PROTEIN
FROM
OIL
:
THE
BP
ALKANE
PROCESS
K.
ALLISON
BP
PROTEINS
LIMITED,
GRANGEMOUTH,
STIRLINGSHIRE,
SCOTLAND
1.
INTRODUCTION
The
ac
ha
yeas s
will
g ow
on
hyd oca bons
has
been
known
om
he
ea ly
pa ı
o his
cen u y
when
some
o
he
i s
academic
pape s
we e
published.
The
use
o
yeas s
as
animal eed
is
well
es ablished
and
now
la ge
amoun s
o
odde
yeas
g own
on
ca bohyd a e
a e
p oduced
in
he
wo ld
based
on
wood
pulp
liquo .
The
no el
de elopmen
desc ibed
in
his
pape
is
he
con inuous
g ow h
o
yeas s
on
pu e
hyd oca bons
on
a
comme cial
scale.
Wo k
in
his
ield
by
BP
s a ed
in
ca
1957
wi h
he
s udies
by
A.
Champagna
o
Socie e
F ancaise
des
Pe oles
BP
(SFBP)
in o
he
mic obial
oxida ion
o
pe oleum
ac ions.
Ini ially
he
objec i e
was
desulphu isa ion,
bu
in
he
cou se
o
his
wo k
he
disco e ed,
su p isingly,
ha
he
n-pa a ins
in
he
pe oleum
ac ion
we eu ilised
selec i ely
by
he
mic o-o ganism.
This
and
he
ealisa ion
ha
he e
exis ed
in
his
ield
he
basis
o
a
comme cial
p ocess
o
he
p oduc ion
o
p o ein
concen a e
led,
in
1959,
o
he
e-o ien a ion
o
he
wo k
a
La e a
o
he
complemen a y
objec i es
o
p o ein
p oduc ion
and
oil
de-waxing.
P og ess
was
apid.
74
K.
Allison
By
1962
Champagna
and
his
co-wo ke s
had
published
pape s
on
he
p oduc ion
o
p o ein
concen a e
om
oil
ac ions
and
i
was
in
1963
ha
he
de elopmen
phase
go
unde way
wi h
he
commissioning
a
La e a,
nea
Ma seilles
o
a
ca
k
e/d
pilo
plan
p oducing
yeas
on
a
con inuous
basis
om
a
e ine y
gas
oil
s eam.
A
yea
la e ,
a
s udy
on
he
g ow h
o
yeas s
using
pu e
n-pa a ins
as
he
ca bon
subs a e
was
commenced
by
BP
a
G angemou h,
Sco land.
Al hough
he
ini ial
aim
o
his
wo k
was
o
suppo
he
gas
oil
p ocess
unde
de elopmen
a
La e a
and
o
ob ain
a
mo e
undamen al
knowledge
o
hyd oca bon
e men a ion,
his
pe iod
in
he
mid
1960's
coincided
wi h
he
in oduc ion
o
la ge
scale
comme e alplan s
' o ' he
'ex ac ion
o 'highly’pü e
n-pa a ins
using
molecula
sie e
echnology
and,
i
soon
became
appa en
ha
he e
was he
basis
o
a
second
p ocess
o he
p oduc ion
o
p o ein
concen a e.
O
he
wo
p ocesses
de eloped
by
BP
o
he
p oduc ion
o
p o ein
concen a e
he
"Gas
Oil'
P ocess
and
he
‘No mal
Pa a in'
P ocess, he
p esen
pape
is
p incipally
conce ned
wi h
he
la e
ou esince
his
is
he
p ocess
wi h
which
he
au ho
has
mos
i s
hand
knowledge
and
i
is
he
basis
o
he
4000
/a
Demons a ion
Uni
a
G angemou h.
s
Re
BP
Alkane
P ocess
19
The
p oduc
o
he
BP
'No mal
Pa a in'
P ocess
is
ma ke ed
in
a ious
o ms
unde
he
egis e ed
ade
ma k
TOPRINA.
2.0
THEY
BP
na>=PARAPRINS
(PROTEIN:
PROCESS
221
°P ocess
The
p oduc ion
o
yeas
can
con enien ly
be
di ided
in o:
(
i)
eed
ma e ials
(
ii)
e men a ion
and(iii)
ha es ing
A
simpli ied
low
diag am
is
shown
in
Figu e
l.
EPICURE
IL.
BP
n-Pa a in
P o ein
P ocess.
RAW
FERMENTATIO
MATERIALS
N
HARVESTING
AND
DESPATCH
VENT
VENT
SEPARATED
HOT
WATER
AIR
INOCULUM
MINERALS
——o—
e
WATER.
D
D-
PARAFFINS
m
AIR
u
|
FINISHED
BP
PROTEIN
S
SEPARATOR
F
FERMENTER
CONCENTRATE.
S
STERILIZER
€
COOLER
OR
CONDENSER
Bb
DRYER
V
STORAGE
VESSEL
76
K.
Allison
The
e men a ion
s ep
is
he
co e
o
he
p ocess
and
an
essen ial
ea u e
o
he
n-pa a ins
based
ou e
is
ha
he
e men a ion
is
ope a ed
unde
applied
asep ic
condi ions.
This
means
ha
all
yeas s
o he
han
he
speci ically
de eloped
cul u e
yeas
s ain
a e
excluded
om
he
e men e ,
and
o
ensu e
he
s e ili y
o
he
e men e
a
s a -up,
i
is
s e ilised
by
s eam
p io
o
being
cha ged.
I
is
impo an
o
no e
ha
no
pa hogenic
bac e ia
ha e
e e
occu ed
in
ou
hyd oca bon
e men e s.
(i)
Feed
Ma e ials:
The
liquid
eeds
o
he
e men e
comp ise
n-pa a in,
wa e ,
nu ien
mine al
sal s
and
essen ial
g ow h
ac o s,
The
pa a in
eeds ock,
he
ca bon
sou ce,
isa
highly
pu e
ma e ial
o
Pha macopoeia
s anda d
and
passes
FDA
es
121/1146.
I
is
a
colou less,
odou less
ma e ial
o
high
no mal
pa a in
con en ,
99%,
on
which
s ic
limi s
a e
imposed
on
he
a oma ics
con en .
The
quali y
o
he
eeds ock
is
an
impo an
ac o
in
he
quali y
con ol
o
he
inal
p oduc
Since,
unlike
he
'Gas
Oil'
P ocess,
he
p o ein
p oduc
om
he
n-pa a in
p ocess
is
no
subjec ed
o
a
inal
sol en
ex ac ion
s age.
BP
Alkane
P ocess
a7
The
mine al
sal s
which
a e
hose
essen ial
o he
op imum
g ow h
o
he
o ganism
include
e.g.
sulpha es
o
Zn,
Mn,
Mg
e c.
and
hey
a e
p epa ed
as
a
concen a ed
acidi ied
solu ion
which
is
hen
con inuously
dilu ed
wi h
wa e
o
he
equi ed
medium
concen a ion.
Tigh
speci ica ions
.a e
se
on
he
quali y
o
hese
sal s
as
an
essen ial
pa
o
he
quali y
con ol
o
he
inal
p oduc .
To
ensu e
he
applied
asep ic
na u e
o he
e men a ion,
hese
liquid
s eams
a e
combined
and
passed
o
he
medium
s e ilisa ion
sys em
whe e
hey
a e
hea ed
and
held
a
a
high
empe a u e
su icien ly
long
o
ensu e
comple e
"kill"
o
all
mic o-o ganisns.
Hea
economy
is
achie ed
by
exchange
be ween
he
incoming
cold
eed
and
he
ho
s e ilised
eed.
The
cooled
s e ilised
medium
passes
di ec ly
o
he
e men e .
Oxygen
necessa y
o
cell
g ow h
is
p o ided
by
a
con inuous
s eam
o
ai
blown
in o
he
e men e
h ough
a
spa ge
ing
and he
excess
ai and
ca bon
dioxide
pass
o
a mosphe e.

78
K.
Allison
Ni ogen,
essen ial
o
he
g ow h
o
he
o ganisn,
is
injec ed
in
he
o m
o
ammonia
wi h
heai
s eam.
The
ammonia
se es
also
o
main ain
he
e men e
con en s
a
he
equi ed
pH,
he
addi ion
a e
being
au oma ically
con olled
by
he
pH
in
he
e men e .
The
combined
ai
and
ammonia
s eam
is
s e ilised.
(ii)
Fe men a ion
A
he
s a
o
he
ope a ion,
a
small
ba ch
e men a ion
is
se
up
o
p o ide
an
inoculum
o
he
p oduc ion
e men e ,
and
i s
comple ion
synch onised
wi h
he
cha ging
o
a
s e ilised
ba ch
o
medium
(wa e ,
n-pa a in,
sal s
e c.)
which
has
been
pH
adjus ed
by
he
addi ion
o
ammonia.
The
inoculum
is
injec ed
in o
he
p oduc ion
e men e ,
s e ilised
ai
admi ed
and
agi a ion
commenced.
The
ba ch
g ow h
in
he
p oduc ion
e men e
is
allowed
o
p oceed
un il
he
d y
cell
weigh
eaches
he
equi ed
le el
a e
which
he
p ocess
is
un
as
a
uely
con inuous
ope a ion
wi h
he
e men e
unde
s eady
s a e
condi ions.
F esh
s e ilised
liquid
eeds
a e
passed
in o
he
e men e
and
he
b o h
( he
aqueous
phase
con aining
he
yeas ,
excess
sal s
and
a
e y
small
amoun
o
excess
pa a in)
is,
e aken
o
in o
he
ha es ing
sec ion
unde
liquid
le el
con ol.
BP
Alkane
P ocess
19
The
hea
e ol ed
in
he
e men a ion
oge he wi h
he
op imum
g ow h
empe a u e
o
ca
90°C,
necessi a es
cooling
which
is
p o ided
by
ci cula ing
he
e men e
con en s
h ough
an
ex e nal
hea
exchange .
The
in ima e
mixing
o
he
ou
phase
sys em
o
e ec
he
e icien
ans e
o
hyd oca bon,
essen ial
mine als
and
oxygen
o
he
cells
is
achie ed
by
a
combina ion
o
ai
spa ging
and
mechanical
agi a ion.
The
e men e
a iables,
no ably
dilu ion
a e,
empe a u e,
pH,
agi a ion
andai
supply
a es
a e
op imised
so
as
o
lea e
as
li le
hyd oca bon
unconsumed
as
possible.
(iii)
Ha es ing
Ha es ing
is
essen ially
a
wo
s age
wa e
emo al
ope a ion
comp ising
cen i uga ion
and
sp ay
d ying.
The
con inuous
p oduc
s eam
(b o h)
om
he
e men e
is
p ocessed
in
a
yeas /wa e
con inuous
cen i ugal
sepa a o
which
sepa a es
a
clea
aqueous
phase
and
a
yeas
c eam
con aining
abou
15%
solids.
The
aqueous
phase
can
hen
ei he
by
ecycled
o
passed
o
an
e luen
plan
o
ea men .
80
K.
Allison
The
yeas
c eam
is
hen
passed
o
he
inal
sp ay
d ying
s age.
The
sp ay
d ied
powde
con aining
5-6%
weigh
mois u e
is
discha ged
om
he
d ie
chambe
and
cyclone
sepa a o s
in o
a
pneuma ic
con eying
sys em
and
anspo ed
o
s o age
hoppe s
om
which
i
can
be
bagged-o
o
loaded
di ec ly
in
bulk
o
despa ch.
Al hough
cen i uga ion
and
sp ay
d ying
a e
well
es ablished
echniques,
hei
use
in
he
p esen
p ocess
p esen ed
new
p oblems
and
conside able
know-
how
has
had
o
be
de eloped
o
ensu e
a
high
on-s eam
e iciency
o
he
equipmen
and
ep oducible
mic obiological
quali y
o
he
p oduc .
in
( ac
he
plan
is
i ually
buil
o
human
ood
s anda ds.
S ainless
s eel
is
used
h oughou
mos
o
he
plan ,
de ailed
a en ion
has
o
be
paid
o
enginee ing
p ac ice
h oughou
he
plan
and
igo ous
cleaning
p ocedu es
a e
adop ed.
2.2
P oduc
and
P oduc
Clea ance
The
basic
p oduc
is
a
bu
ee
lowing
powde
which
can
be
made
a ailable
in
di e en
o ms
depending
on
he
ma ke
ou le .
To
ob ain
p oduc
o
he
desi ed
pa icle
size,
s anda d
p ocesses
o
agglome a ion
o
a i ion
can
be
applied
dependen
on
he
ma ke
equi emen .
BP
Alkane
P ocess
81
P io
o
despa ch,
he
ma e ial
has
o
be
clea ed
bo h
chemically
and
mic obiologically.
The
chemical
analyses
co e ,
e.g.
c ude
p o ein
con en ,
ash,
phospho us
and
esidual
hyd oca bon.
Checks
a e
also
made
on
ace
elemen s
such
as
a senic,
an imony,
lead,
e c.
hough
con ol
o
hese
a
he
equi ed
le els
is
exe cised
by
quali y
con ol
o
he
p ocess
inpu
s eans.
The
ypical
analysis
o
n-pa a ins
-
g own
yeas s
is
shown
in
Table
1.
TABLE
1
|
|
Cha ac e is ics
o
Alkane-G own
Yeas s
|
Yeas :
¢
ı
Mois u e
%
w
<7
30
|
C ude
P o ein
(N
x
6.25)
%
w
on
60
d y
ma e
Lipids
a e
acid
hyd olysis
%
w
8.-,.10
Ash
%
w
6.0
Ca
%
w
0.01
P
S
w
1.6
Pepsin
diges ibili y
%
7
80
The
c ude
p o ein
con en
compa es
wi h
ish
meal
and
is
conside ably
highe
han
ha
o
soya
a
45%.
Because
o
he
na u e
o
he
p ocess,
a ia ions
in
p oduc
composi ion
a e
e y
small
so
ha
he
p oduc
quali y
is
e y
consis en .