The management of water heritage in Portuguese cities: recent regeneration projects in Évora, Lisbon, Braga and Guimarães

RESEARCH ARTICLE The managemen o wa e he i age in Po uguese ci ies: Recen egene a ion p ojec s in E ´ o a, Lisbon, B aga and Guima a ˜es Celia Lo ´pez-B a o*, Jose ´Pe al Lo ´pez, Edua do Mosque a Adell Depa men o A chi ec u al His o y, Theo y and Composi ion, Uni e si y o Se ille, Se ille, Spain Recei ed 4 June 2021; ecei ed in e ised o m 6 Sep embe 2021; accep ed 8 Sep embe 2021 KEYWORDS He i age cha ac e iza ion; In as uc u es; Landscape; Obsolescence; U ban planning; Wa e wo ks Abs ac Gi en he cul u al and en i onmen al po en ial p esen ed by his o ical wa e in a- s uc u es in u ban con ex s, his a icle s a es he e idence o a no much documen ed u ban phenomenon in Po ugal, he e u bishmen o wa e he i age p o ec ed a eas mo i a ed by Eu opean-based egene a ion p ojec s. By employing a case-s udy design, ou good p ac ices -placed in E ´ o a, Lisbon, B aga and Guima a ˜es-a e chosen o enligh en his g owing and awa e end. The asse s loca ed he e - he A ´gua de P a a Aqueduc , he A ´guas Li es Aqueduc , he Se e Fon es wa e -supply sys em and he Zona de Cou os indus ial a ea, espec i ely-a e geog aphical, his o ical and cul u ally cha ac e ised, while he p ojec s ha conce n hem a e documen ed by isi ing he a eas and analysing he a ailable sou ces. Then, open-da a pla o ms and he i age p o ec ion dec ees a e p ocessed o g aphically code he opog aphy, hyd ology, u ban land use, in as uc u es, landma ks and p o ec ed a eas, employing QGIS ee so wa e o Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys ems. As a esul , he ou p ac ices a e documen- ed, discussed and compa ed. A able assesses and summa ises hei p e-exis ing and cu en ly added alues and a se ies o diag ams illus a es he landscape changes gene a ed. These g aphics alida e he p ac ices and upda e he s a us o he asse s, enhancing he edisco e y o he exis ing landscapes and showing he main challenges and u u e oppo uni ies aced by hese a eas. ª2021 Highe Educa ion P ess Limi ed Company. Publishing se ices by Else ie B.V. on behal o KeAi Communica ions Co. L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). * Co esponding au ho . E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (C. Lo ´pez-B a o). Pee e iew unde esponsibili y o Sou heas Uni e si y. +MODEL Please ci e his a icle as: C. Lo ´pez-B a o, J. Pe al Lo ´pez and E. Mosque a Adell, The managemen o wa e he i age in Po uguese ci ies: Recen egene a ion p ojec s in E ´ o a, Lisbon, B aga and Guima a ˜es, F on ie s o A chi ec u al Resea ch, h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/ j. oa .2021.09.002 h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. oa .2021.09.002 2095-2635/ª2021 Highe Educa ion P ess Limi ed Company. Publishing se ices by Else ie B.V. on behal o KeAi Communica ions Co. L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com ScienceDi ec jou nal homepage: www.keaipublishing.com/ oa F on ie s o A chi ec u al Resea ch xxx (xxxx) xxx 1. In oduc ion Wa e he i age p esen s uni e sal alues and is a es imony o he uses and his o ical managemen o he e i o ies; he e o e, i s landscapes conse a ion is a eason o s udy and alua ion a he in e na ional le el (Cas o Ga cı ´a, 2012). I is an issue o mul i-disciplina y na u e, as he he e ogenei y o bounda ies ha i lies a demons a e (Hein, 2020;Hun e , 2021). Some o hese s udies also ein o ce he need o inno a e in he managemen o hese he i age esou ces, aluing hei his o ical, cul u al, u ban and en i onmen al po en iali ies (Deng e al., 2020;Dua e Rod igues and To ibio Ma ı ´n, 2020;Gius o, 2020;Ha lı ´ cek e al., 2020;Jo e Biboum e al., 2020;muleac e al., 2020). O he s speci ically ema k he impo ance o he conse a ion and alua ion o hei landscapes (Ma a Olmo and Fe e Jime ´nez, 2013;De la Cal Nicola ´s, 2021;Lo ´pez- B a o e al., 2021). Due o he u ban sp ead, hei in- e e ences wi h he ci y ab ic esul in a pa icula con empo a y p oblem, and he lack o e lec ion abou his p edicamen would e ol e owa ds he was e o g ea u ban he i age esou ces and oppo uni ies. This wa e he i age ypology is ex ensi ely sp ead h ough he Po uguese u ban and u al landscapes, as Fig. 1 illus a es wi h examples. An inhe i ed ichness ha has been in ensely s udied and in o med by esea che s, a ending o he di e en ch onological pe iods. F om he Roman aqueduc s (Ca doso e al., 1998;Quin ela e al., 1986), o he Cis e cian Monas e ies (Puga, 2020;Jo ge, 2012,2018;Madu o e al., 2017;Ma ins and Ca los, 2016; Ma ins, 2011) o he splendo ous s one monumen s which b ough wa e o Po uguese Ci ies du ing he Mode n Age (Tchikine, 2020;Ma a -Mendes, 2013). Unsu p isingly, based on his weal h, he F ench his o ian and a elle Fe dinand Denis named i “ he coun y o he aqueduc s” in he la e 19 h cen u y (Cae ano, 1991). Mos o hese he i age asse s ha e been p og essi ely classi ied, s a ing Ma ch 1910 (Dia ´ io do Go e no, 1910) unde di e en p o ec ion ca ego ies a bo h na ional and in e na ional le el, as Table 1 displays. In spi e o being p o ec ed, hei conse a ion and accessibili y s a us becomes a eal challenge o Po uguese go e nmen s, as complain s in se e al p ess publica ions e idence (O Mi an e, 2020;Alema ˜o, 2019;Fa ia, 2015). Un o una ely, a he wo s -case scena ios, hese in as uc u es and hei Gene al o Special P o ec ion Zones 1 (ZGP o ZEP) ha e u ned in o o go en, agmen ed and de e io a ed inac- cessible spaces due o he sca ci y o esou ces. Howe e , Po ugal’s commi men o u ban egene a- ion has been clea o e he ecen yea s (Medei os, 2020). Sus ainable de elopmen plans a in e na ional, na ional, egional and municipal le els, in ol ing a chi ec u al, cul u al and en i onmen al issues ha e g own. These e - o s ha e leaded many Po uguese ci ies o become can- dida es o e en designa ed a nume ous Eu opean ini ia i es in pu sui o de elopmen and acknowledg- men , such as he Wo ld He i age en olmen o he Eu o- pean’s Capi al o Cul u e, You h Capi al o G een Capi al candidacies. As he Eu opean Union ou lines, hese awa ds ca y impo an incen i es o u ban es o a ion, expo he in e na ional p o ile o he ci y and p omo e ambi ious challenges o imp o e i s u ban en i onmen (Eu opean Union, 2020). In e idence o his, Lisbon, Opo o and Guima a ˜es we e Eu opean Capi als o Cul u e (1994, 2001 and 2012 espec i ely); Cascais was Eu opean You h Cap- i al (2018) and, ecen ly, Lisbon was also Eu opean G een Fig. 1 Amo ei as Aqueduc in El as (abo e) and Sa ˜o Sebas- ia ˜o Aqueduc in Coimb a (below). Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020. Abb e ia ions CME Ca ˆma a Municipal de E ´ o a CML Ca ˆma a Municipal de Lisboa CMB Ca ˆma a Municipal de B aga CMG Ca ˆma a Municipal de Guima a ˜es GTLCMG Gabine e Te ´cnico Local da Ca ˆma a Municipal de Guima a ˜es DGPC Di ec¸a ˜o Ge al do Pa imo ´nio Cul u al DG Dia ´ io do Go e no DR Dia ´ io da Repu ´blica MC Minis e ´ io da Cul u a ZGP Zona Gene al de P o ec¸a ˜o ZEP Zona Especial de P o ec¸a ˜o 1 These legal ins umen s inc ease he asse ’s p o ec ed a ea beyond i s pe ime e in wo di e en ways, egula ly (ZGP) o speci ically shaped (ZEP), due o hei landscape and e i o ial in luence and alue. C. Lo ´pez-B a o, J. Pe al Lo ´pez and E. Mosque a Adell +MODEL 2 Capi al (2020). Besides, he his o ic ci ies o E ´ o a, Opo o, Guima a ˜es and El as 2 we e ecognised as Wo ld He i age Si es (1986, 1996, 2001 and 2012) as well as Sin a Cul u al Landscape (1995). These achie emen s ha e con ibu ed o he plani ica ion and p ac ice o many u ban, u ban land use o en i onmen al egene a ion p ojec s submi ed as sus ainable indica o s o hese ci - ies. 3 Despi e he e a e cases ha e ol es owa ds ou is o e sa u a ion, hese plans p incipally p ese e, imp o e, connec and eac i a e he a eas hey in e ac wi h, including cul u al he i age ones. Mo i a ed by he habi ual in e ac ion o hese egene - a ion p ojec s wi h wa e he i age se ings, his esea ch ob ains e idence o accu a ely desc ibe a no much docu- men ed u ban phenomenon in Po ugal, he e u bishmen o wa e he i age p o ec ed a eas encou aged by Eu opean- based egene a ion p ojec s. As i has been said, li le esea ch has been o mally published in his ega d despi e he inc ease in p ojec s. So ha , in ending o lea n om expe iences o wa e he i age egene a ion in u ban con- ex s, he a icle examines and maps ou con empo a y si ua ions o p o ide a se ies o managemen a gumen s ha alida e he p ac ice and upda e he s a us o he asse s by employing ou -case s udies design. 2. S uc u e, sou ces and me hods The esea ch has been o ganised in wo phases which shape he esul s and discussion sec ions. The i s one, he esul s, p o ides an upda ed s a e o he a o each case s udy by employing bibliog aphic esea ch, isi ing he a eas and analysing he a ailable sou ces. Fo his iden i ica ion o each case, a e i o ial cha ac e iza ion is p o ided, hen he asse and i s p o- ec ion s a us a e p esen ed and mapped and inally, he Table 1 He i age p o ec ion s a us o he main Mode n-Age wa e wo ks in Po ugal. Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020. Wa e wo ks Loca ion P o ec ion ypology ZGP ZEP Wo ld He i age Es ada dos A cos Aqueduc 15 h Se u ´bal Public In e es Building 1971 Yes No e Sa ˜o Sebas ia ˜o Aqueduc 15 h Coimb a Na ional Monumen 1910 No Yes UNESCO Lis (2013) Uni e si y o Coimb a Al a and So ia Amo ei a Aqueduc 15 h El as Na ional Monumen 1910 No Yes UNESCO Lis (2013) Ga ison Bo de Town o El as and i s Fo i ica ions A ´gua de P a a Aqueduc 16 h E ´ o a Na ional Monumen 1910 Yes No UNESCO Lis (1986) His o ic Cen e o E ´ o a Wa e mills on Guadiana i e 16 h Beja In classi ica ion p ocess 2008 No No e Ussei a Aqueduc 16 h O ´bidos Public In e es Building 1962 Yes No e To es Ved as Aqueduc 16 h To es Ved as Na ional Monumen 1910 Yes No e Se pa Aqueduc 17 h Se pa Na ional Monumen 1954 Yes Yes e Zona de Cou os 17 h Guima a ˜es ZEP His o ical Cen e 2010 No Yes UNESCO Ten a i e Lis (2017) His o ic Cen e o Guima a ˜es Ex ension Pego ˜es Aqueduc 17 h Toma Na ional Monumen 1910 No Yes UNESCO Lis (1982) Con en o Ch is in Toma Se e Fon es Sys em 18 h B aga Na ional Monumen 2011 No Yes e San a Cla a Aqueduc 18 h Vila do Conde Na ional Monumen 1910 No No e San o An a ˜o do Tojal Aqueduc 18 h San o An a ˜odo Tojal Public In e es P ope y 2012 No Yes e A ´guas Li es Aqueduc 18 h Lisbon Na ional Monumen 1910 Yes Yes UNESCO Ten a i e Lis (2017) A ´guas Li es Aqueduc Ga gan ada Aqueduc 18 h Queluz Public In e es Building 1978 Yes No e Cabo Espichel Aqueduc 18 h Se u ´bal Public In e es Building 1950 Yes No e No e Janelas Aqueduc 19 h Ilha de Sa ˜o Miguel Unclassi ied eNo No e Al iela Aqueduc 19 h Lisbon Unclassi ied eNo No e 2 The ci y o El as and i s o i ica ions a e insc ibed as a Ga ison Bo de Town. 3 These candidacies a e p oposed six yea s be o e he celeb a- ion da e and appoin ed ou yea s in ad ance. This pe iod is necessa y o allow he de elopmen o u ban p ojec s and new cul u al in as uc u es. F on ie s o A chi ec u al Resea ch xxx (xxxx) xxx +MODEL 3 objec i es, planning and de elopmen s a us o he egene a ion p ojec is documen ed. 4 The second pa , he discussion, assesses he alues o he asse s be o e and a e he p ojec ’s a i al o lea n om hem and illus a e he landscape changes hey ha e expe ienced. Using he li e a u e and p e iously esea ched, hey a e classi ied using a able layou and a se ies o maps o illus a e he a gumen s. As a connec ing link be ween bo h pa s, Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys ems and pa icula ly QGIS ee so wa e has been employed o c ea e nine diag ams, which code g aphically he opog aphy, hyd ology, land use, in- as uc u es, accessibili y, landma ks and p o ec ed a eas o each case. Wi h his pu pose, wo wo king scales we e designed o each case s udy: one e i o ial and he o he in e media e. The i s one complemen ed he case docu- men a ion, i illus a es he ela ionship o he elemen and i s p o ec ed a ea (ZGP o ZEP) wi h he hyd og aphy, opog aphy, he o he he i age p o ec ed a eas and he ci y i sel . The second one esul ed om o e lapping all he da a analysed and shows he asse ’s i ems and spa ial dis- ibu ion and i s connec ion and in ol emen wi h he egene a ion p ojec , he a chi ec u e and he public space. As Table 2 a anges and hype links, na ional, uni- e si y and municipal Po uguese open da a pla o ms we e employed wi h his pu pose, as well as he he i age p o- ec ion dec ees o he asse s. 2.1. C i e ia o selec ing he cases As seen a Table 1, he e a e eigh een main Mode n-Age wa e wo ks loca ed in Po ugal. Ou o ha classi ica ion, ou een a e p o ec ed as Na ional Monumen s, Public In- e es Buildings o P ope ies, while h ee o hem emain unclassi ied ye . Mo eo e , ou o hem a e egis e ed in he UNESCO Wo ld He i age Lis , whe eas wo a e pa o he Ten a i e one since 2017. The ou cases selec ed, loca ed in Fig. 2, a e he A ´gua de P a a Aqueduc (16 h cen u y), he A ´guas Li es Aque- duc (18 h cen u y), he Se e Fon es wa e -supply sys em (18 h cen u y) and he Zona de Cou os indus ial a ea (17 h cen u y), placed in E ´ o a, Lisbon, B aga and Guima a ˜es. These pa adigma ic wa e wo ks we e all p e iously aded u ban a eas, which a e now good p ac ices’ examples, conce ned by Eu opean o municipal u ban egene a ion p ojec s. The i s h ee a e sys ems o con eyance and dis ibu ion o d inking wa e while he ou h and las is a wa e -based indus ial in as uc u e. Thei selec ion was based on he asse ’s di e ences in o igin, se lemen and scale, de ailed u he on. Due o Table 2 Hype linked sou ces di ec o y employed o he he i age ca og aphy me hodology. Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020. Di ec¸a ˜o-Ge al do Pa imo ´nio Cul u al Pesquisa de Pa imo ´nio Imo ´ el A las do pa imo ´nio classi icado e em ias de classi icac¸a ˜o Se e Fon es Dec e o no16/2011 de 25 de Maio Zona de Cou os A iso no15 170/2010 de 30 de Julho A ´gua de P a a Dec e o no136/1910 de 23 de Junho A iso no12 657/2007 de 6 de Junho A ´guas Li es Dec e o no136/1910 de 23 de Junho Po a ia no1092/1995 de 6 de Se emb o Dec e o no5/2002 de 19 de Fe e ei o A chi es A qui o Nacional To e do Tombo Sea ch po al A qui o Dis i al de E ´ o a Sea ch po al A qui o Dis i al de B aga A chee o A qui o Municipal Al edo Pimen a A chee o Re u bishmen p ojec s Ca ˆma a Municipal de Lisboa Co edo Ve de Vale de Alca ˆn a a Ca ˆma a Municipal de E ´ o a UNESCO Policy Moni o ing Pla o m Ca ˆma a Municipal de B aga Es udos A queolo ´gicos e Hid ogeolo ´gicos de Se e Fon es Ca ˆma a Municipal de Guima a ˜es P opos a de insc ic¸a ˜o da Zona de Cou os na lis a indica i a da UNESCO Open GIS da a Ins i u o Hid og a ´ ico Po ugal Dados Sis ema Nacional de In o mac¸a ˜o Geog a ´ ica Regis o Nacional de Dados Geog a ´ icos Di ecc¸a ˜o-Ge al do Te i o ´ io Fo o eca, Pesquisa de Secc¸o ˜es Cadas ais Ca ˆma a Municipal de Lisboa Dados Abe os Lisboa, Geodados Ca ˆma a Municipal de B aga GeoPo al WebSIG Pu ´blico do Municı ´pio de B aga Comunidade In e municipal do Alen ejo Cen al Po al de In o mac¸a ˜o Geog a ´ ica CIMAC Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa Faculdade de Cie ˆncias Sociais e Humanas A las Ca og a ia His o ´ ica Uni e sidade de Lisboa Ins i u o Supe io de Ag onomia EPIC Webgis Po ugal, G een and blue in as uc u e esea ch line 4 Technical epo s, maps, news and e en con e ence ideos we e employed o collec de ails o he p ojec s, because some o hem a e cu en and ha e been sligh ly published ye . C. Lo ´pez-B a o, J. Pe al Lo ´pez and E. Mosque a Adell +MODEL 4 hei dispa i y, hey ha e de eloped dissimila sociohis o - ical and u ban ela ionships h oughou hei li ecycles. They ha e also supplied di e en a eas o in luence, a na ional capi al, a dis ic capi al o a small own, o which egene a ion wo ks o di e en magni ude ha e esul ed. These dissimila i ies allow o ep esen his u ban phe- nomenon by showing i s de elopmen a di e en scales, unc ions and se lemen s and pe haps i could mo i a e he eco e y o he es . 3. Resul s 3.1. E ´ o a: he p esence o he A ´gua de P a a Aqueduc ac oss he new Sphe a Cas is p ojec E ´ o a is a medium-sized inland Po uguese ci y, shown a Fig. 3. I is loca ed on he la ge plain o Alen ejo, be ween he basins o he i e s Tajo, Guadiana and Sado, 130 km Eas o Lisbon. I has a ela i ely ele a ed wa e able and is su ounded by se e al seasonal i e basins o i egula wa e egime. Wi h Roman, Visigo h and Islamic o igins, i was conque ed in 1165 (Simplı ´cio, 2006). The cons uc ion o he A ´gua de P a a Aqueduc began in 1531 and i s inal design was comple ed only six yea s la e , in 1537. As shown by Pe ei a, Te eno and Mon ei o, who ha e s udied he his o yo his wa e channelex ensi ely(Mon ei o e al., 2015), p e ious esea ch main ains ha King Joa ˜oIII o de ed i o be ebuil on he uins o a Roman duc (Espanca, 1944). I ex ends 18 km om he sp ings o P a a and Di o o he No h, a e ses he Al o de Sa ˜o Ben o and he Fo e de San o An o ´nio, c osses he ci y wall and endsa he Con en o Sa ˜o F ancisco in he Sou h-Eas , as Fig. 4 ca og aphy illus- a es. This wa e supplied he ci y o E ´ o a o ou cen u ies, om 1537 un il 1919 (Mon ei o e al., 2019). I was classi ied as a Na ional Monumen in 1910 while s ill in use. This p o ec ion includes a ches, p imi i e channels, ancien household b anches, wa e sou ces, es- e oi s and oun ains in public and p i a e domain (Dia ´ io do Go e no, 1910). I s u ban sec ions in eg a ed in o he his o ic ci y cen e bounda ies, seen in Fig. 5, classi ied as Wo ld He i age in 1986. Fu he mo e, pa o i is included in he p o ec ed su oundings o he Con en o Sa ˜o Ben o de Ca ´s is, he Ig eja da Ca uxa and he Fo o San o An o ´nio. I s No he n ou e is inside he Monumen al G een Zone o E ´ o a, which is a land use es ic ion ac o in he Regulamen o do Plano de U banizac¸a ˜o o 2000. I is a p e- dominan ly u al a ea co e ing o e 1000 ha, which in- cludes eigh his o ical ec ea ional es a es, in addi ion o Fig. 2 Case s udies loca ion. Scale 1:2.750.000. Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020. Fig. 3 E ´ o a, A ´gua de P a a Aqueduc and Monumen al G een A ea ca og aphy. Scale 1:75.000 m. Sou ce: he au- ho s, 2020. Fig. 4 Unknown au ho . Plan a da Cidade de E o a, 1750e1790. Sou ce: Biblio eca Nacional de Po ugal. F on ie s o A chi ec u al Resea ch xxx (xxxx) xxx +MODEL 5 he Aqueduc and he a o emen ioned asse s. Fo his eason, any in e en ion in his a ea mus sa egua d i s p e ailing u al cha ac e and emphasise he aqueduc ’s ole as a linking elemen be ween all he he i age asse s in he Zone (Dia ´ io da Repu ´blica, 2000). This a ea also hos s his o ical aces, such as meadows and Roman cadas al ne wo ks, which de ine a cul u al landscape a ound he ci y (Ba is a e al., 2010). Pe haps, he gene ous bounda y o he Monumen al G een Zone compensa es he lack o a la ge p o ec ed en i onmen o A ´gua de P a a. Addi ion- ally, in 2007, he Pe cu so Ambien al no mo o izado de A `gua de P a a, showed in Fig. 6, was es ablished. I was pa o a dis ic ini ia i e o c ea e ou es employing exis ing in as uc u e aces, o leisu e ime o ou doo spo s p ac ice (Ca ˆma a Municipal de E ´ o a, 2007). Cu en ly, he P ojec LIFE A ´gua de P a a (2019) aims o p omo e wo ks which allow euse o he Aqueduc o i i- ga ion wa e dis ibu ion. 5 Ancho ed in his e i o y o a ied elemen s, his o ical o igins and s ong cul u al in luence, he Sphe a Ca ´s is Sou hwes Pa k o He i age and A s a ose in 2016. This ini ia i e, included in he UNESCO Policy Moni o ing Pla - o m, 6 seeks o c ea e an in as uc u e o cul u e and he i age, as well as p oduc ion and a is ic c ea ion. This cen e o a s, science, echnology, esea ch, inno a ion and sus ainabili y plans o co e 5000 squa e me es. This will include he Con en o Sa ˜o Ben o de Ca ´s is and o e 40 ha o u al land, subjec o he es o a ion o his 18 h- cen u y building and i s su oundings. This enhancemen o obsole e he i age aims o inc ease he g ow h and compe i i eness o he egion, c ea ing skilled jobs in he cul u al sec o (UNESCO, 2016). The cons uc ion o his in eg a ed s uc u e, cons i u ed o a ious a eas o ac i - i y, will see he c ea ion o a sola pa k o supply ene gy o he en i e p ojec . I will also con ain di e se pilo zones o he s udy o Medi e anean ag icul u e and biodi e si y and an a ea o public communi y ga dens (Amendoei a, 2015). None heless, he limi ed Sphe a Ca ´s is P ojec ma e ial published appea s o omi i s connec ion o he Aqueduc . This aises ques ions abou he asse ’s adap a- ion and in ol emen in his new p ojec . 3.2. Lisbon: he Alca ˆn a a Valley G een Co ido , a new pe spec i e o he A ´guas Li es Aqueduc The ci y o Lisbon is loca ed on he igh bank o he Tajo es ua y. I is su ounded by nume ous small owns which cons i u e i s me opoli an a ea. To he No h, he Sin a and Lou es moun ain anges ou line his e i o y, ma ked by wa e channels unning om No h o Sou h. The e, he necessa y opog aphic and a mosphe ic condi ions o g oundwa e concen a ion a e ound. The A ´guas Li es Aqueduc , s a ed in 1731 and inau- gu a ed in 1748, sou ces i s wa e om ha a ea. I begins in he Ma ˜ed’A ´gua 7 Velha in Oli al do San ı ´ssimo in Cane- c¸as. Then, i ollows a s e ch o he o me Roman Aqueduc o Olissipo (Masca enhas e al., 2012), owa ds he Ma ˜ed’A ´gua das Amo ei as ese oi in he pa ish o San o An onio in Lisbon. This main sec ion is 15 km in leng h. Toge he wi h he subsidia y aqueduc s, he ull ne wo k exceeds 60 km, as Fig. 7 maps. Today, i s a chi- ec u al ea u es can be seen h oughou he ci y shaping anks, ese oi s and he so-called ‘cha a ices’. 8 All o hem c ea e a ne wo k o “u ban oids” linked o wa e (Ma a -Mendes, 2007, 2013) and connec an eno mous web o asse s which ex ends a beyond he Lisbon Me opol- i an a ea (Ma a -Mendes e al., 2015,2016). Among hese Fig. 5 E ´ o a, A ´gua de P a a Aqueduc ’s u ban s e ch. Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020. Fig. 6 E ´ o a, A ´gua de P a a Aqueduc ’s u al s e ch. Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020. 5 I is pa o he Es a e ´gia Municipal da Adap ac¸a ˜oa `s Al e ac¸o ˜es Clima ´ icas o E ´ o a o 2017 and is planned o supply almos 50% o he g een a eas o he ci y. 6 I is a p ojec o he Di ec¸a ˜o Regional de Cul u a do Alen ejo, he Comissa ˜o de Coo denac¸a ˜o e Desen ol imen o Regional do Alen ejo, he Ca ˆma a Municipal de E ´ o a and he Uni e si ies o E ´ o a, Lisbon, Coimb a, he Alga e, Se ille, G anada and Ex emadu a (Di ec¸a ˜o Regional de Cul u a do Alen ejo, 2015). 7 Na u al sp ing. 8 Public oun ains wi h spou s. C. Lo ´pez-B a o, J. Pe al Lo ´pez and E. Mosque a Adell +MODEL 6 a e he a o emen ioned Ma ˜ed’A ´gua das Amo ei as and he Rese a o ´ io 9 do Pa ia cal in he P ac¸a do P ı ´ncipe Real. Howe e , he a ches o e he Alca ˆn a a Valley ep esen i s mos o midable challenge. The he i age p o ec ion o his Aqueduc was imple- men ed in 1910 (Dia ´ io do Go e no, 1910). The pe ime e o i s ZEP, de ined as “el oc¸o en e Campolide e a A enida do Engenhei o Dua e Pacheco” and he “ oc¸o das Amo - ei as”, was added in 1995 (Dia ´ io da Repu ´blica, 1995). This ini ial p o ec ion was al e ed in 2002, by adding i s a e en b anches and subsidia y aqueduc s in o e 30 adjacen dis ic s and owns (Minis e ´ io da Cul u a, 2002). Due o i s size, he asse is also included in he classi ica ion o o he 12 asse s and 22 adjacen ZGPs and ZEPs. Finally, since 2017, i has been ea u ed on he UNESCO Ten a i e Lis , based on i s a chaeological, documen a y, echnical, so- cial, e hnog aphic, his o ical, cul u al-educa ional 10 and en i onmen al alues. As can be con i med in he 1871 map a Fig. 8, he Alca ˆn a a was an ag icul u al alley un il he 19 h cen u y. I was ba ely u banized and ma ked he edge o he ci y’s g ow h o he Wes . I is he la ges alley in he ci y o Lisbon, a i e basin wi h slopes exceeding 30% incline which was se led om he 19 h cen u y, when i housed ex ile ac o ies and esiden ial dis ic s o local wo ke s. A he end o ha cen u y, he cons uc ion o he Lisbon- Sin a ain line u he accen ua ed i s inaccessibili y. Subsequen ly, wi h he cons uc ion o he A enida de Ceu a in 1932, he i e was comple ely bu ied. Since 1962, he cons uc ion o he Pon e 25 de Ab il has cha ac e ised his a e y as one o he main access ou es o he ci y (Anas asia, 2019). Today, he Alca ˆn a a Valley G een Co ido is one o he main objec i es o he Plano Di ec o Municipal de Lisboa (CML, 2012). The pu sui o en i onmen al imp o emen s, such as he egula ion o he wa e sys em, he use o ecycled wa e , he eco e y and inc ease o ege a ion co e age and ecological con inui y is egene a ing his adi ionally indus ial a ea. Fu he mo e, a ne wo k o pedes ian and cycling pa hs a e connec ing he Monsan o Fo es Pa k, he neighbou hoods o Campolide and Alca ˆn- a a and he Tajo es ua y (CML, n.d.). The ini ia i e is o e 3 km in leng h. I is di ided in o i e zones o segmen s; om No h o Sou h: he Pa que U bano da Quin a do Ze ´ Pin o, he a ea o Bai o da Libe dade - Es ac¸a ˜o de Cam- polide, he A ´guas Li es Aqueduc , he Pa que U bano da Quin a da Bela Flo and he A enida de Ceu a. Bo h, he a ea o Es ac¸a ˜o de Campolide and he segmen ela i e o he Aqueduc , coincide wi h he mos imposing abo e- g ound sec ion o he in as uc u e as i passes h ough he Fig. 7 Lisbon, A ´guas Li es and Al iela Aqueduc s ca og- aphy. Scale 1:100.000. Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020. Fig. 8 Pais, Miguel Ca los Co eia. Ex ac om Plan a Top- og aphica da Cidade de Lisboa, 1871. Scale: 1:10.000. Sou ce: Biblio eca Nacional de Po ugal. Fig. 9 Lisbon, Vale de Alca ˆn a a pedes ian b idge. Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020. 9 Rese oi . 10 The g oup c ea ed by he Ma ˜e d’A ´gua das Amo ei as, he Res- e a o ´ io do Pa ia cal, he a ches o e he Alca ˆn a a Valley and he Es ac¸a ˜o Ele a o ´ ia a Vapo dos Ba badinhos con o m he Museu da A ´gua de EPAL, es ablished in 1987. F on ie s o A chi ec u al Resea ch xxx (xxxx) xxx +MODEL 7 Ribei a de Alca ˆn a a. The la ge ow o poin ed s one a ches, showed in Fig. 9, c osses he now piped i e bed which is hidden unde oad a ic and ain acks. Since 2018, he egene a ion p ojec has allowed pedes ians o pass unde he a ches, Fig. 10, despi e i s acous ic ha sh- ness and isual con as o he en i onmen . Wi h i , Lisbon p omo es accessibili y and pedes ian connec ion in an a ea p e iously domina ed by mo o ehicles and ains. This inc eases he in e ac ion wi h he asse , ein o ces he Aqueduc ’s unique alue and eco e s a his o ical piece o he e i o y. 3.3. B aga: he u u e Pa que da Cidade, he esu gence o he Se e Fon es hyd aulic sys em B aga is he capi al o No he n Po ugal and he coun y’s hi d mos populous ci y. I was s a egically loca ed du ing Roman imes, seen a Fig. 11, being equidis an om he i e s Minho and Dou o and 60 km o he No h-Eas o Po o. The 15 h and 16 h cen u ies b ough g ea splendou o his ci y o A chbishops, 11 as Fig. 12 shows. A ha ime, he popula ion inc ease caused he new building o nume ous public and p i a e oun ains (Viei a e al., 2018). Due o his, i was necessa y o employ new g oundwa e abs ac ion a eas. Di e en hypo heses main ain ha in hese cen u ies, he exis ing aqui e s loca ed in he highes a eas o he ci y we e eac i a ed, ollowing he ou e o he ancien Roman wa e ways (Ribei o and Ma ins, 2012). One o hese was he Se e Fon es one, a he oo o he Mon e de Ped oso (322 m) in he No h-Eas o he his o ic cen e o B aga. Du ing he 16 h cen u y, he Se e Fon es cons uc ion began on a sys em o sub e anean unnels o collec he wa e om hose sp ings. Fi s , 3,5 km o s one pipes we e buil o anspo i o he ci y, as well as s o age anks and oun ains o i s dis ibu ion. In 1704, an ea ly pipeline connec ed he Se e Fon es aqui e wi h he Caixa Ge al das A ´guas. La e , be ween 1744 and 1752, he pipeline was imp o ed and monumen alised by he A chbishop D. Jose ´ de B aganc¸a. This was achie ed h ough he cons uc ion o new unnels and he cha ac e is ically ba oque “chapels”, 12 pho og aphed in Fig. 13. As a esul o hese imp o emen s, Se e Fon es achie ed o be he ci y’s p i- ma y wa e supply un il 1913. Tha yea , he new wa e ex ac ion sys em o he Ri e Ca ´ ado was buil 13 (Ma ins e al., 2012). Despi e being p oposed o classi ica ion in 1995, i was only decla ed a Na ional Monumen in 2011 (Minis e ´ io da Cul u a, 2011a) and i s ZEP was issued in June o he same yea , ex ending o e 66 ha (Minis e ´ io da Cul u a, 2011b). This classi ica ion includes he 3,5 km long sys em o pipes, 11 galle ies, 7 oun ains, 3 en s and 5 mines. Ou o hese, 2,5 km a e sub e anean galle ies and he emainde connec ing pipes. I s alue lies in he im- p o emen s gene a ed in he quali y o li e, as well as i s Fig. 10 Lisbon, Vale de Alca ˆn a a pedes ian pa h. Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020. Fig. 11 B aga, Se e Fon es Wa e Sys em ca og aphy. Scale: 1:55.000. Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020. Fig. 12 Noua B aca ae A g s e desc ip ion, 1594. Sou ce: Geo g B aun; F ans Hogenbe g. “Ci i a es O bis Te a um”, ol. 5 (La in ed, Colo ´nia, 1598.). 11 The diocese o B aga da es om he 3 d cen u y AD. 12 Rooms wi h dome ceilings, deco a ed wi h a coa o a ms. The e, he galle ies con e ge and wa e sedimen a ion akes place. 13 I is now called Pon e do Bico ea men a ea, placed 6,5 km No h o B aga. C. Lo ´pez-B a o, J. Pe al Lo ´pez and E. Mosque a Adell +MODEL 8 con ibu ion o he de elopmen o ba oque a chi ec u e and u banism. Technically, i also ook pa in he e olu- ion o new hyd aulic enginee ing concep s, la e e- lec ed in he quali y o Mode n-Age u ban in as uc u es. Today, his sus ainable hyd aulic esou ce is s ill in use 14 and can be ound su ounded by a na u al en i onmen , as Fig. 14 shows, in he cu en dis ic o Sa ˜o Vic o . Howe e , he a ea is no easily accessible. The e, he Ca ˆma a Municipal de B aga 15 has planned he P ojec called Pa que da Cidade. A Pa k ha ocuses on he p o ec ion o he a ea and he in as uc u e, including he physical and unc ional componen s o his hyd aulic sys em. The plan is o p ese e i as a na u al landscape and include a eas o g oundwa e abs ac ion and in il a ion, in addi ion o i s a chi ec u al elemen s. Among he ools a anged o p ese e i s na u al compo- nen , he p io s udy o he a ea de ines h ee zones: a d y ecosys em, a humid one and a hi d ansi ional one. 16 As a connec ion o he ci y, ou access poin s o he a ea a e being conside ed. They will gene a e a highe -in ensi y pe ime e o use and wo pa hs pa allel o he Monu- men , which will house la e al ainwa e - e en ion ba - ie s. In he humid a ea, he e will be a na u al lake, which will collec seasonal ain all. I is an icipa ed ha exis ing ege a ion will be en enched and pa ches o ee and sh ub ege a ion will be added. This will c ea e a p o ec i e il e o he cen al co e o he pa k, which is hespaceboundedby hepa hsin hemain amewo ko he Monumen (Ca ˆma a Municipal de B aga, 2019). The p ojec , which was in a pe iod o public discussion om July o No embe 2020, has been app o ed and is se o begin wi hin 2021. Acco ding o he pa k p elimina y s udies, o e 15 di e en landowne s can be iden i ied wi hin i s a ea (Ca ˆma a Municipal de B aga, 2016). This appea s o ha e gene a ed g ea deba e and has been one o he mos signi ican obs acles o he launch o he p ojec . This is e idenced in he nume ous p ess eleases conce ning owne s’ unease abou he pu chase o he land by he CMB (Ce quei a, 2020;Cunha, 2018). Bu , despi e hese di icul ies, his Town Hall’s ini ia i e aims o p o- ec and domes ica e a landscape in dange o being u - banized. The main alues o he Pa que da Se e Fon es a e o encou age he in e ac ion, accessibili y, p ese a ion and sense o belonging o his magni icen en i onmen . I ies o p o ec and upda e his g een pa o he ci y a he same ime ha i p e en s his hyd aulic sys em om na u al and physical de e io a ion. Fig. 13 B aga, Se e Fon es “chapels”. Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020. Fig. 14 B aga, Se e Fon es s one channel. Sou ce: he au- ho s, 2020. Fig. 15 Guima a ˜es, Zona de Cou os loca ion ca og aphy. Scale 1:22.500 Sou ce: he au ho s, 2020. 14 I is managed by Age e, Emp esa de A ´guas, E luen es e Resı ´duos de B aga. Acco ding o ecen hyd ogeological s udies i p oduces 500 m 3 pe day (An unes and Gonc¸al es 2019). 15 B aga Town Hall. 16 The d y zone co esponds o he e ains o highes ele a ion, wi h less wa e e en ion and a p e alence o d yland species, such as he co k oak. The humid zone is loca ed on he g ounds o lowes ele a ion, whe e un-o wa e om he basin accumula es and species such as willows and blackbe ies a e p e alen . On he in e media e g ound, he ansi ional ecosys em p esen s mixed cha ac e is ics, wi h a p edominance o oaks. F on ie s o A chi ec u al Resea ch xxx (xxxx) xxx +MODEL 9 images/pd s/2017/O ic_ICOMOS_Cou os.pd (accessed 10.12. 2020). Ramı ´sio, P.J., 2012. An u ban wa e shed egene a ion p ojec : he Cos a/Cou os i e case s udy. In: Rauch, S., Mo ison, G.M. (Eds.), U ban En i onmen , P oceedings o he 10 h U ban En i onmen Symposium. Sp inge , London. Ribei o, M. do C.F., Ma ins, M., 2012. Con ibu o pa a o es udo do abas ecimen o de a ´gua a `cidade de B aga na Idade Mode na: o li o da Cidade de B aga (1737). In: Caminhos da A ´gua- paisa- gens e usos na longa du ac¸a ˜o, pp. 179e222. Simplı ´cio, M.D., 2006. E ´ o a: Algumas e apas undamen ais na e oluc¸a ˜o da cidade a e ´ao se ´culo XVI 1e19 [WWW Documen ]. URL. h ps://dspace.ue o a.p / dpc/bi s eam/10174/2644/ 1/E ´ o a%20E apas%20E oluc¸a ˜o%20His o ´ ica%20SecXVI.pd (accessed 11.14.2020). Tchikine, A., 2020. Technology o g andeu : ea ly mode n aque- duc s in Po ugal. In: Dua e Rod igues, A., To ibio, C. (Eds.), The His o y o Wa e Managemen in he Ibe ian Peninsula. Sp inge In e na ional Publishing, Cham, pp. 139e158. Viei a, J.M., Ramı ´sio, P.J., Dua e, A.A.L.S., Pinho, J.L.S., Fe nandes, V.M., Salgado, R., Al es, R., 2008. Reabili a- c¸a ˜odeMeiosHı ´d icos em Ambien e U bano. O caso da Ribei a de Cos a/Cou os, em Guima a ˜es. Eng. Ci ., pp. 187e196 Viei a, J., Dua e, A., Ramı ´sio, P., 2018. Se e Fon es: a challenge o p omo e he he i age legacy and acing wa e sou ces sca ci y in he ci y o B aga-Po ugal. T ends Ci . Eng. i s A chi . 2, 150e157. C. Lo ´pez-B a o, J. Pe al Lo ´pez and E. Mosque a Adell +MODEL 16