RESEARCH ARTICLE
The managemen o wa e he i age in
Po uguese ci ies: Recen egene a ion
p ojec s in E
´ o a, Lisbon, B aga and
Guima a
˜es
Celia Lo
´pez-B a o*, Jose
´Pe al Lo
´pez, Edua do Mosque a Adell
Depa men o A chi ec u al His o y, Theo y and Composi ion, Uni e si y o Se ille, Se ille, Spain
Recei ed 4 June 2021; ecei ed in e ised o m 6 Sep embe 2021; accep ed 8 Sep embe 2021
KEYWORDS
He i age
cha ac e iza ion;
In as uc u es;
Landscape;
Obsolescence;
U ban planning;
Wa e wo ks
Abs ac Gi en he cul u al and en i onmen al po en ial p esen ed by his o ical wa e in a-
s uc u es in u ban con ex s, his a icle s a es he e idence o a no much documen ed u ban
phenomenon in Po ugal, he e u bishmen o wa e he i age p o ec ed a eas mo i a ed by
Eu opean-based egene a ion p ojec s. By employing a case-s udy design, ou good p ac ices
-placed in E
´ o a, Lisbon, B aga and Guima a
˜es-a e chosen o enligh en his g owing and awa e
end. The asse s loca ed he e - he A
´gua de P a a Aqueduc , he A
´guas Li es Aqueduc , he
Se e Fon es wa e -supply sys em and he Zona de Cou os indus ial a ea, espec i ely-a e
geog aphical, his o ical and cul u ally cha ac e ised, while he p ojec s ha conce n hem
a e documen ed by isi ing he a eas and analysing he a ailable sou ces. Then, open-da a
pla o ms and he i age p o ec ion dec ees a e p ocessed o g aphically code he opog aphy,
hyd ology, u ban land use, in as uc u es, landma ks and p o ec ed a eas, employing QGIS
ee so wa e o Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys ems. As a esul , he ou p ac ices a e documen-
ed, discussed and compa ed. A able assesses and summa ises hei p e-exis ing and cu en ly
added alues and a se ies o diag ams illus a es he landscape changes gene a ed. These
g aphics alida e he p ac ices and upda e he s a us o he asse s, enhancing he edisco e y
o he exis ing landscapes and showing he main challenges and u u e oppo uni ies aced by
hese a eas.
ª2021 Highe Educa ion P ess Limi ed Company. Publishing se ices by Else ie B.V. on behal
o KeAi Communica ions Co. L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license
(h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (C. Lo
´pez-B a o).
Pee e iew unde esponsibili y o Sou heas Uni e si y.
+MODEL
Please ci e his a icle as: C. Lo
´pez-B a o, J. Pe al Lo
´pez and E. Mosque a Adell, The managemen o wa e he i age in Po uguese ci ies:
Recen egene a ion p ojec s in E
´ o a, Lisbon, B aga and Guima a
˜es, F on ie s o A chi ec u al Resea ch, h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/
j. oa .2021.09.002
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. oa .2021.09.002
2095-2635/ª2021 Highe Educa ion P ess Limi ed Company. Publishing se ices by Else ie B.V. on behal o KeAi Communica ions Co. L d.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com
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F on ie s o A chi ec u al Resea ch xxx (xxxx) xxx
1. In oduc ion
Wa e he i age p esen s uni e sal alues and is a es imony
o he uses and his o ical managemen o he e i o ies;
he e o e, i s landscapes conse a ion is a eason o s udy
and alua ion a he in e na ional le el (Cas o Ga cı
´a,
2012). I is an issue o mul i-disciplina y na u e, as he
he e ogenei y o bounda ies ha i lies a demons a e
(Hein, 2020;Hun e , 2021). Some o hese s udies also
ein o ce he need o inno a e in he managemen o hese
he i age esou ces, aluing hei his o ical, cul u al, u ban
and en i onmen al po en iali ies (Deng e al., 2020;Dua e
Rod igues and To ibio Ma ı
´n, 2020;Gius o, 2020;Ha lı
´
cek
e al., 2020;Jo e Biboum e al., 2020;muleac e al.,
2020). O he s speci ically ema k he impo ance o he
conse a ion and alua ion o hei landscapes (Ma a Olmo
and Fe e Jime
´nez, 2013;De la Cal Nicola
´s, 2021;Lo
´pez-
B a o e al., 2021). Due o he u ban sp ead, hei in-
e e ences wi h he ci y ab ic esul in a pa icula
con empo a y p oblem, and he lack o e lec ion abou
his p edicamen would e ol e owa ds he was e o g ea
u ban he i age esou ces and oppo uni ies.
This wa e he i age ypology is ex ensi ely sp ead
h ough he Po uguese u ban and u al landscapes, as
Fig. 1 illus a es wi h examples. An inhe i ed ichness ha
has been in ensely s udied and in o med by esea che s,
a ending o he di e en ch onological pe iods. F om he
Roman aqueduc s (Ca doso e al., 1998;Quin ela e al.,
1986), o he Cis e cian Monas e ies (Puga, 2020;Jo ge,
2012,2018;Madu o e al., 2017;Ma ins and Ca los, 2016;
Ma ins, 2011) o he splendo ous s one monumen s which
b ough wa e o Po uguese Ci ies du ing he Mode n Age
(Tchikine, 2020;Ma a -Mendes, 2013). Unsu p isingly,
based on his weal h, he F ench his o ian and a elle
Fe dinand Denis named i “ he coun y o he aqueduc s” in
he la e 19 h cen u y (Cae ano, 1991).
Mos o hese he i age asse s ha e been p og essi ely
classi ied, s a ing Ma ch 1910 (Dia
´ io do Go e no, 1910)
unde di e en p o ec ion ca ego ies a bo h na ional and
in e na ional le el, as Table 1 displays. In spi e o being
p o ec ed, hei conse a ion and accessibili y s a us
becomes a eal challenge o Po uguese go e nmen s, as
complain s in se e al p ess publica ions e idence (O
Mi an e, 2020;Alema
˜o, 2019;Fa ia, 2015). Un o una ely,
a he wo s -case scena ios, hese in as uc u es and hei
Gene al o Special P o ec ion Zones
1
(ZGP o ZEP) ha e
u ned in o o go en, agmen ed and de e io a ed inac-
cessible spaces due o he sca ci y o esou ces.
Howe e , Po ugal’s commi men o u ban egene a-
ion has been clea o e he ecen yea s (Medei os, 2020).
Sus ainable de elopmen plans a in e na ional, na ional,
egional and municipal le els, in ol ing a chi ec u al,
cul u al and en i onmen al issues ha e g own. These e -
o s ha e leaded many Po uguese ci ies o become can-
dida es o e en designa ed a nume ous Eu opean
ini ia i es in pu sui o de elopmen and acknowledg-
men , such as he Wo ld He i age en olmen o he Eu o-
pean’s Capi al o Cul u e, You h Capi al o G een Capi al
candidacies. As he Eu opean Union ou lines, hese awa ds
ca y impo an incen i es o u ban es o a ion, expo
he in e na ional p o ile o he ci y and p omo e ambi ious
challenges o imp o e i s u ban en i onmen (Eu opean
Union, 2020). In e idence o his, Lisbon, Opo o and
Guima a
˜es we e Eu opean Capi als o Cul u e (1994, 2001
and 2012 espec i ely); Cascais was Eu opean You h Cap-
i al (2018) and, ecen ly, Lisbon was also Eu opean G een
Fig. 1 Amo ei as Aqueduc in El as (abo e) and Sa
˜o Sebas-
ia
˜o Aqueduc in Coimb a (below). Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020.
Abb e ia ions
CME Ca
ˆma a Municipal de E
´ o a
CML Ca
ˆma a Municipal de Lisboa
CMB Ca
ˆma a Municipal de B aga
CMG Ca
ˆma a Municipal de Guima a
˜es
GTLCMG Gabine e Te
´cnico Local da Ca
ˆma a Municipal de
Guima a
˜es
DGPC Di ec¸a
˜o Ge al do Pa imo
´nio Cul u al
DG Dia
´ io do Go e no
DR Dia
´ io da Repu
´blica
MC Minis e
´ io da Cul u a
ZGP Zona Gene al de P o ec¸a
˜o
ZEP Zona Especial de P o ec¸a
˜o
1
These legal ins umen s inc ease he asse ’s p o ec ed a ea
beyond i s pe ime e in wo di e en ways, egula ly (ZGP) o
speci ically shaped (ZEP), due o hei landscape and e i o ial
in luence and alue.
C. Lo
´pez-B a o, J. Pe al Lo
´pez and E. Mosque a Adell
+MODEL
2
Capi al (2020). Besides, he his o ic ci ies o E
´ o a,
Opo o, Guima a
˜es and El as
2
we e ecognised as Wo ld
He i age Si es (1986, 1996, 2001 and 2012) as well as Sin a
Cul u al Landscape (1995). These achie emen s ha e
con ibu ed o he plani ica ion and p ac ice o many
u ban, u ban land use o en i onmen al egene a ion
p ojec s submi ed as sus ainable indica o s o hese ci -
ies.
3
Despi e he e a e cases ha e ol es owa ds ou is
o e sa u a ion, hese plans p incipally p ese e, imp o e,
connec and eac i a e he a eas hey in e ac wi h,
including cul u al he i age ones.
Mo i a ed by he habi ual in e ac ion o hese egene -
a ion p ojec s wi h wa e he i age se ings, his esea ch
ob ains e idence o accu a ely desc ibe a no much docu-
men ed u ban phenomenon in Po ugal, he e u bishmen
o wa e he i age p o ec ed a eas encou aged by Eu opean-
based egene a ion p ojec s. As i has been said, li le
esea ch has been o mally published in his ega d despi e
he inc ease in p ojec s. So ha , in ending o lea n om
expe iences o wa e he i age egene a ion in u ban con-
ex s, he a icle examines and maps ou con empo a y
si ua ions o p o ide a se ies o managemen a gumen s
ha alida e he p ac ice and upda e he s a us o he
asse s by employing ou -case s udies design.
2. S uc u e, sou ces and me hods
The esea ch has been o ganised in wo phases which shape
he esul s and discussion sec ions.
The i s one, he esul s, p o ides an upda ed s a e o
he a o each case s udy by employing bibliog aphic
esea ch, isi ing he a eas and analysing he a ailable
sou ces. Fo his iden i ica ion o each case, a e i o ial
cha ac e iza ion is p o ided, hen he asse and i s p o-
ec ion s a us a e p esen ed and mapped and inally, he
Table 1 He i age p o ec ion s a us o he main Mode n-Age wa e wo ks in Po ugal. Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020.
Wa e wo ks Loca ion P o ec ion ypology ZGP ZEP Wo ld He i age
Es ada dos A cos
Aqueduc
15
h
Se u
´bal Public In e es Building 1971 Yes No e
Sa
˜o Sebas ia
˜o Aqueduc 15
h
Coimb a Na ional Monumen 1910 No Yes UNESCO Lis (2013)
Uni e si y o Coimb a Al a and
So ia
Amo ei a Aqueduc 15
h
El as Na ional Monumen 1910 No Yes UNESCO Lis (2013)
Ga ison Bo de Town o El as
and i s Fo i ica ions
A
´gua de P a a Aqueduc 16
h
E
´ o a Na ional Monumen 1910 Yes No UNESCO Lis (1986) His o ic
Cen e o E
´ o a
Wa e mills on Guadiana
i e
16
h
Beja In classi ica ion p ocess 2008 No No e
Ussei a Aqueduc 16
h
O
´bidos Public In e es Building 1962 Yes No e
To es Ved as Aqueduc 16
h
To es Ved as Na ional Monumen 1910 Yes No e
Se pa Aqueduc 17
h
Se pa Na ional Monumen 1954 Yes Yes e
Zona de Cou os 17
h
Guima a
˜es ZEP His o ical Cen e 2010 No Yes UNESCO Ten a i e Lis (2017)
His o ic Cen e o Guima a
˜es
Ex ension
Pego
˜es Aqueduc 17
h
Toma Na ional Monumen 1910 No Yes UNESCO Lis (1982) Con en o
Ch is in Toma
Se e Fon es Sys em 18
h
B aga Na ional Monumen 2011 No Yes e
San a Cla a Aqueduc 18
h
Vila do Conde Na ional Monumen 1910 No No e
San o An a
˜o do Tojal
Aqueduc
18
h
San o An a
˜odo
Tojal
Public In e es P ope y 2012 No Yes e
A
´guas Li es Aqueduc 18
h
Lisbon Na ional Monumen 1910 Yes Yes UNESCO Ten a i e Lis (2017)
A
´guas Li es Aqueduc
Ga gan ada Aqueduc 18
h
Queluz Public In e es Building 1978 Yes No e
Cabo Espichel Aqueduc 18
h
Se u
´bal Public In e es Building 1950 Yes No e
No e Janelas Aqueduc 19
h
Ilha de Sa
˜o
Miguel
Unclassi ied eNo No e
Al iela Aqueduc 19
h
Lisbon Unclassi ied eNo No e
2
The ci y o El as and i s o i ica ions a e insc ibed as a Ga ison
Bo de Town.
3
These candidacies a e p oposed six yea s be o e he celeb a-
ion da e and appoin ed ou yea s in ad ance. This pe iod is
necessa y o allow he de elopmen o u ban p ojec s and new
cul u al in as uc u es.
F on ie s o A chi ec u al Resea ch xxx (xxxx) xxx
+MODEL
3
objec i es, planning and de elopmen s a us o he
egene a ion p ojec is documen ed.
4
The second pa , he discussion, assesses he alues o
he asse s be o e and a e he p ojec ’s a i al o lea n
om hem and illus a e he landscape changes hey ha e
expe ienced. Using he li e a u e and p e iously
esea ched, hey a e classi ied using a able layou and a
se ies o maps o illus a e he a gumen s.
As a connec ing link be ween bo h pa s, Geog aphic
In o ma ion Sys ems and pa icula ly QGIS ee so wa e
has been employed o c ea e nine diag ams, which code
g aphically he opog aphy, hyd ology, land use, in-
as uc u es, accessibili y, landma ks and p o ec ed a eas
o each case. Wi h his pu pose, wo wo king scales we e
designed o each case s udy: one e i o ial and he o he
in e media e. The i s one complemen ed he case docu-
men a ion, i illus a es he ela ionship o he elemen and
i s p o ec ed a ea (ZGP o ZEP) wi h he hyd og aphy,
opog aphy, he o he he i age p o ec ed a eas and he ci y
i sel . The second one esul ed om o e lapping all he
da a analysed and shows he asse ’s i ems and spa ial dis-
ibu ion and i s connec ion and in ol emen wi h he
egene a ion p ojec , he a chi ec u e and he public
space. As Table 2 a anges and hype links, na ional, uni-
e si y and municipal Po uguese open da a pla o ms we e
employed wi h his pu pose, as well as he he i age p o-
ec ion dec ees o he asse s.
2.1. C i e ia o selec ing he cases
As seen a Table 1, he e a e eigh een main Mode n-Age
wa e wo ks loca ed in Po ugal. Ou o ha classi ica ion,
ou een a e p o ec ed as Na ional Monumen s, Public In-
e es Buildings o P ope ies, while h ee o hem emain
unclassi ied ye . Mo eo e , ou o hem a e egis e ed in
he UNESCO Wo ld He i age Lis , whe eas wo a e pa o
he Ten a i e one since 2017.
The ou cases selec ed, loca ed in Fig. 2, a e he A
´gua
de P a a Aqueduc (16 h cen u y), he A
´guas Li es Aque-
duc (18 h cen u y), he Se e Fon es wa e -supply sys em
(18 h cen u y) and he Zona de Cou os indus ial a ea (17 h
cen u y), placed in E
´ o a, Lisbon, B aga and Guima a
˜es.
These pa adigma ic wa e wo ks we e all p e iously aded
u ban a eas, which a e now good p ac ices’ examples,
conce ned by Eu opean o municipal u ban egene a ion
p ojec s. The i s h ee a e sys ems o con eyance and
dis ibu ion o d inking wa e while he ou h and las is a
wa e -based indus ial in as uc u e.
Thei selec ion was based on he asse ’s di e ences in
o igin, se lemen and scale, de ailed u he on. Due o
Table 2 Hype linked sou ces di ec o y employed o he he i age ca og aphy me hodology. Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020.
Di ec¸a
˜o-Ge al do
Pa imo
´nio Cul u al
Pesquisa de Pa imo
´nio Imo
´ el A las do pa imo
´nio classi icado e em ias
de classi icac¸a
˜o
Se e Fon es Dec e o no16/2011 de 25 de Maio
Zona de Cou os A iso no15 170/2010 de 30 de Julho
A
´gua de P a a Dec e o no136/1910 de 23 de Junho
A iso no12 657/2007 de 6 de Junho
A
´guas Li es Dec e o no136/1910 de 23 de Junho
Po a ia no1092/1995 de 6 de Se emb o
Dec e o no5/2002 de 19 de Fe e ei o
A chi es A qui o Nacional To e do Tombo Sea ch po al
A qui o Dis i al de E
´ o a Sea ch po al
A qui o Dis i al de B aga A chee o
A qui o Municipal Al edo Pimen a A chee o
Re u bishmen
p ojec s
Ca
ˆma a Municipal de Lisboa Co edo Ve de Vale de Alca
ˆn a a
Ca
ˆma a Municipal de E
´ o a UNESCO Policy Moni o ing Pla o m
Ca
ˆma a Municipal de B aga Es udos A queolo
´gicos e Hid ogeolo
´gicos de
Se e Fon es
Ca
ˆma a Municipal de Guima a
˜es P opos a de insc ic¸a
˜o da Zona de Cou os na lis a
indica i a da UNESCO
Open GIS da a Ins i u o Hid og a
´ ico Po ugal Dados
Sis ema Nacional de In o mac¸a
˜o Geog a
´ ica Regis o Nacional de Dados Geog a
´ icos
Di ecc¸a
˜o-Ge al do Te i o
´ io Fo o eca, Pesquisa de Secc¸o
˜es Cadas ais
Ca
ˆma a Municipal de Lisboa Dados Abe os Lisboa, Geodados
Ca
ˆma a Municipal de B aga GeoPo al WebSIG Pu
´blico do Municı
´pio de B aga
Comunidade In e municipal do Alen ejo
Cen al
Po al de In o mac¸a
˜o Geog a
´ ica CIMAC
Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa
Faculdade de Cie
ˆncias Sociais e Humanas
A las Ca og a ia His o
´ ica
Uni e sidade de Lisboa
Ins i u o Supe io de Ag onomia
EPIC Webgis Po ugal, G een and blue in as uc u e
esea ch line
4
Technical epo s, maps, news and e en con e ence ideos
we e employed o collec de ails o he p ojec s, because some o
hem a e cu en and ha e been sligh ly published ye .
C. Lo
´pez-B a o, J. Pe al Lo
´pez and E. Mosque a Adell
+MODEL
4
hei dispa i y, hey ha e de eloped dissimila sociohis o -
ical and u ban ela ionships h oughou hei li ecycles.
They ha e also supplied di e en a eas o in luence, a
na ional capi al, a dis ic capi al o a small own, o which
egene a ion wo ks o di e en magni ude ha e esul ed.
These dissimila i ies allow o ep esen his u ban phe-
nomenon by showing i s de elopmen a di e en scales,
unc ions and se lemen s and pe haps i could mo i a e
he eco e y o he es .
3. Resul s
3.1. E
´ o a: he p esence o he A
´gua de P a a
Aqueduc ac oss he new Sphe a Cas is p ojec
E
´ o a is a medium-sized inland Po uguese ci y, shown a
Fig. 3. I is loca ed on he la ge plain o Alen ejo, be ween
he basins o he i e s Tajo, Guadiana and Sado, 130 km
Eas o Lisbon. I has a ela i ely ele a ed wa e able and
is su ounded by se e al seasonal i e basins o i egula
wa e egime. Wi h Roman, Visigo h and Islamic o igins, i
was conque ed in 1165 (Simplı
´cio, 2006).
The cons uc ion o he A
´gua de P a a Aqueduc began in
1531 and i s inal design was comple ed only six yea s la e , in
1537. As shown by Pe ei a, Te eno and Mon ei o, who ha e
s udied he his o yo his wa e channelex ensi ely(Mon ei o
e al., 2015), p e ious esea ch main ains ha King Joa
˜oIII
o de ed i o be ebuil on he uins o a Roman duc (Espanca,
1944). I ex ends 18 km om he sp ings o P a a and Di o o
he No h, a e ses he Al o de Sa
˜o Ben o and he Fo e de
San o An o
´nio, c osses he ci y wall and endsa he Con en o
Sa
˜o F ancisco in he Sou h-Eas , as Fig. 4 ca og aphy illus-
a es. This wa e supplied he ci y o E
´ o a o ou cen u ies,
om 1537 un il 1919 (Mon ei o e al., 2019).
I was classi ied as a Na ional Monumen in 1910 while
s ill in use. This p o ec ion includes a ches, p imi i e
channels, ancien household b anches, wa e sou ces, es-
e oi s and oun ains in public and p i a e domain (Dia
´ io
do Go e no, 1910). I s u ban sec ions in eg a ed in o he
his o ic ci y cen e bounda ies, seen in Fig. 5, classi ied as
Wo ld He i age in 1986. Fu he mo e, pa o i is included
in he p o ec ed su oundings o he Con en o Sa
˜o Ben o
de Ca
´s is, he Ig eja da Ca uxa and he Fo o San o
An o
´nio. I s No he n ou e is inside he Monumen al G een
Zone o E
´ o a, which is a land use es ic ion ac o in he
Regulamen o do Plano de U banizac¸a
˜o o 2000. I is a p e-
dominan ly u al a ea co e ing o e 1000 ha, which in-
cludes eigh his o ical ec ea ional es a es, in addi ion o
Fig. 2 Case s udies loca ion. Scale 1:2.750.000. Sou ce: he
au ho s, 2020.
Fig. 3 E
´ o a, A
´gua de P a a Aqueduc and Monumen al
G een A ea ca og aphy. Scale 1:75.000 m. Sou ce: he au-
ho s, 2020.
Fig. 4 Unknown au ho . Plan a da Cidade de E o a,
1750e1790. Sou ce: Biblio eca Nacional de Po ugal.
F on ie s o A chi ec u al Resea ch xxx (xxxx) xxx
+MODEL
5

he Aqueduc and he a o emen ioned asse s. Fo his
eason, any in e en ion in his a ea mus sa egua d i s
p e ailing u al cha ac e and emphasise he aqueduc ’s
ole as a linking elemen be ween all he he i age asse s in
he Zone (Dia
´ io da Repu
´blica, 2000). This a ea also hos s
his o ical aces, such as meadows and Roman cadas al
ne wo ks, which de ine a cul u al landscape a ound he ci y
(Ba is a e al., 2010). Pe haps, he gene ous bounda y o
he Monumen al G een Zone compensa es he lack o a
la ge p o ec ed en i onmen o A
´gua de P a a. Addi ion-
ally, in 2007, he Pe cu so Ambien al no mo o izado de
A
`gua de P a a, showed in Fig. 6, was es ablished. I was
pa o a dis ic ini ia i e o c ea e ou es employing
exis ing in as uc u e aces, o leisu e ime o ou doo
spo s p ac ice (Ca
ˆma a Municipal de E
´ o a, 2007).
Cu en ly, he P ojec LIFE A
´gua de P a a (2019) aims o
p omo e wo ks which allow euse o he Aqueduc o i i-
ga ion wa e dis ibu ion.
5
Ancho ed in his e i o y o a ied elemen s, his o ical
o igins and s ong cul u al in luence, he Sphe a Ca
´s is
Sou hwes Pa k o He i age and A s a ose in 2016. This
ini ia i e, included in he UNESCO Policy Moni o ing Pla -
o m,
6
seeks o c ea e an in as uc u e o cul u e and
he i age, as well as p oduc ion and a is ic c ea ion. This
cen e o a s, science, echnology, esea ch, inno a ion
and sus ainabili y plans o co e 5000 squa e me es. This
will include he Con en o Sa
˜o Ben o de Ca
´s is and o e
40 ha o u al land, subjec o he es o a ion o his 18 h-
cen u y building and i s su oundings. This enhancemen o
obsole e he i age aims o inc ease he g ow h and
compe i i eness o he egion, c ea ing skilled jobs in he
cul u al sec o (UNESCO, 2016). The cons uc ion o his
in eg a ed s uc u e, cons i u ed o a ious a eas o ac i -
i y, will see he c ea ion o a sola pa k o supply ene gy o
he en i e p ojec . I will also con ain di e se pilo zones
o he s udy o Medi e anean ag icul u e and biodi e si y
and an a ea o public communi y ga dens (Amendoei a,
2015). None heless, he limi ed Sphe a Ca
´s is P ojec
ma e ial published appea s o omi i s connec ion o he
Aqueduc . This aises ques ions abou he asse ’s adap a-
ion and in ol emen in his new p ojec .
3.2. Lisbon: he Alca
ˆn a a Valley G een Co ido , a
new pe spec i e o he A
´guas Li es Aqueduc
The ci y o Lisbon is loca ed on he igh bank o he Tajo
es ua y. I is su ounded by nume ous small owns which
cons i u e i s me opoli an a ea. To he No h, he Sin a
and Lou es moun ain anges ou line his e i o y, ma ked
by wa e channels unning om No h o Sou h. The e, he
necessa y opog aphic and a mosphe ic condi ions o
g oundwa e concen a ion a e ound.
The A
´guas Li es Aqueduc , s a ed in 1731 and inau-
gu a ed in 1748, sou ces i s wa e om ha a ea. I begins
in he Ma
˜ed’A
´gua
7
Velha in Oli al do San ı
´ssimo in Cane-
c¸as. Then, i ollows a s e ch o he o me Roman
Aqueduc o Olissipo (Masca enhas e al., 2012), owa ds
he Ma
˜ed’A
´gua das Amo ei as ese oi in he pa ish o
San o An onio in Lisbon. This main sec ion is 15 km in
leng h. Toge he wi h he subsidia y aqueduc s, he ull
ne wo k exceeds 60 km, as Fig. 7 maps. Today, i s a chi-
ec u al ea u es can be seen h oughou he ci y shaping
anks, ese oi s and he so-called ‘cha a ices’.
8
All o
hem c ea e a ne wo k o “u ban oids” linked o wa e
(Ma a -Mendes, 2007, 2013) and connec an eno mous web
o asse s which ex ends a beyond he Lisbon Me opol-
i an a ea (Ma a -Mendes e al., 2015,2016). Among hese
Fig. 5 E
´ o a, A
´gua de P a a Aqueduc ’s u ban s e ch.
Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020.
Fig. 6 E
´ o a, A
´gua de P a a Aqueduc ’s u al s e ch. Sou ce:
he au ho s, 2020.
5
I is pa o he Es a e
´gia Municipal da Adap ac¸a
˜oa
`s Al e ac¸o
˜es
Clima
´ icas o E
´ o a o 2017 and is planned o supply almos 50% o
he g een a eas o he ci y.
6
I is a p ojec o he Di ec¸a
˜o Regional de Cul u a do Alen ejo,
he Comissa
˜o de Coo denac¸a
˜o e Desen ol imen o Regional do
Alen ejo, he Ca
ˆma a Municipal de E
´ o a and he Uni e si ies o
E
´ o a, Lisbon, Coimb a, he Alga e, Se ille, G anada and
Ex emadu a (Di ec¸a
˜o Regional de Cul u a do Alen ejo, 2015).
7
Na u al sp ing.
8
Public oun ains wi h spou s.
C. Lo
´pez-B a o, J. Pe al Lo
´pez and E. Mosque a Adell
+MODEL
6
a e he a o emen ioned Ma
˜ed’A
´gua das Amo ei as and he
Rese a o
´ io
9
do Pa ia cal in he P ac¸a do P ı
´ncipe Real.
Howe e , he a ches o e he Alca
ˆn a a Valley ep esen
i s mos o midable challenge.
The he i age p o ec ion o his Aqueduc was imple-
men ed in 1910 (Dia
´ io do Go e no, 1910). The pe ime e o
i s ZEP, de ined as “el oc¸o en e Campolide e a A enida do
Engenhei o Dua e Pacheco” and he “ oc¸o das Amo -
ei as”, was added in 1995 (Dia
´ io da Repu
´blica, 1995). This
ini ial p o ec ion was al e ed in 2002, by adding i s a e en
b anches and subsidia y aqueduc s in o e 30 adjacen
dis ic s and owns (Minis e
´ io da Cul u a, 2002). Due o i s
size, he asse is also included in he classi ica ion o o he
12 asse s and 22 adjacen ZGPs and ZEPs. Finally, since
2017, i has been ea u ed on he UNESCO Ten a i e Lis ,
based on i s a chaeological, documen a y, echnical, so-
cial, e hnog aphic, his o ical, cul u al-educa ional
10
and
en i onmen al alues.
As can be con i med in he 1871 map a Fig. 8, he
Alca
ˆn a a was an ag icul u al alley un il he 19 h cen u y.
I was ba ely u banized and ma ked he edge o he ci y’s
g ow h o he Wes . I is he la ges alley in he ci y o
Lisbon, a i e basin wi h slopes exceeding 30% incline
which was se led om he 19 h cen u y, when i housed
ex ile ac o ies and esiden ial dis ic s o local wo ke s.
A he end o ha cen u y, he cons uc ion o he Lisbon-
Sin a ain line u he accen ua ed i s inaccessibili y.
Subsequen ly, wi h he cons uc ion o he A enida de
Ceu a in 1932, he i e was comple ely bu ied. Since 1962,
he cons uc ion o he Pon e 25 de Ab il has cha ac e ised
his a e y as one o he main access ou es o he ci y
(Anas asia, 2019).
Today, he Alca
ˆn a a Valley G een Co ido is one o he
main objec i es o he Plano Di ec o Municipal de Lisboa
(CML, 2012). The pu sui o en i onmen al imp o emen s,
such as he egula ion o he wa e sys em, he use o
ecycled wa e , he eco e y and inc ease o ege a ion
co e age and ecological con inui y is egene a ing his
adi ionally indus ial a ea. Fu he mo e, a ne wo k o
pedes ian and cycling pa hs a e connec ing he Monsan o
Fo es Pa k, he neighbou hoods o Campolide and Alca
ˆn-
a a and he Tajo es ua y (CML, n.d.). The ini ia i e is o e
3 km in leng h. I is di ided in o i e zones o segmen s;
om No h o Sou h: he Pa que U bano da Quin a do Ze
´
Pin o, he a ea o Bai o da Libe dade - Es ac¸a
˜o de Cam-
polide, he A
´guas Li es Aqueduc , he Pa que U bano da
Quin a da Bela Flo and he A enida de Ceu a. Bo h, he
a ea o Es ac¸a
˜o de Campolide and he segmen ela i e o
he Aqueduc , coincide wi h he mos imposing abo e-
g ound sec ion o he in as uc u e as i passes h ough he
Fig. 7 Lisbon, A
´guas Li es and Al iela Aqueduc s ca og-
aphy. Scale 1:100.000. Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020.
Fig. 8 Pais, Miguel Ca los Co eia. Ex ac om Plan a Top-
og aphica da Cidade de Lisboa, 1871. Scale: 1:10.000. Sou ce:
Biblio eca Nacional de Po ugal.
Fig. 9 Lisbon, Vale de Alca
ˆn a a pedes ian b idge. Sou ce:
he au ho s, 2020.
9
Rese oi .
10
The g oup c ea ed by he Ma
˜e d’A
´gua das Amo ei as, he Res-
e a o
´ io do Pa ia cal, he a ches o e he Alca
ˆn a a Valley and
he Es ac¸a
˜o Ele a o
´ ia a Vapo dos Ba badinhos con o m he Museu
da A
´gua de EPAL, es ablished in 1987.
F on ie s o A chi ec u al Resea ch xxx (xxxx) xxx
+MODEL
7
Ribei a de Alca
ˆn a a. The la ge ow o poin ed s one
a ches, showed in Fig. 9, c osses he now piped i e bed
which is hidden unde oad a ic and ain acks. Since
2018, he egene a ion p ojec has allowed pedes ians o
pass unde he a ches, Fig. 10, despi e i s acous ic ha sh-
ness and isual con as o he en i onmen . Wi h i , Lisbon
p omo es accessibili y and pedes ian connec ion in an a ea
p e iously domina ed by mo o ehicles and ains. This
inc eases he in e ac ion wi h he asse , ein o ces he
Aqueduc ’s unique alue and eco e s a his o ical piece o
he e i o y.
3.3. B aga: he u u e Pa que da Cidade, he
esu gence o he Se e Fon es hyd aulic sys em
B aga is he capi al o No he n Po ugal and he coun y’s
hi d mos populous ci y. I was s a egically loca ed du ing
Roman imes, seen a Fig. 11, being equidis an om he
i e s Minho and Dou o and 60 km o he No h-Eas o
Po o. The 15 h and 16 h cen u ies b ough g ea splendou
o his ci y o A chbishops,
11
as Fig. 12 shows. A ha ime,
he popula ion inc ease caused he new building o
nume ous public and p i a e oun ains (Viei a e al., 2018).
Due o his, i was necessa y o employ new g oundwa e
abs ac ion a eas. Di e en hypo heses main ain ha in
hese cen u ies, he exis ing aqui e s loca ed in he highes
a eas o he ci y we e eac i a ed, ollowing he ou e o
he ancien Roman wa e ways (Ribei o and Ma ins, 2012).
One o hese was he Se e Fon es one, a he oo o he
Mon e de Ped oso (322 m) in he No h-Eas o he his o ic
cen e o B aga.
Du ing he 16 h cen u y, he Se e Fon es cons uc ion
began on a sys em o sub e anean unnels o collec he
wa e om hose sp ings. Fi s , 3,5 km o s one pipes we e
buil o anspo i o he ci y, as well as s o age anks and
oun ains o i s dis ibu ion. In 1704, an ea ly pipeline
connec ed he Se e Fon es aqui e wi h he Caixa Ge al das
A
´guas. La e , be ween 1744 and 1752, he pipeline was
imp o ed and monumen alised by he A chbishop D. Jose
´
de B aganc¸a. This was achie ed h ough he cons uc ion o
new unnels and he cha ac e is ically ba oque
“chapels”,
12
pho og aphed in Fig. 13. As a esul o hese
imp o emen s, Se e Fon es achie ed o be he ci y’s p i-
ma y wa e supply un il 1913. Tha yea , he new wa e
ex ac ion sys em o he Ri e Ca
´ ado was buil
13
(Ma ins
e al., 2012).
Despi e being p oposed o classi ica ion in 1995, i was
only decla ed a Na ional Monumen in 2011 (Minis e
´ io da
Cul u a, 2011a) and i s ZEP was issued in June o he same
yea , ex ending o e 66 ha (Minis e
´ io da Cul u a, 2011b).
This classi ica ion includes he 3,5 km long sys em o
pipes, 11 galle ies, 7 oun ains, 3 en s and 5 mines. Ou o
hese, 2,5 km a e sub e anean galle ies and he
emainde connec ing pipes. I s alue lies in he im-
p o emen s gene a ed in he quali y o li e, as well as i s
Fig. 10 Lisbon, Vale de Alca
ˆn a a pedes ian pa h. Sou ce:
he au ho s, 2020. Fig. 11 B aga, Se e Fon es Wa e Sys em ca og aphy. Scale:
1:55.000. Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020.
Fig. 12 Noua B aca ae A g s e desc ip ion, 1594. Sou ce:
Geo g B aun; F ans Hogenbe g. “Ci i a es O bis Te a um”,
ol. 5 (La in ed, Colo
´nia, 1598.).
11
The diocese o B aga da es om he 3
d
cen u y AD.
12
Rooms wi h dome ceilings, deco a ed wi h a coa o a ms.
The e, he galle ies con e ge and wa e sedimen a ion akes
place.
13
I is now called Pon e do Bico ea men a ea, placed 6,5 km
No h o B aga.
C. Lo
´pez-B a o, J. Pe al Lo
´pez and E. Mosque a Adell
+MODEL
8
con ibu ion o he de elopmen o ba oque a chi ec u e
and u banism. Technically, i also ook pa in he e olu-
ion o new hyd aulic enginee ing concep s, la e e-
lec ed in he quali y o Mode n-Age u ban in as uc u es.
Today, his sus ainable hyd aulic esou ce is s ill in use
14
and can be ound su ounded by a na u al en i onmen ,
as Fig. 14 shows, in he cu en dis ic o Sa
˜o Vic o .
Howe e , he a ea is no easily accessible.
The e, he Ca
ˆma a Municipal de B aga
15
has planned
he P ojec called Pa que da Cidade. A Pa k ha ocuses
on he p o ec ion o he a ea and he in as uc u e,
including he physical and unc ional componen s o his
hyd aulic sys em. The plan is o p ese e i as a na u al
landscape and include a eas o g oundwa e abs ac ion
and in il a ion, in addi ion o i s a chi ec u al elemen s.
Among he ools a anged o p ese e i s na u al compo-
nen , he p io s udy o he a ea de ines h ee zones: a d y
ecosys em, a humid one and a hi d ansi ional one.
16
As a
connec ion o he ci y, ou access poin s o he a ea a e
being conside ed. They will gene a e a highe -in ensi y
pe ime e o use and wo pa hs pa allel o he Monu-
men , which will house la e al ainwa e - e en ion ba -
ie s. In he humid a ea, he e will be a na u al lake,
which will collec seasonal ain all. I is an icipa ed ha
exis ing ege a ion will be en enched and pa ches o ee
and sh ub ege a ion will be added. This will c ea e a
p o ec i e il e o he cen al co e o he pa k, which is
hespaceboundedby hepa hsin hemain amewo ko
he Monumen (Ca
ˆma a Municipal de B aga, 2019). The
p ojec , which was in a pe iod o public discussion om
July o No embe 2020, has been app o ed and is se o
begin wi hin 2021. Acco ding o he pa k p elimina y
s udies, o e 15 di e en landowne s can be iden i ied
wi hin i s a ea (Ca
ˆma a Municipal de B aga, 2016). This
appea s o ha e gene a ed g ea deba e and has been one
o he mos signi ican obs acles o he launch o he
p ojec . This is e idenced in he nume ous p ess eleases
conce ning owne s’ unease abou he pu chase o he land
by he CMB (Ce quei a, 2020;Cunha, 2018). Bu , despi e
hese di icul ies, his Town Hall’s ini ia i e aims o p o-
ec and domes ica e a landscape in dange o being u -
banized. The main alues o he Pa que da Se e Fon es a e
o encou age he in e ac ion, accessibili y, p ese a ion
and sense o belonging o his magni icen en i onmen . I
ies o p o ec and upda e his g een pa o he ci y a
he same ime ha i p e en s his hyd aulic sys em om
na u al and physical de e io a ion.
Fig. 13 B aga, Se e Fon es “chapels”. Sou ce: he au ho s,
2020.
Fig. 14 B aga, Se e Fon es s one channel. Sou ce: he au-
ho s, 2020.
Fig. 15 Guima a
˜es, Zona de Cou os loca ion ca og aphy.
Scale 1:22.500 Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020.
14
I is managed by Age e, Emp esa de A
´guas, E luen es e Resı
´duos
de B aga. Acco ding o ecen hyd ogeological s udies i p oduces
500 m
3
pe day (An unes and Gonc¸al es 2019).
15
B aga Town Hall.
16
The d y zone co esponds o he e ains o highes ele a ion,
wi h less wa e e en ion and a p e alence o d yland species, such
as he co k oak. The humid zone is loca ed on he g ounds o lowes
ele a ion, whe e un-o wa e om he basin accumula es and
species such as willows and blackbe ies a e p e alen . On he
in e media e g ound, he ansi ional ecosys em p esen s mixed
cha ac e is ics, wi h a p edominance o oaks.
F on ie s o A chi ec u al Resea ch xxx (xxxx) xxx
+MODEL
9
images/pd s/2017/O ic_ICOMOS_Cou os.pd (accessed 10.12.
2020).
Ramı
´sio, P.J., 2012. An u ban wa e shed egene a ion p ojec : he
Cos a/Cou os i e case s udy. In: Rauch, S., Mo ison, G.M.
(Eds.), U ban En i onmen , P oceedings o he 10 h U ban
En i onmen Symposium. Sp inge , London.
Ribei o, M. do C.F., Ma ins, M., 2012. Con ibu o pa a o es udo do
abas ecimen o de a
´gua a
`cidade de B aga na Idade Mode na: o
li o da Cidade de B aga (1737). In: Caminhos da A
´gua- paisa-
gens e usos na longa du ac¸a
˜o, pp. 179e222.
Simplı
´cio, M.D., 2006. E
´ o a: Algumas e apas undamen ais na
e oluc¸a
˜o da cidade a e
´ao se
´culo XVI 1e19 [WWW Documen ].
URL. h ps://dspace.ue o a.p / dpc/bi s eam/10174/2644/
1/E
´ o a%20E apas%20E oluc¸a
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(accessed 11.14.2020).
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duc s in Po ugal. In: Dua e Rod igues, A., To ibio, C. (Eds.),
The His o y o Wa e Managemen in he Ibe ian Peninsula.
Sp inge In e na ional Publishing, Cham, pp. 139e158.
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´sio, P.J., Dua e, A.A.L.S., Pinho, J.L.S.,
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c¸a
˜odeMeiosHı
´d icos em Ambien e U bano. O caso da
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˜es. Eng. Ci .,
pp. 187e196
Viei a, J., Dua e, A., Ramı
´sio, P., 2018. Se e Fon es: a challenge o
p omo e he he i age legacy and acing wa e sou ces sca ci y
in he ci y o B aga-Po ugal. T ends Ci . Eng. i s A chi . 2,
150e157.
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´pez-B a o, J. Pe al Lo
´pez and E. Mosque a Adell
+MODEL
16