1
Recycling o cons uc ion and demoli ion was e gene a ed by
building in as uc u e o he p oduc ion o glassy ma e ials
A. Domínguez, M.I. Domínguez*, S. I ano a*, M. A. Cen eno, J.A. Od iozola
Depa amen o de Química Ino gánica e Ins i u o de Ciencia de Ma e iales de Se illa.
A da. Amé ico Vespucio, 49, 41092 Se illa (Spain)
co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed], [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac
The use o was e ma e ials gene a ed by cons uc ion and demoli ion indus y o yield
aluable glassy ma e ials, i.e. enamel o glazed ce amic iles and cellula glasses is
p esen ed in his s udy. Bo h ypes o ma e ials a e p oduced by one-s ep ea men a
mode a e empe a u es a e simple was e chemical composi ion adjus . The enamels a e
manu ac u ed di ec ly om he ini ial was e powde by mel ing, while he expanded
ma e ials esul om mixing o he i eous ma e ial ob ained a e was e i i ica ion
wi h an adequa e oaming agen and pos e io he mal ea men . Th ough he
manusc ip he easibili y o one s ep p oduc ion o second gene a ion p o i ma e ials is
discussed in o de o help achie ing sus ainable de elopmen and en i onmen al
p o ec ion.
Keywo ds: cons uc ion and demoli ion was e, expanded ma e ials, enamel, glazed iles
2
In oduc ion
In he las cen u y he cons uc ion indus y, ei he building o assembling, eached e y
high ac i i y indexes. Al hough a sign o wellness, and conside ed as one o he key
indus ies o economical wo ldwide g ow h, his indus y is accompanied wi h an
ex ao dina y was e gene a ion. The eby, cons uc ion and demoli ion was e (CDW) is
conside ed as he hea ies and bulkies was e in he Eu opean Union (EU), ep esen ing
abou 25% - 30% o all gene a ed was e. The CDW issued p incipally om ac i i ies
such as cons uc ion o demoli ion o buildings and ci il in as uc u e, oad planning
and main enance a ies in composi ion and con ains di e en ma e ials, like conc e e,
b icks, gypsum, wood, glass, me als, plas ics, sol en s, asbes os o exca a ed soil, many
o which can be ecycled [1].
Re e ing o he Age o sus ainable de elopmen , he was e gene a ion p oblems mus
be add essed, especially in he cons uc ion indus y, whe e aluable aw ma e ials can
esul . In his sense, CDWs a e conside ed as p io i y ea men o Eu opean Union. In
addi ion, CDWs p esen high po en ial o ecycling and euse, since some o i s
componen s possess high esou ce alue. Fo example, agg ega es de i ed om CDW
a e equen ly eused in oads, d ainage o o he cons uc ion p ojec s [2,3]. Nowadays
he echnology o sepa a ion and eco e y o CDW is well es ablished, being eadily
accessible and in gene al inexpensi e. Howe e and despi e i s po en ial, he pe cen age
o ecycling and ma e ial eco e y o CDW a ies g ea ly ( om 10% o 90%) ac oss he
EU [1].
In his con ex , i is wo h o men ion he Eu opean ze o was e p og am, which
es ima es ha he was e managemen could educe he ma e ial’s inpu needs by 17–
24% in 2030, ep esen ing an o e all sa ing po en ial o €630 billion/yea o he
3
Eu opean indus y. The la e will lead o he sa is ac ion o 10% o 40% o he aw
ma e ials demand, while con ibu ing o achie e also he EU a ge o educe
g eenhouse gas emissions by 40% [4].
Was e educ ion, euse and ecycling a e e y impo an elemen s in he was e
managemen esul ing in na u al esou ces conse a ion, aluable land ill space
educ ion, aw ma e ials and ene gy needs diminishing, ai and wa e pollu ion con ol
and, no a las place, new jobs c ea ion po en ial [5]. The e a e, howe e , some
cons ain s on eusing was e ma e ials; hey mus ul ill some enginee ing equi emen s
in e ms o physical and composi ional p ope ies and hey should no con ain excessi e
amoun s o ha m ul componen s which migh cause p oblems in use [6].
The p ope ies o CDWs a y conside ably depending on i s o igin and composi ion. I
is con enien o dis inguish be ween ma e ials o igina ed om cons uc ion and
demoli ion o buildings and hose om pa emen . The o me o e s composi ion in
which a wide a ie y o was es a e included, p esen ing some imes e en dange ous
componen s, which can con amina e o he ecyclable i ems and a e ime and money
spending. The i i ica ion is epo ed as he sa es app oach o non lammable
haza dous was e ea men [7]. I is a p ocess able o con e di ec ly he was e ma e ials
wi hou sepa a ion in o homogeneous s able glasses o subsequen applica ion [8-10].
Howe e , i i ica ion is epo ed as high-ene gy consuming ea men , p oducing
glasses wi h low anspa ency. The use o his ea men appea s mo e expensi e han
was e deposi ion in land ills o was e inmobiliza ion in o cemen i ious ma ix. Thus, a
possible cos educ ion o his echnology in ol es con e sion o he p oduced glassy
ma e ials in o di ec ly ma ke able p oduc s such as cellula glasses and enamels o
glazed ce amic iles p oduc ion [11].
4
The cellula glasses a e ligh igid ma e ials, wi h low he mal conduc i i y, good
mechanical p ope ies and acous ic insula ion capaci y [12]. Being i e and wa e p oo
ma e ials, he cellula glasses a e inc easingly conside ed in ci il enginee ing as
insula ing o ligh weigh illing ma e ials [13-15].
Cellula glasses a e o med in wo s eps: i) iscous low sin e ing o ine glass powde s
and ii) subsequen oaming o he py oplas ic mass wi h speci ic addi i es unde hea ing
a 850–1000 °C [14]. The oaming p ocess occu s upon eleasing di e en gases (CO,
CO2, SOx) gene a ed om he he mal decomposi ion o he addi i es ( ypically
ca bona es [16] o sul a es). Howe e , he gas elease may ep esen an en i onmen al
p oblem. An al e na i e o he abo e-men ioned oaming p ocess is cellula glass
p oduc ion by means o edox eac ions be ween addi i es and glass componen s.
Howe e i ca bon-con aining species (C, SiC) a e used as addi i es g eenhouse e ec
gases will be p oduced, meanwhile he use o i on(III) oxide o aluminium ni ide [14,
17], p oducing oxygen o ni ogen du ing edox eac ion, a e examples o
en i onmen ally iendly p ocess.
The enamel is a glassy subs ance chemically o mula ed o adhe e on he su ace o
p e o med ile and subsequen ly used in o he body when i ed. I is essen ially
composed by silica (glass o ming elemen ), alumina ( o s abili y) and addi i es ( o
help mel ing). Va ious mine als, oxides and chemical compounds could be also
employed o colo .
The CDWs due o hei composi ion a e good candida es o being ecycled as aw
ma e ials o he p oduc ion o he abo e-men ioned ma e ials. In his con ex , he
p esen wo k is de o ed o he easibili y o glassy ma e ials di ec ly ob ained om
cons uc ion was e as ma ke able p oduc s wi h a special emphasis made on ma e ial’s
inal s a e and hei possible u u e quick u iliza ion wi hou any u he ea men s.
5
1. Ma e ials and me hods
Th ee g oups o CDWs a e used as aw ma e ials, i.e. b icks, glazed iles and conc e e
was es. Addi ionally, some comme cial p oduc s a e employed ei he o adjus chemical
composi ions (MgO, SiO2 and NaOH) o as oaming agen s (AlN and CaCN2).
The chemical composi ion o he samples is de e mined by X-Ray mic o luo escence
spec ome y (XRMF) in an EDAX Eagle III spec opho ome e using Rh sou ce o
adia ion.
X- ay di ac ion (XRD) analysis is pe o med on X‘Pe P o PANaly ical
di ac ome e using Cu-K adia ion ( = 1,5404 Å), wo king a 40 mA and 45 kV and
equipped wi h posi ion sensi i e de ec o . The di ac og ams a e eco ded o e 2 -
ange 5–800 using 0,050 s ep size and 80 s s ep ime.
The mog a ime ic analysis is ca ied ou on Seiko Exs a 6000 he mobalance, up o
1200ºC in ai , using a hea ing a e o 10ºC·min-1.
The ma e ial’s densi y is measu ed by he He pycnome y me hod on Pen apycnome e
5200e Quan ach ome Ins umen .
The ibological p ope ies a e es ed on Mic o es ® pin-on-disk appa a us, p o iding
con inuous measu emen o he ma e ial’s ic ion coe icien .
The mechanical s eng h analysis is ca ied ou on Mic os es EM1/FR unde
comp ession s eng h.

6
2. Resul s and discussion
All was e ma e ials a e milled p io any cha ac e iza ion o use. The chemical
composi ions ob ained by XRMF a e shown in able 1. Fo b icks and glazed iles
silicon is he main elemen acco ding o he p eponde ance o silica and silica e phases,
obse ed in he di ac og ams ( igu es 1, b ick, and 2, glazed ile). Simila ly, he
conc e e sample is ich in silicon and calcium, in ag eemen wi h he p esence o silica,
silica es and especially calcium ca bona es as main c ys alline phases ( igu e 3).
Table 1. Chemical composi ion o he used CDW (oxides w %)
Was e
% weigh
SiO2
CaO
Al2O3
Fe2O3
K2O
Na2O
MgO
O he s oxides
B ick
69,7
5,9
14,2
4,7
3,7
1,6
--
0,13 (V, Mn)
Glazed ile
68,7
7,9
15,4
4,9
3,0
--
--
0,01 (Mn)
Conc e e
20,4
67,0
1,5
2,7
0,7
--
7,4
0,4 (Ti)
Figu e 1. Di ac og am o b ick sample
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
#
##
#
#
#
#
#
#-·*
*
*
""
"^&**
*
*
-
·
In ensi y (a.u.)
2
*
&
·*
·*
***
*
·&
* SiO2
& Fe2O3
· NaAl3Si3O8
- (Na,K)(Si3Al)O8
^ CaCO3
" Na5FeO4
# (K,H3O)Al2Si3AlO10(OH)2
^
#
7
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
*
*
^&&
&^
&*
*
* SiO2
& Fe2O3
+ (Ca,Na)(Al,Si)2Si2O8
^ Ca2Mg(Si2O7)
2
In ensi y (a.u.)
*
+
**
+
+
+
+
*
&
+
*
+*
***
*
+&
^
Figu e 2. Di ac og am o glazed ile sample
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
··#
##
#
#
#
#
#
#
##
#
#
#
#
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^^
^
^
^
^
^
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* SiO2
^ CaCO3
# CaMg(CO3)2
· NaAlSi3O8
In ensi y (a.u.)
2
Figu e 3. Di ac og am o conc e e sample
In he case o he b ick sample, se en cha ac e is ic phases a e iden i ied by XRD
( igu e 1): i on (III) oxide, Fe2O3 (JCPDS#01-073-0603); silica, SiO2 (JCPDS#01-078-
1253), wo eldspa s NaAlSi3O8 (JCPDS#00-009-0466) and (Na,K)(Si3Al)O8
8
(JCPDS#00-009-0478), illi e (JCPDS#00-026-0911), calcium ca bona e, CaCO3
(JCPDS#01-086-2334) and sodium i on oxide, Na5FeO4 (JCPDS#00-036-0874).
Fo he glazed ile sample, he aluminosilica e occu ence is con i med by he p esence
o (Ca,Na)(AlSi)2Si2O8 (JCPDS#00-020-0528); oge he wi h c ys alline calcium
magnesium silica e, Ca2MgSi2O7 (JCPDS#01-076-0841); i on (III) oxide Fe2O3
(JCPDS#01-073-0603) and silica, SiO2 (JCPDS#01-078-1253) ( igu e 2). Manganese
aces de e mined by elemen al analysis we e no iden i ied as c ys alline phase.
The componen s o he conc e e sample a e iden i ied by XRD as calcium ca bona e,
CaCO3 (JCPDS#01-086-2334) and calcium-magnesium ca bona e, CaMg(CO3)2
(JCPDS#00-036-0426), silica, SiO2 (JCPDS#01-078-1253) and sodium aluminosilica e,
NaAlSi3O8 (JCPDS#00-009-0466) ( igu e 3).
Usually he main p oblem o eusing CDW was es is hei high aluminum con en ,
which indica es necessi y o high empe a u es o i i ica ion. Jo dan e al. [18]
epo ed he elabo a ion o soda-lime ype glass a empe a u es a ound 1100ºC om
na u al zeoli e wi h compa able aluminum con en o ha obse ed o ou b ick and
glazed ile samples. Based on his s udy, and on he ac ha he composi ions o he
was e ma e ials, ei he b icks and o glazed iles, a e e y simila be ween hem, he
la e is selec ed o he p epa a ion o wo samples (Z1 and Z2) wi h composi ions
epo ed by Jo dan e al. [18]. To e-adjus he glassy p ecu so composi ion a ious
addi i es a e employed: MgO, SiO2 and NaOH. The ela i e p opo ions o was e
ma e ial and addi i es and he co esponding chemical composi ions o he glassy
p ecu so a e lis ed in able 2 and able 3 espec i ely.
9
Table 2. Mix u es composi ions, w .% o was es and comme cially a ailable addi i es
Componen (w %)
B ick
Conc e e
Glazed ile
MgO
SiO2
NaOH
Z1
75,59
0,75
22,68
0,98
Z2
89,10
0,89
8,91
1,15
Z3
50,33
11,18
30,01
8,48
Table 3. Chemical composi ion o he p epa ed powde mix u e (oxides w %)
Sample
Na2O
Al2O3
SiO2
K2O
CaO
V2O5
MnO
Fe2O3
TiO2
MgO
Na u al
zeoli e [18]
2,00
11,70
69,00
1,31
4,20
0
0
2,10
0,14
0,41
Z1
0,76
11,67
74,79
2,3
5,99
0
0,01
3,73
0
0,75
Z2
0,89
13,75
70,29
2,72
7,07
0
0,01
4,39
0
0,88
Z3
7,5
7,48
68,72
1,97
10,70
0,05
0,01
2,7
0,03
0,83
The i i ica ion empe a u e is ixed o 1200 ºC, wi h a hea ing a e o wi h 10ºC.min-1
and 4h du a ion. The sample is hen cooled down o oom empe a u e unde he ine ia
o he o en wi hou special p ecau ion conside ed.
Figu e 4 p esen s he di ac og ams co esponding o he samples Z1 and Z2 be o e and
a e he mal ea men . Signals due o he p esence o c ys alline phases a e de ec ed
oge he wi h he cha ac e is ic halo o all amo phous ma e ials.
16
On he o he hand, calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) is a p oduc commonly used in
ag icul u e, wi h he ad an age o lowe cos compa ed o aluminum ni ide, bu wi h
disad an age o gene a ing CO du ing he eac ion:
2 M2O3 + 3 CaCN2  4 M + 3 CaO + 3 N2 (g) + 3 CO (g)
The p esence o i on oxide in he CDW ( able 3) used in he p epa a ion o he glass
enables such edox eac ions du ing he mel ing p ocess. The e o e, expansion o he
mol en ma e ial is possible. Bo h, aluminum ni ide and calcium cyanamide yield o
posi i e esul s as oaming agen s.
The po ous ma e ials a e p epa ed by join milling o he Z3 glass powde and oaming
agen . Then he ob ained mix u e is he mally ea ed a 1100ºC du ing 85 min, wi h a
hea ing a e o 5 ºCmin-1, being hose condi ions a esul o op imiza ion a e a ious
es s.
When samples equal in ini ial weigh and pe cen ages o oaming agen a e compa ed,
he use o AlN esul s in g ea e expansions and mo e po ous ma e ials han he use o
CaCN2 ( igu e 9).
Figu e 9. Compa ison be ween 5% CaCN2 and 5%AlN expanded ma e ials.
Wi h he aim o mo e easily compa ison o he ob ained oams, i s appa en densi y is
es ima ed. Wi h his pu pose, he oams a e cu in pa allelepipeds ( igu e 10) and by
5% CaCN2
5% AlN

17
measu ing hei dimensions and weigh he co esponding olume and appa en densi y
could be calcula ed ( able 4).
Figu e 10. Examples o ob ained oams
Table 4. Dimensions, olume, weigh and appa en densi y o he selec ed oams
Blowing agen
(weigh %)
Weigh
(g)
Leng h
(cm)
Wid h
(cm)
Heigh
(cm)
Volume
(cm3)
Appa en densi y
(g.cm-3)
Po osi y, %
4% AlN
1,167
3,42
1,67
1,65
9,49
0,12
94.3
4% CaCN2
1,233
2,24
1,87
1,28
5,39
0,23
89.3
2% AlN
0,807
2,67
2,00
0,90
4,82
0,17
92.0
1% AlN
0,805
2,33
2,19
0,98
5,04
0,16
92.8
Taking in o accoun he eal ( ) and he appa en densi y ( a) (Table 5) he po osi y (
%) could be es ima ed acco ding o he ollowing ela ionship: % = (1- a/ )*100.
Po osi y a a ound 90 % is ob ained (Table 4). Wi hin he se ies p epa ed wi h he same
oaming agen (AlN), simila po osi y is de ec ed when lowe cha ges o AlN a e used
(1 and 2%). Howe e , when he AlN pe cen age is inc eased up o 4%, mo e expansion
o he glass is eached, esul ing in 95% o po osi y.
On he o he hand, he same pe cen age o di e en expansion agen s p oduces e y
dissimila appa en densi ies. Foam p epa ed wi h 4% CaCN2 p esen s an appa en
densi y o 0,23 g.cm-3, nea ly he double o ha ob ained wi h 4% o AlN (0,12 g.cm-3).
Mo eo e , he a e age po e size ob ained wi h calcium cyanamide is smalle han he
o med wi h aluminum ni ide ( igu e 10).
4% AlN
2% AlN
1% AlN
4% CaCN2
18
In addi ion o he bulk densi y, he eal densi y o he ma e ials is de e mined in helium
pycnome e (Table 5). As he s a ing glass is he same in all cases, he same densi y is
expec ed o all oams. Excep ing he samples 5%AlN and 5%CaCN2, all he o he s
p esen e y simila alues o densi y wi h an a e age o 2.16 g.cm-3. Al hough, he
inal ma e ial composi ion could a y wi h he concen a ion and na u e o he oaming
agen s and could in luence he densi y, he mo e plausible explica ion o he alues
below 2 g.cm-3 a e he p esence o e y small po es ac ion whose olume was no
occupied by helium and, he e o e, he o al olume o he sample is o e es ima ed and
i s densi y unde es ima ed.
Table 5. Real densi y ob ained o some o he p epa ed oams.
Blowing agen (weigh %)
Densi y (g.cm-3)
5% AlN
1,83
4% AlN
2,12
2% AlN
2,13
1% AlN
2,22
5% CaCN2
1,76
4% CaCN2
2,15
X- ay di ac ion analysis o he p oduc s shows he o ma ion o wo silica es:
(Mg0.992Fe0.008)(Ca0.999Fe0.029)(Si2O6), JCPDS#01-083-008 and Ca2.87Fe0.13(SiO3)3,
JCPDS#01-083-2198 o all samples (Figu es 11 and 12) which implies pa ial
c ys alliza ion o he s a ing glass du ing he he mal ea men o achie e he
expansion o he ma e ial. Wi h he aim o check i he c ys alliza ion is ela ed o he
p esence o oaming agen , he same hea ea men o he ba e glass sample wi hou
expansion agen s is ca ied ou and also esul s in c ys alliza ion o some silica es. This
indica es ha he c ys alliza ion is only a he mal e ec o he ini ial glass ma e ial.
19
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
^
*
^
^
^
^
*^^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Angle (2 )
In ensi y (a.u.)
*
^
* (Mg0.992Fe0.008)(Ca0.999Fe0.029)(Si2O6)
^ Ca2.87Fe0.13(SiO3)3
Figu e 11. Di ac og am o sample 4%AlN
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
In ensi y (a.u.)
Angle (2 )
no expansion agen
1% AlN
2% AlN
4% AlN
5% AlN
Figu e 12. Compa ison o he di ac og ams o he samples wi h and wi hou oaming agen s
The esis ance o he cellula glasses unde comp ession s eng h is also s udied. A
sample ob ained wi hou oaming agen is compa ed o samples oamed wi h 4% AlN
and 4% CaCN2 espec i ely. As expec ed, he esis ance o he ma e ials is a unc ion o
hei po osi y. The sample p epa ed wi hou oaming agen p esen s ini ial esis ance o
c ack o ma ion o 500 N/m2 hen quick p opaga ion o he la e leading o ma e ial
b eaking a 4750 N/m2. Wi hin he se ies wi h oaming agen , he smalle he po es size
20
and dis ibu ion he highe he mechanical esis ance. The high appa en densi y
measu ed o he sample p epa ed wi h cyanamide, and smalle po osi y (89.3%),
co esponds o highe mechanical s eng h, being he la e sligh ly in e io o ha o he
ma e ial p epa ed wi hou oaming agen (3600 s. 4750 N/m2). On he o he hand he
inc eased po osi y (94%) obse ed o he sample ob ained wi h 4 w .% AlN shows an
ins an aneous c ack o ma ion and maximum esis ance o applied load o 450 N/m2.
4. Conclusions
This s udy shows ha he gene a ed CDW could be ecycled o gene a e p oduc s able
o be applied in he same indus y, hus educing he was e gene a ion and he p oblems
ela ed o he i s ea men . A sus ainable ecycling could be applied in his indus y.
Simple p ocedu es, such as milling, composi ion adjus ing and i i ica ion could be
applied o con e he was e in o p ima y ma e ials. The glazed ile ma e ials esul ing
a e p oduced om CDW wi h he same quali ies as he comme cial uni s. The di ec
usion p ocess is chosen as he mo e app op ia e and cos sa ing me hod o such
p oduc ion. In a simila manne , a me hod o p oduc ion o cellula glasses wi h
possible applica ion as he mal and acous ic insula o s is p oposed. The p oduc ion pa h
consis s in glass o ma ion om CDW and i s expansion wi h he use o oaming agen ,
being he p ope ies o he inal ma e ial easily con olled by agen ’s quan i y and
composi ion.
21
5. Re e ences
1. h p://ec.eu opa.eu/en i onmen /was e/cons uc ion_demoli ion.h m.
2. A. A ul ajah, M. M. Dis ani, S. Ho pibulsuk, Ch. Suksi ipa anapong, N. P ongmanee,
Physical p ope ies and shea s eng h esponses o ecycled cons uc ion and demoli ion
ma e ials in unbound pa emen base/subbase applica ions, Cons uc ion and Building
Ma e ials 58 (2014) 245–257.
3. M.A. Rahman, M. Im eaz, A. A ul ajah, M.M. Dis ani, Sui abili y o ecycled cons uc ion
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