DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW LOW-COST INDOOR MAPPING SYSTEM –
SYSTEM DESIGN, SYSTEM CALIBRATION AND FIRST RESULTS
T. P. Ke s en a*, D. S allmann a, F. Tschi schwi z a
a Ha enCi y Uni e si y Hambu g, Pho og amme y & Lase Scanning Lab, Übe seeallee 16, D-20457 Hambu g, Ge many -
(Thomas.Ke s en, Di k.S allmann, Felix.Tschi schwi z)@hcu-hambu g.de
Commission V, WG V/1
KEY WORDS: 3D, came a, calib a ion, modelling, spa se poin cloud, pano ama, econs uc ion
ABSTRACT:
Fo mapping o building in e io s a ious 2D and 3D indoo su eying sys ems a e a ailable oday. These sys ems essen ially di e
om each o he by p ice and accu acy as well as by he e o equi ed o ieldwo k and pos -p ocessing. The Labo a o y o
Pho og amme y & Lase Scanning o Ha enCi y Uni e si y (HCU) Hambu g has de eloped, as pa o an indus ial p ojec , a low-
cos indoo mapping sys em, which enables sys ema ic in en o y mapping o in e io acili ies wi h low s a ing equi emen s and
educed, measu able expendi u e o ime and e o . The modelling and e alua ion o he eco ded da a ake place la e in he o ice.
The indoo mapping sys em o HCU Hambu g consis s o he ollowing componen s: lase ange inde , pano ama head (pan- il -uni ),
single-boa d compu e (Raspbe y Pi) wi h digi al came a and ba e y powe supply. The came a is p e-calib a ed in a pho og amme ic
es ield unde labo a o y condi ions. Howe e , emaining sys ema ic image e o s a e co ec ed simul aneously wi hin he gene a ion
o he pano ama image. Due o cos easons he came a and lase ange inde a e no coaxially a anged on he pano ama head.
The e o e, eccen ici y and alignmen o he lase ange inde agains he came a mus be de e mined in a sys em calib a ion. Fo he
e i ica ion o he sys em accu acy and he sys em calib a ion, he lase poin s we e de e mined om measu emen s wi h o al s a ions.
The di e ences o he e e ence we e 4-5mm o indi idual coo dina es.
1. INTRODUCTION
Digi al building models ep esen he basis o planning,
cons uc ion and eno a ion as well as o he managemen o
buildings. In his con ex Building In o ma ion Modelling (BIM)
desc ibes a me hod o op imized h ee-dimensional planning,
execu ion o cons uc ion wo k and managemen o buildings by
app op ia e so wa e so ha all ele an building da a a e
digi ally eco ded, combined and in e connec ed. BIM applies
bo h in he building indus y o he building, planning and
execu ion o cons uc ion wo k (a chi ec u e, enginee ing,
building se ices), and in he acili y managemen sec o .
P ima ily, he a eas o buildings in he building and eal es a e
economy ep esen he basis o p ojec planning, cos ing and
income planning as well as o cons uc ion inancing. Since
building a eas a e also used o he appo ionmen o ope a ing
cos , incomple e, misleading o alse da a abou building a eas
can ha e ex ensi e, unwan ed consequences (Kalusche 2011).
Fo 90% o eal es a e in en o y a ea calcula ions a e no co ec
(P esseBox 2005, Wagne 2015). Thus he eal es a e indus y
uses inco ec da a abou building s ock in many cases, i.e.
eliable cu en da a is o en no a ailable a all.
In o de o measu e cu en a eas o p ope ies, di e en mode n
measu emen me hods such as e es ial lase scanning (Ke s en
e al. 2005, Ke s en & Linds aed 2012), digi al pho og amme y
(Ke s en e al. 2004) and achyme y a e a ailable, all o which
wo k sa is ac o ily o 3D eco ding o a chi ec u al objec s and
which a e es ablished in he ma ke . Howe e , hese p ocedu es
and sys ems equi e a ce ain le el o expe knowledge,
unde pinned by high acquisi ion and educa ion cos s. A lase -
pho og amme ic imaging sys em using pano ama pho og aphy
* Co esponding au ho
and lase anging in he opposi e axis o he came a was p esen ed
by Clauß (2011) and Clauß (2012). He ing (2012) showed in his
in es iga ions in o ins umen and model accu acy, ha his lase -
pho og amme ic imaging sys em is able o ensu e measu emen s
up o an accu acy o 2cm. Fangi (2007) p esen ed an app oach
whe e se e al sphe ical pano ama pho og aphs we e used o he
3D modelling o he in e io s o wo I alian chu ches.
Fu he mo e, so-called dep h senso s ( ime-o - ligh came as)
ha e al eady been used o he eco ding o in e io s (Zhu &
Donia 2013, Hen y e al. 2014). How seman ic in o ma ion can
be au oma ically ex ac ed om poin clouds de i ed om
pho og aphy o he in e io o BIM applica ions has been
desc ibed by Tamke e al. (2014) and K ispel e al. (2015).
The Labo a o y o Pho og amme y & Lase Scanning o he
Ha enCi y Uni e si y Hambu g is de eloping a low-cos imaging
sys em o in e io s in he con ex o a R&D coope a ion p ojec
o he cen al inno a ion p og amme (ZIM) o small and
medium-sized en e p ises (SMEs). Pa ne s in his p ojec a e he
Ins i u e o Compu e Science (Mul imedia In o ma ion
P ocessing) o he Ch is ian-Alb ech s Uni e si y Kiel, Ge many
and he company ETU So wa e GmbH om Cologne, Ge many.
The goal o his p ojec is o de elop new o signi ican ly
imp o e exis ing p oduc s, p ocesses and echnical se ices. In
he ollowing he sys em con igu a ion (chap e 2), he came a
and sys em calib a ion (chap e 3 and 4), he da a acquisi ion
(chap e 5) and he 3D modelling (chap e 6), including i s
esul s, will be desc ibed.
The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLI-B5, 2016
XXIII ISPRS Cong ess, 12–19 July 2016, P ague, Czech Republic
This con ibu ion has been pee - e iewed.
doi:10.5194/isp sa chi es-XLI-B5-55-2016
55
2. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
The indoo mapping sys em o he HCU Hambu g is designed o
cap u e comple e 360° pano ama images o in e io spaces. The
o e all sys em consis s o a pano ama head wi h a came a, which
is i mly moun ed wi h a lase ange inde on a common
pla o m. The lase ange inde poin s in o he di ec ion o he
came a and measu es simul aneously a dis ance o a nonspeci ic
poin in he in e io o each aken pho o.
In o de o ge i s expe iences and acqui e es da a, a p o o ype
o he low-cos mapping sys em was buil a HCU Hambu g
using he ollowing componen s (Fig. 1):
1. Con ol compu e : Raspbe y Pi Model B
2. Digi al came a: Raspbe y Pi came a module
3. Lase ange inde : Bosch GLM 100 C P o essional
4. Powe supply: LogiLink powe bank
5. Pan- il uni : Man o o mul i-line pano ama head
6. Le elling de ice T ib ach wi h ubula le el
7. T ipod: Man o o ipod
The ad an ages o he selec ed ha dwa e a e:
(a) The cos s o he combina ion o Raspbe y Pi single-boa d
compu e and came a module a e e y a ou able wi h less han
60 EUR. (b) A la ge ange o accesso ies o a ious applica ions
al eady exis s o he Raspbe y Pi compu e . (c) Since he
compu e can be ope a ed wi h di e en Open-Sou ce 32-Bi
ope a ing sys ems, a e y ex ensi e o e ing o so wa e lib a ies
is a ailable. (d) The GPIO (gene al pu pose inpu /ou pu )
in e ace o he compu e can simply be used o he con ol o
senso s and displays. (e) The Bosch lase ange inde can be
comple ely con olled ia Blue oo h and he USB in e ace. ( )
The Man o o mul i-line pano ama head ul ils wo subs an ial
unc ions o he gene a ion o sphe ical pano amas:
1. The o a ion abou a second axis ( il ing axis), in o de o ake
pho og aphs wi h di e en e ical angles.
2. The mo emen o he came a a ound he en ance pupil o he
lens (nodal poin ).
Con ol so wa e wi h a simple use in e ace uns on he
Raspbe y Pi compu e , which enables acquisi ion o he images
and he dis ance measu emen s as well as he egis a ion o he
came a axes (ho izon al and e ical angles). The lase ange
inde is connec ed o he Raspbe y Pi compu e ia USB
in e ace. The Raspbe y Pi compu e is equipped wi h a WiFi
USB adap e , which se s up a local WLAN ne wo k, so ha he
sys em can be ope a ed by emo e connec ion om an ex e nal
pe sonal compu e , e.g. a lap op.
3. CAMERA CALIBRATION
To acqui e geome ically co ec in o ma ion om he pano amic
images, he digi al came a has been selec ed no only o cos
easons bu also by i s op ical cha ac e is ics such as scale,
dis o ion and s abili y. As a me hod o he objec i e alida ion
o hese c i e ia came a calib a ion in a 3D es ield was selec ed.
Fo he geome ical in es iga ions o he came a a he new
building loca ion o he HCU Hambu g a p o isional es ield
was es ablished (Fig. 2). The es ield has a size o 4.5m (wid h)
× 3.3m (heigh ) × 2.0m (dep h). The measu emen s o he con ol
poin s we e ca ied ou by a o al s a ion Leica TM30. Fo he
adjus men o he geode ic 3D ne wo k he p og am PANDA
om GEOTEC was used. The s anda d de ia ions o he adjus ed
con ol poin coo dina es we e 0.3mm (XY) in plane and 0.9mm
(Z) in dep h.
Figu e 2. Tempo a y 3D es ield o HCU Hambu g
Fo he came a calib a ion ou Raspbe y Pi came as (RPI 1, 2,
3, 4) wi h no mal angle lens (c = 3.6mm) and one came a (RPI 5)
wi h wide angle lens (c = 1.7mm) we e a ailable. The calib a ion
p ocedu e was epea ed wi h he di e en came as as indica ed in
Tab. 2.
The Raspbe y Pi Founda ion cu en ly o e s h ee di e en
came a modules. All came a modules ha e he same 5-Mega-
Pixel CMOS senso o he ype OmniVision OV5647 wi h 1.4
µm pixel spacing. The echnical speci ica ions o he Raspbe y
Pi came a a e summa ized in Tab. 1. The es ed came as a e
p obably no iden ically cons uc ed. They di e ou wa dly by
Figu e 1. Sys em componen s o he HCU 3D-IMAGER ( .l. . .): Raspbe y Pi compu e and came a, Bosch lase dis ance
measu ing ins umen , Man o o pano ama head, USB powe bank and he assembled HCU 3D-IMAGER sys em
The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLI-B5, 2016
XXIII ISPRS Cong ess, 12–19 July 2016, P ague, Czech Republic
This con ibu ion has been pee - e iewed.
doi:10.5194/isp sa chi es-XLI-B5-55-2016
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he layou o he pla e and he insc ip ion o he chips. The cen al
componen , he OV5647 is p obably he same o all.
Un o una ely, no se ial numbe is used o clea iden i ica ion o
each came a module.
Came a OmniVision OV5647
Senso CMOS colou , 2592×1944 pix (5 MP)
Video 1080p wi h 30 ames/s, H.264 coding
Pixel size 1.4µm × 1.4µm
Senso size H×V 3.62mm × 2.72mm
Colou dep h 10 bi
In e ace CSI
Con ol Mul i-Media Abs ac ion Laye
Lens in eg a ed, ixed ocal leng h & ape u e
FoV H×V 54° × 41° (no mal angle)
Size H×W×D 25mm × 24mm × 9mm
Weigh 3 g
Table 1. Technical speci ica ions o he Raspbe y Pi came a
Fo came a calib a ion he bundle adjus men p og am Pic an
om Techne GmbH was used. The Pic an came a model
desc ibes he came a by h ee pa ame e s o in e io o ien a ion
(p inciple poin x0, y0 and came a cons an c) and by six
addi ional pa ame e s A1…A6 (sys ema ic image e o s),
whe eby A1 and A2 model he adial symme ic dis o ion o he
lens, A3 and A4 he a ini y and shea ing o he senso chip and
A5 and A6 he adial asymme ic and angen ial dis o ion o he
lens. The adjus ed nine pa ame e s o he in e io o ien a ion a e
summa ized in Table 2 a e calib a ion o i e di e en
Raspbe y Pi came as ( ou wi h no mal lens and one wi h wide
angle lens).
The e ec s o he addi ional pa ame e s on he image coo dina es
we e de e mined o he pa ame e g oups (A1, A2), (A3, A4)
and (A5, A6) sepa a ely and all oge he . These e ec s a e
ep esen ed in Fig. 3 wi h a 11 × 11 g id on he senso chip. The
g een g id shows he senso (chip size is 3.63mm × 2.72mm) and
he ed g id shows he e ec o he addi ional pa ame e s o
images coo dina es wi h 10 imes enla gemen .
Fo he calib a ed came as he ollowing esul s a e alid:
1. The e ec o he adial symme ic dis o ion (A1, A2) is
app oxima ely +20µm a he co ne s o he senso . The alues a e
simila o di e en came as modules (Fig. 4).
2. The e ec o a ini y and shea ing (A3, A4) is usually smalle
han 1µm.
3. The e ec o he adial asymme ic and angen ial dis o ion
(A5, A6) is usually smalle han 3µm.
The adial symme ic dis o ion has he la ges sys ema ic e ec
on he image coo dina es. All pa ame e s a e signi ican ly
de e mined in he bundle block adjus men . Fu he mo e, he
alues show li le a ia ion o he di e en came as.
Figu e 3. E ec o he addi ional pa ame e s (A1 … A6) on he
image coo dina es
The epea ed calib a ions show he ollowing esul s:
1. The came a cons an c a ied only sligh ly and seems o be
s able.
2. On he o he hand he posi ion o he p inciple poin shows
de ia ions up o 50 µm.
3. The adial symme ic dis o ion (A1, A2) a ied only sligh ly
and seems o be ela i e s able (Fig. 4).
4. The o he addi ional pa ame e s (a ini y and shea ing (A3,
A4) and adial asymme ic and angen ial dis o ion (A5,
A6)) demons a e no clea end. Howe e , hese las wo
pa ame e g oups only ha e a ela i ely small e ec on he
inal image coo dina es.
C M x0
[mm]
y0
[mm] c [mm] A1
[E-03]
A2
[E-03]
A3
[E-05]
A4
[E-05]
A5
[E-04]
A6
[E-05] Cal
RPI 1
1 -0.0304 0.0084 3.5864 5.67 -1.53 2.32 1.55 1.60 -2.95 15.04.14
2 0.0185 -0.0048 3.5851 5.74 -1.54 3.78 1.75 -1.98 2.22 26.06.14
3 -0.0230 -0.0001 3.5820 5.59 -1.50 2.90 2.68 1.89 -2.60 12.02.15
4 -0.0233 0.0003 3.5851 5.34 -1.43 48.30 1.09 1.85 -4.50 10.03.15
RPI 2
1 -0.0158 -0.0052 3.5892 5.37 -1.39 43.70 5.38 -1.80 -5.38 26.06.14
2 -0.0058 0.0346 3.5911 5.58 -1.44 46.00 -1.80 -3.64 -2.29 16.02.15
RPI 3
1 0.0096 -0.0371 3.6004 5.50 -1.45 46.60 -0.59 -1.39 -18.50 26.06.14
2 -0.0142 -0.0398 3.5999 5.40 -1.44 -0.48 0.85 0.99 20.00 12.02.15
3 -0.0154 -0.0409 3.6006 5.32 -1.38 44.50 0.49 1.07 15.70 10.03.15
RPI 4 1 0.0137 0.0042 3.5878 5.32 -1.40 46.40 4.82 1.42 -0.06 16.02.15
2 0.0128 0.0039 3.5880 5.27 -1.37 46.50 7.63 1.39 -2.97 18.02.15
RPI 5 1 0.0604 0.0042 1.7421 -77.00 3.66 104.00 17.80 3.17 -15.30 18.02.15
C…came as, M…measu emen s, x0/y0…p inciple poin , c…came a cons an , A1-A6…sys ema ic e o s, Cal… calib a ion da e
Table 2. In e io o ien a ion pa ame e se o di e en Raspbe y Pi came as
The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLI-B5, 2016
XXIII ISPRS Cong ess, 12–19 July 2016, P ague, Czech Republic
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Figu e 4. Radial symme ical dis o ion (A1, A2) o ou
di e en Raspbe y Pi came as ( op) and epe i ion o
calib a ions o a single came a (bo om)
The Raspbe y Pi came a has been compa ed wi h wo digi al
SLR came as (Nikon D700 and D90, bo h wi h 20mm lens) and
an indus ial came a IDS (wi h au o ocus) in a 3D es ield
calib a ion, in o de o ge in o ma ion abou he accu acy
po en ial o he low-cos came a. The esul s o he compa ison
a e summa ized in Table 3. The image measu ing accu acy o he
Raspbe y Pi came a wi h 0.2 pixels (1/5 pixel) is nea ly as good
as he SLR came as, while he empi ical accu acy (compa ison
o pho og amme ically de e mined poin s wi h he o al s a ion
e e ence) is wo se by he ac o 2-3, bu signi ican ly be e han
he indus ial came a.
4. SYSTEM CALIBRATION
The sys em calib a ion o he HCU 3D-IMAGER includes he
ollowing s eps: (a) he adap ion o he came a in he nodal poin
o he pano ama head and (b) he de e mina ion o he
eccen ici y and o ien a ion o he wo senso s (came a and lase
ange inde ). The en ance pupil o he came a lens mus lie
accu a ely in he nodal poin , since he ho izon al and e ical
o a ion o he came a mus be pe o med a ound he en ance
pupil o he lens. Du ing he came a o a ion a ound he en ance
pupil he lase ange inde o a es simul aneously on he
pano ama head. I is assumed ha he ela i e posi ion and
o a ion o he lase ange inde will no change wi h espec o
he came a. The e ical and ho izon al adjus men o he came a
is done sepa a ely ia alignmen on a close and a emo e poin .
The came a is shi ed un il he posi ion o he en ance pupil is
p ecisely ixed in he nodal poin using he alignmen pla es o
he pano ama head. An imp ecise alignmen leads o pa allaxes
a close ange while u ning he came a, which esul s in gaps in
he pano ama image. The ela i e posi ion o he lase ange
inde o he came a is de ined by a shi ec o (eccen ici y),
while he ela i e adjus men o he lase ange inde o he
came a is desc ibed by a di ec ion ec o . Thus he ela ion
be ween came a and lase ange inde is ep esen ed by a
coo dina e ans o ma ion wi h i e deg ees o eedom. The shi
ec o is measu ed wi h an accu acy o 1-2mm, while he
de e mina ion o he di ec ion ec o is pe o med wi h an
i e a i e me hod.
Fo he calib a ion and alida ion o he o e all sys em wo
pano ama images we e aken wi h h ee pho o se ies including 18
pho os each in he 3D es ield. The lase poin s we e measu ed
wi h a o al s a ion T imble S6 (measu emen 1) and/o wo
T imble 5603 DR200+ (measu emen 2a and b) as e e ence. The
p ecision (s anda d de ia ion) o he o al s a ions is 2” (=
0.6mgon) and/o 3” (= 1.0mgon) o an angle measu emen
(ho izon al and e ical) and 2mm + 2ppm o a dis ance
measu emen wi hou e lec o .
Came a I IP OP  xy [pix] SD PP [mm] C/Ch X [mm] Y [mm] Z [mm] max.  [mm]
D700_20 27 857 39 0.13 0.17 6/33 0.12 0.14 0.10 0.59
D90_20 36 1089 40 0.19 0.19 6/34 0.17 0.16 0.23 0.71
IDS XS 14 365 36 0.57 0.52 6/30 0.53 1.30 0.59 5.16
RPI 1 15 460 39 0.20 0.11 6/33 0.18 0.45 0.21 1.87
I….images, IP….image poin s, OP….objec poin s,

xy ….s anda d de ia ion o image coo dina es,
SD PP….s anda d de ia ion o con ol
p
oin s
,
C/Ch….con ol / check
p
oin s
,

XYZ….em
p
i ical accu ac
y
Table 3. S a is ics o he bundle block adjus men and empi ical accu acy o di e en came as in he 3D es ield in compa ison
The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLI-B5, 2016
XXIII ISPRS Cong ess, 12–19 July 2016, P ague, Czech Republic
This con ibu ion has been pee - e iewed.
doi:10.5194/isp sa chi es-XLI-B5-55-2016
58
The pola coo dina es o he lase poin s we e con e ed in o
Ca esian coo dina es, so ha bo h sys ems – lase poin s
measu ed by o al s a ion (sys em 1) and pano ama image
(sys em 2) – a e a ailable in he same coo dina e sys em. Fo
accu acy e alua ion he coo dina es o he lase poin s we e
ans o med dis o ion- ee by a spa ial simila i y ans o ma ion
(Helme ans o ma ion, 7-pa ame e ans o ma ion) in o he
pano ama coo dina e sys em (HCU 3D-IMAGER) (sys em 1 
sys em 2). Du ing an op imiza ion p ocess (a e Sansò 1973) he
se en ans o ma ion pa ame e s we e de e mined as ollows: a
spa ial shi ec o (3 pa ame e s), a scale ac o (1 pa ame e )
and a spa ial o a ion (3 pa ame e s). The ans o ma ion
pa ame e s we e de e mined using i e con ol poin s (#CP) in
each da ase . Fo he i e con ol poin s he RMS alues RMS
( ), RMS ( ) and RMS ( ) we e de e mined. The emaining
37 poin s we e used as checkpoin s (#ChP). The di e ences in
he checkpoin s we e de e mined as RMS alues (RMS (X),
RMS (Y), RMS (Z)). The esul s a e summa ized in Table 4.
The esidues o he con ol poin s a e be ween 2mm and 5mm
a e he adjus men . Howe e , he empi ical accu acy o he
checkpoin s is be ween 3mm o 11mm. The easons o hese
highe de ia ions a e accoun ed o by he measu emen s o he
lase poin and by he p ecision o he measu ing ins umen .
Since each lase poin shows as a ela i ely la ge i em in he
pho os and since he bo de o he lase poin is no well de ined,
he a ge ing o he lase poin cen e wi h he o al s a ion is no
always comple ely p ecise (see also Fig. 5). Fu he mo e, he
p ecision o he o al s a ion is limi ed due o he p ecision o he
( e lec o less) dis ance measu emen s o 2mm.
M Con ol Poin s RMS
[mm]
#
ChP
Check Poin s RMS
[mm]
X Y Z
1 3.5 2.7 4.1 37 3.9 2.9 2.9
2a 4.8 2.6 4.4 35 10.8 3.3 6.0
2b 2.3 1.4 1.8 37 6.3 2.6 6.6
M…Measu emen
,
ChP…Check Poin s
Table 4. Empi ical accu acy o lase poin s
o he HCU 3D-IMAGER using i e con ol poin s
5. 3D INDOOR DATA ACQUISITION
Fo in es iga ions in o 3D indoo mapping he calib a ed imaging
sys em HCU 3D-IMAGER has been used. The image acquisi ion
and he lase anging we e pe o med simul aneously, so ha he
ed lase poin is isible in each single image (Fig. 5). The
posi ioning o he sys em akes place in he cen e o small ooms
wi h su icien iew o all ele an co ne s o as an op imal
posi ioning con igu a ion, in o de o ealize op imal sigh
dis ances sho e han 15m. A e le elling he sys em, i is eady
o use. Fo he con olling o he sys em a lap op has been used,
o ope a e he con ol compu e Raspbe y Pi ia WLAN.
Figu e 6. Fi e image ows wi h 18 single images each o he gene a ion o one pano ama image
Figu e 5. Pa o a single pho o (le ) wi h snapped lase poin in he magni ied sec ions (cen e and igh )
The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLI-B5, 2016
XXIII ISPRS Cong ess, 12–19 July 2016, P ague, Czech Republic
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One single da a se consis s o a lase dis ance and a pho o (Fig.
5, igh ), which is sa ed on he Raspbe y Pi compu e oge he
wi h he o ien a ion pa ame e s o he aken pho o (ho izon al
angle in deg ees om ixed as e and e ical angles by eading
he scale). Depending upon desi ed imaging con igu a ion
(image o e lap) all ho izon al pho og aphs a e accomplished
wi h one e ical angula se ing. Fo a s anda d oom 18
ho izon al pho og aphs a e cu en ly used, which co esponds o
an o e lap ange o 51%. These 18 pho og aphs a e acqui ed a
di e en inclina ions, e.g. wi h he 5 inclina ion s ages +60°,
+30°, 0°, -30° and -50°, in o de o be able o compu e a ull-
sphe ical pano ama (Fig. 6). A lowe inclina ion is no necessa y,
since hese pho os will mainly show he pano ama head as well
as he ipod.
A e comple ion o he pho og aphy 360° sphe ical pano ama
images wi h a leas 12000 pixels o ho izon al esolu ion we e
gene a ed om he indi idually-acqui ed images. The ho izon al
and e ical angle, which a e de ined in a p ojec ile, we e used
as app oxima e alues o he de e mina ion o he exac
o a ions. These adjus ed o a ion angles a e he basis o he
calcula ion o he coo dina es o each lase poin in objec space.
The p oduc ion o a pano ama p oceeds in h ee s eps:
1. De e mina ion o gene al ie and special ie poin s on e ical
lines: Since he adjus men o he indi idual images canno
ake place wi h su icien accu acy, he pic u es a e linked by
homologous poin s in neighbou ing images.
2. Op imiza ion o he o ien a ion pa ame e s: Using hese ie
poin s he de e mina ion o image o ien a ion is in a
subsequen op imiza ion p ocess.
3. S i ching o he single images: Using he imp o ed image
o ien a ion he indi idual pho os a e s i ched o a pano ama
including b igh ness balancing.
Fo he s eps 1 and 2 he pano ama ools
(h p://pano ools.sou ce o ge.ne /) and o s ep 3 he CAU
S i che ( om he Ins i u e o Compu e Science o he
Ch is ian-Alb ech s Uni e si y Kiel) ha e been used.
Addi ionally, he CAU S i che compu es Ca esian 3D
coo dina es o each lase poin . Fo he ollowing 3D modelling
all cha ac e is ic pa ame e s a e w i en in o a p ojec ile and a e
he e o e consis en ly documen ed.
6. 3D MODELLING
Using only one indi idual pano ama image a scaled
econs uc ion o an indoo objec ( oom) is no possible.
Fu he mo e he 3D coo dina es o he lase poin s (see Fig. 7
small blue image), which ep esen he 3D oom as a e y spa se
poin cloud, do no allow a comple e econs uc ion o he objec .
In addi ion no all lase poin s a e p ojec ed on ele an plana
su aces. Only by combining he pano ama image and a leas one
Figu e 7. Gene a ed pano ama image and spa se poin cloud o he lase poin s (small blue image)
Figu e 8. 3D modelling – .l. . . de e mina ion o he g ound loo , de e mina ion o a wall, de e mina ion o he window opening
and example o a simple e-cons uc ed oom
The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLI-B5, 2016
XXIII ISPRS Cong ess, 12–19 July 2016, P ague, Czech Republic
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lase dis ance and by conside a ion o (geome ical) shape
condi ions can he oom be cons uc ed. The ollowing shape
condi ions suppo he modelling p ocess: De ini ion o spa ial
planes ( loo , ceiling and walls) o pe pendicula i y o wall
planes o loo plane o ceiling. Wi hin hese planes 2D su aces
( ec angles, iangles o ci cles) can be speci ied using he
pano ama image in he backg ound. The su aces can ep esen
walls, ceilings o openings (doo s, windows). The in e sec ion o
g ound loo , ceiling, and/o wall planes gene a es s aigh lines
di ec ly, which can be used as auxilia y lines o he cons uc ion
o he oom. The lase anging has essen ially he ask o
speci ying he scale o he econs uc ion.
On he basis o hese abo e men ioned model assump ions he
company ETU so wa e GmbH in Cologne has de eloped he 3D
modelling so wa e 3D BIS o manual modelling o in e io s.
Du ing he econs uc ion p ocess addi ional in o ma ion can be
speci ied, e.g. he labelling o objec pa s (g ound loo , ceiling,
wall, …), he ma e ial (s one, wood, PVC, …) and he s a us (OK,
ake down, epai , …). The so wa e adminis e s he indi idually-
acqui ed indoo da a and he associa ed me ada a, and
au oma ically compu es he solid and squa e measu e. Fo da a
exchange he cons uc ed 3D model can be expo ed in he
COLLADA o ma .
The econs uc ion o a oom wo ks wi h he 3D modelling
so wa e 3D BIS as ollows: On he condi ion ha he HCU 3D-
IMAGER has been se up pe pendicula ly on he g ound loo
and lase measu emen s o he g ound loo ook place, he
g ound le el can be cons uc ed. Wi hin he g ound plane he
loo plane can be cons uc ed nex by he de ini ion o 2D
su aces using he pano ama image in he backg ound (Fig. 8
igh , yellow su ace). On he condi ion ha he walls a e
pe pendicula o he g ound loo plane, he wall planes can be
cons uc ed a e wa ds (Fig. 8 cen e le , yellow su ace). Wi hin
he wall planes wall su aces and openings (windows and doo s)
Figu e 9. Gene a ed pano ama including depic ed lase poin s and modelled oom wi h slan ed walls
Figu e 10. Gene a ed pano ama and modelled oom which is unde cons uc ion
The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLI-B5, 2016
XXIII ISPRS Cong ess, 12–19 July 2016, P ague, Czech Republic
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doi:10.5194/isp sa chi es-XLI-B5-55-2016
61
can be de e mined (Fig. 8 cen e igh , yellow su ace wi h
opening). A e all walls a e cons uc ed, he modelling o he
oom can be comple ed wi h he cons uc ion o he ceiling. The
inal 3D model can be expo ed o be u he p ocessed o
isualized in ano he 3D modelling so wa e (e.g. Ske chUp)
(Fig. 8 igh ). Fig. 9 shows he gene a ed pano ama pho o
including he isible lase poin s o ano he es objec and he
cons uc ed oom, while Fig. 10 ep esen s he gene a ed
pano ama image and he cons uc ed oom, which is in p ocess
o cons uc ion.
7. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK
The Labo a o y o Pho og amme y & Lase Scanning o he
HCU Hambu g de eloped a low-cos 3D imaging sys em o
in e io s, which does no cos mo e han 1000 EUR using he
cu en sys em s uc u e. The da a acquisi ion o in e io s using
he HCU 3D-IMAGER, which is equipped wi h a Raspbe y Pi
came a and a Bosch lase ange inde on a pano ama head,
cu en ly akes app ox. 12 minu es o a manual se ies o
indi idual pho os a ound 360° and lase dis ance measu emen s
o each image. The Raspbe y Pi came a used has small
dis o ion alues up o 20m, bu an uns able p inciple poin
(changes up o 50m). Ne e heless, he accu acy po en ial o he
Raspbe y Pi came a ob ained a e simul aneous came a
calib a ion does no qui e each he pe o mance o a digi al SLR
came a. A e sys em calib a ion an accu acy o app ox. 1cm o
single poin s can be expec ed o a s anda d in e io wi h
maximum dis ances o 10m. 20 ooms ha e al eady been
eco ded using his sys em and all could be econs uc ed om
he pano ama images and dis ance measu emen s using he
so wa e 3D-BIS.
In he u u e he 3D indoo mapping will wo k wi h a mo o ized
and compu e -con olled pano ama head, aking ewe pho os in
wo minu es pe s a ion. I is planned ha he wo k low om
pano ama p oduc ion o objec cons uc ion will be ully
suppo ed by au oma ic image p ocessing ope a ions. The
assump ion he e is ha he eco ded oom is mos ly o med om
simple wo dimensional elemen s, and ha he p edomina ing
pho o cha ac e is ics consis o a la ge ex en o ho izon al and
e ical s uc u es (Manha an Wo ld).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The suppo o he p ojec by ZIM ( he cen al inno a ion
p og amme o small and medium-sized en e p ises) – a
p og amme o he Fede al Minis y o Economic A ai s and
Ene gy – is g a e ul acknowledged.
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XXIII ISPRS Cong ess, 12–19 July 2016, P ague, Czech Republic
This con ibu ion has been pee - e iewed.
doi:10.5194/isp sa chi es-XLI-B5-55-2016
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