch
complex.
Since
wa e
is
he
"almos
uni e sal"
sol en ,
i is
able
o
ex ac
bo h
bene-
icial
and
ha m ul
componen s
om
he
soil o
su aces o e
o
h ough
which
i
lows
and
pe cola es
ha
gi e
i
la o ,
odo ,
colo ,
ha dness,
acidi y,
alkalini y,
and
he
nu ien s
ha
suppo
and
encou age
mic obial
g ow h
be o e,
du ing
and
a e
ou ine
use
and
handling.
Chambe s
and
Cla ke
/7/
desc ibe
i
clea ly,
" he
ex en
o
which
wa e
can
se e
as
a
bac e ial
g ow h
medium
is
one
o he
leas
ecognized
ace s
o
mic obiology."
The
ypical
wa e
bac e ia,
i.e.,
he
pigmen ed
g am-nega i e,
non- e men ing,
slow
g owing
species
equi e
somewha
di e en
condi ions
o
op imum
de elopmen .
Pigmen
is
mos
eadily
p oduced
on
he
su ace
o
aga
pla es
incuba ed
a
oom
empe a u e
o
5-15
days.
The
slow
g ow h
is
no
limi ed
o
a i icial
media,
since
samples
o
wa e
held
a
oom
empe a u e
show
a
slow
bu
s eady
inc ease
in
numbe s,
while
he
le els
o
coli o ms
o
o he
non-pigmen ed
species
usually
de-
c ease
du ing
simila
holding
pe iods.
Pigmen
and
Biochemical
Cha ac e is ics
While
i
is
easy
o
ecognize
pigmen ed
colonies
on
he
su aces
o
aga
pla es
o
memb ane
il e
pads,
Gila di
/11/
igh ly
commen s
ha ,
"using
pigmen
p oduc-
ion
as
a
axonomic
c i e ion
is
in
i sel
o
dubious
me i
because
o
he
e ec s
o
a ia ion
in
empe a u e
and
media
on
pigmen
p oduc ion."
Ciegle
/8/
no ed
ha
o e
hal
o
he
ma ine
bac e ia
isola ed
o
da e,
con ain
unsaponi iable
a
soluble
yellow
o
ed pigmen s.
Hayes
/12/
sepa a ed
pigmen ed
cul u es
isola ed
om
ish
in o
Fla obac e ia
and
Cy ophaga
species.
S a
and
S ephens
/32/
no ed
ha
many
phy opa hogenic
bac e ial
colonies
isola ed
om
plan s
we e
also
yellow
in
colo .
Bean
and
E e on
/3/
isola ed
172
cul u es
o
o ange-yellow
pigmen ed
The
Slow
G owing
G am-Nega i e
Pigmen ed
Wa e
Bac e ia
171
bac e ia
om
chlo ina ed
cooling
wa e s
and
classi ied
mos
o
hem
as
Fla obac-
e ia.
On
he
o he
hand,
Koyama
e .
al.
/19/
no ed
non-pigmen ed
Fla obac e ia
and
concluded
ha ,
"pigmen a ion
o
hese
bac e ia
is
so
a iable
ha
he
desc ip-
ion
is
no
igid
and
hey
mus
he e o e
be
conside ed
o
be
a
he e ogeneous
spe-
cies,"
Al hough
Hayes
/12/
and
Shewan
/28/
eel
ha
he
Fla obac e ia
should
be
classi ied
as
Cy ophaga
,
Weeks
/33/
s a es
ha
"Fla obac e ium
is
mo e
a
his o -
ic
concep
han
a
axonomic
eali y."
Howe e ,
Gila di
/11/
de ines
he
minimal
ea u es
equi ed
o
he
iden i ica ion
o
Fla obac e ium
as:
(1)
G am
nega i e
aspo ogenous
bacilli,
(2)
pola
lagella ed,
i
mo ile,
(3)
oxidize
ca bohyd a es
o
acid
wi hou
gas,
(4)
usually
indole
posi i e,
(5)
ca alase
posi i e,
and
(6)
indophenol
oxidase
posi i e
and
(7)
gela in
posi i e.
Isola ion
Me hods
O
he
many
p oblems
associa ed
wi h
he
slow
g owing,
pigmen ed,
g am
nega i e
wa e
bac e ia,
ha
o
o iginal
isola ion
is
p obably
he
mos
us a ing.
Al-
hough
a ious
species
o
Fla obac e ia
and
Cy ophaga,
Table
I,
can
g ow
o e
a
wide
ange,
4°c
-
44°c,
o
empe a u es,
mos
species
g ow
bes
a
oom
empe a u e,
18°C
-
32°C,
bu
equi e
ex ended
incuba ion
o
5-15
days
o
p oduce
isible
colo-
nies
and
measu able
pigmen a ion
/14/,
hence
he
pla es
should
be
kep
in
plas ic
bags
o
p e en
undue
loss
o
mois u e
om
he
aga
base.
Since
mos
species
a e
pigmen ed
and
ae obic,
swabbed
o
su ace
inocula ed
pla es
a e
p e e able
o
pou ed
pla es,
in
ha
he
pigmen s
can
be
mo e
eadily
no ed
and
colony
g ow h
is
mo e
Table
I
Slow
G owing
Pigmen ed
Wa e
Bac e ia
in
Flowing
and
S a ic
Wa e
Supplies
%
Maximum
Sou ce
No.
Sampled&
Posi i e
Colony
Coun /ml
D inking
Foun ains
1965
117/150
78
3
x
10°
D inking
Foun ains
1975
164/217
76
4x
10°
D inking
Foun ains
1978
334/440
75
Oe
10°
Sink
Fauce s
48/69
70
3
x
10°
Dead
End
Pipe
Lines
10/10
100
5
10*
Wa e
Ba hs
5/7
Ta
ik
10°
X- ay
and
Pho o
Wash
Tanks
10/20
50
Ding
10°
Humidi ying’
Uni e
36/55
65
eee
Den al
Chai
Sp ay
Uni s
7/7
100
Dx. 10°
Dis illed
Wa e
Lines
5/10
50
S x
10°
*Dilu ions
sp ead
on
su ace
o
T.S.A.
pla es
and
incuba ed
a
oom
empe a u e
5-15
days.
172
L.
G.
He man
easily
ans e ed
om
he
aga
su aces.
En ichmen
me hods
in
b o h
a e
no
e-
commended
because
he
slow
g owing
cells
a e
o en
"los "
in
he
hea y
and
mo e
apid
g ow h
o
o he
species
o
bac e ia,
Howe e ,
i
has
been
no ed
ha ,
in
many
ins ances,
when
lac ose
b o h
ubes om
M.P.N.
de e mina ions
o
d inking
wa e
a e
held
o
5-15
days
a
oom
empe a u e, pigmen ed
g ow h
is
eadily
isible
in
many
gas
ee
ubes
and
his,
when
s eaked
on
aga
pla es,
usually
also
p oduces
pigmen ed
colonies,
Since
pigmen ed
bac e ial
colonies
can
be
isola ed
om
wa e
om
i ually
e e y
co ne
o
he
globe,
a
a ie y
o
media
/27/
a e
ad isable
o
p o ide
he
p ope
condi ions
o
op imum
g ow h,
pigmen
p oduc ion
and
iden i ica-
ion
o
he
a ious
species.
Basic
nu ien
mea
o
soybean
ex ac
aga
can
be
en-
hanced
by
he
addi ion
o
yeas
ex ac ,
plan
p o eins
and
ca bohyd a es,
ish
meal,
milk
casein,
as
well
as
soil
ex ac
and
sea
sal s,
wi h
and
wi hou
he
addi ion
o
sheep
blood.
To
p e en
o e g ow h
by
g am
posi i e
cocci
and
spo e
o me s,
he
addi ion
o
an ibio ics
o
he
media
is
help ul,
since
mos
Fla obac e ia
a e
an i-
bio ic
insensi i e.
Whe e
he
mic obial
con amina ion
is
minimal,
i.e.
less
han
1
iable
o ganism
in
10,
50 o 100
ml,
as in
he
case
o
dis illed,
ap,
deionized
o
e e se
osmosis
ea ed
wa e ,
he
memb ane
il e
echnique
should
be
used
wi h
50-500
ml_
samples
so
ha
10-20
isible
colonies
can
de elop
pe
pad
on
ex ended
incuba ion
o
5-15
days
a
oom
empe a u es,
Table
II
Wa e
Samples
Memb ane
Fil e ed
Th ough
47
mm
x
0.45p
Pads”
Sou ce
Samples
Tes ed
Sample
Size
Colonies
Pe
Pad
Tap
wa e
h ough
clean
auce
15
250
ml <10
(5)
10-200
(10)
Tap
wa e
h ough
ubbe
hose
20
250
ml
<200
(6)
ınıcb
(14)
Dis illed
wa e
om
s ill
(di ec )
30
500 ml No
G ow h
Dis illed
wa e
a
end
o
sys em;
20
250 ml
<200
(5)
clean
auce
TNTC
(15)
Dis illed
wa e
h ough
ubbe
hose
20
50
ml
<200
(5)
TNTC
(15)
Deionized
wa e ,
cen al
uni
5
250
ml
TNTC
(5)
“pads
laid
on
T.S.A.
pla es,
incuba ion
a
oom
empe a u e
5-15
days.
bon c
- oo
nume ous
o
coun .
The
Slow
G owing
G am-Nega i e
Pigmen ed
Wa e
Bac e ia
173
Since
some
species
o
Fla obac e ia
a e
pho och omogenic,
incuba ion
should
be
con inued
in
subdued
ligh
a he
han
in
di ec
sunligh
o
o al
da kness
and
whe e
he
empe a u es
a e
no
likely
o
a y
g ea ly
/19/.
Dynamic
Wa e
Supplies
D inking
Foun ains
I is
amazing
ha
he
"d inking
oun ain
head"
s ill
emains
he
mos
igno ed
pa
o
he
en i e
wa e
deli e y
sys em
o
he
indi idual
in
he
a e age
communi y.
Table
I
illus a es
he
a ia ions
and
deg ee
o
con amina ion
and
le els
o
pig-
men ed
wa e
bac e ia
in
one
hospi al.
In
1965
a
o al
o
78%
o
he
d inking
oun ains
we e
con amina ed,
ye
hi een
yea s
la e
he e
was
li le
(75%)
signi—
ican
di e ence
in
he
numbe
o
con amina ed
uni s.
Ano he
ac o
o en
o e looked
when
wa e
om
d inking
oun ains
is
compa ed
wi h
wa e
om
sink
auce s,
is
he
absence
o
chlo ine
in
he
oun ain
wa e .
Many
public
buildings
such
as
schools,
hospi als,
o ices,
e c.,
ha e
a
sepa a e
wa e
deli e y
sys em
o
d inking
oun ains
which
is
cooled
o
chilled,
especially
in
he
summe ime,
and
cons an ly
ci cula ed
so
ha
he
chlo ine
con en
usually
alls
below
he
e ec i e
le el
o
0.6
ppm,
he eby
pe mi ing
mic obial
g ow h
and
mul iplica ion
in
he
sys em
and
especially
a
he
ai -wa e
in e ace
on
he
oun-
ain
head,
Close
examina ion
o
many
oun ains
lea es
much
o
be
desi ed
in
he
way
o
aes he ics.
Many
ha e
easily
isible
accumula ions
o
deposi ed
scales,
o he s
a e
hea ily
us ed,
occasional
heads
ha e
a
deposi
o
slimy
g ow h,
o en
yellowish
o
b own
in
colo
/13/
/14/.
Ne e heless,
he
d inking
oun ain
head,
unless
ou inely
b ushed
and
polished,
is
o en
li le
be e
han
he
"common
cup"
ha
is
seldom
cleaned
o
sani ized.
Dis illed,
Deionized
and
Re e se
Osmosis
Uni s
The
con inuing
demand
o
wa e
o
high
pu i y
in
pha macy,
biochemical,
mic o-
biological
and
issue
cul u e
esea ch
has
been
de eloped
o
a
poin
whe e
dis illed
wa e
is
now
a ailable
wi hou
demons able
py ogens
and
ee
om
iable
bac e ia
/16/.
Howe e ,
he
usual
cen al
dis illed
wa e
supply
ank
wi h
ex ended
pipe
lines
and
ubbe
hoses,
will
always
be
con amina ed wi h
a
wide
a ie y
o
pigmen ed
and
non-pigmen ed
o ganisms
/6,
9,
14,
17/.
Deionizing
uni s
o
a ious
sizes
a e
also
able
o
p o ide
wa e
wi h
e y
low
le els
o
anions
and
ca ions,
bu
mic obial
con amina ion
emains
a
p oblem,
S amm
e .al.,
/31/
ound
Fla obac e ium
in
e e y
deionized
and
so ened
wa e
uni
and
ou le
in
hei
labo a o ies
and
no ed
g ow h
in
he
esin
columns
o
up
o
10°
cells
pe
ml.
DeRoos
e .
al.,
/9/
no ed
ha
when
bo h
deionized
wa e
and
dis-
illed
wa e
was
a ailable
in
he
labo a o y,
he
dis illed
wa e
had
a
lowe
bac-
e ial
and
py ogen
con en
han
he
deionized
supply.

174
L.
G.
He man
A
wa e
supply,
low
in
sodium
and
calcium
sal s
and
i ually
ee
om
Py ogens
and
iable
bac e ia
o
use
in
hemodialysis,
seems
o
be
possible
wi h
a
e e se
osmosis
wa e
p oduc ion
sys em
/15/.
Howe e ,
i
was
no ed
ha
c i ical
main e-
nance
and
s ic
sani a ion
is
necessa y
o
p e en
ecu ing
con amina ion
wi h
bo h
py ogens
and
iable
o ganisms
/25/.
S a ic
Wa e
Supplies
Wa e
Ba hs
and
Wash
Tanks
The
wa e
in
his
equipmen ,
s a ic,
open,
seldom
changed,
and
held
a
a ying
empe a u es
om
ambien
oom
o
45°C
p o ides
an
ideal
medium
o
mic o lo a
o
all
species
(Table
III)
bu
e en
he e,
Fla obac e ium
seem
o
be
he
p edominan
o ganism
-
up
o
35%
o
he
ecognizable
ypes.
Table
III
P edominan
Mic obial
Species
Isola ed
F om
100
Labo a o y
Wa e
Ba hs,
(0°c-45°c)
No.
Con amina ed
Fla obac e ium
sp.
21%
Fla obac e ium
wi h
mixed
lo a
14
Klebsiella
sp.
20
O he
G am
nega i e
species
20
Pseudomonas
ae uginosa
4
G am
posi i e
spo e
o me s
Yeas
species
3
S e ile
-
No
g ow h
LZ
aswabs
on
T.S.
aga
pla es
held
5-15
days
a
oom
empe a u e.
Con amina ed
wa e
ba hs
a e
especial
haza ds
in
su gical
sui es
whe e
blood
packs
a e
empe ed
/4/
o
in
d essing
ooms
whe e
saline
ans usions
a e
wa med,
and
especially
in
mic obiological
labo a o ies
when
ae osols
c ea ed
by
splashing,
e c.,
end
o
elease
con aminan s
in o
media,
able
ops,
equipmen ,
e c.
The
mos
e -
ec i e
and
leas
haza dous
o
co osi e
inhibi o
no ed
o
da e
is
he
addi ion
o
0.1%
-
0.6% o
glu a aldehyde
o
he
wa e
ba h.
The
wa e
should hen
emain
in-
hibi o y
o
ex ended
pe iods
o
ime
depending
on
he
addi ion
o
o ganic
ma e
h ough
spills,
e c,
Regula
cleaning
and
he
use
o
dis illed
wa e
is
also
ecommended,
The
Slow
G owing
G am-Nega i e
Pigmen ed
Wa e
Bac e ia
175
Nebulize s
and
Humidi ie s
A
c i ical
s udy
o
mic o
o ganisms
/29/
in
hea ed
nebulize s
showed
almos
com-
ple e
con ol
o
g ow h
o
all
ypes
o
g am
nega i e
ods,
bu
chie ly
Pseudomonas,
Mo axella,
Acine obac e ,
and
Fla obac e ium
species
when
he
wa e
empe a u e
was
held
a
46°C
o
abo e
while
hose
uni s
held
a
41°C
o
below,
showed
38%
-
52%
con-
amina ion
when held
o
5
days
o
mo e
be o e
cleaning.
I
was
also
no ed
ha
ap
wa e ,
when
used
in
humidi ying
uni s,
was
he
sou ce
o
in ec ion
o
5
o
8
in-
an s
exposed
o
hese
con amina ed
mis s
/21/.
Den al
Chai
Uni s
S udies
o
he
wa e
sp ay
om
a
den al
hand
piece
/1,
20/
(Table
I),
showed
a
high
le el o
con amina ion
by
pigmen ed
g am nega i e
o ganisms
in
e e y
uni
checked,
which could
be
a
haza d
o
bo h
pa ien
and
den is ,
especially
since
some
coun s
exceeded
5,000,000
o ganisms
pe ml.
This
con amina ion
p oblem
is
u he
complica ed
by
he
ac
ha
den al
ese oi s
a e
usually
hea ed
o
35-37°C
o
p o-
ide
a
wa m
sp ay.
The
possibili y
ha
he
pigmen ed
colonies
o en
no ed
in
spu-
um
specimens
/26/
may
in
some
cases
o igina e
om
den al
sp ays,
should
no
be
o e
looked,
Hemodialysis
Sys ems
Fa e o
e ,
al./10/
no ed
ha
wa e
p oduced
by
deioniza ion,
dis illa ion,
e-
e se
osmosis
o
so ening,
suppo ed
many
species
o
g am
nega i e
bac e ia
espe-
cially
when
s o ed
o
used
in
he
dialysa e
o
a i icial
(hemodialysis)
kidney
machines.
In
many
ins ances,
he
p oli e a ing
o ganisms we e
o en
he
cause
o
py ogenic
and
sep ic
eac ions
in
he
ea ed
pa ien .
They
emphasized
he
haza ds
o
"na u ally
occu ing"
bac e ia—in
which o ganisms
p esen
in
dis illed
wa e
and
dilu ed
in
he
same
"memb ane
il e ed"
wa e
g ew
mo e
apidly,
showed
highe
disin ec an
esis ance
and longe
su i al
imes
han
did
hose
o ganisms
ha
we e
passed
h ough
con en ional
labo a o y
media
and
hen
ein oduced
in o
he
same
wa e s,
Among
he
nine g am nega i e o ganisms
usually
isola ed
om
dialysis
luids,
Fla obac e ium,
Pseudomonas
and
Acine obac e
a e
he
mos
common
and
oublesome
con aminan s.
In ec ion
Haza ds
wi h
Pigmen ed
Wa e
Bac e ia
P ema u e
and
Newbo n
In an s
Wi h
he
ad en
o
an ibio ics,
mo e
a en ion
is
being
paid
o
he
g am
nega i e
bac e ia
capable
o
su i ing
in
he
p esence
o
many
an ibio ics
a
highe
han
a e age
le els
equi ed
o
inhibi
he
g am
posi i e
species.
The
eme gence
o
a
sligh ly
pigmen ed
g am
nega i e
non-mo ile,
oxidase
posi i e
bacillus
ha
p oduced
indole
bu
had
li le
eac ion
on
suga s
and
was
sensi i e
only
o
e y h omycin
and
176
.
L.
G.
He man
ca benomycin,
was
he
appa en
cause
o
spinal
meningi is
in 19
newbo n
in an s
o
which
i een
died
/5/.
King
/18/
s udied
hese
o ganisms
u he
and
in
1959
sepa-
a ed
hem
in o
h ee
se ological
g oups,
and
because
o
i s
ligh
yellow
pigmen
and
associa ion
wi h
meningi is, en a i ely
classi ied
i
as
a
new
species—
Fla-
obac e ium
meningosep icum.
Following
his
publica ion,
spo adic
cases
ha e
been
no ed
in
he
in e na ional
li e a u e
annually
/14,
22,
34/.
Ma u e
Pa ien s
In ec ed
Following
Su ge y
Olsen
/22/
isola ed
E
meningosep icum
om
en
cases
o
pos
ope a i e
in ec ion
ollowing
ho acic
su ge y
in
Denma k,
all
pa ien s
su i ed.
To
de e mine
he
sou ce
o
hese
in ec ions,
he
was
able
o
isola e
F.
meningosep icum
om
b ook
wa-
e ,
ga den
soil
and
om
he
blood,
u ine,
spu um
and spinal
luid
o
a ious
pa-
ien s—all
simila
o
he
1959
King
isola es.
The
haza ds
o
indwelling
a e ial
ca he e s
a e
well
desc ibed
by
S amm
e .
al.,
/30/
in
which
hey
no ed
14
pa ien s
wi h
posi i e
blood
cul u es
due
o
a
Fla obac-
e ium.
The
o ganisms
we e
isola ed
om
he
ca he e s,
s op
cocks
and
ice
supply
used
o
cool
he
sy inges.
Thei
ecommenda ions
a e
simple—s e ile
echniques,
handwashing
and
esh
ca he e s
e e y
24
hou s.
Discussion
Since
he
slow
g owing
pigmen ed
wa e
bac e ia
a e
usually
ound
in
ci cula ing
and
s a ic
wa e
supplies
e en
in
he
p esence
o
de ec able
le els
o
chlo ine
/13/,
i
may
mean
ha
many
a e
chlo ine
ole an
and
su i e
o
g ow
and
mul iply
when
"na u ally
occu -
he
chlo ine
has
been
dissipa ed.
Al hough
hese
o ganisms
may
be
ing"
in
wa e
supplies,
/10,
23/
hey
g ow
so
slowly
and
be e
on
he
su ace
o
aga
pla es,
ha
hey
can
easily
be
missed
because
mos
wa e
analyses
ubes
and
pou ed
pla es
a e
disca ded
a e
48
hou s
incuba ion.
While
a ious
species
o
Fla obac e ium
ha e
been
isola ed om
pa ien s
ollow-
ing
use
o
p oduc s
con amina ed
by
hem,
iz
/11,
23,
24,
30/
hence, one
should
no
o e look
he
hospi al
wa e
supplies
as
a
possible
sou ce
o
hose
in ec ions,
e en
hough
hey
a e
di icul
o
iden i y
and
ace
/1,
4,
10/.
Al hough
he
a e age
labo a o y
may
no
ha e
he
pe sonnel
o
expe ience
a ail-
able
o
iden i y
each
and
e e y
wa e bo ne
o ganism,
as
has
been
shown
many
imes
du ing
his
symposium,
hey
can
easily
demons a e
he
p esence
o
o he
han
coli-
o m
species
by:
(1)
swabbing
he
su ace
o
a ious
ypes
o aga
pla e
media
di -
ec ly,
o
by
(2)
using
la ge
amoun s,
e.g.,
50-500
ml o
ea ed
wa e
o
mem-
b ane
il a ion,
bo h
wi h
ex ended
incuba ion.
The
abili y
o
ecognize
mic obial
g ow h
in
any
kind
o
po able,
dis illed
o
deionized
wa e
supplies
when
used
o
domes ic,
medical
o
esea ch
uses,
hus
be-
comes
a
esponsibili y
o
he
mic obiologis
associa ed
wi h
he
consuming
uni .
The
Slow
G owing
G am-Nega i e
Pigmen ed
Wa e
Bac e ia
177
The e o e,
depending
on
he
inal
use
o
any
gi en
wa e
supply,
he
p esence
o
slow
g owing,
pigmen ed
wa e
bac e ia
can
be
(1)
ha mless
indica o s
o
an
uns e -
ile
condi ion,
o
(2)
hey
can
be
a
haza d
o
he
sys em,
he
use
and
he
end
p o-
duc .
The
deg ee
o
which
his
occu s,
depends
on
he
p essu es
c ea ed
by
ou
changing
socie y
on
he
o al
en i onmen
and
e en ually
on
he
mic o lo a
wi hin
i .
Then
as
some
species
a e
s imula ed
o
al e ed
by
he
e ec
o
acids,
an i-
bio ics,
an ibodies,
an isep ics,
chemicals,
disin ec an s,
gases,
pe oleum
p o-
duc s,
e c.,
hei
adap a ion
becomes
mo e
easily
ecognizable
as
"su i o s"
in
a
complex
popula ion,
which
is
ce ainly
ue
o
he
yellow
pigmen ed
g am
nega i e
bac e ia
o
he
Fla obac e ium
-
Cy ophaga
g oup
o
mic oo ganisms.
Bibliog aphy
/1/
Abel,
L.C.,
Mille ,
R.L.,
Micik,
R.E.,
and
Ryge
G.:
J.
Den .
Res.
50,
1567-1569
(1971)
/2/
Baylis,
J.R.:
Wa e Wo ks
and
Sewe age,
77,
335-338
(1930)
/3/
Bean,
PlG.
,
(and.
E e oniaeR
:)
JnpApplis
Bac s
503251
51259)
(L969)
/4/
Be y,
W.
B.,
Mo ow,
A.G.,
Ha ison,
D.C.,
Hochs ein,
H.D.,
and
Himmelsbach,
C.K.:
J.
Tho ac.
and
Ca dio as.
Su g.
45,
476-480
(1963)
/5/
B ody,
J.A.,
Moo e,
H.,
King, E.0.:
Am.
J.
Dis.
Child.
96,
1-5
(1958)
/6/
Ca son,
L.A.,
Fa e o,
M.S.,
Bond,
W.W., and
Pe e son,
N.J.:
Appl.
Mic obiol,
23,
863-869
(1972)
/7/
Chambe s,
C.W.,
and
Cla ke,
N.A.:
Ad .
Appl.
Mic obiol.
8,
105-143
(1966)
/8/
Ciegle ,
A.:
Ad .
Appl.
Mic obiol.
7,
1-34
(1965)
/9/
DeRoos,
R.,
Vesley,
D.,
DuChene,
A.G., and
Ha ,
L.J.:
Heal h
Lab
Science,
13,
11-19
(1976)
/10/
Fa e o,
M.S.,
Pe e sen,
N.J.,
Ca son,
L.A., Bond, W.W.,
and
Hyndman,
S.H.:
Heal h
Lab
Science,
12,
321-334
(1975)
/11/
Gila di,
G.L.,
Hi schl,
$.,
and
Mandel,
M.:
J.
Clin.
Mic obiol.
1,
384-389
(1975)
/12/
Hayes,
P.R.:
J.
Gen.
Mic obiol,
30,
1-9
(1963)
/13/
He man,
L.G.
and
Himmelsbach,
C.K.:
Hospi als
39,
72-76
(1965)
/14/
He man,
L.G.:
Ad ance
in
Appl.
Mic obiol.,
23,
155-171
(1978)
/15/
Bu wick,
B.J.:
Is ael
J.
Med.
Sci.
8,
602-605
(1972)
/16/
Ka amian,
N.A.:
Am.
Lab.
8,
24-28
(1976)
/17/
Kelsey,
J.D.,
and
Beeby,
M.D.:
The
Lance ,
July
11,
82-84
(1964)
/18/
King,
E.D.:
Am.
J.
Clin.
Pa h.
31,
241-247
(1959)
/19/
Koyama
U.,
Yazawa,
Y.,
Yamogishi,
S.,
and
A ai
T,:
Jap.
J.
Mic obiol.
18,
49-56
(1974)
/20/
McEn ega ,
M.C.,
and
Cla k,
A.S.:
B .
Den .
J.
134,
140-142
(1973)
/21/
Mo e ,
H.L.,
Allan
D.,
and
Williams,
T.: Am.
J.
Dis.
Child.
114,
13-20
(1967)