Cu en Psychology
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s12144-024-07245-1
mos o he assessmen scales alida ed in Spanish ha e
ocused on body image as a s able ai , such as he Body
Shape Ques ionnai e (BSQ) (Coope e al., 1987), he shape
and weigh conce n subscales o he Ea ing Diso de Exam-
ina ion Ques ionnai e (EDE-Q) (Fai bu n & Beglin, 1994)
o he body dissa is ac ion subscale o he Ea ing Diso de
In en o y (EDI) (Ga ne e al., 1983). Some ques ionnai es
assess body image om a con ex ual app oach (e.g., Si ua-
ional In en o y o Body Image Dyspho ia, [SIBID]) (Cash,
2002), al hough he Body Image S a es Scale (BISS; Cash
e al., 2002), which is he i s b ie measu e o body image
as a s a e (Thompson & Schae e , 2019), was no published
un il 2002.
The BISS comp ises six i ems ha measu e aspec s o
body expe ience a he ime o assessmen and has dem-
ons a ed high in e nal consis ency and high co ela ions
wi h measu es assessing nega i e a i udes owa d physical
appea ance (conce ns abou body weigh , size, and shape),
ea ing symp oma ology (Alle a e al., 2014), and body
dissa is ac ion (Cash e al., 2002; Meba ak-Chams e al.,
2019). The scale has been used equen ly in p e ious s ud-
ies, demons a ing i s use ulness in analyzing a ia ions in
body image s a es in e e yday li e (Casale e al., 2024; E u
& G ay, 2010; Melnyk e al., 2004; Rudige e al., 2007).
In oduc ion
Body image is a complex and mul idimensional cons uc
composed o body- ela ed beha io s, he pe cep ion o
one’s own body cha ac e is ics, such as he es ima ion o
body size and body a (Mölbe e al., 2018), as well as
hough s, a i udes, and emo ions abou one’s body (Cash &
Smolak, 2012; Tuschen-Ca ie e al., 2015). Some au ho s
ha e conside ed ha body image is a s able ai indepen-
den o empo al a ia ions and si ua ional con ex s (Cash,
1990, 2002; Tiggemann, 2001). Meanwhile, o he au ho s
de end ha i a ies depending on he con ex and ime
(Laba ge e al., 1998; La in & Cash, 2001). In spi e o his,
C is ina Senín-Calde ón
[email p o ec ed]
1 Depa men o Psychology, Uni e si y o Cádiz, Cadiz, Spain
2 Depa men o pe sonali y, e alua ion and psychological
ea men s, Uni e si y o Valencia, Valencia, Spain
3 Depa men o pe sonali y, e alua ion and psychological
ea men s, Uni e si y o Se ille, Se ille, Spain
4 A da. República Á abe Saha aui S/N. Pue o Real, Cadiz,
Spain
Abs ac
The aim o he p esen s udy was o alida e he Spanish e sion o he Body Image S a e Scale (BISS) in a sample o
Spanish males and emales and o examine i s psychome ic p ope ies. We e alua ed he BISS as a measu e o body
image s a e using an expe imen al ask o assess con ex sensi i i y a e exposu e o a ac i e Ins ag am pho og aphs.
The sample consis ed o 533 pa icipan s (M = 22.40, SD = 3.52). The unidimensional s uc u e o he BISS as ound by
he au ho s o he o iginal scale was co obo a ed. The BISS showed sa is ac o y in e nal consis ency and ull scala
in a iance ac oss sex. Nega i e ela ionships we e ound wi h a measu e o dysmo phic conce ns (Dysmo phic Conce n
Ques ionnai e, [DCQ]) and body mass index (BMI). Mean di e ence analyses showed ha pa icipan s in he expe imen al
g oup e alua ed hei physical appea ance as being wo se a e exposu e o pho og aphs o young men conside ed a ac-
i e. The Spanish alida ion o he BISS seems adequa e o assessing s a e body image in he gene al popula ion, opening
a wide ield o clinical and esea ch applica ions.
Keywo ds Body image s a e · BISS · Body dissa is ac ion · Dysmo phic conce n · Ins ag am
Accep ed: 23 Decembe 2024
© The Au ho (s) 2025
Spanish alida ion o he Body Image S a es Scale (BISS): e alua ion o
sensi i i y o exposu e o pho og aphs on Ins ag am
I eneSie a1· Ma íaRonce o2· Juan F.Rod íguez-Tes al3· C is inaSenín-Calde ón1,4
1 3
Cu en Psychology
The BISS has been ansla ed in o Ge man (Vocks e al.,
2007), I alian (Ca a o e al., 2010), Du ch (Alle a e al.,
2014), and F ench (Ba di e al., 2021). The “Spanish Body
Image S a e Scale” (S-BISS), is a Spanish-language e sion
alida ed in Colombia by he eam o Meba ak-Chams e al.
(2019). Al hough he esul s acc ued subs an ial e idence o
cons uc alidi y in he Colombian popula ion (Meba ak-
Chams e al., 2019), i needs o be e ised and adap ed o
he cul u al and linguis ic cha ac e is ics o he popula ion
o Spain o add ess he possible e ec o cul u al di e ences
(Muñiz e al., 2013; Swami & Ba on, 2019), such as s an-
da ds o beau y and a i udes owa d he body and linguis ic
exp essions. Valida ion o he BISS in a Spanish popula ion
would be e y use ul bo h o e alua ing ea men p og ess
in clinical p ac ice and analyzing sho - e m changes in sel -
e alua ion o physical appea ance in esea ch. Such a scale
would expand knowledge o appea ance dissa is ac ion in
o he Spanish-speaking popula ions.
Dissa is ac ion wi h physical appea ance is a isk ac o
o he de elopmen o ea ing diso de s (S ice e al., 2011)
and body dysmo phic diso de (Con e ino e al., 2022),
making i a p io i y public heal h p oblem (Bo nioli e al.,
2019). A ecen me a-analysis conduc ed by López-Gil e
al. (2023) shows ha he o e all p opo ion o child en and
adolescen s wi h ea ing diso de s in Spain is 30.41%, and
i is es ima ed o be associa ed wi h a mo ali y a e highe
han ha o any o he men al diso de (Wo ld Heal h O ga-
niza ion, 2024). I is he e o e impo an o ha e ools o
e alua e hei onse and e olu ion.
F om he pe spec i e o he ipa i e in luence model o
body image and ea ing dis u bance (Thompson e al., 1999),
he key elemen s a e in e naliza ion o he beau y ideal,
social compa ison, and in e pe sonal and media p essu e.
People ecei e p essu e om social agen s, such as pee s,
amily, and media, o adop cul u ally accep ed body image
ideals. These p essu es lead o he in e naliza ion o hese
ideals, which a e di icul o achie e, gene a ing dissa is-
ac ion wi h one’s own body image (Rodge s e al., 2020).
Many s udies ha e shown a posi i e ela ionship be ween
ime spen on social ne wo ks and one’s dissa is ac ion
wi h and conce ns abou physical appea ance (Fa douly &
Va anian, 2015; G i i hs e al., 2018; Holland & Tigge-
mann, 2016), in bo h males and emales (V ies e al., 2016),
h ough phenomena such as compa ison o physical appea -
ance and sel -objec i ica ion (Fa douly & Va anian, 2015;
Tiggemann & Sla e , 2017).
Sel -objec i ica ion, a e m p oposed by F ed ickson and
Robe s (1997) in hei objec i ica ion heo y, e e s o how
in e nalizing he ex e nal gaze o he body as an objec is
ela ed o inc eased body dissa is ac ion (Fel man & Szy-
manski, 2018). Social ne wo ks play a key ole, as pe -
cei ed e alua ions o physical appea ance ein o ce he idea
ha only physical appea ance ma e s (Cace es-Lembcke &
O oya, 2021). S udies indica e lowe le els o sel -objec i-
ica ion in males compa ed o emales (Mo adi & Huang,
2008), as social p essu es ela ed o hinness in luence his
p ocess di e en ially depending on sex (F ede ick e al.,
2022). Howe e , nume ous s udies show his sense o objec-
i ica ion in males, pa icula ly du ing adolescence, due o
exposu e on social ne wo ks and media (Holland & Tigge-
mann, 2016; Ka say e al., 2018), which ein o ces he need
o achie e a muscula and s ong physique (López-Cuau le
e al., 2016; O i , 2019). In emales, i is associa ed wi h
he desi e o be hin and a sexual conno a ion, when hey a e
seen o conside ed as sexual objec s (Ka say e al., 2018),
which is also in luenced by social ne wo ks, magazines,
media, TV se ies, and music ideos (Peek, 2019; Rodge s
e al., 2019).
In compa isons o a ious social media pla o ms, Ins-
ag am has been ound o a ec body image he mos nega-
i ely, as much o i s ac i i y is based on e alua ing one’s
own and o he s’ physical appea ance (Senín-Calde ón e al.,
2020). Mo e han hal o he wo ld’s popula ion (54%) cu -
en ly ha e an Ins ag am accoun , o whom a ound wo bil-
lion a e mon hly ac i e p o iles (Omnico e Agency, 2024)
and a e aged 18–24 (S a is a, 2023). Thei main use is o
pos and sha e pho os and ideos (Da aRepo al, 2024), and
Ins ag am’s success and impac is measu ed by he num-
be o “likes” and posi i e commen s ecei ed. This ype o
ac i i y has been shown o be speci ically ela ed o nega-
i e body image (Fa douly & Holland, 2018; Fa douly &
Va anian, 2016; Fel man & Szymanski, 2018; Sla e e al.,
2017; Wick & Keel, 2020). This is due no only o expo-
su e o pho og aphs o models o celeb i ies ha mee he
s anda ds o he beau y ideal (B own & Tiggemann, 2016),
bu also exposu e o idealized images o pee s (Fa douly &
Holland, 2018).
All o he abo e men ioned sugges s he need o clini-
cally use ul ools o unde s and and iden i y he impac
ha he socio-cul u al con ex has on he sel -e alua ion
o physical appea ance in he gene al Spanish popula ion.
The e o e, he p esen s udy aimed o alida e he Spanish
e sion o he BISS o he ollowing speci ic objec i es:
(1) analyze he ac o ial s uc u e in a Spanish sample, (2)
examine measu emen in a iance ac oss sex, (3) de e mine
e idence o eliabili y and alidi y in ela ion o ano he
scale, and (4) assess body image s a us h ough a ask o
exposu e o a ac i e Ins ag am pho og aphs, as well as o
de e mine di e ences ac oss sex.
1 3
Cu en Psychology
Me hod
Pa icipan s
The sample consis ed o 533 pa icipan s om wes -
e n Andalusia (Spain) aged 18 o 35 yea s (M = 22.40,
SD = 3.52). O he o al sample, 55.7% we e emale. The
mean social class index (SCI) (Hollingshead, 1975), which
is a social esea ch measu e used o classi y and analyze he
socioeconomic posi ion o indi iduals in a sample, includ-
ing income le el, educa ion le el, and ype o occupa ion,
was 40.09 (SD = 17.32) (middle class). Body Mass Index
(BMI) anged om 15.43 o 48.44 (M = 23.45, SD = 4.27).
P ocedu es
The s udy was app o ed by he Bioe hics Commi ee o he
Jun a de Andalucía (Andalusia Regional Go e nmen ). Pa -
icipan s we e ec ui ed by snowball sampling om a g oup
o unde g adua e psychology s uden s who we e compen-
sa ed wi h academic c edi in one o hei subjec s. They
we e p o ided wi h an in o ma ion shee desc ibing he
s udy and an in o med consen o m ha had o be illed
ou o pa icipa e. Pa icipan s who signed he consen o m
ecei ed an alphanume ic iden i ica ion code and we e
in i ed o mee as a g oup in a uni e si y class oom, whe e
hey we e p o ided wi h a web link o he assessmen es s
on compu e s a ailable in he class oom. One hund ed pa -
icipan s a ended. Those who did no (n = 432) we e sen
he link by e-mail along wi h an ins uc ion documen o
comple ing he es s. The e we e no di e ences in sociode-
mog aphic o clinical a iables be ween pa icipan s who
comple ed he es s a home and hose who comple ed hem
in he class oom (see Supplemen a y Ma e ial).
P io o he comple ion o he es s, he en i e sample was
di ided a andom in o wo g oups (con ol and expe imen-
al g oup). The andom di ision o he sample was ca ied
ou wi h he so wa e SPSS .29. All pa icipan s answe ed
ques ions on sociodemog aphic in o ma ion and he Dys-
mo phic Conce n Ques ionnai e (DCQ; Oos huizen e al.,
1998). The con ol g oup iewed 15 neu al pho og aphs
(landscapes, objec s, buildings, e c.) aken om Ins ag am
while he expe imen al g oup iewed 15 pho og aphs o
a ac i e people o he same sex. A e each pho o, hey
had o a e how a ac i e hey ound he pho o (0 = no a
all a ac i e o 5 = e y a ac i e). Then, he pa icipan s
comple ed he BISS (See Supplemen a y Ma e ial o pho-
og aphs and u he in o ma ion on he p ocedu e).
Measu es
Basic sociodemog aphic in o ma ion (designed by he
au ho s). I consis s o ques ions on pa icipan sex, age,
weigh , heigh , p o ession and educa ion.
The Body Image S a es Scale (BISS; Cash e al., 2002) com-
p ises six i ems, assessing he ollowing six dimensions o
body image expe ience: (1) dissa is ac ion-sa is ac ion wi h
o e all physical appea ance; (2) dissa is ac ion-sa is ac ion
wi h body size and shape; (3) dissa is ac ion-sa is ac ion
wi h weigh ; (4) eelings o a ac i eness-una ac i eness;
(5) cu en eelings abou one’s appea ance ela i e o
how one usually eels; and, inally, (6) e alua ion o one’s
appea ance ela i e o how he a e age pe son looks. I has
a 9-poin Like - ype esponse o ma wi h hal o he i ems
in he nega i e-posi i e di ec ion and he o he hal in he
posi i e-nega i e di ec ion. Highe sco es on he BISS indi-
ca e mo e a o able body image s a es. The au ho s o he
ques ionnai e iden i ied a single ac o . A o al sco e can
be ob ained by adding up he i ems. The au ho s ound an
in e nal consis ency o α = 0.77 o emales and α = 0.72 o
males, es - e es eliabili y (a 2–3 weeks) o = .69 o
emales and = .68 o males (p < .001), and high co ela-
ions wi h scales assessing nega i e a i udes owa d one’s
body shape and weigh , conce ns abou physical appea -
ance, as well as al e a ions in body size pe cep ion, such as
he BSQ (Coope e al., 1987) and he EDE-Q (Fai bu n &
Beglin, 1994).
Al hough a Spanish e sion o he ques ionnai e al eady
exis ed (Meba ak-Chams e al., 2019), i was decided o
ca y ou a new ansla ion in o Spanish o ensu e he cul-
u al ele ance and accu acy o he ins umen in he spe-
ci ic con ex o he Spanish popula ion. Pe mission was
eques ed om he main au ho o he BISS o ansla e
and alida e he scale in he Spanish popula ion. A e he
au ho ’s app o al, he guidelines p oposed by Swami and
Ba on (2019) we e ollowed o es ansla ion and adap-
ion. Two bilingual expe ansla o s, one a na i e Span-
ish speake and he o he a na i e English speake , amilia
wi h bo h cul u es, independen ly ansla ed he scale in o
Spanish. They hen discussed he disc epancies and a i ed
a a consensus e sion. Two o he independen esea ch-
e s ansla ed his e sion om Spanish back in o English
and checked i s co espondence wi h he o iginal e sion.
The ansla ion o he scale was assessed by a commi ee
o expe ansla o s and he inal e sion was gene a ed
and adminis e ed o a pilo sample o 34 psychology s u-
den s who we e asked abou i em comp ehension, emo ional
impac , and accep abili y. A e analyzing he pa icipan s’
assessmen and commen s, he bilingual ansla o s made
some seman ic adjus men s, and his e sion was e iewed
1 3
Cu en Psychology
in sex, con ex , and in e ac ion e ec s we e analyzed by
one- ac o analysis o a iance wi h a 2 × 2 gene al linea
model (GLM ANOVA). S a is ical analyses we e pe o med
wi h FACTOR .12.01.02, SPSS .29 and Lis el . 8.7.
Resul s
Desc ip i e analysis o he BISS i ems
The esul s o he desc ip i e analyses o he BISS i ems a e
shown in Table 1. The da a did no ollow a uni a ia e no -
mal dis ibu ion (Kolmogo o -Smi no p < .05). Howe e ,
skewness and ku osis did no exceed he ecommended
limi s ± 2 (Geo ge & Malle y, 2006).
Explo a o y ac o analysis
The EFA was pe o med in G oup 1 (n = 273) wi h he
RDWLS es ima ion me hod, using he polycho ic co e-
la ions ma ix. The esul s we e adequa e o he Kaise -
Meye -Olkin, KMO = 0.79 [95% CI = 0.74, 0.86], and
Ba le ’s sphe ici y es , χ 2(15) = 709.8, p < .001. MSA
alues anged om 0.759 o 0.842. Bo h pa allel analysis
(PA) based on minimum ank ac o analysis and a iance
explained by eigen alues ecommended a unidimensional
s uc u e, explaining 56% o he a iance. Communali ies
anged om 0.32 o 0.80 and he ac o loadings anged
om 0.44 (I em 2) o 0.83 (I em 1) Table 2.
Con i ma o y ac o analysis
CFA wi h RDWLS was pe o med wi h G oup 2 (n = 260).
The EFA sugges ed a one- ac o model The esul s o he
goodness-o - i s a is ics we e adequa e. Howe e , he
RMSEA exceeded he ecommended limi and he SRMR
was sligh ly abo e he gene al pa ame e s. These esul s a e
by wo o he au ho s o he pape wi h English language
skills, who ga e hei inal app o al.
The Dysmo phic Conce n Ques ionnai e (DCQ; Oos hui-
zen e al., 1998) assesses dysmo phic conce n as a symp om
wi hou seeking o es ablish a diagnosis o body dysmo -
phic diso de . The Spanish e sion by Senín-Calde ón e al.
(2017) was used. The scale comp ises se en i ems wi h a
Like - ype esponse o ma anging om 0 (no a all) o
3 (much mo e han mos people). The DCQ is a unidimen-
sional measu e. The au ho s ound an in e nal consis ency
ange o α = 0.80 o α = 0.88, and a es - e es eliabili y
(one-mon h in e al) o = .87. In he Spanish popula ion,
he in e nal consis ency was α = 0.85 and he es - e es eli-
abili y a one-mon h in e al was = .87 (Senín-Calde ón e
al., 2017). Wi h he sample in his s udy, C onbach’s α was
= 0.85.
S a is ical analysis
Desc ip i e analyses o he BISS ques ionnai e i ems we e
pe o med. The o al sample was di ided a andom in o wo
g oups o c oss- alida ion. Be o e pe o ming he co e-
sponding analyses, he wo g oups we e checked o equi -
alence o sociodemog aphic a iables (i.e., sex, age, BMI,
and SCI) and global BISS measu emen s (see Table 2 in he
Supplemen a y Ma e ial). An explo a o y ac o analysis
(EFA) was pe o med o G oup 1 o e idence o cons uc
alidi y. Wi h he s uc u e ound, a con i ma o y ac o
analysis (CFA) was done wi h G oup 2, using he Robus
Diagonally Weigh ed Leas Squa es (RDWLS) es ima ion
me hod wi h he asymp o ic co a iance ma ix.
The goodness-o - i es s calcula ed we e: he Sa o a-
Ben le Chi-squa e (2), compa a i e i index (CFI), and
non-no malized i index (NNFI), which mus ha e sco es
abo e 0.90. Addi ionally, he oo mean squa e e o o
app oxima ion (RMSEA) wi h a 90% con idence in e al;
and he s anda dized oo mean squa e esidual (SRMR),
which mus ha e a esul unde 0.08 o be conside ed accep -
able (Hu & Ben le , 1999). In e nal consis ency was e alu-
a ed using C onbach’s α, McDonald’s Ω and he in aclass
co ela ion index was calcula ed. E idence based on ela-
ions wi h o he a iables was assessed using Spea man’s
co ela ions o he DCQ o al sco e and BMI.
Finally, measu emen in a iance ac oss sex was analyzed
in a mul ig oup CFA. Model i was assessed by ΔCFI and
ΔRMSEA. In a iance was conside ed o be p esen i ΔCFI
we e ≤ 0.01 and ΔRMSEA ≤ 0.015 (Chen, 2007). Di e ences
Table 1 Desc ip i e s a is ics o Body Image S a es Scale (BISS) i ems
I ems M (SD) Asymme y Ku osis
1 5.4 (2.0) −0.24 −1.00
2 5.2 (2.1) −0.07 −1.10
3 5.1 (2.3) −0.02 −1.21
4 5.2 (2.0) −0.31 −0.78
5 5.1 (1.6) −0.02 0.58
6 4.9 (1.7) −0.18 −0.14
To al BISS 5.1 (1.4) −0.19 −0.08
No e. BISS Body Image S a es Scale, M mean, SD s anda d de ia ion
Table 2 BISS Goodness-o - i indices
SB
χ
2 d CFI RMSEA [90% CI] NNFI SRMR
G oup 2 (n = 260) 40.35 9 0.97 0.12 [0.08, 0.15] 0.95 0.14
No e. SB
χ
2: Sa o a-Ben le Chi Squa e, CFI Compa a i e Fix Index, RMSEA Roo Mean Squa e E o o App oxima ion, NNFI Non-No med
Fix Index, SRMR S anda dized Roo Mean Squa e Residual
1 3
Cu en Psychology
h esholds, he model emained s able, indica ing ha he
sco es o he wo g oups we e compa able. These esul s
suppo BISS measu emen in a iance ac oss sex.
E alua ion o di e ences ac oss sex on he BISS and
i s sensi i i y o con ex
Fo sex compa isons by expe imen al s. con ol con ex ,
a 2 (sex) x 2 ( ype o con ex : con ol s. expe imen al)
one- ac o analysis o a iance (ANOVA) was pe o med.
Table 4 shows he means and s anda d de ia ions o he
BISS sco es o males and emales by con ex . The esul s
showed ha he pa icipan s in he expe imen al g oup e al-
ua ed hei physical appea ance wo se a e iewing pho-
og aphs o young people conside ed a ac i e. Males and
emales a ed hei physical appea ance in a simila manne .
A summa y o he analyses, including he in e ac ion, can be
ound in Table 4.
Discussion
The main objec i es o his s udy we e o alida e he BISS
in a Spanish popula ion and analyze he e idence o eli-
abili y and alidi y based on ela ions wi h o he a iables,
including he assessmen o i s sensi i i y o con ex a e
expe imen al exposu e o pho og aphs om Ins ag am.
The i s speci ic objec i e ocused on analyzing he ac-
o s uc u e o he BISS in a Spanish sample. CFA esul s
showed ha goodness-o - i indica o s o he BISS ’s unidi-
mensional s uc u e we e adequa e. This s uc u e is in line
wi h he one ound by he au ho s o he BISS (Cash e al.,
2002) and he Colombian alida ion (Meba ak-Chams e al.,
common o models wi h small deg ees o eedom (Kenny
e al., 2015). Fully s anda dized ac o loadings anged om
0.57 o 0.91, wi h he lowes ac o loading on I em 2 and
he highes on I em 1.
E idence o eliabili y and e idence based on
ela ions wi h o he a iables
E idence o eliabili y was ound o he BISS i ems, wi h
McDonald’s Ω = 0.82 and C onbach’s α = 0.81. The in a-
class co ela ion index was 0.81, 95% CI [0.78 o 0.83]. The
Spea man’s co ela ion coe icien was calcula ed o ana-
lyze e idence based on ela ions wi h o he a iables. To al
BISS co ela ions DCQand BMI we e nega i e ( = − .40
and = − .23, espec i ely), indica ing ha pa icipan s who
we e mo e sa is ied wi h hei physical appea ance had
lowe sco es on dysmo phic conce ns and lowe BMI.
Measu emen in a iance ac oss sex
Sex in a iance analyses we e ca ied ou on he unidimen-
sional model sugges ed by he EFA. The model was i s es i-
ma ed sepa a ely o each g oup (males and emales). Model
i was easonable, al hough he RMSEA was sligh ly highe
han ecommended. The con igu al in a iance model i he
da a well, sugges ing ha he unidimensional s uc u e was
equi alen in bo h g oups. As seen in Table 3, when equali y
es ic ions we e imposed on he ac o loadings o es o
me ic in a iance, he model showed no mis i (ΔCFI < 0.01
and ΔRMSEA < 0.15), sugges ing ha he magni ude o he
ac o loadings o he wo g oups we e s a is ically equi a-
len . A he nex le el o in a iance (scala ), when equali y
cons ain s we e imposed on he ac o loadings and i em
Table 3 BISS measu emen in a iance ac oss sex
Model SBχ2d CFI NNFI ΔCFI RMSEA [90% CI] ΔRMSEA
Males 32.30* 9 0.95 0.92 0.10 [0.67, 0.15]
Females 44.90* 9 0.97 0.96 0.11 [0.08, 0.15]
Con igu al in a iance 77.19* 18 0.97 0.95 0.11 [0.09, 0.14]
Me ic in a iance 83.22* 23 0.97 0.96 0.00 0.10 [0.07, 0.12] 0.01
Scala in a iance 85.26* 29 0.97 0.97 0.00 0.09 [0.07, 0.11] 0.01
No e. BISS Body Image S a es Scale, SBχ2, Sa o a-Ben le chi squa e, d deg ees o eedom, CFI Compa a i e Fix Index, NNFI Non-No med
Fix Index, RMSEA Roo Mean Squa e E o o App oxima ion, CI Con idence In e al
Table 4 Means, s anda d de ia ions, and mean di e ence in in luence o sex and con ex
Va iables Female M(SD) Male M(SD) F(1,531) pPa ial e a squa ed
Ω2
Expe imen al 4.9 (1.4) 5.1 (1.3) 4.71 0.003
Con ol 5.2 (1.4) 5.5 (1.3)
Sex 3.64 0.057 0.007 0.005
Con ex 10.45 0.001 0.019 0.017
Sex*con ex < 0.001 0.984 0.000 0.002
Sample size. Female expe imen al g oup (n = 153); Female con ol g oup (n = 144); Male expe imen al g oup (n = 118); Male con ol g oup
(n = 117)
1 3
Cu en Psychology
physical appea ance wo se a e iewing Ins ag am pho-
og aphs o young men a ed as a ac i e. Acco ding o
he ipa i e in luence model by Thompson e al. (1999),
his esul sugges s ha ecu en consump ion o social
ne wo k con en , whe e he impo ance o physical beau y
is salien , could be ela ed o g ea e body dissa is ac ion,
possibly due o he in ensi ica ion o social compa ison
p ocesses and enhanced in e naliza ion o he beau y ideal.
O he s udies ha e al eady poin ed ou he associa ion o
social ne wo king wi h body image dis o ion (Alsaidan e
al., 2020) and de elopmen o ea ing p oblems (G i i hs e
al., 2018), such as inc eased binge ea ing and bulimic symp-
oms mo e b oadly (Smi h e al., 2013). O he s udies spe-
ci ically analyzing he e ec o Ins ag am exposu e on body
image ha e no shown conclusi e da a. On he one hand,
Kleemans e al. (2018) ound ha exposu e o edi ed Ins a-
g am pho os impai ed pa icipan body image pe cep ion,
esul ing in g ea e dissa is ac ion wi h hei body size and
shape, weigh , eelings o una ac i eness, nega i e eel-
ings owa ds hei body, and compa isons o hei appea -
ance o ha o an a e age pe son. Howe e , Muñoz-Pa alo
and Gómez-Bujedo (2023) concluded ha such exposu e
did no ha e a nega i e e ec on body image pe cep ion.
This dispa i y o esul s could be due o he selec ion o
he s imuli in ou expe imen al design, as well as o he
sociodemog aphic di e ences o he sample. I should be
no ed ha ou sample was mo e di e se in e ms o age, sex,
and s udy a iables han ha o p e ious s udies, and hese
di e ences may c ea e complex e ec s ha a e no e iden
in mo e homogeneous samples. The esul s o his s udy
did no show di e ences be ween males and emales by
e alua ion con ex . These esul s di e om o he s udies
which did e lec g ea e suscep ibili y o emales o body
image dyspho ic s a es (Cash e al., 2002). In he Colombian
alida ion (Meba ak-Chams e al., 2019), pa icipan s we e
no exposed o any si ua ional con ex . They ound ha he
mean sco e o males was highe han he mean sco e o
emales on he BISS. In he esea ch by Cash e al. (2002),
emales we e mo e dissa is ied han males wi h hei physi-
cal appea ance. Howe e , Cash e al. (2002) did no expose
pa icipan s o pho og aphs, bu he la e we e asked o
imagine ha hey we e in a speci ic si ua ion (posi i e o
nega i e) and hen o answe he BISS ques ionnai e. The
wo nega i e si ua ions we e a day a he beach in a ba hing
sui and being alone in a oom eading a same-sex ashion
and i ness magazine. These di e ences be ween he esul s
ound in ou s udy wi h espec o ha o Cash e al. (2002)
and Meba ak-Chams e al. (2019), could he e o e be due
o di e ences in expe imen al design, cul u al di e ences,
and in e naliza ion o he cu en beau y ideal o bo h males
and emales. Cul u al no ms and pe cep ions o beau y
and body image a y be ween he wo cul u al con ex s
2019). In he alida ions in he emaining languages (Ge -
man, I alian, Du ch, and F ench), he ac o s uc u e was
no analyzed.
The second speci ic objec i e o his s udy was o analyze
whe he he sco es o he BISS ques ionnai e a e in a ian
ac oss sex. The in a iance analysis indica ed ha he BISS
is an ins umen ha can be used o males o emales indi -
e en ly wi hou in luencing esponse o he scale. These
esul s di e om hose o he Colombian alida ion (Meb-
a ak-Chams e al., 2019) whe e he in a iance assump ion
was no me .
The nex objec i e was o analyze he psychome ic p op-
e ies o he BISS. The in e nal consis ency o he Spanish
e sion o he BISS was adequa e. In ac , i was e en highe
han in he o iginal e sion o he BISS, which had a C on-
bach’s α o .62 o 0.77 in he neu al condi ion (Cash e al.,
2002). Howe e , he Colombian alida ion ob ained supe-
io e idence o eliabili y (α = 0.92; McDonald’s ω = 0.93).
A nega i e associa ion be ween he BISS and BMI was
obse ed, as also shown in o he s udies (Meba ak-Chams
e al., 2019; Weinbe ge e al., 2016). Pa icipan s wi h a
highe BMI indica ed g ea e dissa is ac ion wi h hei
physical appea ance a he ime o assessmen . Howe e ,
his co ela ion was lowe han in he o iginal publica ion
o he BISS (Cash e al., 2002) o in he Colombian e -
sion (Meba ak-Chams e al., 2019). This could be explained
by sociocul u al di e ences since body sa is ac ion is in lu-
enced by p essu e exe ed by he media, in e naliza ion o
he beau y ideal, as well as cul u al pa ame e s o wha is
a ac i e and he mos app op ia e body shape (Ga a io &
F isén, 2019). Fu he mo e, sel - epo ed BMI can be biased
by andom e o s due o social desi abili y bias (Go be e
al., 2007) and sel - epo bias (Dekke s e al., 2008). Conse-
quen ly, hese biases o en lead o accu acy e o s, such as
an unde es ima ion o BMI alues, especially when BMI is
highe (S ommel & Schoenbo n, 2009), o o he p o ision
o inaccu a e da a.
Mo eo e , e idence based on ela ions wi h o he a i-
ables was ound wi h an ins umen measu ing dysmo phic
conce ns. The da a showed ha body-s a e dissa is ac ion
as assessed by he BISS was associa ed wi h body- ai dis-
sa is ac ion as assessed by he DCQ scale. These esul s a e
simila o hose ound in he Colombian alida ion (Meb-
a ak-Chams e al., 2019), whe e a posi i e associa ion was
ound be ween body dissa is ac ion (BISS) and body image-
ela ed psychopa hology (BSQ).
The las objec i e was o assess whe he an expe imen al
con ex , in which ei he pho og aphs o a ac i e people o
a neu al con en we e iewed, could in luence sel -app aisal
o physical appea ance. We also wan ed o ind ou whe he
men and women we e equally a ec ed by he expe imen-
al con ex . The da a showed ha pa icipan s a ed hei
1 3
Cu en Psychology
obesi y and a g oup wi hou ea ing p oblems should also be
explo ed.
Clinical and esea ch implica ions
In Spain, he e a e se e al ins umen s a ailable o ai
body image assessmen ; howe e , he e is no sel - epo
measu e alida ed in a Spanish sample ha assesses con ex -
dependen body image. This is ele an , no only o p o ide
new ins umen s o he assessmen o body image, bu also
because o i s e sa ili y o esea ch on his opic, making
i a signi ican con ibu ion. This s udy had a la ge sam-
ple a o ing gene aliza ion o esul s. The BISS will help
Spanish-speaking heal h p o essionals and esea che s o
quickly assess sho - e m changes in he sel -e alua ion o
one’s physical appea ance, allowing o mo e pe sonalized
in e en ions and he explo a ion o con ex ual ac o s in lu-
encing body image. Mo eo e , i s alida ion enables c oss-
cul u al compa isons and longi udinal s udies, enhancing
bo h clinical p ac ice and scien i ic unde s anding o body
image dynamics in di e en con ex s.
Conclusion
The BISS is a b ie measu e wi h su icien empi ical sup-
po o assess con ex -dependen body image o bo h males
and emales. Using he BISS, an inc ease in dissa is ac ion
wi h one’s physical appea ance was de ec ed a e expo-
su e o pho og aphs o males and emales who mee cu en
beau y ideals. This esul highligh s he need o a Span-
ish language ins umen wi h psychome ic gua an ees o
assessing he impac o exposu e o si ua ions whe e he
body is he objec o a en ion.
Supplemen a y In o ma ion The online e sion con ains
supplemen a y ma e ial a ailable a h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 0 7 / s 1 2 1 4 4 - 0
2 4 - 0 7 2 4 5 - 1 .
Funding Funding o open access publishing: Uni e sidad de Cádiz/
CBUA.
Decla a ions
Con lic o in e es The au ho s decla e no compe ing in e es s.
Open Access This a icle is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License, which pe mi s use, sha ing,
adap a ion, dis ibu ion and ep oduc ion in any medium o o ma ,
as long as you gi e app op ia e c edi o he o iginal au ho (s) and he
sou ce, p o ide a link o he C ea i e Commons licence, and indica e
i changes we e made. The images o o he hi d pa y ma e ial in his
a icle a e included in he a icle’s C ea i e Commons licence, unless
indica ed o he wise in a c edi line o he ma e ial. I ma e ial is no
included in he a icle’s C ea i e Commons licence and you in ended
use is no pe mi ed by s a u o y egula ion o exceeds he pe mi ed
(Vázquez-Mi az, 2019). Fu he mo e, he ime gap be ween
Cash’s o iginal esea ch (2002) and ou s is o e 20 yea s,
meaning ha he beau y ideal may ha e changed be ween
he s udies (Dimi o & K oumpouzos, 2023).
Limi a ions and u u e esea ch
This s udy had some limi a ions ha mus be aken in o
accoun when d awing conclusions. Gi en he size o he
sample, only one g oup o pa icipan s could be e alua ed
in he p esence o he esea che s, and he es condi ions
o he g oup ha was no could no be con olled. How-
e e , a e pe o ming he ele an compa isons o means,
no signi ican di e ences we e ound in ei he assessmen
es s o sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics, hus he esul s
a e compa able e en hough he assessmen con ex was no
con olled.
Since he es s we e only adminis e ed a a speci ic ime,
he es - e es eliabili y o he ins umen could no be
assessed. I would be necessa y o analyze he s abili y o
he measu e o e ime.
Fu he mo e, we did no assess di e ences be ween body
image s a e and ai , no did we compa e di e ences in
body image-s a e be ween expe imen al and e e yday li e
si ua ions. Fu u e esea ch should add ess whe he he body
image-s a e is in luenced by e e yday si ua ions in he same
way as has been demons a ed in expe imen al condi ions.
Ano he possible limi a ion is ha he pho og aphs
selec ed we e based on he e alua o s’ subjec i e pe cep ion
o wha hey conside ed he Wes e n Eu opean beau y ideal.
Such an ideal is e y gene al and need no coincide wi h
pe sonal as es. Fu u e esea ch could selec pho og aphs
acco ding o he p e e ences o he es ake using a i icial
in elligence. This would o e come he limi a ion ha he
selec ion o pho og aphs does no adjus o pe sonal, cul-
u al, and con ex ual as es.
Ou s udy p o ides in o ma ion on he psychome -
ic p ope ies o he BISS ins umen , bu u he s udies
a e ecommended o mo e accu a e, op imal body image
assessmen . We we e unable o co obo a e he con e gen
alidi y o he BISS, since we did no adminis e any al e -
na i e measu es o body image-s a e. A measu e assessing
posi i e body image should also be adminis e ed in addi ion.
This would allow he body image cons uc o be assessed
dimensionally.
In addi ion, since he in o ma ion was collec ed wi h sel -
epo measu es, he da a may ha e been biased, especially
weigh and heigh . Fo u u e s udies, we ecommend ha
he sel - epo assessmen be complemen ed wi h an implici
body image assessmen . Fu he mo e, di e ences and simi-
la i ies be ween a clinical g oup wi h ea ing diso de s and
1 3
Cu en Psychology
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