Recycling of construction and demolition waste generated by building infrastructure for the production of glassy materials

1 Recycling o cons uc ion and demoli ion was e gene a ed by building in as uc u e o he p oduc ion o glassy ma e ials A. Domínguez, M.I. Domínguez*, S. I ano a*, M. A. Cen eno, J.A. Od iozola Depa amen o de Química Ino gánica e Ins i u o de Ciencia de Ma e iales de Se illa. A da. Amé ico Vespucio, 49, 41092 Se illa (Spain) co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed], [email p o ec ed] Abs ac The use o was e ma e ials gene a ed by cons uc ion and demoli ion indus y o yield aluable glassy ma e ials, i.e. enamel o glazed ce amic iles and cellula glasses is p esen ed in his s udy. Bo h ypes o ma e ials a e p oduced by one-s ep ea men a mode a e empe a u es a e simple was e chemical composi ion adjus . The enamels a e manu ac u ed di ec ly om he ini ial was e powde by mel ing, while he expanded ma e ials esul om mixing o he i eous ma e ial ob ained a e was e i i ica ion wi h an adequa e oaming agen and pos e io he mal ea men . Th ough he manusc ip he easibili y o one s ep p oduc ion o second gene a ion p o i ma e ials is discussed in o de o help achie ing sus ainable de elopmen and en i onmen al p o ec ion. Keywo ds: cons uc ion and demoli ion was e, expanded ma e ials, enamel, glazed iles 2 In oduc ion In he las cen u y he cons uc ion indus y, ei he building o assembling, eached e y high ac i i y indexes. Al hough a sign o wellness, and conside ed as one o he key indus ies o economical wo ldwide g ow h, his indus y is accompanied wi h an ex ao dina y was e gene a ion. The eby, cons uc ion and demoli ion was e (CDW) is conside ed as he hea ies and bulkies was e in he Eu opean Union (EU), ep esen ing abou 25% - 30% o all gene a ed was e. The CDW issued p incipally om ac i i ies such as cons uc ion o demoli ion o buildings and ci il in as uc u e, oad planning and main enance a ies in composi ion and con ains di e en ma e ials, like conc e e, b icks, gypsum, wood, glass, me als, plas ics, sol en s, asbes os o exca a ed soil, many o which can be ecycled [1]. Re e ing o he Age o sus ainable de elopmen , he was e gene a ion p oblems mus be add essed, especially in he cons uc ion indus y, whe e aluable aw ma e ials can esul . In his sense, CDWs a e conside ed as p io i y ea men o Eu opean Union. In addi ion, CDWs p esen high po en ial o ecycling and euse, since some o i s componen s possess high esou ce alue. Fo example, agg ega es de i ed om CDW a e equen ly eused in oads, d ainage o o he cons uc ion p ojec s [2,3]. Nowadays he echnology o sepa a ion and eco e y o CDW is well es ablished, being eadily accessible and in gene al inexpensi e. Howe e and despi e i s po en ial, he pe cen age o ecycling and ma e ial eco e y o CDW a ies g ea ly ( om 10% o 90%) ac oss he EU [1]. In his con ex , i is wo h o men ion he Eu opean ze o was e p og am, which es ima es ha he was e managemen could educe he ma e ial’s inpu needs by 17– 24% in 2030, ep esen ing an o e all sa ing po en ial o €630 billion/yea o he 3 Eu opean indus y. The la e will lead o he sa is ac ion o 10% o 40% o he aw ma e ials demand, while con ibu ing o achie e also he EU a ge o educe g eenhouse gas emissions by 40% [4]. Was e educ ion, euse and ecycling a e e y impo an elemen s in he was e managemen esul ing in na u al esou ces conse a ion, aluable land ill space educ ion, aw ma e ials and ene gy needs diminishing, ai and wa e pollu ion con ol and, no a las place, new jobs c ea ion po en ial [5]. The e a e, howe e , some cons ain s on eusing was e ma e ials; hey mus ul ill some enginee ing equi emen s in e ms o physical and composi ional p ope ies and hey should no con ain excessi e amoun s o ha m ul componen s which migh cause p oblems in use [6]. The p ope ies o CDWs a y conside ably depending on i s o igin and composi ion. I is con enien o dis inguish be ween ma e ials o igina ed om cons uc ion and demoli ion o buildings and hose om pa emen . The o me o e s composi ion in which a wide a ie y o was es a e included, p esen ing some imes e en dange ous componen s, which can con amina e o he ecyclable i ems and a e ime and money spending. The i i ica ion is epo ed as he sa es app oach o non lammable haza dous was e ea men [7]. I is a p ocess able o con e di ec ly he was e ma e ials wi hou sepa a ion in o homogeneous s able glasses o subsequen applica ion [8-10]. Howe e , i i ica ion is epo ed as high-ene gy consuming ea men , p oducing glasses wi h low anspa ency. The use o his ea men appea s mo e expensi e han was e deposi ion in land ills o was e inmobiliza ion in o cemen i ious ma ix. Thus, a possible cos educ ion o his echnology in ol es con e sion o he p oduced glassy ma e ials in o di ec ly ma ke able p oduc s such as cellula glasses and enamels o glazed ce amic iles p oduc ion [11]. 4 The cellula glasses a e ligh igid ma e ials, wi h low he mal conduc i i y, good mechanical p ope ies and acous ic insula ion capaci y [12]. Being i e and wa e p oo ma e ials, he cellula glasses a e inc easingly conside ed in ci il enginee ing as insula ing o ligh weigh illing ma e ials [13-15]. Cellula glasses a e o med in wo s eps: i) iscous low sin e ing o ine glass powde s and ii) subsequen oaming o he py oplas ic mass wi h speci ic addi i es unde hea ing a 850–1000 °C [14]. The oaming p ocess occu s upon eleasing di e en gases (CO, CO2, SOx) gene a ed om he he mal decomposi ion o he addi i es ( ypically ca bona es [16] o sul a es). Howe e , he gas elease may ep esen an en i onmen al p oblem. An al e na i e o he abo e-men ioned oaming p ocess is cellula glass p oduc ion by means o edox eac ions be ween addi i es and glass componen s. Howe e i ca bon-con aining species (C, SiC) a e used as addi i es g eenhouse e ec gases will be p oduced, meanwhile he use o i on(III) oxide o aluminium ni ide [14, 17], p oducing oxygen o ni ogen du ing edox eac ion, a e examples o en i onmen ally iendly p ocess. The enamel is a glassy subs ance chemically o mula ed o adhe e on he su ace o p e o med ile and subsequen ly used in o he body when i ed. I is essen ially composed by silica (glass o ming elemen ), alumina ( o s abili y) and addi i es ( o help mel ing). Va ious mine als, oxides and chemical compounds could be also employed o colo . The CDWs due o hei composi ion a e good candida es o being ecycled as aw ma e ials o he p oduc ion o he abo e-men ioned ma e ials. In his con ex , he p esen wo k is de o ed o he easibili y o glassy ma e ials di ec ly ob ained om cons uc ion was e as ma ke able p oduc s wi h a special emphasis made on ma e ial’s inal s a e and hei possible u u e quick u iliza ion wi hou any u he ea men s. 5 1. Ma e ials and me hods Th ee g oups o CDWs a e used as aw ma e ials, i.e. b icks, glazed iles and conc e e was es. Addi ionally, some comme cial p oduc s a e employed ei he o adjus chemical composi ions (MgO, SiO2 and NaOH) o as oaming agen s (AlN and CaCN2). The chemical composi ion o he samples is de e mined by X-Ray mic o luo escence spec ome y (XRMF) in an EDAX Eagle III spec opho ome e using Rh sou ce o adia ion. X- ay di ac ion (XRD) analysis is pe o med on X‘Pe P o PANaly ical di ac ome e using Cu-K adia ion ( = 1,5404 Å), wo king a 40 mA and 45 kV and equipped wi h posi ion sensi i e de ec o . The di ac og ams a e eco ded o e 2 - ange 5–800 using 0,050 s ep size and 80 s s ep ime. The mog a ime ic analysis is ca ied ou on Seiko Exs a 6000 he mobalance, up o 1200ºC in ai , using a hea ing a e o 10ºC·min-1. The ma e ial’s densi y is measu ed by he He pycnome y me hod on Pen apycnome e 5200e Quan ach ome Ins umen . The ibological p ope ies a e es ed on Mic o es ® pin-on-disk appa a us, p o iding con inuous measu emen o he ma e ial’s ic ion coe icien . The mechanical s eng h analysis is ca ied ou on Mic os es EM1/FR unde comp ession s eng h. 6 2. Resul s and discussion All was e ma e ials a e milled p io any cha ac e iza ion o use. The chemical composi ions ob ained by XRMF a e shown in able 1. Fo b icks and glazed iles silicon is he main elemen acco ding o he p eponde ance o silica and silica e phases, obse ed in he di ac og ams ( igu es 1, b ick, and 2, glazed ile). Simila ly, he conc e e sample is ich in silicon and calcium, in ag eemen wi h he p esence o silica, silica es and especially calcium ca bona es as main c ys alline phases ( igu e 3). Table 1. Chemical composi ion o he used CDW (oxides w %) Was e % weigh SiO2 CaO Al2O3 Fe2O3 K2O Na2O MgO O he s oxides B ick 69,7 5,9 14,2 4,7 3,7 1,6 -- 0,13 (V, Mn) Glazed ile 68,7 7,9 15,4 4,9 3,0 -- -- 0,01 (Mn) Conc e e 20,4 67,0 1,5 2,7 0,7 -- 7,4 0,4 (Ti) Figu e 1. Di ac og am o b ick sample 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 # ## # # # # # #-·* * * "" "^&** * * - · In ensi y (a.u.) 2 * & ·* ·* *** * ·& * SiO2 & Fe2O3 · NaAl3Si3O8 - (Na,K)(Si3Al)O8 ^ CaCO3 " Na5FeO4 # (K,H3O)Al2Si3AlO10(OH)2 ^ # 7 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 * * ^&& &^ &* * * SiO2 & Fe2O3 + (Ca,Na)(Al,Si)2Si2O8 ^ Ca2Mg(Si2O7) 2 In ensi y (a.u.) * + ** + + + + * & + * +* *** * +& ^ Figu e 2. Di ac og am o glazed ile sample 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 ··# ## # # # # # # ## # # # # ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ * * * * * * * * * SiO2 ^ CaCO3 # CaMg(CO3)2 · NaAlSi3O8 In ensi y (a.u.) 2 Figu e 3. Di ac og am o conc e e sample In he case o he b ick sample, se en cha ac e is ic phases a e iden i ied by XRD ( igu e 1): i on (III) oxide, Fe2O3 (JCPDS#01-073-0603); silica, SiO2 (JCPDS#01-078- 1253), wo eldspa s NaAlSi3O8 (JCPDS#00-009-0466) and (Na,K)(Si3Al)O8 8 (JCPDS#00-009-0478), illi e (JCPDS#00-026-0911), calcium ca bona e, CaCO3 (JCPDS#01-086-2334) and sodium i on oxide, Na5FeO4 (JCPDS#00-036-0874). Fo he glazed ile sample, he aluminosilica e occu ence is con i med by he p esence o (Ca,Na)(AlSi)2Si2O8 (JCPDS#00-020-0528); oge he wi h c ys alline calcium magnesium silica e, Ca2MgSi2O7 (JCPDS#01-076-0841); i on (III) oxide Fe2O3 (JCPDS#01-073-0603) and silica, SiO2 (JCPDS#01-078-1253) ( igu e 2). Manganese aces de e mined by elemen al analysis we e no iden i ied as c ys alline phase. The componen s o he conc e e sample a e iden i ied by XRD as calcium ca bona e, CaCO3 (JCPDS#01-086-2334) and calcium-magnesium ca bona e, CaMg(CO3)2 (JCPDS#00-036-0426), silica, SiO2 (JCPDS#01-078-1253) and sodium aluminosilica e, NaAlSi3O8 (JCPDS#00-009-0466) ( igu e 3). Usually he main p oblem o eusing CDW was es is hei high aluminum con en , which indica es necessi y o high empe a u es o i i ica ion. Jo dan e al. [18] epo ed he elabo a ion o soda-lime ype glass a empe a u es a ound 1100ºC om na u al zeoli e wi h compa able aluminum con en o ha obse ed o ou b ick and glazed ile samples. Based on his s udy, and on he ac ha he composi ions o he was e ma e ials, ei he b icks and o glazed iles, a e e y simila be ween hem, he la e is selec ed o he p epa a ion o wo samples (Z1 and Z2) wi h composi ions epo ed by Jo dan e al. [18]. To e-adjus he glassy p ecu so composi ion a ious addi i es a e employed: MgO, SiO2 and NaOH. The ela i e p opo ions o was e ma e ial and addi i es and he co esponding chemical composi ions o he glassy p ecu so a e lis ed in able 2 and able 3 espec i ely. 9 Table 2. Mix u es composi ions, w .% o was es and comme cially a ailable addi i es Componen (w %) B ick Conc e e Glazed ile MgO SiO2 NaOH Z1 75,59 0,75 22,68 0,98 Z2 89,10 0,89 8,91 1,15 Z3 50,33 11,18 30,01 8,48 Table 3. Chemical composi ion o he p epa ed powde mix u e (oxides w %) Sample Na2O Al2O3 SiO2 K2O CaO V2O5 MnO Fe2O3 TiO2 MgO Na u al zeoli e [18] 2,00 11,70 69,00 1,31 4,20 0 0 2,10 0,14 0,41 Z1 0,76 11,67 74,79 2,3 5,99 0 0,01 3,73 0 0,75 Z2 0,89 13,75 70,29 2,72 7,07 0 0,01 4,39 0 0,88 Z3 7,5 7,48 68,72 1,97 10,70 0,05 0,01 2,7 0,03 0,83 The i i ica ion empe a u e is ixed o 1200 ºC, wi h a hea ing a e o wi h 10ºC.min-1 and 4h du a ion. The sample is hen cooled down o oom empe a u e unde he ine ia o he o en wi hou special p ecau ion conside ed. Figu e 4 p esen s he di ac og ams co esponding o he samples Z1 and Z2 be o e and a e he mal ea men . Signals due o he p esence o c ys alline phases a e de ec ed oge he wi h he cha ac e is ic halo o all amo phous ma e ials. 16 On he o he hand, calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) is a p oduc commonly used in ag icul u e, wi h he ad an age o lowe cos compa ed o aluminum ni ide, bu wi h disad an age o gene a ing CO du ing he eac ion: 2 M2O3 + 3 CaCN2  4 M + 3 CaO + 3 N2 (g) + 3 CO (g) The p esence o i on oxide in he CDW ( able 3) used in he p epa a ion o he glass enables such edox eac ions du ing he mel ing p ocess. The e o e, expansion o he mol en ma e ial is possible. Bo h, aluminum ni ide and calcium cyanamide yield o posi i e esul s as oaming agen s. The po ous ma e ials a e p epa ed by join milling o he Z3 glass powde and oaming agen . Then he ob ained mix u e is he mally ea ed a 1100ºC du ing 85 min, wi h a hea ing a e o 5 ºCmin-1, being hose condi ions a esul o op imiza ion a e a ious es s. When samples equal in ini ial weigh and pe cen ages o oaming agen a e compa ed, he use o AlN esul s in g ea e expansions and mo e po ous ma e ials han he use o CaCN2 ( igu e 9). Figu e 9. Compa ison be ween 5% CaCN2 and 5%AlN expanded ma e ials. Wi h he aim o mo e easily compa ison o he ob ained oams, i s appa en densi y is es ima ed. Wi h his pu pose, he oams a e cu in pa allelepipeds ( igu e 10) and by 5% CaCN2 5% AlN 17 measu ing hei dimensions and weigh he co esponding olume and appa en densi y could be calcula ed ( able 4). Figu e 10. Examples o ob ained oams Table 4. Dimensions, olume, weigh and appa en densi y o he selec ed oams Blowing agen (weigh %) Weigh (g) Leng h (cm) Wid h (cm) Heigh (cm) Volume (cm3) Appa en densi y (g.cm-3) Po osi y, % 4% AlN 1,167 3,42 1,67 1,65 9,49 0,12 94.3 4% CaCN2 1,233 2,24 1,87 1,28 5,39 0,23 89.3 2% AlN 0,807 2,67 2,00 0,90 4,82 0,17 92.0 1% AlN 0,805 2,33 2,19 0,98 5,04 0,16 92.8 Taking in o accoun he eal ( ) and he appa en densi y ( a) (Table 5) he po osi y ( %) could be es ima ed acco ding o he ollowing ela ionship: % = (1- a/ )*100. Po osi y a a ound 90 % is ob ained (Table 4). Wi hin he se ies p epa ed wi h he same oaming agen (AlN), simila po osi y is de ec ed when lowe cha ges o AlN a e used (1 and 2%). Howe e , when he AlN pe cen age is inc eased up o 4%, mo e expansion o he glass is eached, esul ing in 95% o po osi y. On he o he hand, he same pe cen age o di e en expansion agen s p oduces e y dissimila appa en densi ies. Foam p epa ed wi h 4% CaCN2 p esen s an appa en densi y o 0,23 g.cm-3, nea ly he double o ha ob ained wi h 4% o AlN (0,12 g.cm-3). Mo eo e , he a e age po e size ob ained wi h calcium cyanamide is smalle han he o med wi h aluminum ni ide ( igu e 10). 4% AlN 2% AlN 1% AlN 4% CaCN2 18 In addi ion o he bulk densi y, he eal densi y o he ma e ials is de e mined in helium pycnome e (Table 5). As he s a ing glass is he same in all cases, he same densi y is expec ed o all oams. Excep ing he samples 5%AlN and 5%CaCN2, all he o he s p esen e y simila alues o densi y wi h an a e age o 2.16 g.cm-3. Al hough, he inal ma e ial composi ion could a y wi h he concen a ion and na u e o he oaming agen s and could in luence he densi y, he mo e plausible explica ion o he alues below 2 g.cm-3 a e he p esence o e y small po es ac ion whose olume was no occupied by helium and, he e o e, he o al olume o he sample is o e es ima ed and i s densi y unde es ima ed. Table 5. Real densi y ob ained o some o he p epa ed oams. Blowing agen (weigh %) Densi y (g.cm-3) 5% AlN 1,83 4% AlN 2,12 2% AlN 2,13 1% AlN 2,22 5% CaCN2 1,76 4% CaCN2 2,15 X- ay di ac ion analysis o he p oduc s shows he o ma ion o wo silica es: (Mg0.992Fe0.008)(Ca0.999Fe0.029)(Si2O6), JCPDS#01-083-008 and Ca2.87Fe0.13(SiO3)3, JCPDS#01-083-2198 o all samples (Figu es 11 and 12) which implies pa ial c ys alliza ion o he s a ing glass du ing he he mal ea men o achie e he expansion o he ma e ial. Wi h he aim o check i he c ys alliza ion is ela ed o he p esence o oaming agen , he same hea ea men o he ba e glass sample wi hou expansion agen s is ca ied ou and also esul s in c ys alliza ion o some silica es. This indica es ha he c ys alliza ion is only a he mal e ec o he ini ial glass ma e ial. 19 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 ^ * ^ ^ ^ ^ *^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ * * * * * * * * * * * * * Angle (2 ) In ensi y (a.u.) * ^ * (Mg0.992Fe0.008)(Ca0.999Fe0.029)(Si2O6) ^ Ca2.87Fe0.13(SiO3)3 Figu e 11. Di ac og am o sample 4%AlN 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 In ensi y (a.u.) Angle (2 ) no expansion agen 1% AlN 2% AlN 4% AlN 5% AlN Figu e 12. Compa ison o he di ac og ams o he samples wi h and wi hou oaming agen s The esis ance o he cellula glasses unde comp ession s eng h is also s udied. A sample ob ained wi hou oaming agen is compa ed o samples oamed wi h 4% AlN and 4% CaCN2 espec i ely. As expec ed, he esis ance o he ma e ials is a unc ion o hei po osi y. The sample p epa ed wi hou oaming agen p esen s ini ial esis ance o c ack o ma ion o 500 N/m2 hen quick p opaga ion o he la e leading o ma e ial b eaking a 4750 N/m2. Wi hin he se ies wi h oaming agen , he smalle he po es size 20 and dis ibu ion he highe he mechanical esis ance. The high appa en densi y measu ed o he sample p epa ed wi h cyanamide, and smalle po osi y (89.3%), co esponds o highe mechanical s eng h, being he la e sligh ly in e io o ha o he ma e ial p epa ed wi hou oaming agen (3600 s. 4750 N/m2). On he o he hand he inc eased po osi y (94%) obse ed o he sample ob ained wi h 4 w .% AlN shows an ins an aneous c ack o ma ion and maximum esis ance o applied load o 450 N/m2. 4. Conclusions This s udy shows ha he gene a ed CDW could be ecycled o gene a e p oduc s able o be applied in he same indus y, hus educing he was e gene a ion and he p oblems ela ed o he i s ea men . A sus ainable ecycling could be applied in his indus y. Simple p ocedu es, such as milling, composi ion adjus ing and i i ica ion could be applied o con e he was e in o p ima y ma e ials. The glazed ile ma e ials esul ing a e p oduced om CDW wi h he same quali ies as he comme cial uni s. The di ec usion p ocess is chosen as he mo e app op ia e and cos sa ing me hod o such p oduc ion. In a simila manne , a me hod o p oduc ion o cellula glasses wi h possible applica ion as he mal and acous ic insula o s is p oposed. The p oduc ion pa h consis s in glass o ma ion om CDW and i s expansion wi h he use o oaming agen , being he p ope ies o he inal ma e ial easily con olled by agen ’s quan i y and composi ion. 21 5. Re e ences 1. h p://ec.eu opa.eu/en i onmen /was e/cons uc ion_demoli ion.h m. 2. A. A ul ajah, M. M. Dis ani, S. Ho pibulsuk, Ch. Suksi ipa anapong, N. P ongmanee, Physical p ope ies and shea s eng h esponses o ecycled cons uc ion and demoli ion ma e ials in unbound pa emen base/subbase applica ions, Cons uc ion and Building Ma e ials 58 (2014) 245–257. 3. M.A. Rahman, M. Im eaz, A. A ul ajah, M.M. Dis ani, Sui abili y o ecycled cons uc ion and demoli ion agg ega es as al e na i e pipe back illing ma e ials. J. Clean. P od. 66 (2014) 75-84. 4. COM. Towa ds a ci cula economy: A ze o was e p og amme o Eu ope. 398 inal; 2014. p. 1–23. 5. L. Tung-Chai, P. Chi-Sun, W. Hau-Wing. Managemen and ecycling o was e glass in conc e e p oduc s: cu en si ua ions in Hong Kong. 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