A PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH NDT
The Sys em o Measu e he G ade o Handicap
M. J. Escalona, D. Villadiego, J. J. Gu ié ez, J. To es, M. Mejías
Depa men o Compu e Languages and Sys ems. Uni e si y o Se ille. Se ille, Spain.
Keywo ds: Web Enginee ing, P ac ical Expe iences.
Abs ac : The necessi y o applying echnological ad ances in he medicine en i onmen is an unques ionable ac . In
he las yea s, impo an applica ions o new echnologies in medical sys ems o help doc o s o o make
easie he e alua ion, he ea men o , e en, he ela ion be ween he doc o and he pa ien ha e been
p esen ed. Howe e , he e is some imes an impo an gap in he de elopmen o hese new sys ems. The
speci ic and complex ea u es o he medical en i onmen o en complica e he communica ion be ween
doc o s, when hey equi e a new sys em, and expe s in compu e science. This wo k in oduces a
me hodological p oposal o speci y and analyze so wa e sys ems. I s main goal is o make easie he
communica ion be ween inal use s and cus ome s and he de elopmen eam. The epo p esen s ou own
p ac ical expe ience by he applica ion o his me hodology in a eal sys em o measu e he g ade o
handicap in pa ien s ollowing laws in Spain.
1 INTRODUCTION
The applica ion o Compu e Science and
echnological ad ances in any a ea is always a s ep
o wa d in he e olu ion o his a ea. In he medical
en i onmen , his e olu ion is eally impo an
because i is o ien ed o imp o e he ea men o he
pa ien .
Howe e , when sys ems a e e y complex o
speci ic in hei ocabula y, in i s equi emen s o
e en in i s objec i es, he communica ion be ween
expe s in Compu e Science and expe s in he
sys em makes he p ojec e y di icul and
expensi e (Somme ille, 2002) (P essman, 2002).
Mos sys ems de eloped in he medicine
en i onmen p esen his p oblem.
In he depa men o Compu e Languages and
Sys ems o he Uni e si y o Se ille, a new
me hodology named NDT (Na iga ional
De elopmen Techniques)(Escalona, 2004) has been
de eloped. This me hodology wo ks in he i s
phases o he li e cycle o a so wa e p ojec :
equi emen s and analysis, and i s main objec i e is
o make easie he communica ion be ween use s,
cus ome s and he de elopmen eam.
NDT has been applied in se e al eal en i onmen s
and se e al eal p ojec s ha a e being used
nowadays(Escalona, 2004). Howe e , a medical
p ojec was a g ea oppo uni y o alida e ou
me hodology. In his wo k, we p esen an abs ac
abou he applica ion o NDT in he de elopmen o
a sys em o measu e he g ade o handicap ollowing
Spanish laws.
The epo s a s, in sec ion 2, wi h a desc ip ion o
he p oblem o sol e in he p ojec . In sec ion 3, a
global ision o NDT is p esen ed and sec ion 4
epo s he inal ob ained sys em and he applica ion
o NDT in i s de elopmen . Finally, in sec ion 5,
conclusions, u u e wo ks and inal e alua ion a e
p esen ed.
2 THE PROBLEM TO SOLVE
In he Royal Dec ee 1971/1999 (23/12) he Minis y
o Social Issues in Spain de ined how o e alua e he
g ade o handicap o a pa ien in o de o ge a le el
o handicap. This le el o handicap is essen ial o
an pa ien because, depending on his g ade, he/she
ge s subsidies, helps o special ca es in Spain.
Howe e , he applica ion o his Royal Dec ee is
no easy. To g ade he handicap g ade o a pa ien ,
doc o s no only ha e o assess he handicap i sel ,
bu also i s consequences o he pa ien . Fo
ins ance, a pa ien who canno walk can also ha e
psychological p oblems as a esul o his/he
physical p oblem.
212
J. Escalona M., Villadiego D., J. Gu ié ez J., To es J. and Mejías M. (2006).
A PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH NDT - The Sys em o Measu e he G ade o Handicap.
In P oceedings o he Eigh h In e na ional Con e ence on En e p ise In o ma ion Sys ems - ISAS, pages 212-217
DOI: 10.5220/0002442502120217
Copy igh c
SciTeP ess
In his sense, he Alce Founda ion (Alce , 2005)
sugges ed o he Madei a g oup, a he Uni e si y o
Se ille, o de elop a sys em ha acili a es he
handicap g ading p ocess o doc o s and pa ien s. In
Sep embe 2003, Madei a g oup and Alce
Founda ion s a ed o de elop a new web sys em.
The de elopmen o his sys em was no easy o
se e al easons:
The sys em was e y new. The e was no p e ious
expe ience in ha , so he de elopmen en i onmen
was e y di icul o he de elopmen eam.
The e minology o he sys em was e y complex
and close o he medical en i onmen . This was a
p oblem o he compu e science ones because hey
did no ha e speci ic o ma ion in his a ea.
Fo all hese easons, he wo king en i onmen
could be de ined as a e y complex one o he eam.
Techniques o speci y, analyse o design he sys em
mus be sui able o use s and cus ome s and also o
he de elopmen eam.
3 INTRODUCING NDT
NDT is a me hodological p oposal o speci y and
analyse equi emen s in web sys ems. This p oposal
is ocused on wo main aspec s (Escalona e al.,
2003)(Escalona e al., 2004)
The i s one is ha web sys ems ha e special and
c i ical cha ac e is ics. I is why in web
de elopmen , hese special cha ac e is ics ha e o be
deal wi h special me hods and echniques sui able
o hem (Ba y & Lang, 2001) (Re schi zegge &
Schwinge , 2000) (Escalona & Koch, 2004).
The second poin is ha in web sys em, i is
usually necessa y a good communica ion be ween
inal clien s, he expe s in he sys em subjec and
he de elopmen eam because only he use s know
how he sys em mus be.
NDT is a me hodological p ocess in he web
en i onmen ha i is ocused on he equi emen s
and analysis phases. I o e s a sys ema ic way o
deal wi h he special cha ac e is ic o he web
en i onmen . NDT is based on he de ini ion o
o mal me amodels, p esen ed in (Escalona, 2004),
ha allow o c ea e de i a ion ela ions be ween
models. NDT akes his heo e ic base and en iches
i wi h he necessa y elemen s o de ine a
me hodology: echniques, models, me hodological
s eps, e c. in o de o o e a sui able con ex o be
applied in eal p ojec s.
In his sense, NDT s a s wi h he heo e ic
de ini ion o he equi emen s enginee ing
me amodels and p oposes a me hodological
en i onmen o d i e he eam in he cap u e,
de ini ion and alida ion o equi emen s ollowing
he nex ideas:
1- In he elici a ion o equi emen s NDT
assumes i s own echniques inhe i ed om
he equi emen s enginee ing en i onmen
like in e iews, b ains o ming o he s udy
o he p e ious sys ems (Du an, 2000).
2- In o de o desc ibe equi emen s, NDT
uses some s anda d models, like he use
cases, and pa e ns. A pa e n is a special
empla e wi h p ede ined ields ha mus o
be comple ed be ween he de elopmen
eam and inal use s (Escalona, 2004).
3- In he alida ion o equi emen s, NDT also
p oposes a g oup o echniques like he
aceabili y ma ix (Du an, 2000) o he
uzzy hesau us (Mi bel, 1995) adap ed o
NDT pa e ns in o de o p opose a mo e
agile equi emen s alida ion (Escalona &
Ca a e o, 2005).
NDT also no malizes he s uc u e o he esul s
ha mus be de eloped du ing he equi emen s
enginee ing and i p oposes which a e he comple e
s uc u e o he documen .
Wi h he heo e ic base o me amodels and
ela ions, he nex phase is he analysis one. In he
analysis phase h ee models a e gene a ed:
1- The concep ual model, ha de ines he
s a ic s uc u e o he in o ma ion and i s
ela ions.
2- The na iga ional model, ha de ines how
use s can na iga e h ough he in o ma ion.
3- The abs ac in e ace model is composed
by a g oup o HTML and XML p o o ypes
ha le alida e he concep ual and
na iga ional models.
Howe e , he gene a ion o hese h ee models is
made in wo phases. In he i s one, analysis models
a e gene a ed sys ema ically om he equi emen s
using he heo e ic ela ions de ined be ween
models. In his sense, NDT can be de ined as a
model d i en p oposal. These models a e named
basic analysis models.
In hese basic models, analys s can make some
changes in o de o make mo e sui able hese
models, ge ing he inal analysis models. The
cons uc ion o hese inal models is no sys ema ic
and hey depend on he expe ience o he analys .
NDT o e s some guides and p ocesses in o de o
make easie he analys ’s e ision.
Besides, NDT con ols ha he changes p oposed
by he analys a e ag ee wi h he de ini ion o
equi emen s. In his sense, NDT manages ha he
inal analys models and he equi emen s de ini ion
A PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH NDT - The Sys em o Measu e he G ade o Handicap
213
a e consis ence. In igu e 1, he NDT li e cycle is
p esen ed wi h an ac i i y diag am.
Final models gene a ed in NDT a e compa ible
wi h o he p oposals like UWE (Koch, 2001) o
OOHDM (Rossi, 1996). Fo his eason, om hem,
he de elopmen eam can con inue he li e cycle
wi h hese o he p oposals ha ha e been widely
accep ed by he esea ch communi y.
In conclusion, NDT can be de ine as a
me hodology o he equi emen s and analysis
phases, he es o he li e cycle is deal wi h o he
impo an p oposals, hus i is no necessa y o wo k
mo e on hem, like i is shown in he compa a i es
s udies. NDT is o e ed o co e a gap in he
ea men o he li e phases in he Web Enginee ing
(Desphande e al., 2002).
Finally, i is impo an o s ick ou ha NDT has an
associa ed ool, named NDT-Tool (Escalona e al.,
2003) ha suppo s all he li e cycle o NDT. This
ool le s au oma e all he sys ema ic p ocesses o
NDT, apply all i s echniques and ge he esul s
au oma ically.
4 THE FINAL SYSTEM
The de elopmen o he sys em o measu e he g ade
o handicap was an mpo an es o NDT. The
de elopmen en i onmen was e y di icul : he law
was e y new, he e was no any p e ious sys em o
apply i , he e minology o he use s (medicine,
illness, e c) was eally di icul o he de elopmen
eam, e c. In conclusion, a g ea eal expe ience o
p o e i NDT eally ensu es communica ions wi h
he use .
The essen ial idea o he sys em is shown in igu e
2.
The handicapped pa ien , once inished he
ea men and ollowing he indica ions o his/he
amily doc o , isi s a ious specialis s who has o
alue his di e en heal h p oblems (physical and/o
psychological) de i ed om his illness. This
communica ion is ep esen ed in igu e 2, s eps 1
and 2. Specialis can ad ise he isi o ano he
specialis who alues ano he aspec o his/he
handicap. Each specialis comple es his/he own
e alua ion. Each pa ial e alua ion is s o ed in he
sys em, which is o e ed h ough In e ne . This is
ep esen ed in igu e 2, in s ep 3.
When he p ocess o e alua ion is inished he inal
e alua ion epo is au oma ically gene a ed by he
sys em. I can be gene a ed by he pa ien ’s amily
doc o o by any specialis . This inal epo , which
is s uc u ed ollowing he Royal Dec ee ules, is
p esen ed by he use o he Spanish Go e nmen
who de ines he g ade o handicap and calcula es he
compensa ions, paymen s o subsidies o he
pa ien .
The in e ace was an impo an aspec o he
sys em. The law co e s a ious sys ems, physical
aspec s so as psychical, and includes a g ea
complexi y. Each specialis only mus access o he
ma e ha is called on o him/he o e alua e, bu ,
also, he/she
mus be able o access o consul o he e alua ions
made by o he specialis s o an agile way.
In o de o p esen all he in o ma ion, he sys em
is s uc u ed like a ee. Each lea o he ee
ep esen s he possible damage o a subsys em o he
pa ien : he skele on-muscula sys em, he ne ous
sys em, e c. In igu e 3 an example o he diges i e
sys em is p esen ed (The sys em is de eloped in Spanish, o
ha eason he sc een is in Spanish).
In each lead, he specialis ound each piece o
in o ma ion ha ha e o be alued o each pa ien
acco ding o he Royal Dec ee. The ee is always on
he le side and, when a conc e e lead is selec ed all
he in o ma ion abou his concep is p esen ed on
he igh side.
Figu e 1: NDT De elopmen P ocess.
Deal wi h equi emen s
Cap u e De ine Valida e
co ec ?
Cap u e De ine Valida e
co ec ?
no
yes
Analyse
Gene a e basic
models
Gene a e
inal models
Gene a e basic
models
Gene a e
inal models
inconsis en ?
yes
no
Figu e 2: Schema o he sys em beha iou .
ICEIS 2006 - INFORMATION SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND SPECIFICATION
214
This o m o in e ac ion wi h sys em is e y
com o able and in ui i e o he doc o . The ee
displays all he in o ma ion co e ed by he law bu
in a s uc u ed way acco ding o he di e en body
sys ems. All he de ails and casuis ies indica ed in
he law, as well as he es ic ions o ollow by he
doc o s a e con olled by he sys em, no allowing
incons ancies o e o s. In addi ion, as he ee
appea s as he Windows Explo e u ns ou e y
in ui i e o use by he doc o s.
The inal esul has had a g ea accep ance, bu i
would no ha e been possible o a i e a i wi hou a
me hodological ini ial s udy o he sys em. In his
poin , he NDT use has been undamen al. NDT
pa e ns ha e been a g ea echnique o
communica ion ha has made mo e luid he
enclosed wo k be ween he use s and he
de elopmen eam.
Once he objec i es we e de ined, he in o ma ion
s o age equi emen s o , wha is he same, he
in o ma ion ha had o co e he sys em acco ding
o he law, began o be de ined. These da a we e
p esen ed in pa e ns simila o he one p esen ed in
able 1.
Speci ic da a desc ibe each conc e e piece o
in o ma ion ha mus be s o ed o each pa ien . Fo
each piece o speci ic da a i s name, a sho
desc ip ion abou i s meaning and i s na u e ha
desc ibes he s uc u e o his piece mus be de ined.
The e a e some classical na u es like s ing o
in ege , bu he e a e also some ad anced na u es.
Fo ins ance, in he ield “ac ual ea men ” he
na u e is RA-02. This means ha he s uc u e o his
piece o da a is desc ibed by equi emen s RA-02,
ano he s o age equi emen , which is also de ined in
he sys em.
When he g oup o s o age equi emen s was
de ined, he nex s ep was o se up he di e en
oles o use s ha could in e ac wi h he sys em. In
his poin , only wo ac o s we e de ined: he doc o
and he adminis a o . The i s one could only
manage use s’ in o ma ion. When a new doc o
wan s o use he sys em, he/she has o ask o
pe mission o he adminis a ion. The second one,
he doc o , could access o any in o ma ion o he
sys em. Ne e heless, i was impo an o ind some
s uc u ed o m o show all he in o ma ion.
The nex s ep was o s udy he unc ionali y o he
sys em. The sys em did no ha e a e y complex
unc ionali y. Basically:
¾ To manage in o ma ion abou pa ien and
his/he e alua ion and ea men .
¾ To gene a e he inal epo ollowing he
es ic ion o he law.
The mos c i ical aspec o he sys em was o
es ablish a good na iga ional s uc u e ha allowed
o access o he in o ma ion in an easy way. In his
poin , he s udy o he in e ac ion equi emen s was
undamen al.
Wi h he de ini ion o he in e ac ion equi emen s
pa e ns, he de elopmen eam and he use s
decided o s uc u e he in o ma ion in he di e en
Figu e 3: A sc een o he sys em.
A PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH NDT - The Sys em o Measu e he G ade o Handicap
215
o ganic sys em p esen ed in each lead o he ee
shown in igu e 2 (Muscle-Skele on, ne ous
cen al, ca dio ascula , pe iphe al- ascula ,
espi a o y, diges i e, and o he s).
In he las s ep, some o he equi emen s like he
necessi y o secu i y in he ea men o he
in o ma ion we e de ined.
The comple e applica ion o he NDT o his
sys em, all pa e ns and diag ams can be ound in
(Villadiego e al., 2004). Ne e heless, obse ing he
pa e n o able 1 some conclusions can ob iously be
ob ained.
Table 1: An example o pa e n in NDT.
RA-01 Pa ien ’s in o ma ion
Desc ip ion This pa e n desc ibes wha in o ma ion mus be
s o ed o each pa ien in he sys em. Conc e ely:
Name and desc ip ion Na u e
Name: I s o es pa ien ’s name. S ing
DNI: I s o es pa ien ’s numbe o
iden i y na ional documen ..
In ege
NSS: I s o es pa ien ’s numbe o he
Social Secu i y.
In ege
Bo n Da a: I s o es pa ien ’s bo n
da a.
Da e
Phone numbe : i s o es pa ien ’s
phone numbe .
In ege
Weigh: I s o es pa ien ’s weigh. In ege
Heigh : I s o es pa ien ’s heigh . In ege
Ac ual ea men : I s o es all he
in o ma ion abou he ac ual ea men
o he pa ien .
RA-02
Speci ic
Da a
Specialis s’ e alua ion: I s o es all
he in o ma ion abou he alida ion o
he g ade o handicap made by
specialis s.
RA-03
Al hough each pa e n o each equi emen is
di e en and he e i was only p esen ed he s o age
in o ma ion equi emen s one, e e yone ollows he
same s uc u e and all o hem look o collec ing he
necessa y in o ma ion in he simples way.
Fo ha eason, he pa e ns a e easy o unde s and
by he end use , in his case he doc o s. The
e minology used in he ields and he desc ip ions
has been comple ed acco ding o he a go o he
sys em.
Bu he pa e ns a e also ex emely use ul o he
de elopmen eam ha inds in hem a s uc u ed
de ini ion o he equi emen s
This s uc u ed de ini ion is e y impo an in he
ollowing phases o he li e cycle. In ac , NDT
p oposes sys ema ic p ocesses o go om he
pa e ns o he analysis models.
In his sys em, wi h NDT-Tool, a concep ual class
diag am, a na iga ional class diag am and he
p o o ypes o he sys em we e de i ed au oma ically
om he se o pa e ns.
The au oma ic a ainmen o esul s immed he
ime o de elopmen and, he e o e, he cos o he
p ojec . In addi ion, he p o o ypes esul ed help ul
o alida e he esul s wi h he use .
While he de ini ion o equi emen s was made
wi h he use and alida ed by his one al eady om
i s phases o he li e cycle, he es o he p ocess,
design and implemen a ion, was a pu e ask o he
de elopmen eam. This one was undamen ally
based on he s uc u ed de ini ion o equi emen s.
In gene al, al hough he wo k in he equi emen s
enginee ing supposed a conce ed e o o he
eam, i was compensa ed by he educ ion in p ice
and he quali y o he esul s in he la e phases.
5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE
WORKS
This pape p esen ed a eal and a p ac ical
expe ience wi h ou me hodology, NDT. This
applica ion has been e y impo an in his p ojec in
se e al aspec s. The i s one is o alue i NDT and
i s echniques and models we e e icien o deal wi h
complex de elopmen en i onmen . We ha e go
e y good esul s in ha . Pa e ns o e a good way
o communica ion wi h he use s and make easie
he wo k be ween use s and he de elopmen eam.
By o he way, he au oma ic gene a ion o models
in he analysis o NDT makes sho e he
de elopmen ime. To ge au oma ically some
p o o ypes o he sys em is a good echnique o
e alua e equi emen s wi h use s. The disad an age
we ha e o s ick ou is ha he main enance o
pa e ns can be some imes e y complex and
expensi e o he sys em. Fo his eason, we
concluded ha , mainly in complex p ojec s, i is
necessa y he use o NDT-Tool o manage pa e ns.
As a con ibu ion o he medical en i onmen , he
inal sys em has esul ed in a comple e success. I is
being used by a lo o specialis in Andalusia (in he
sou h o Spain) and i is being adap ed o be
accep ed in all he coun y.
As a u u e wo k we a e hinking o apply some
s a is ical and da a mining echniques, ob iously
keeping he pa ien ’s anonymi y. Thanks o hese
echniques, we hope o ind ela ions be ween
illnesses. Fo ins ance, o es ablish ules like “i a
pa ien has los his leg and he/she has no wo ked o
se e al yea s, he/she will p obably ha e some
psychological p oblems”.
ICEIS 2006 - INFORMATION SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND SPECIFICATION
216

I could be a good guide o he amily doc o o
specialis s o ge he mos sui able and comple e
e alua ion o he pa ien .
As inal conclusion wo ideas can be s uck ou .
The i s one is he impo ance o keep a good
communica ion be ween esea che s in compu e
science and medicine. The compu e science
communi y has o alida e i s app oach in eal
p ojec s o su e he alue o i s esul s. Also,
medicine communi y mus inco po a e, as much as i
is possible, he echnological ad ances in i s wo ks
o ob ain he bes esul s. The second main idea is
ha he eam wo k be ween hese esea ch a eas can
ge good p ojec s and esul s ha help pa ien s and
hei amilies and make easie he applica ion o
ea men , he g an ing o helps and, in gene al, he
dealing o hei heal h p oblems.
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