Ci a ion: B adley, S.; Mahmoud, I.H.;
A la i, A. In eg a ed Collabo a i e
Go e nance App oaches owa ds
U ban T ans o ma ion: Expe iences
om he CLEVER Ci ies P ojec .
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 15566.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
su142315566
Academic Edi o : Faus o Ca alla o
Recei ed: 20 Oc obe 2022
Accep ed: 20 No embe 2022
Published: 23 No embe 2022
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sus ainabili y
A icle
In eg a ed Collabo a i e Go e nance App oaches owa ds
U ban T ans o ma ion: Expe iences om he CLEVER
Ci ies P ojec
Sean B adley 1, Is aa H. Mahmoud 2,* and Alessand o A la i 3,*
1G oundwo k London, CLEVER Ci ies P og amme, G oundwo k London, 18-21 Mo ley S ee ,
London SE1 7QZ, UK
2Labo a o io di Simulazione U bana Faus o Cu i, Depa men o A chi ec u e and U ban S udies (DAS U),
Poli ecnico di Milano, Via Bona di, 3, 20133 Milano, I aly
3Depa men o U ban Planning and Regional De elopmen , Ha enCi y Uni e si ä Hambu g,
Henning-Vosche au-Pla z 1, 20457 Hambu g, Ge many
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed] (I.H.M.); alessand o.a la i@hcu-hambu g.de (A.A.)
Abs ac :
Wi hin he amewo k o CLEVER Ci ies Ho izon 2020, London, Milan, and Hambu g
a e pu ing in place nine U ban Li ing Labs in o de o implemen Na u e-based Solu ions ha
add ess u ban challenges in socially disad an aged neighbo hoods. In his a icle, he means by
which co-c ea ion p ocesses and pa hways may lead o inno a ion in go e nance s uc u es a e
conside ed. Th ough a compa a i e case s udy analysis, his esea ch aims o iden i y in eg a ed,
collabo a i e go e nance amewo ks ha a e complex and adap i e, as well as e lec he ac ual
changes in go e nance in ci ies. He ein, ULLs a e in ended no jus as a ehicle o place-based
u ban egene a ion bu also as a s a ing poin o collabo a i e go e nance. In his a icle, i is
conside ed how co-c ea ion pa hways may lead o inno a ion in cu en local go e nance s uc u es
and achie e ans o ma ional change. This pape analyzes he collabo a i e go e nance dynamic
models a h ee poin s in ime in he h ee ci ies. I is also conside ed how co-c ea ion pa hways may
lead o inno a ion in cu en local go e nance s uc u es and achie e ans o ma ional change.
Keywo ds:
na u e-based solu ions; sha ed go e nance; u ban egene a ion; go e nance models;
u ban ans o ma ion
1. In oduc ion
Ci ies a e inding new ways o add ess p essing socie al and en i onmen al challenges.
U ban sha ed go e nance app oaches, and models a e a key pa o he inno a ion and
change needed, as i is now clea ha communi y-led ini ia i es a e c i ical o success [
1
].
Mo e esea ch, led by a p ac ice-based app oach, is needed o p o ide suppo o local
au ho i ies as hey mo e o adop co-c ea ed Na u e-based Solu ions (NBS) [
2
,
3
]. This
con inued esea ch can lead us in unp eceded di ec ions. Fo example, he e cu en ly
seems o be a endency owa ds he adop ion o bo om-up ini ia i es in pa icipa o y
planning, hough he e is a ange in he app oaches aken and a new openness o ci ies
o communi y-led ini ia i es. New ends and esul s a e beginning o show ha u ban
ans o ma ion in spa ial planning can and should p og ess along many di e se, unique
pa hways [
4
–
6
], including ecognizing when mo es away om bo om-up ac ions would
be help ul, which can be somewha coun e in ui i e.
This esea ch aims o in es iga e he a ious possibili ies o go e nance ypologies
ha we e adop ed in CLEVER Ci ies (a Ho izon 2020 p ojec which spans om 2018 un il
2023) and o documen how complex adap a ions occu in ci ies’ go e nance s uc u es
o e ime. Speci ically, we analyze he changes in collabo a i e go e nance models om
he pos -p ocessing o he CLEVER Ci ies expe iences in he h ee on unne s ci ies o
London, Milan, and Hambu g ha helped e ilize he pa hways o u ban ansi ion and
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 15566. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su142315566 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/sus ainabili y
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 15566 2 o 19
egene a ion. In each ci y, a co-c ea ion p ocess has been ini ia ed wi h local au ho i ies,
municipali ies, academia, p i a e ac o s, ci il socie y, and ci izens o suppo he e ec i e
u ban egene a ion p ocesses ha espec each ci y’s con ex [
7
]. CLEVER Ci ies p ojec
also has six ellow ci ies ha adop he u ban g eening p ocesses o he h ee on unne s
wi h less s uc u ed co-c ea ion p ocesses.
An in-dep h pe spec i e is gi en on aspec s o sha ed go e nance and U ban Li -
ing Labs (ULLs), especially hose ela ed o la ge-scale u ban egene a ion p ojec s ha
aim o achie e bo h in-dep h local s akeholde empowe men and communi y-wide in-
ol emen [
8
–
10
]. He ein, ULLs a e in ended no jus as a ehicle o place-based u ban
egene a ion bu also as a s a ing poin o mo e collabo a i e app oaches owa ds sha ed
go e nance. In esponse o local con ex s, such as exis ing social s uc u es and local
ins i u ional a angemen s, di e en go e nance models e ol ed acco dingly. Following a
Mul i-le el Pe spec i e [
11
], wi hin each o he h ee ci ies, an examina ion was made o
he ange o in eg a ed collabo a i e go e nance models ha eme ged and he changes and
adap a ions obse ed a h ee poin s in ime du ing he p ocess: a i s ini ia ion, mobiliza-
ion, and a i s consolida ion phases. The i s phase o he co-c ea ion p ocess aimed o
es ablish an U ban Inno a ion Pa ne ship (UIP), which was comp ised o local clus e s
o s akeholde s and o med using some o m o pa ne ship. Du ing he co-design and
subsequen phases, each ci y’s ULLs’ de eloped hei own collabo a i e go e nance models
based on he speci ic ci cums ances encoun e ed.
Th oughou he esea ch ma e ials and me hods sec ion, an analysis o he de elop-
men o he in eg a ed collabo a i e go e nance models is explo ed and hen mi o ed in
he ollowing sec ions based on he na a i es om London, Milan, and Hambu g. We
pose he ques ions: How ha e di e se pa hways mo ing owa ds in eg a ed collabo a i e
go e nance led o mo e complex and adap i e go e nance app oaches? As well as o wha
ex en do he ecu en models o sha ed go e nance om di e en ci ies ha e co ela ions
wi h hei social and spa ial con ex s in he se ings o hei espec i e co-c ea ion p ocesses?
In he las sec ion, discussions and conclusions a e d awn om he p ocesses o de eloping
in eg a ed collabo a i e go e nance amewo ks o e he h ee phases.
1.1. Li e a u e Re iew
“Go e nance is a nego ia ion mechanism o o mula ing and implemen ing policy ha ac i ely
seeks he in ol emen o s akeholde s and ci il socie y o ganiza ions besides go e nmen bodies and
expe s. I is a model o decision-making ha emphasizes consensus and ou pu and ha claims o be
pa icipa o y” [12]. Sha ed u ban go e nance in ci ies is a c i ical componen o imp o ing
u ban sus ainabili y h ough inno a i e u ban ansi ions [
13
]. Sha ed go e nance sys ems
will ypically di e due o he con ex in which hey a e o med, he in e nal ela ionships
es ablished, and pe haps mos impo an ly, he le el o ci izen engagemen . This can
ange om being in o med o being ully empowe ed, as desc ibed on he ladde o
pa icipa ion [
14
,
15
]. Mo e collabo a i e o ms o go e nance a e especially impo an ,
conside ing he challenging imes we ace ela ed o clima e change and he need o
signi ican , alida ed ac ions [
16
–
18
]. The ecen shi owa d empowe ing he communi y
is no based on me hods whe e local knowledge is ex ac ed by ou side s, bu ins ead, i is
sha ed by he communi y ha engages in he p oblem-sol ing p ocesses om he s a [
19
].
Co-go e nance can be unde s ood in i s unc ional sense as “p ocesses and s uc u es
o public decision making and managemen ha engage people cons uc i ely ac oss
he bounda ies o public agencies, le els o go e nmen , and/o public, p i a e and
ci ic sphe es in o de o ca y ou a public pu pose ha could no o he wise be accom-
plished” [
20
]. The e a e mul iple possible pa hways o wa d as ci ies adap hei go e nance
ne wo ks o deal wi h new sys em con ex s [
21
]. In he case o NBS p ojec s, while in u-
i i ely ega ded as necessa ily b inging mul iple bene i s h ough hei implemen a ion,
hey s ill mus espond o he local in luences and he unique s a ing condi ions [
22
,
23
].
The e a e many d i e s ha will in luence he pa hway o wa d, and based on Eme son
and Naba chi [24], hese may include:
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 15566 3 o 19
•Local issues and esou ces.
•Policy and legal amewo ks.
•Pa icipa o y cul u e and his o y o ela ions in he communi y and p ojec pa ne s.
•Ne wo k cha ac e is ics o p e ious i e a ions o socio-poli ical o ganiza ion.
•Poli ical dynamics and powe ela ions.
Wi h espec o go e nance, ci ies ha e o cope wi h he mul iplici y o con empo a y
challenges and complexi ies, and his has led o many o ganiza ional ea angemen s in
o de o es ablish app op ia e ne wo k ela ionships. To begin o deal wi h he as ness
o clima e change p e en ion, mi iga ion, and adap a ion ac ions, schola s ha e s a ed
o inco po a e he concep o u ban ansi ion as a needed pa adigm o add ess c i ical
changes in he u ban en i onmen [
5
]. U ban ansi ions a e concei ed as “complex, long-
e m unce ain and con es ed p ocesses o adical change in u ban sys ems,” p ocesses ha a e
no manageable wi h adi ional policy-making and inc emen al changes [25–27].
U ban ansi ion go e nance, hence, desc ibes an a emp o ind an equilib ium
be ween sel -o ganized u ban sys ems and he idea o planning o he achie emen o
sha ed socie al goals. In his sense, i c ea es he key condi ions o mobilizing and s ee ing
u ban ac o s [
28
,
29
] and hei esou ces owa d long- e m sus ainabili y and esilience goals
inc easing he abili y o espond o change [
25
]. The e o e, u ban ansi ion go e nance
e e s o he concep o building capaci ies among he u ban ac o s in speci ic con ex s; in
his a icle, hese con ex s a e he ULLs.
ULLs a e dynamic con aine s o changes in he u ban public domain; see
also [30,31]
.
Pue a i e al. [
32
] gi e a spa ial de ini ion o ULLs as “embedded si es o co-c ea ion o knowl-
edge and solu ions” by conduc ing local expe imen s and hence a e an a ena o e lexi e,
adap i e, and mul i-ac o lea ning en i onmen s, whe e no el solu ions can be expe i-
men ed wi h. They ep esen si es ha allow di e en u ban ac o s o design, es , and
lea n om socio- echnical inno a ions [
33
]. Howe e , despi e he ecen p oli e a ion o
ULLs in he Eu opean policy sphe e, he unde lying p ocess h ough which ULLs gene a e
and di use new socio- echnical knowledge beyond hei immedia e bounda ies has been
challenging, and i emains o be examined how hey can con ibu e mo e ully o u ban
sus ainabili y ansi ions [34].
1.2. Se ing he Con ex
The CLEVER Ci ies p ojec (See he CLEVER Ci ies p ojec page h ps://cle e ci ies.
eu/—accessed on 18 No embe 2022) has been ac i e since 2018, expe imen ing wi h he
implemen a ion o Na u e-Based Solu ions (NBS) in h ee on - unne ci ies and six ellow
ci ies. Among o he H2020- unded p ojec s (e.g., p oGI eg, UNaLab), CLEVER Ci ies aims
a implemen ing NBS by adop ing a co-c ea ion app oach as an in eg al pa o he p ojec
de elopmen , leading o he es ablishmen o collabo a i e go e nance amewo ks [
7
].
The speci ic ocus o CLEVER Ci ies lies in ackling he social inclusi i y and cohesion
dimensions o NBS implemen a ion wi hin he exis ing u ban con ex . The in e en ion
a eas a e loca ed in socially disad an aged neighbo hoods expe iencing a ious o ms
o ma ginaliza ion, and NBS implemen a ion is expec ed o p oduce posi i e impac s in
hese a eas. Two main le els o decision making a e ecognized. The i s le el co esponds
o he U ban Inno a ion Pa ne ship (UIP), desc ibing an o e a ching ne wo k o ac o s
coo dina ing he o e all ac i i ies o he CLEVER Ci ies p ojec in each o he h ee ci ies.
The second is he CLEVER Ac ion Labs (CALs), which is a nes ed sub-s uc u e o he UIP
ha ocuses on speci ic spa ial a eas wi h s akeholde g oups ha we e ei he simila o
he UIP, pa ially o e lapped ha o he UIP, o ha had some common s akeholde s. The
CAL ep esen s he ULL wi hin he CLEVER Ci ies p ojec nomencla u e. As co-c ea ion
p ocesses e ol ed, he need o iden i y, s eng hen and build s akeholde pa ne ships in
o de o de elop communi y-based and alida ed U ban Li ing Labs became he ini ial
d i e owa ds he c ea ion o he i s collabo a i e ne wo ks in each o he ci ies: London,
Milan, and Hambu g. The way each pa ne ci y s a ed he p ocess o connec ing wi h
s akeholde s led he p ojec s down speci ic o ganiza ional pa hways ha had o b idge
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 15566 4 o 19
he wo king ela ionship be ween UIPs and CALs. This e en ually led o unc ioning
go e nance s uc u es ha , in gene al, could no be classi ied as simple, one-le el ne wo ks.
The changes in ne wo k ela ionships in he UIPs and Li ing Labs we e able o
help b ing ans o ma ional lea ning, ela ional hinking, and anspa ency needed o
he ULLs o ad ance hei goals. Ne wo ks can adop di e en s a egies which ei he
al e he in e nal wo kings o he o ganiza ion o s i e o main ain some independence
and o m in a-ne wo k ela ionships ha play a ole in de eloping bo h deep and wide
communi y engagemen . A ange o ne wo k cha ac e is ics has been obse ed, and i was
necessa y o expand he lis o e e ence ypologies no only o desc ibe sub le a ia ions in
nodal ela ionships bu also o de elop a ull spec um om highly op-down ne wo ks o
ho izon ally g ouped ne wo ks o unde s and how go e nance s uc u es mo e up and
down his spec um. As he p ojec p og essed, adap a ions and changes occu ed, and as
each i e a ion occu ed, new go e nance cons ella ions e ol ed, bu he e we e some clea
pa e ns in he ULLS o all h ee ci ies. I is hoped ha hese can o e insigh s in o possible,
success ul s a egies o he de elopmen o co-go e nance s uc u es in o he con ex s.
In he case o he U ban Inno a ion Pa ne ship in London led by Peabody (a London-
based housing associa ion) in pa ne ship wi h he G ea e London Au ho i y (GLA),
con ex ual issues speci ic o he Sou h Thamesmead egion se he way o wa d o ini ial
engagemen , co-c ea ion, and he e en ual go e nance s uc u es ha eme ged. One
key ac o was he limi ed le el o exis ing social s uc u es encoun e ed, coupled wi h
consul a ion a igue and gene al dis us owa ds op-down p ojec s. Some limi ed ials
wi h communi y-led de elopmen ha e begun o e e his gene al pic u e, and oge he
wi h CLEVER Ci ies, we now see he g ow h o a bu geoning cul u e o pa icipa ion in
he a ea. Also impo an was he ela i ely compac ins i u ional con ex wi h one main
landholde , Peabody, clea ly se ing he amewo k o he go e nance ne wo ks ha
de eloped. Bo h Hambu g and Milan had unique condi ions o he new UIPs ha we e
de eloped, bu as he p ojec s e ol ed, simila i ies in go e nance s uc u es would also
be no iced.
1.3. In eg a ed Collabo a i e Go e nance F amewo k Se -Up
As go e nance sys ems e ol e along a pa hway, he mo e owa ds mo e collabo a ion
b ings wi h i a numbe o essen ial changes. These changes no only be e p epa e he
ac o s o needed u ban ans o ma ions bu also suppo highe le els o pa icipa ion [
15
]
by c ea ing us and he condi ions o c oss-bounda y engagemen and dialogue. These
a e e ol ing changes and adap a ions, based on Eme son and Naba chi [24], ha include:
•The c ea ion o he con ex o ans o ma ional lea ning o u ban ac o s.
•In ol ing agen s o u ilize and each new le els o ela ional o sys ems hinking.
•Changes in esponsibili ies o he day- o-day managemen .
•Changes in he deg ee o collabo a ion in he decision-making p ocess.
•
Adap a ions in ne wo ks, ne wo k oles, and in a ne wo k ela ionships ha al e
locus and dis ibu ion o decision-making powe .
•Di e ences in he low o in o ma ion
, including how i is il e ed, weighed, ali-
da ed, and app o ed.
•Building o us h ough p incipled engagemen and inc eased anspa ency.
In gene al, a mo e owa ds mo e collabo a i e go e nance will, mo e o en han
no , in ol e a mo e om a op-down s a ing poin o a ne wo k ypology ha is mo e
ho izon ally o ganized (see go e nance ne wo k models in Figu e 1and in Supplemen-
a y Ma e ials, Figu e S1). This will help o include mo e communi y knowledge, new
pe spec i es, and added mo i a ion o he decision-making p ocess wi hou losing a le el
o clea esponsibili y o day- o-day managemen ac i i ies. Mos u ban egene a ion
p ojec s ollow some a ia ion o his. As a p ojec wi h ini ial sole sou ce unding, he
CLEVER Ci ies u ban li ing labs all had some componen o mig a ion om a sys em ha
had op-down cha ac e is ics o some hing ha was less s uc u ed.
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 15566 5 o 19
Sus ainabili y2022,14,xFORPEERREVIEW5o 20

ho izon allyo ganized(seego e nancene wo kmodelsinFigu e1andinsupplemen a y
Ma e ials,Figu eS1).Thiswillhelp oincludemo ecommuni yknowledge,newpe spec‐
i es,andaddedmo i a ion o hedecision‐makingp ocesswi hou losingale elo clea 
esponsibili y o day‐ o‐daymanagemen ac i i ies.Mos u ban egene a ionp ojec s ol‐
lowsome a ia iono  his.Asap ojec wi hini ialsolesou ce unding, heCLEVERCi ies
u banli inglabsallhadsomecomponen o mig a ion omasys em ha had op‐down
cha ac e is ics osome hing ha waslesss uc u ed.

Figu e1.in eg a edgo e nancemodelsmo ing o hemiddleg ound(le : op‐down, igh :bo ‐
om‐up);seeallde ailedmodelsinsupplemen a yma e ialsandno ebelow.Sou ce:TheAu ho s.
No e:Thene wo k ypesp esen eda eno  ullmapsbu show ypical ela ionshipsbe weenlead
ac o s(o angesqua es),ga ekeepe s(o angediamonds),enable s(o ange iangles),media o s
(g eenci cles—no shownhe e),andac o sgi ensome op‐downappoin ed unc ion(o angeci ‐
cles)o delega ed unc ionsbypee s(doubleblueci cles).Doubleci cles,ingene al,showac o so 
g oups ha ha ebeengi enadminis a i eo o he  unc ions,andline hicknessisused oillus a e
ha in o ma ion lows a yinin ensi y.
Howe e ,i isalsopossible oseeamo e omabo om‐ups a ingpoin  oamodel
whichmayin ol easligh lymo e o mals uc u e.Fo example,aloosene wo ko com‐
muni yg oupso s akeholde scouldbene i  omwo kingwi hanen i y ha ei he has
aspecializa ioninleading,o ganiza ion,o managemen o by o ingo delega inga
g oup(s) o akeon heseac i i ies.B inginginspecializedo ganiza ions ha canguide
andaidin hecollabo a i ep ocesscanbeanimpo an p ocess oc ea eacon ex o 
lea ningbydoingandcapaci ybuilding ha canhelpgua an ee hesu i alo  hene ‐
wo kin o he u u e.
Co‐go e nance equi esno onlyengagingpeopleac ossdi e en sphe esandsilos
oaccomplishmo e hans anda ddecision‐makingp ocesses[20],bu i also equi esa
p ocesso ma u a ion ha is ypicallyneededino de  obuildup hecapaci iesinane ‐
wo k,includingkey olesand esponsibili ies.Fu he mo e, hesene wo ksneed obe
bo hadap ableandde elopasenseo pe manence ha ex endsbeyond hes ic limi s
o  hep ojec a hand[35].Ass akeholde  ela ionshipsbecomemo eequalandho izon‐
al, ans o ma ionallea ningand ela ional hinkinga ep omo ed.Thesea edi ec ly ied
o hep ocesso dealingwi hdi e en and a iedpe spec i es,adop ingnew oles,and
akingonmul iple esponsibili ies.Al e a ionsinne wo k ela ionshipsa eanin eg al
pa o  hede elopmen o co‐go e nance.Ass akeholde  ela ionshipsbecomemo e
Figu e 1.
In eg a ed go e nance models mo ing o he middle g ound (
le
: op-down,
igh
: bo om-
up); see all de ailed models in Supplemen a y Ma e ials and no e below. Sou ce: The Au ho s. No e:
The ne wo k ypes p esen ed a e no ull maps bu show ypical ela ionships be ween lead ac o s
(o ange squa es), ga ekeepe s (o ange diamonds), enable s (o ange iangles), media o s (g een
ci cles—no shown he e), and ac o s gi en some op-down appoin ed unc ion (o ange ci cles) o
delega ed unc ions by pee s (double blue ci cles). Double ci cles, in gene al, show ac o s o g oups
ha ha e been gi en adminis a i e o o he unc ions, and line hickness is used o illus a e ha
in o ma ion lows a y in in ensi y.
Howe e , i is also possible o see a mo e om a bo om-up s a ing poin o a model
which may in ol e a sligh ly mo e o mal s uc u e. Fo example, a loose ne wo k o
communi y g oups o s akeholde s could bene i om wo king wi h an en i y ha ei he
has a specializa ion in leading, o ganiza ion, o managemen o by o ing o delega ing a
g oup(s) o ake on hese ac i i ies. B inging in specialized o ganiza ions ha can guide and
aid in he collabo a i e p ocess can be an impo an p ocess o c ea e a con ex o lea ning
by doing and capaci y building ha can help gua an ee he su i al o he ne wo k in o
he u u e.
Co-go e nance equi es no only engaging people ac oss di e en sphe es and silos
o accomplish mo e han s anda d decision-making p ocesses [
20
], bu i also equi es
a p ocess o ma u a ion ha is ypically needed in o de o build up he capaci ies in a
ne wo k, including key oles and esponsibili ies. Fu he mo e, hese ne wo ks need o be
bo h adap able and de elop a sense o pe manence ha ex ends beyond he s ic limi s o
he p ojec a hand [
35
]. As s akeholde ela ionships become mo e equal and ho izon al,
ans o ma ional lea ning and ela ional hinking a e p omo ed. These a e di ec ly ied
o he p ocess o dealing wi h di e en and a ied pe spec i es, adop ing new oles, and
aking on mul iple esponsibili ies. Al e a ions in ne wo k ela ionships a e an in eg al pa
o he de elopmen o co-go e nance. As s akeholde ela ionships become mo e equal
and ho izon al, ans o ma ional lea ning and ela ional hinking a e p omo ed. These a e
di ec ly ied o he p ocess o dealing wi h di e en and a ied pe spec i es, adop ing new
oles, and aking on mul iple esponsibili ies.
In each o ULLs in he h ee ci ies, i was no ed ha co-go e nance does no only mean
mo ing away om command-and-con ol sys ems bu may also in ol e adap a ions ha
change bo om-up o ganiza ions as well. Wha is pe haps he mos impo an change in
go e nance a e mo es om he ex emes o ei he op-down o bo om-up sys ems o a
ela i e “middle g ound” o pa icipa ion in which a ‘s uc u ed ho izon al’ o ‘delega ed

Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 15566 6 o 19
ho izon al’ sys ems a e mos commonly u ilized. This necessa ily pushes s akeholde s o
lea n o wo k wi h o he ypes o u ban agen s: go e nmen al agen s collabo a ing wi h
g ass oo s communi y g oups o communi y membe s lea ning o wo k wi h echnical o
agency s akeholde s.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
The p incipal me hodology u ilized was a c oss-compa a i e s udy o he p ocess
o e olu ion o go e nance ne wo ks in he h ee on unne ci ies o he Ho izon2020
unded CLEVER Ci ies p ojec , London, Milan, and Hambu g. Desk op esea ch was
conduc ed o ga he he main in o ma ion, sc eening h ough o icial documen s and epo s
p oduced wi hin he p ojec amewo k. Fo each ULL, an analysis has been conduc ed wi h
espec o concep ual models and ypologies, leading o obse a ions o possible ends
and endencies ha led o s onge collabo a i e go e nance. The ypologies we e de i ed
and subs an ially expanded on om a small sample om Kenis e al. [
36
] and p esen ed
as a spec um o ypologies (supplemen a y ma e ial). Among he ple ho a o ac o s’
oles p esen in he li e a u e, his pape ocuses on ew key ones o desc ibe he ne wo k
ela ions in sha ed go e nance ypologies ollowing a ela ional app oach [
37
]. Rela ionship
analysis in ne wo ks was used as he main heo e ical amewo k o he concep ualiza ion
o s udy he di e en con igu a ions along h ee iden i ied snapsho s in ime o he decision-
making p ocess, namely
Ini ia ion, Mobiliza ion and Adap a ion, and Consolida ion
( e minology based on [
38
]). Fu he mo e, o iden i y hose aspec s obse ed in he li ing
labs ha ha e he po en ial o be ex apola ed o o he ci ies and con ex s.
Ins ead o ying o desc ibe he indi idual ne wo k s uc u es o he UIPs and ULLs,
an ex ensi e ange o a ia ions on go e nance models was de eloped and laid ou in a
spec um om he mos op-down o he mos bo om-up s uc u es. Though no e e y pos-
sible a ia ion is ep esen ed, he spec um de eloped p o ides a ela i ely comp ehensi e
e e ence om which i is possible o compa e how go e nance ne wo ks can mo e along
he spec um om op-down o bo om-up (o he in e se) du ing he de elopmen p ocess.
In each o he h ee phases obse ed wi hin he CLEVER Ci ies co-c ea ion p ocesses, see
mo e [
39
], he ci ies compa ed hei o ganiza ional s uc u es o he spec um o obse e
he e olu ion o he go e nance ypologies o he majo i e a ions o be e unde s and he
pa hway ha led o he consolida ion s age.
2.1. Ini ia ion Phase
In hese ini ial s ages o he p ocess, each on - unne ci y needed o e alua e he
con ex ual d i e s ha would help de e mine he key componen s o hei app oach o
s akeholde mapping and he possibili ies o bo h deep and wide engagemen . The loose
nego ia ions ha can occu du ing he ini ia ion phase we e e lec ed in he e ol ing goals
and semi-s uc u ed decision-making p ocesses. Decisions in his i s phase we e o en
made om a echnical, op-down pe spec i e wi h only small inpu s om communi y
ep esen a i es. Ea ly consul a ions occu ed in o mally h ough al eady exis ing ne wo ks.
As he amewo k condi ions became clea e , he decision-making s uc u es ha ini ia ed
he p ocess s a ed o change o adap o he new indings. The nea e o he end o
he p ojec , he ne wo k became mo e s able, and he decision-making me hods became
mo e consolida ed.
Du ing his ini ial phase, he p ocess o de eloping mo e collabo a i e go e nance
s uc u es oughly ollowed an adap ed e sion o he i s s eps o Hölsche e al. [
25
]
S ewa ding, Unlocking, T ans o ming, & O ches a ing p ocedu es couched in Eme son
and Naba chi
0
s [
24
] desc ip ion o adap ing go e nance. As men ioned abo e, an analysis
o he p ojec con ex is wha de e mines he app oach aken by he co-c ea ion eam, and i
s a s each ULL on i s own pa hway. Nex , wo main ac ions de e mine possible adap a ions
in he exis ing ne wo ks, which could mo e he dialogue o a mo e ela ional collabo a i e
space and pu sue he goals o he CLEVER Ci ies p ojec . These ac ions include:
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 15566 7 o 19
•Unlocking
: disman ling o ganiza ional esis ances and lock-ins ha ha e led o non-
collabo a i e pa h dependencies.
•Designing o O ches a ing
: conside how c ea ing and managing changes in he
cu en mul i-ac o go e nance p ocesses can os e imp o ed syne gies and sel -
o ganiza ion and minimize ade-o s and con lic s ac oss scales and sec o s.
This p ocess is usually ocused on he ne wo ks ha a e al eady somewha locked in
and showing esis ance o change. In some cases, new ne wo ks o connec ions need o be
c ea ed o s a o mo e he o e all ela ionships o a mo e collabo a i e s a e. The inal s ep
o his phase was he es ablishmen o he UIP in each o he h ee ci ies. The ini ia ion phase
ansi ioned in o he
mobiliza ion and adap a ion
phase, when s akeholde mapping was
mos ly inished, and a p elimina y e sion o he p obable decision-making s uc u es had
been de eloped.
2.2. Mobiliza ion and Adap a ion Phase
Du ing his phase, he CLEVER Ac ion Labs we e de ined, and he co-c ea ion p o-
cesses s a ed. ULLs expe imen ed wi h se ing up he i s unc ioning e sions o
communi y-led decision-making p ocesses. Ca ying on om he i s phase, exis ing ne -
wo ks we e o en apped in o o wide- eaching engagemen . New go e nance s uc u es
ha we e being p oposed and es ed we e mos o en mo ing owa ds mo e empowe ed
o ms o engagemen . E en ually, ini ial o ms o ne wo ks o bo h UIPs and CALs we e
pu in o p ac ice o bo h de ailed engagemen and o eaching ou o he wide com-
muni ies. Du ing he mobiliza ion phase, ne wo ks unde go hei las changes o hei
con igu a ions in esponse o he a ious obs acles encoun e ed. This can ansla e in o he
inclusion o new ac o s due o he sho age o esou ces o o sol e possible con lic s among
ac o s and o e come lock-in si ua ions. Impo an ac o s in his phase a e ypically he
media o s wi h hei capaci y o b ing in new pe spec i es o o s eng hen al eady exis ing
ela ionships; see also [
40
]. Decisions in his phase a e he e o e ela ed o ea angemen o
changes in key ac o s o each sha ed decisions on he in e en ions. Howe e , obse a ions
om he p ojec a eas o he h ee ci ies show ha he i s ne wo k a angemen would no
emain ully s able un il he end o he p ojec , and new nodes and/o new oles would
s ill come in o exis ence un il qui e la e in he p ocess.
2.3. Consolida ion Phase
A his phase, expe imen a ion and adap a ion lessen, and he collabo a i e a ange-
men s o he ne wo ks gain a sense o ela i e pe manence. Du ing consolida ion, he
second hal o Hölsche ’s e al. [
25
] adap ed model comes in o play. Two mo e key p o-
cesses helped o consolida e collabo a i e a angemen s:
•Adap ing and Replica ing
: om eedback loops c ea ing and sp eading new s a e-
gies o applying success ul models when hese a e mo e ap .
•S ewa ding in Sys ems
: suppo ing con inuous lea ning and sys em dynamics capac-
i ies ha lead o beha io -changing cycles, including e alua ion and eedback.
This could include gaining expe ience and aining, consolida ing he ules and no ms
o he s akeholde s, and o he o ms o sys ema izing ela ionships. These p ocesses led
o co-go e nance models ha we e capable o ca ying o wa d he bulk o he p ojec ’s
decision-making p ocesses.
3. Resul s
The ne wo ks p esen in he UIPs o he h ee ci ies as hey mo ed owa ds consol-
ida ion a e depic ed in Figu es 2–4, and Table 1highligh s he key aspec s o he UIPs
ha came in o place du ing he co-c ea ion p ocess. The oles o he ac o s a e de ined
acco ding o he ela ional app oach, i.e., ocusing on he ac ual ype o ie be ween he
ac o s composing he ne wo k unde analysis. We iden i ied he ollowing oles: leade
(ac o ha has a coo dina ing unc ion); enable (ac o ha is able o mobilize o ac i a e
u he ac o s); media o (ac o ha mode a es be ween wo o mo e ac o s); ga ekeepe
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 15566 8 o 19
(ac o ha p e en s o blocks o he ac o s o en e in he p ocess) [
41
]. Fo he sake o his
a icle, hese ou ac o s’ oles demons a ed su icien o analyze he ne wo k s uc u e in
he case s udies.
Sus ainabili y2022,14,xFORPEERREVIEW9o 20

demons a es ha pa hways ocollabo a i ego e nancecanbe a ied,bu amo e o he
middle ends o acili a esha edgo e nance.Lookinginabi mo ede aila eacho  he
ci ies,wecanobse esomecommonali iesanddis inc ions.
I isimpo an  ono e ha  heabo eand ollowing igu esa eno ne wo kmapsbu 
ypologieswhicha eposi ionedin ela i e unc ional ela ionship ooneano he .These
igu es, he e o e,dono show heexac numbe o s akeholde s ha pa icipa edbu  a‐
he  he ypeso  ela ionships ha de elopedineachci y’sli inglabs.London’sco e
pa ne shiphadanini ial op‐downcomponen in ha PeabodySenio Managemen  i s 
app o esacon ac whichis hen akenon(delega ed esponsibili y)by heLandscape&
PlacemakingTeam.TheTeamwasopen oc ea inga ela i elyho izon algo e nance
s uc u e oge he wi h heo he pa ne sinCLEVERCi ies,including heG ea e Lon‐
donAu ho i y(GLA)andG oundwo kLondon.F om ha poin on,Peabody’sSenio 
Managemen Teamwasmadeawa eo keymiles ones,bu  hedecision‐makingp ocesses
p og essedinaway ha explo edsigni ican le elso communi ypa icipa ion.Thus, he
p ojec mo ed omwha would ypicallybea op‐down, echnicallybaseddecision‐mak‐
ings uc u e oonewi hcommuni ymembe sasco‐clien s.This ypologyshown(in he
consolida ionphase)inFigu e2desc ibes hepa ne ship o medbe weenPeabody, he
CLEVERCi ieso ganiza ions,and heCommuni yDesignCollec i e(CDC), hela e o 
whichwascomp isedo adi e se angeo communi ymembe s.G oundwo kLondon
e en uallyoccupied he oleo anenable wo kingdi ec lywi h heCDC o acili a e he
engagemen p ocessandin e acewi h hedesign eam.

Figu e2.In eg a edcollabo a i ego e nancemodelsdepic edinLondon.Sou ce:B adley.No e:
InSou hThamesmeadwhe e heULLswe eimplan ed,Peabodywasde elopingmos p ojec s
ollowings anda dconsul a ionme hods.Wi h hep e iouswo kinano he neighbo hood( he
Moo ings)and henewCLEVERCi iesULLs,newmodelswe ebeing es ed ha included esiden s
ea lie onin hep ocess,wi hawide scopeo in ol emen andmo esigni ican powe so e de‐
cisions.
O he sa elli ene wo kswe eb ough in o hep ocess h oughdi e ingp ocesses.
Localeme gen g oupswe eguidedandsuppo ed, o mingane wo ko socio‐en i on‐
men alg oups ha hado e lappingmembe sandcommuni yspacesandloosein e nal
connec ions.Fo example,ag oupcalledTheNa u eFo umwaspa o akeynodal
changewhen hei  olee ol ed om heini ialconcep ionasapossibledesignpanel o
Figu e 2.
In eg a ed collabo a i e go e nance models depic ed in London. Sou ce: B adley. No e: In
Sou h Thamesmead whe e he ULLs we e implan ed, Peabody was de eloping mos p ojec s ollow-
ing s anda d consul a ion me hods. Wi h he p e ious wo k in ano he neighbo hood ( he Moo ings)
and he new CLEVER Ci ies ULLs, new models we e being es ed ha included esiden s ea lie on
in he p ocess, wi h a wide scope o in ol emen and mo e signi ican powe s o e decisions.
Sus ainabili y2022,14,xFORPEERREVIEW11o 20
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
Figu e3.In eg a edcollabo a i ego e nancemodelsdepic edinMilan..Sou ce:Mahmoud.No e:
heMilanesecases udywasmainlyledby hemunicipali yas hemainleadac o o  hepolycen ic
ne wo k.Mo eindep h, he acili a ionagency(Elian e)de elopedamo ein e media y oleas
ag eedwi hinallpa ne s oenhance heco‐c ea ionp ocess low.TheUni e si yplaysaneu al
hi dpa ne  olein hene wo k osuppo  he oolsandme hodologicalapp oachinco‐c ea ion
adop edin heo e allpa hway owa dsanin eg a edgo e nancep ocess,seeh p://guidance.cle ‐
e ci ies.eu/(accessedon22No embe 2022)byMo ello&Mahmoud,(2018) omPolimi.
InHambu g,as uc u ewi hsomesimila i ies oLondonandMilanwaspu in
place.Anappoin eddepa men wi hin heDis ic PublicAdminis a ion(Depa men 
o  heeconomy,cons uc ion,anden i onmen )wasgi en helead ole o  hep ojec 
ac i i ies; hei goalwas os eamline heac i i iesa alocalle elincompliancewi h he
p ojec  equi emen s.O he pa ne sin hep ojec we eincha geo media ingbe ween
headminis a ionand helocalac i i ies,suchas hecommuni yplanningagencyand
heuni e si ies[43].
Thisco eg oupis ep esen edin hemiddleo Figu e4.EachULLwi hin heHam‐
bu gcase ollowedadi e en p ocessacco ding o hes eps aken oac i a eac o sand
he ypeo NBS obeco‐c ea ed.ULL1 ocusedonag eenco ido inwhichse e allocal
g oupswe ecoo dina edby heUIP o ealizesmallin e en ions ollowingano e all
s a egy o implemen a ion.He e, hepublicadminis a ionwas esponsible o  heco‐
o dina iono alle o sandbuildingpe missions.Theplanningagencyac i a edlocal
g oupsandb ough  hemonboa d,while heuni e si ywascoo dina edandp o ided
inpu s o localinno a i eac i i ies.
Figu e 3.
In eg a ed collabo a i e go e nance models depic ed in Milan. Sou ce: Mahmoud. No e:
he Milanese case s udy was mainly led by he municipali y as he main lead ac o o he polycen ic
ne wo k. Mo e in dep h, he acili a ion agency (Elian e) de eloped a mo e in e media y ole as
ag eed wi hin all pa ne s o enhance he co-c ea ion p ocess low. The Uni e si y plays a neu al
hi d pa ne ole in he ne wo k o suppo he ools and me hodological app oach in co-c ea ion
adop ed in he o e all pa hway owa ds an in eg a ed go e nance p ocess, see h p://guidance.
cle e ci ies.eu/ (accessed on 18 No embe 2022) by Mo ello & Mahmoud, (2018) om Polimi.
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 15566 9 o 19
Sus ainabili y2022,14,xFORPEERREVIEW12o 20


Figu e4.In eg a edcollabo a i ego e nances uc u edepic edinHambu g.Sou ce:A la i.
No e: heHambu gcaseismainlyledbyane wo kcomposedo  heDis ic PublicAdminis a ion
and heCommuni yplanningagency.The o me hadano e allcoo dina ion ole,while hela e 
was esponsible o ac i a ing u he localac o s(suchas heschoolcommuni yinULL3).O he 
p ojec pa ne s,suchas heuni e si iesand heMinis y,con ibu edwi haddi ional heo e ical
knowledgeandlegalaspec s.
InULL2.1, ocusedonag een açade o socialhousingp ojec , hego e nance
modelwaslaidou inamo e op‐down ashion.In hiscase, hehousingcompanyheld
hemos powe in hedecision‐makingp ocess,bu  h ough hemedia iono  hepublic
adminis a ionandplanningagency, heypu inplaceapa icipa o yp ocess ode e ‐
minep incipalelemen so  he açade,suchas he o mand he ypeo  ege a ion.The
o he pa o ULL2.2wasconcen a edons o mwa e managemen ac i i ies.In hiscase,
manysmallNBSin e en ionswe e ealizedin hea eainap ocessledby heMinis y
o  heEn i onmen ,wi h hePublicAdminis a ionin e ening o buildingpe mi s.Ci ‐
izenswe ein ol edpos ‐implemen a iondue o hehigh echnicali yo  hesolu ions o
moni o  heac uale ec i enesso  hein e en ions.
Theschoolya dp ojec (ULL3)p esen ed hemos bo om‐upcon igu a ion.Thep o‐
jec pa ne ses ablishedlineso communica ionwhichled o hepossibili yo ob aining
unding o ealizeNBS.Theschoolshadas ongleading oleinguiding hep ojec wi h
hei ideas.Thep ocesswasconduc edamong helocalac o swi h hemedia iono  he
planningagencyand heuni e si y,wi hou  heac ualin ol emen o  hepublicadmin‐
is a ion.
Tosumup, hene wo ks uc u e ha  esul ed om hedi e en expe iencesin he
Hambu gcasep esen sahighdeg eeo di e si ica ionacco ding o heac o sin ol ed
in hespeci icp ojec sand he ypeo NBS ealized.The inalscheme o msapolycen ic
s uc u einwhichi scen e sa eno s onglyconnec edanda eno hie a chic.A  he
same ime,allac o swe ekep incon ac  hanks o hemedia o sand heguiding oleo 
hepublicadminis a ionso ha allwe ein ol edo couldcon ac  heo he s.In hecases
o ULL1andULL3, he ewe ee ensomecommone en sandco‐designac i i ies.
Figu e 4.
In eg a ed collabo a i e go e nance s uc u e depic ed in Hambu g. Sou ce: A la i. No e:
he Hambu g case is mainly led by a ne wo k composed o he Dis ic Public Adminis a ion and
he Communi y planning agency. The o me had an o e all coo dina ion ole, while he la e was
esponsible o ac i a ing u he local ac o s (such as he school communi y in ULL3). O he p ojec
pa ne s, such as he uni e si ies and he Minis y, con ibu ed wi h addi ional heo e ical knowledge
and legal aspec s.
Table 1. Compa a i e analysis o he h ee ci y s uc u es ac oss hei co-go e nance schemes.
Leade ship Key S a ing
App oach
Co e Typology
Scheme
Polycen ic
Cha ac e is ic P incipal Pa hway
London UIP
(Lead: Peabody housing
associa ion wi h GLA
CLEVER Ci ies lead)
Communi y
building/ us building
Lead + enable +
appoin ed
pa ne ship + ne wo k
Yes, cen al
pa ne ship wi h h ee
sa elli e ne wo ks.
Designing +
s eng hening
in a-ne wo k
connec ions.
Milan UIP
(Lead: Di ec o a e o
u ban planning,
Municipali y o Milan)
Municipali y appoin ed
s akeholde s +
mani es a ion o
in e es om local
communi y and expe s
Lead + enable +
appoin ed
pa ne ship + ne wo k
Yes, cen al
pa ne ship wi h h ee
sa elli e ne wo ks.
Designing +
s eng hening
in a-ne wo k
connec ions.
Hambu g UIP (Lead:
Depa men o he
economy, cons uc ion,
and en i onmen )
Ins i u ional
s akeholde mapping
Lead + media o +
Appoin ed
pa ne ship + ne wo k
Yes, cen al
pa ne ship wi h ou
sa elli e ne wo ks.
C ea ing/s eng hening
in e node connec ions.
I can be seen ha al hough di e en go e nance ne wo ks we e in play, he connec-
ions be ween ne wo ks ended o in ol e a lead o p incipal g ouping ha had mo e
esponsibili y in making inal decisions and sa elli e ne wo ks ha eached ou in o he
la ge communi y. Thus, polycen ic ela ionships we e p esen in all h ee ci ies a e
ou analysis. Ha ing a co e ne wo k connec ed o o he ne wo ks is an example o a
hyb id solu ion ha helps keep decision-making s uc u es in he middle g ound be ween
op-down and bo om-up sys ems.
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 15566 16 o 19
include communi y knowledge and guidance. In con as , i can also lead o a conse a i e
esis ance o change by a oiding o pos poning mo e adical al e a ions o co e ne wo ks.
In ei he case, he e a e a ew key means by which in a-ne wo k connec ions a e made
and/o s eng hened. These include:
•The o ma ion o common nodes o s akeholde s.
•In e ac ion poin s whe e ne wo ks come oge he o discussion and coope a ion.
•Loose, in o mal connec ions h ough common mee ings and social e en s.
•Common enable s o delega ed leads ha ac in di e en ne wo ks.
•
O ganiza ional connec ions, ei he such as associa ion o go e nmen -led connec ions.
Toge he hese p ocesses s a o demons a e he le el o complexi y possible in
o ming he loose cons ella ion o ne wo ks ha a e cen al o collabo a i e go e nance.
The CLEVER Ci ies ULLs demons a e ha in a ew sho yea s, signi ican adap ion and
change in go e nance models a e possible along many pa hs.
5. Conclusions
The co-c ea ion p ocesses can ac as a ca alys o he o ma ion o new collabo a i e
go e nance s uc u es, which can lead o a ans o ma ion o he o ganiza ions in ol ed
in he p ocess. Con a y o he commonly ad oca ed pa h o mo ing decision-making
p ocesses o he mos ho izon al, g ass oo s s a e possible, i is he middle g ound o sha ed
go e nance ypologies ha o e s he bes balance o collabo a ion. I is in he middle
whe e ho izon al managemen blends wi h managemen skills and o malized p ocedu es
and documen a ion.
The CLEVER Ci ies p ojec p o ided he oppo uni y o obse e how people and
o ganiza ions can change as co-c ea i e u ban egene a ion occu s. I also demons a ed
ha in o de o de elop he co ec oles, ela ionships, in o ma ion lows, and decision-
making p ocesses, ela i ely complex ne wo k adap a ions eme ge and change a each
s age wi hin he p ocess. Fu he mo e, hese do no end o lead o a singula go e nance
ne wo k o m bu a he pa allel de elopmen s ha include ole changes in ne wo k nodes,
he ewo king o whole sec ions o a ne wo k ela ionship, and, mos in e es ingly, he
e olu ion o polycen ic ne wo ks. The la e is a solu ion ha helps p ese e ce ain
ne wo k cha ac e is ics and powe dynamics while adding new capabili ies. In all h ee
ci ies, a co e ne wo k was connec ed o sa elli e ne wo ks, demons a ing a endency o his
ype o p ojec wi h unding om a cen alized sou ce, such as he case in CLEVER Ci ies.
All h ee U ban Inno a ion Pa ne ship in e en ions indica e ha collabo a i e go -
e nance canno be simply designed a his scale. Ra he , i is necessa y o accep ha
communi y, p i a e sec o , and go e nmen ac o s will come oge he h ough a ange o
p ocesses c ea ing a complex cons ella ion o s akeholde s ha will allow o he ull ange
o pa icipa i e oles. This equi es a pa adigm shi om pu ely echnical hinking owa ds
inding common g ound o collabo a ion. Bo h indi idual ac o s and s akeholde g oups
o m he connec i e links be ween ne wo ks, whe e communi y knowledge is collec ed and
sha ed. Go e nance s uc u es ha a e solely op-down and suppo ed by con ol-based
s a egies lose hei adap a i e capaci y, al hough no all decision-making is necessa ily
collec i e and non-hie a chical.
This pape a gues ha he e a e concu en ly op-down, designed ne wo k o ma ion
p ocesses and bo om-up o ganic social ne wo king p ocess ha led o he hyb id complex
ne wo ks ound in he CLEVER Ci ies ULLs. Fu he mo e, he e a e many pa hways
owa d mo e collabo a i e o ms o sha ed go e nance, which will a ise om he sys em
con ex . As long as he p ocess allows o change and adap a ion and he e is a mo e om
he mo e ex eme op-down o bo om-up ypologies, posi i e ans o ma ional change
will occu , and iche and mo e widely alida ed decision-making p ocesses will s a o
ake hold.
Finally, i is impo an o ein o ce he impo ance o ULLs and o c ea e he mech-
anisms by which he lea nings om hese con ex s can be expanded, di used, and up-
scaled. Co-c ea ion and collabo a i e go e nance a e in ima ely en wined, and bo h a e

Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 15566 17 o 19
co e aspec s o c ea ing he ans o ma ions needed o mo e sus ainable, inclusi e, and
esilien ci ies.
Fu u e esea ch will look a implemen ed co-go e nance models wi hin he di e en
phases o co-c ea ion (co-implemen a ion and co-de elopmen ) ha ollowed in o de o
compa a i ely assess a possible end o change o e ime o collabo a i e go e nance
owa ds u ban ansi ion.
Supplemen a y Ma e ials:
The ollowing suppo ing in o ma ion can be downloaded a : h ps://
www.mdpi.com/a icle/10.3390/su142315566/s1, Figu e S1: Range o Go e nance Ne wo k S uc u es.
Au ho Con ibu ions:
Concep ualiza ion, S.B. and I.H.M.; Me hodology, I.H.M. and A.A.; Val-
ida ion, S.B., I.H.M. and A.A.; Fo mal analysis, I.H.M. and A.A.; In es iga ion, S.B. and I.H.M.;
Resou ces, A.A.; Da a cu a ion, S.B. and I.H.M.; W i ing—o iginal d a , S.B. and I.H.M.; W i ing—
e iew & edi ing, S.B., I.H.M. and A.A.; Supe ision, S.B. and I.H.M.; P ojec adminis a ion, I.H.M.;
Funding acquisi ion, I.H.M. and A.A. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o
he manusc ip .
Funding:
This documen has been p epa ed in he amewo k o he Eu opean p ojec CLEVER
Ci ies. This p ojec has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Union’s Ho izon 2020 inno a ion ac ion
p og am unde g an ag eemen no. 776604. The APC was pa ially unded as o : 10% om Ha enCi y
Uni e si ä , 30% by Poli ecnico di Milano and he es o 60% by CLEVER Ci ies p ojec unde g an
ag eemen no. 776604. The sole esponsibili y o he con en o his publica ion lies wi h he au ho s.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable.
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen :
Resul s in his esea ch a e mainly Da a co e ed in h ps://cle e ci ies.eu/
esou ces/deli e ables-and- epo s/ (accessed on 18 No embe 2022); see also h ps://cle e ci ies.eu/
ileadmin/use _upload/Resou ces/D5.3_Go e nance_business_and_ inance_models.pd (accessed on
27 May 2021).
Acknowledgmen s:
The au ho s would like o acknowledge he e isions made by Knud E ik
Hilding-Hamann, Senio Specialis , Inno a ion & Digi al T ans o ma ion, Danish Technological
Ins i u e; and Liliane Hobeica, Pos -doc o al esea che a PPGTAS/UCSAL (B azil) and esea ch
collabo a o a RISKam/CEG/ULisboa (Po ugal).
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
Disclosu e S a emen :
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial in e es s o
pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o in luence he wo k epo ed in his pape .
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