A mo ion and edge adap i e in e laced- o-p og essi e
con e sion using uzzy logic-based sys ems
P. B ox
Ins i u o de Mic oelec ´onica
de Se illa (CSIC) and
Uni e si y o Se ille (Spain)
b o[email p o ec ed]
I. Ba u one
Ins i u o de Mic oelec ´onica
de Se illa (CSIC) and
Uni e si y o Se ille (Spain)
[email p o ec ed]
S. S´anchez-Solano
Ins i u o de Mic oelec ´onica
de Se illa (CSIC)
Se ille (Spain)
san[email p o ec ed]
Abs ac
This pape p esen s an algo i hm o
ideo de-in e lacing. The app oach
uses h ee uzzy logic-based sys ems
o adap he in e pola ion s a egy
o he p esence o mo ion and edges.
Fu he mo e, he algo i hm is able
o deal wi h any kind o TV ma e ial
independen ly o he sou ce used o
acqui e he scene. Ex ensi e simula-
ions o s anda d and eal sequences
p o e he e iciency o he p oposed
algo i hm.
Keywo ds: Video de-in e lacing,
uzzy logic-based sys em, mo ion
adap i e, edge adap i e.
1 In oduc ion
In e lacing was in oduced by he TV commu-
ni y since i p o ides an e ec i e educ ion o
he ideo bandwid h. I educes he band-
wid h a hal since only he e en o odd lines
ha compose a ame a e al e na i ely ans-
mi ed. In e lacing is cu en ly used by all
he analog TV s anda ds (PAL, NTSC and
SECAM) and also, by some o he mo e mod-
e n digi al ansmissions [1].
Recen ly, he e is an inc easing need o a p o-
g essi e scanning o ma a he ecei e side o
TV signal. Many de ices such as mode n dis-
plays (LCDs, Plasma), DVDs, and p ojec o s,
wo k wi h p og essi e ma e ial and inco po-
a e an embedded chip ha implemen a de-
in e lacing algo i hm. I consis s o con e -
ing in e laced ideo in o a p og essi e o m by
in e pola ing he non- ansmi ed lines. Se -
e al ea u es o he pic u e like he p esence o
mo ion and edges could complica e his ask.
Many de-in e lacing algo i hms ha e been
p oposed in he li e a u e du ing he las
yea s [2]. Basically, hey can be classi ied
in o wo ca ego ies: mo ion (MC) and non-
mo ion compensa ed (non-MC) algo i hms.
MC echniques look o a mo ion ec o in
each pixel o block o pixels o he image and
achie e he bes esul s in mo ing a eas. How-
e e , he compu a ional cos in ol ed in he
calcula ion o he mos app op ia e mo ion
ec o is qui e high.
An al e na i e among non-MC algo i hms a e
he mo ion adap i e de-in e lacing echniques
[3]-[6]. As i s name indica es, his kind o al-
go i hms es ima es he le el o mo ion in he
image and adap he in e pola ion s a egy
acco ding o i . I he e is no mo ion o he
le el o mo ion is ba ely app eciable hen he
empo al neighbo s a e sui able o pe o m
he in e pola ion. On he con a y, when he
le el o mo ion is high a spa ial in e pola o
is chosen o in e pola e he new pixel.
The e iciency o mo ion adap i e algo i hms
elies on he quali y o he mo ion de ec o .
P imi i e app oaches use he di e ence be-
ween pixels wi h he same spa ial coo di-
na es om wo consecu i e ames o measu e
mo ion, and a c isp ansi ion be ween he
empo al and spa ial in e pola o [3]. How-
e e , hey a e a o achie e good esul s in
icky pa s o he image, which con ain high
con as de ailed a eas, high le el o mo ion,
L. Magdalena, M. Ojeda-Aciego, J.L. Ve degay (eds): P oceedings o IPMU’08, pp. 1175–1182
To emolinos (M´alaga), June 22–27, 2008
noise and/o a high numbe o edges.
To imp o e he obus ness o he mo ion de-
ec o se e al p oposals ha e been p esen ed
in he li e a u e du ing he las yea s [2], [4].
Some au ho s combine he ou pu o se e al
mo ion de ec o s [2], whe eas o he s apply il-
e ing echniques o ield di e ence signal [4].
O he au ho s imp o e he pe o mance o
mo ion adap i e de-in e lacing algo i hms [4]-
[6]. In [4], he c isp ansi ion be ween he
empo al and spa ial in e pola o is subs i-
u ed by a so ansi ion. In his sense, se -
e al op ions a e p o en in [4] such as a linea
o a s ep piecewise ansi ion. O he al e na-
i e is o use uzzy logic and o apply di e -
en heu is ic ules wi h app oxima e le els o
unce ain y, which implici ly pe o m a non-
linea il e ing [5]-[6].
This pape desc ibes a new mo ion adap i e
de-in e lacing as esul o a wo k de eloped
du ing he las yea s. The combina ion o he
spa ial and empo al in e pola o is ca ied
ou by a uzzy sys em (F S1), whose inpu is a
bi-dimensional con olu ion o ield di e ence
signal. Fu he mo e, he spa ial and empo al
in e pola o s a e also calcula ed by wo uzzy
sys ems: a second uzzy sys em (F S2) p o-
ides he empo al in e pola o , which is ca-
pable o dealing wi h any kind o ideo ma-
e ial, and a hi d uzzy sys em (F S3) is able
o adap he spa ial in e pola ion o edges.
a1
a2
a
b
c
c1
c2
FS3
mo ion
IS
dissimila i y FS2
ou pu
FS1
IT
Figu e 1: Block diag am o he p oposed al-
go i hm.
2 Desc ip ion o he algo i hm
Figu e 1 shows a desc ip i e diag am o he
implemen ed algo i hm. The ollowing sub-
sec ions desc ibe he h ee uzzy sys ems used
in he p oposed algo i hm.
2.1 Fuzzy sys em o combine he
in e pola o s wi h he p esence o
mo ion (F S1)
Since cu en TV s anda ds wo k wi h ideo
coding algo i hms whe e luminance compo-
nen con ains mo e in o ma ion han ch omi-
nance componen s [1], ou s udy is only de el-
oped o his unique componen . Howe e , i s
ex ension o colo images is simple and di ec
by applying he inal in e pola ion exp ession
o he colo componen s.
Ou p oposal uses as inpu alue he bi-
dimensional con olu ion o ield di e ence sig-
nals ha can be ma hema ically exp essed as
ollows:
mo ion =ΣCj,iHi,j
ΣCj,i
=
=(1 2 1) (H1,1H1,2H1,3)T
4(1)
whe e Cj,i a e he alues o he weigh s and
Hi,j a e desc ibed by he ollowing di e ences
o luminance alues (see Figu e 2(a)):
H1,1=|B0−B|(2)
H1,2=|X0−X|(3)
H1,3=|E0−E|(4)
Di e en weigh s and sizes o ma ix Hha e
been s udied o achie e a good ade-o be-
ween he compu ing esou ces and he qual-
i y o mo ion measu emen [7]-[8]. As can be
seen in exp ession (1), he selec ed con olu-
ion only includes neighbo s in e ical di ec-
ion since a wide numbe o ideo sequence
simula ions shown a non-decisi e in luence o
ho izon al neighbo s o measu e he le el o
mo ion.
Unlike he p oposals in [5]-[6], which use ou
ields, ou algo i hm educes he empo al
ape u e up o h ee ields as shown Figu e
1176 P oceedings o IPMU’08
B0
X0
E0
X
B
E
Xn
( -1)
In e pola ed line
T ansmi ed line
( ) Sequence
o de
( +1)
(a)
3 d mo ion is M X=λIT+δIS
2nd mo ion is L X=IS
1s mo ion is S X=IT
I an eceden consequen
1
0
S (small)M (medium)L (la ge)
µmo ion
mo ion
(b) (c)
Cu en pixel
Figu e 2: (a) Pixels in ol ed in he calcula ion o he bi-dimensional con olu ion. (b) Rulebase
o he F S1. (c) Membe ship unc ions used in F S1.
2(a). The in e pola ed alues calcula ed in
he p e ious ield (B0, E0) a e necessa y o
e alua e he mo ion alue in exp ession (1).
The spa ial in e pola o (IS) is employed o
calcula e he i s p og essi e ame.
The in luence o mo ion in selec ing he kind
o in e pola ion is e alua ed by conside ing
h ee ules ha a e linguis ically exp essed as
ollows:
1. I mo ion in he cu en pixel is small (S),
he mos adequa e in e pola ed alue is
ob ained by applying a empo al in e -
pola ion (IT).
2. I mo ion in he cu en pixel is la ge (L),
he bes esul is ob ained by pe o ming
a spa ial in e pola ion (IS).
3. I mo ion in he cu en pixel is medium
(M), hen he alue is be e calcula ed
by applying a linea combina ion o he
empo al and spa ial in e pola o s (λIT+
δIS).
This ulebase is summa ized in he Table o
Figu e 2(b). The uzzy concep s small, la ge
and medium used in he ules a e modeled ac-
co ding o he membe ship unc ions shown in
Figu e 2(c). Using he Fuzzy Mean as de uzzi-
ica ion me hod he new pixel alue is calcu-
la ed as ollows:
X=α1IT+α2IS+α3(λIT+δIS) (5)
whe e αiis he co esponding ac i a ion de-
g ee o each ule in he Table o Figu e 2(b).
Th ee deg ees o mo ion (small, medium and
la ge) a e conside ed in his uzzy sys em. A -
e analyzing up o i e deg ees o mo ion [9],
he ulebase wi h h ee ules has been selec ed
since i p o ides he mos a ac i e solu ion
in e ms o ha dwa e esou ces and quali y o
he in e pola ed image.
2.2 Fuzzy logic-based sys em o he
empo al in e pola ion (F S2)
In o de o unde s and he s a egy imple-
men ed in F S2 o ob ain he empo al in e -
pola o , i is necessa y o e iew he o igin
o ma e ial. I he sequence was eco ded by
a ideo came a a a pic u e a e o 50 Hz
(PAL) o 60 Hz (NTSC), he h ee ields o
he ape u e a e di e en in mo ing a eas o
he image (di e en numbe s in Figu e 3(a)).
Howe e , i he ma e ial was egis e ed wi h
a cine-came a he pic u e a e is 24 Hz and a
con e sion o ilm ma e ial is necessa y o dis-
play i on TV. The con e sion o adap bo h
pic u e a es basically consis s o epea ing
he ields wice ( o achie e 50 Hz), o wice
and h ee imes al e na i ely ( o achie e 60
Hz) as i is shown in Figu e 3(b). This p o-
cess is known as pull-down 2:2 and pull-down
3:2, espec i ely.
Since he empo al ape u e o his app oach
would be composed om ilm ma e ial ( o in-
s ance 2-e en, 2-odd, 3-odd), wo o he ields
in he ape u e has o come om he same
o iginal ame. The de ec ion o hese cases is
e y in e es ing due o wo easons. Fi s ly,
he isen p esence o ilm and hyb id ma e ial
P oceedings o IPMU’08 1177
123
Sou ce: Telecine 24 Hz
112233
50 Hz
50 Hz
123456
Sou ce: Video came a
(a)
(b)
In e laced ma e ial
e en odd e en odd e en odd
In e laced ma e ial
e en odd e en odd e en odd
Figu e 3: (a) Video sequence. (b) Sequence o ilm ma e ial.
1
0
S (small)L (la ge)
μdissimila i y
dissimila i y
(a) (b)
B0
E0
X
B
E
( -1) ( ) Sequence
o de
X0
2nd dissimila i y is L IT = Xn
1s dissimila i y is S IT = X0
I an eceden hen consequen
Figu e 4: (a) Rulebase o he F S2. (b) Mem-
be ship unc ions used in F S2.
on TV and secondly, a pe ec de-in e lacing
can be achie ed by copying his in o ma ion
om he epea ed ield in he ape u e a a ex-
pense o a minimal cos (i he epea ed ield
is co ec ly de ec ed in he ape u e).
A simple uzzy sys em is p oposed ha is
able o deal wi h ilm ma e ial. I selec s
he mos adequa e empo al in e pola ion de-
pending on dissimila i y signal be ween wo
consecu i e ields, gi en by he ollowing ex-
p ession:
dissimila i y =|B−B0|+|E−E0|
2(6)
The heu is ic knowledge o his uzzy sys em
is exp essed by means o he ollowing linguis-
ic ules:
1. I dissimila i y be ween he ields ( -1)
and ( ) is small (S), he mos adequa e
in e pola ed alue is ob ained by selec -
ing he pixel alue in he p e ious ield a
he same spa ial posi ion (X0)(see Fig-
u e 4(a)).
2. On he con a y, i dissimila i y is la ge
(L), he pixel alue in he p e ious ield
is no a good choice and is be e o be
on he pixel in he nex ield (Xn)(see
Figu e 4(a)).
Table in Figu e 4(a) summa izes he ulebase
o his second uzzy sys em. The shape o
membe ship unc ions o model he uzzy con-
cep s small and la ge a e shown in Figu e
4(b). The ou pu o his uzzy sys em is gi en
by he ollowing exp ession:
IT=β1X0+β2Xn(7)
whe e βiis he ac i a ion o each ule in he
Table o Figu e 4(a).
2.3 Fuzzy logic-based sys em o he
spa ial in e pola ion (F S3)
F S3pe o ms a sma in e pola ion among
pixels in he spa ial neighbo hood. The
heu is ic knowledge de eloped in he uzzy
ulebase adap s he in e pola ion s a egy ac-
co ding o he p esence o edges in he pic-
u e. To de ec edges he ollowing di e ences
1178 P oceedings o IPMU’08
XC1
BC
A1
F1
A
D1DEF
( ) Sequence
o de
(a)
5 h a1is VL and a is VL and b is L IS=(C1+D1)/2
and c is Land c1is S
3 d a is VS and b is L and c is VS IS=(A+F+C+D)/4
2nd a is L and b is L and c is S IS=(C+D)/2
6 h o he wise IS=(B+E)/2
4 h a1is S and a is L and b is L IS=(A1+F1)/2
and c is VL and c1is VL
1s a is S and b is L and c is L IS=(A+F)/2
I an eceden hen consequen
1
0
VS
( e y
small)
VL
( e y
la ge)
μa
a
(b) (c)
a=|A-F| a1=|A1-F1|
b=|B-E|
c=|C-D| c1=|C1-D1|
SL
Figu e 5: (a) Pixels in ol ed in he spa ial in e pola o . (b) Rulebase o he F S3. (c) Membe -
ship unc ions used in F S3.
abc
a1c1
26.5º 45º 135º 153.43º
Figu e 6: Di ec ions e alua ed by he F S3.
o pixel alues along i e di ec ions a e calcu-
la ed (see Figu e 5(a) and Figu e 6):
a1=|A1−F1|(8)
a=|A−F|(9)
b=|B−E|(10)
c=|C−D|(11)
c1=|C1−D1|(12)
The ollowing knowledge is employed o es i-
ma e he edge adap i e in e pola ion:
1. I he e is a small (S) di e ence in di-
ec ion a, and i band ca e la ge (L),
hen an edge could be in di ec ion aand
he bes solu ion is o apply he a e age
be ween he wo pixels ha de ines adi-
ec ion.
2. I he e is a small (S) di e ence in di-
ec ion c, and i band aa e la ge (L),
hen an edge could be in di ec ion cand
he bes solu ion is o apply he a e age
be ween he wo pixels ha de ines cdi-
ec ion.
3. I he e is a e y small (VS) di e ence in
di ec ions aand c, and a la ge (L) di -
e ence in di ec ion b, nei he he e is an
edge no e ical linea in e pola ion pe -
o ms well; he bes op ion is a linea in-
e pola ion be ween he neighbo s wi h
small di e ences: A, C, D, F.
4. An edge is clea in di ec ion a1no only i
a1is small (S), bu also i aand ba e la ge
(L) and cand c1a e e y la ge (VL).
Then he spa ial in e pola ion is calcu-
la ed by applying he a e age be ween
he wo pixels ha de ines a1di ec ion.
5. An edge is clea in di ec ion c1no only i
c1is small (S), bu also i band ca e la ge
(L) and aand a1a e e y la ge (VL).
Then he spa ial in e pola ion is calcu-
la ed by applying he a e age be ween
he wo pixels ha de ines c1di ec ion.
6. O he wise, a e ical linea in e pola ion
would be he mos adequa e.
Table o he Figu e 5(b) summa izes he ule-
P oceedings o IPMU’08 1179

Table 1: A e age PSNR alues (in dBs) using ideo sequences.
SEQUENCE Missa Pa is T e o Salesman News Mo he Ca phone
FORMAT CIF CIF CIF CIF QCIF QCIF QCIF
Line Doubling 36.44 23.61 31.05 29.75 25.18 31.81 28.25
Line A e age 40.47 26.67 35.04 33.53 29.25 35.94 32.61
ELA 3+3 39.49 25.53 34.11 32.11 26.63 35.39 32.65
ELA 5+5 38.56 24.64 33.31 30.17 25.92 34.2 31.51
Field Inse ion 38.36 29.86 34.36 36.17 33.13 36.14 30.34
VT 2 ields 40.25 30.73 36.61 36.54 35.46 39.61 34.08
VT 3 ields 40.52 31.37 37.16 36.95 35.67 40.89 34.54
Technique in [5] 40.01 33.12 35.38 37.62 34.73 39.49 32.27
Technique in [6] 40.18 35.28 36.69 38.29 37.51 41.87 34.78
P oposal 40.81 35.87 37.63 38.35 38.78 42.11 35.09
base o his second uzzy sys em. F om he
analysis o hese ules, we can see ha a
highe numbe o an eceden s a e used in he
ules ha e alua e a1and c1di ec ions, since
a ein o cemen is necessa y o a oid he de-
ec ion o alse edges when he sys em wo ks
wi h 5+5 pixels in he neighbo hood.
The shape o membe ship unc ions o model
he uzzy concep s small, la ge, e y small and
e y la ge a e shown in Figu e 5(c). The ou -
pu o his uzzy sys em is ob ained by apply-
ing he Fuzzy Mean as ollows:
IS=χ1(A+F
2) + χ2(C+D
2)+
+χ3(A+C+D+F
4) + χ4(A1+F1
2)+
+χ5(C1+D1
2) + χ6(B+E
2) (13)
whe e χiis he ac i a ion o each ule in he
Table o Figu e 5(b).
3 Simula ion esul s
The pe o mance o he p oposed algo i hm
has been analyzed by de-in e lacing se e al
ideo sequences. They can be di ided in o
wo ca ego ies: a i s g oup o s anda d ideo
sequences and a second one o eal ilm se-
quences.
The ideo sequences conside ed ha e widely
been used as benchma ks in ideo p ocessing
applica ions. A e ob aining he in e laced
ideo da a om hese p og essi e sequences
by elimina ing lines, se e al de-in e lacing al-
go i hms ha e been applied. The Peak Sig-
nal o Noise Ra io (PSNR) is used as igu e
o me i , o e alua e he quali y be ween he
ob ained in e pola ed ames and he o iginal
ones.
The p oposed algo i hm has been also com-
pa ed wi h o he de-in e lacing algo i hms
wi h less o simila compu a ional cos :
ou spa ial me hod such as line doubling,
line a e age, and con en ional ELA (edge-
adap i e in e pola ion algo i hm [2]) using
3+3 and 5+5 aps; he simples empo al
de-in e lacing algo i hm called ield inse ion,
and wo e ico- empo al il e ing wi h wo
and h ee ields [2]; and, inally he uzzy mo-
ion adap i e algo i hms epo ed in [5] and
[6].
Table 1 shows he a e age PSNR alues ob-
ained when de-in e lacing i y ields o se en
ideo sequences. The PSNR esul s show
ha he p oposed algo i hm pe o ms be e
han he o he algo i hms since i achie es he
highes alues. Mo eo e , i s compu a ional
complexi y is qui e low since he h ee uzzy
sys ems a e e y simple.
The algo i hm has also been es ed o de-
in e lace he eal ilm sequences shown in Ta-
ble 2. These esul s p o e he ad an ages
o he inclusion o he second uzzy sys em
(F S2).
Finally, he supe io pe o mance o ou ap-
p oach can be co obo a ed by he isual in-
1180 P oceedings o IPMU’08
Table 2: A e age PSNR alues (in dBs) using ilm sequences.
SEQUENCE Fi e Rose Chop Hun Fa go Repai Fa go Tokyo
FORMAT PAL TV PAL TV PAL TV PAL TV PAL TV
Line Doubling 34.51 39.97 30.48 28.79 27.22
Line A e age 38.76 44.61 35.92 34.31 31.46
ELA 3+3 35.55 44.07 35.28 33.66 30.02
ELA 5+5 33.61 43.16 34.33 32.16 28.53
Field Inse ion 36.41 24.06 31.23 33.07 36.49
VT 2 ields 40.32 44.18 35.87 40.99 36.84
VT 3 ields 41.16 46.08 38.43 38.91 35.13
Technique in [5] 39.36 43.71 36.64 40.11 34.88
Technique in [6] 41.14 42.64 37.33 42.54 37.71
P oposal 42.11 48.81 41.63 42.81 37.75
spec ion o he de-in e laced ames om he
Ca phone sequence shown in Figu e 7.
4 Conclusions
The algo i hm p esen ed he ein is he esul
o he applica ion o uzzy logic-based sys ems
o ideo p ocessing. Especially his app oach
ackles he p oblem o de-in e lacing, which
is cu en ly mo e demanded in consume de-
ices. The algo i hm o e comes he pe o -
mance o o he well-known de-in e lacing al-
go i hms by adap ing he in e pola ion s a -
egy o he p esence o mo ion and edges. To
achie e i , he app oach includes h ee uzzy
sys ems: one is used o combine a spa ial and
a empo al in e pola o acco ding o he le el
o mo ion, and he o he wo p o ide a sma
empo al and spa ial in e pola o .
Acknowledgemen s
This wo k has been suppo ed in pa by
he Spanish MEC P ojec s TEC2005-04359
and DPI2005-02293, and by he P ojec s
TIC2006-635 and TEP2006-375 om he An-
dalusian egional Go e nmen .
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ing’. McG aw-Hill Edi o ial, Blacklick
OH (USA), 2002.
[2] G. de Haan. De-in e lacing, chap e book
o ’Digi al Video. Pos P ocessing’, pages
185-201, Uni e si y P ess Eindho en,
Sep. 2006.
[3] A. M. Bock. Mo ion-adap i e s anda ds
con e sion be ween o ma s o simila
ield a es. Signal P ocessing: Image
Communica ion, ol.6, no.3, pages 275-
280, 1994.
[4] H. Jiang, D. Huu and E. Tinyo k.
Mo ion adap i e dein e lacing. Uni ed
S a es Pa en (US 6,459,455), Oc . 2002.
[5] D. Van de Ville, R. Van de Wall, W.
Philips and I. Lemahieu. Mo ion adap i e
de-in e lacing using uzzy logic. P oc.
In e na ional Con e ence on In o ma-
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LINE DOUBLING LINE AVERAGE
ELA 3+3 ELA 5+5
FIELD INSERTION VERTICO TEMPORAL 2 FIELDS
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