Implementation and Consideration of Circularity Within International Sustainability Assessment Methods

Chap e 19
Implemen a ion and Conside a ion
o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional
Sus ainabili y Assessmen Me hods
Ch is ina Gia ma, Pa izia Lomba di , Rand Aska , Nika T ubina ,
Daniela San ana To a , Ad iana Salles , Hasan Volkan O al ,
Rocío Pineda-Ma os , Aika e ina Ka ana i , Baha Feizollahbeigi ,
Rica do Ma eus , Sa a To abi Moghadam , Janez Tu k ,
Ruben Paul Bo g , and Luís B agança
Abs ac The cons uc ion sec o is a majo con ibu o o en i onmen al deg ada-
ion, p omp ing he need o in eg a ing sus ainabili y in o i s p ac ices. This need
has d i en he de elopmen o sus ainabili y assessmen me hods ac oss a ious
scales o he buil en i onmen . Simul aneously, he ecen emphasis on Ci cula
C. Gia ma (B
)·A. Ka ana i
Labo a o y o Building Cons uc ion and Building Physics, Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing,
A is o le Uni e si y o Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, G eece
e-mail: chgia ma@ci il.au h.g
P. Lomba di ·D. San ana To a ·S. To abi Moghadam
In e uni e si y Depa men o Regional and U ban S udies and Planning, Poly echnic Uni e si y
o Tu in, Tu in, I aly
R. Aska ·A. Salles ·B. Feizollahbeigi ·R. Ma eus ·L. B agança
ISISE, ARISE, Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Minho, 4804-533 Guima ães,
Po ugal
N. T ubina
Uni e si y Cen e o Ene gy E icien Buildings, Czech Technical Uni e si y in P ague,
Buš ěh ad, Czech Republic
H. V. O al
Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing, İs anbul Aydın Uni e si y, Flo ya
Besyol Kampus, İs anbul, Tü kiye
R. Pineda-Ma os
Depa amen o de Ingenie ía Ae oespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, Escuela Técnica Supe io de
Ingenie ía Ag onómica, Á ea de Ingenie ía Ag o o es al, Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se ille, Spain
J. Tu k
Slo enian Na ional Building and Ci il Enginee ing Ins i u e, Ljubljana, Slo enia
R. P. Bo g
Facul y o he Buil En i onmen , Uni e si y o Mal a, Msida, Mal a
© The Au ho (s) 2025
L. B agança e al. (eds.), Ci cula Economy Design and Managemen
in he Buil En i onmen , Sp inge T ac s in Ci il Enginee ing,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-031-73490-8_19
545
546 C. Gia ma e al.
Economy (CE) p inciples has in oduced challenges in ansla ing hese p inciples
in o measu able ou comes wi hin he cons uc ion sec o . This s udy aims o in es i-
ga e he ex en o which ci cula i y p inciples a e embedded wi hin exis ing sus ain-
abili y assessmen me hods o new buildings. The s udy begins by add essing he
in e ela ionships and dis inc ions be ween ci cula i y and sus ainabili y concep s,
es ablishing a ounda ion o he subsequen analysis. Fi e in e na ionally ecognised
sus ainabili y assessmen me hods o new buildings—BREEAM, DGNB, LEED,
Le el(s),SBTool—we eexamined oassess hei inco po a iono ci cula i yaspec s.
Each componen o hese me hods was sc u inised o alignmen wi h he 10 ci cu-
la i y s a egies ou lined in he well-es ablished 10-R amewo k o was e hie a chy.
Expe g oups, consis ing o Ci cula B COST Ac ion membe s, independen ly e al-
ua ed he me hods and p o ided opinions on he di ec and indi ec associa ions
be ween he assessed componen s and he 10-R p inciples. Disag eemen s we e
esol ed h ough g oup discussions. The analysis e ealed a ying deg ees o in e-
g a ion and explici e e ence o ci cula i y p inciples ac oss he assessed me hods.
Thes udy alsohighligh ed he subjec i i yinhe en iniden i yingco ela ionsand he
challenges connec ed o linking ce ain ci cula i y- ela ed concep s in he buil en i-
onmen —such as esilience and adap abili y—wi h he 10-R s a egies. The indings
unde sco e he need o a mo e in-dep h analysis be o e making di ec compa isons
o he in eg a ion o ci cula i y p inciples among di e en sus ainabili y assessmen
me hods, gi en hei me hodological di e ences. The s udy also iden i ies di ec ions
o u u e esea ch.
Keywo ds Ci cula economy ·Sus ainabili y ·Buildings’ Sus ainabili y
assessmen ·10-R F amewo k
19.1 In oduc ion
The main aim o his chap e is o in es iga e he ex en o which ci cula economy-
ela ed aspec s and s a egies a e in eg a ed in he e alua ion p ocess suppo ed and
pe o med by well-known sus ainabili y assessmen me hods o buildings.
The need o his in es iga ion a ises om he in e sec ion o COST Ac ion
Ci cula B’s objec i es and he e ol ing ole and na u e o sus ainabili y assessmen
me hods in he buil en i onmen . Among he co e a ge s o Ci cula B Ac ion is
he p oposal o app op ia e ci cula i y indica o s o e alua ing he buil en i on-
men . These indica o s may be exis ing ones, modi ied e sions, o en i ely new
p oposals, and hei e ec i e de elopmen and applica ion should be suppo ed by
obus da a and amewo ks, including egula o y s anda ds. In pa allel, Le el(s)
amewo k ep esen s one o his Ac ion’s main in e es s, wi h he e ec i e in e-
g a ion o ci cula i y indica o s in o i s s uc u e being one o he o eseen esea ch
a eas. Al hough Le el(s) has dis inc cha ac e is ics, i sha es impo an simila i ies
wi h o he sus ainabili y assessmen me hods used in he buil en i onmen .
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 547
O e he pas decades, sus ainabili y assessmen me hods o he buil en i on-
men ha e e ol ed signi ican ly and gained widesp ead adop ion and ecogni ion
globally. These me hods a e c ucial o embedding sus ainabili y p inciples in o he
buil en i onmen . They essen ially comp ise se s o c i e ia and o indica o s well-
s uc u ed, ele an o he buil en i onmen and accompanied by g ids o s anda ds,
da a and egula ions.
The combina ion o hese ac o s, along wi h he ecogni ion ha sus ainabili y,
while closely ela ed, is no synonymous wi h ci cula i y, unde sco es he impo ance
o he wo k p esen ed in his chap e . The concep s and scopes o ci cula i y and
sus ainabili y a e discussed in Sec . 19.2, p ima ily h ough a compa a i e lens ha
highligh s hei in e ela ionships and dis inc ions.
This s udy in ol ed he selec ion o i e widely ecognised sus ainabili y assess-
men me hods o buildings and hei examina ion wi hin he con ex o a ci cula
economy amewo k. The me hods conside ed a e: BREEAM, DGNB, LEED,
Le el(s), and SBTool.
In bo h academic and p ac ical se ings, a ious R- amewo ks ha e been
employed o de ine s a egies encompassed by he ci cula economy concep . A
he Eu opean Union le el, he 4-R amewo k (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Reco e ),
which o ms he co e o he EU Was e F amewo k Di ec i e [18], was expanded
wi h he in oduc ion o he EU’s Ci cula Economy Ac ion Plan (CEAP) in 2015
and he upda ed CEAP in 2020 (Eu opean Commission, 2020). These de elopmen s
a e in eg al o he EU Indus ial S a egy, a key componen o he Eu opean G een
Deal. A mo e comp ehensi e amewo k, as p esen ed by [28], includes 10 common
ci cula economy (CE) s a egies as illus a ed in Fig. 19.1: Re use, Re hink, Reduce,
Reuse, Repai , Re u bish, Remanu ac u e, Repu pose, Recycle, and Reco e . This
amewo k was adop ed in his s udy o sc u inise all he aspec s co e ed by he
selec ed assessmen p o ocols in e ms o ci cula i y, gi en i s clea and nea ly
exhaus i e ep esen a ion o exis ing CE s a egies. I is wo h no ing ha o he
simila amewo ks exis in he li e a u e, such as hose p oposed by [34] and [38].
The in es iga ion ocused on analysing whe he , o wha ex en , and how ci cu-
la i yp inciplesand s a egiesa eimplemen ed in he examinedsus ainabili y assess-
men me hods. This analysis was conduc ed a he mos g anula , sel -con ained,
dis inc , and sco ed le el wi hin each me hod’s assessmen s uc u e, as explained
in he espec i e sec ions. The me hodology in ol ed conduc ing expe ocus
g oup exe cises wi h i e sub-g oups (co esponding o he i e examined me hods),
composed o esea che s con ibu ing o his s udy. Pa icipa ion in each sub-g oup
was olun a y, wi h he numbe o membe s a ying; some esea che s pa icipa ed
in mul iple sub-g oups, while o he s we e in ol ed in only one. De ailed in o ma ion
ega ding he numbe o con ibu o s in each sub-g oup is p o ided in he espec i e
sec ions o his chap e .
Each sub-g oup analysed a speci ic p o ocol/assessmen me hod by s udying he
echnical manuals, guides, o desc ip i e ma e ials accompanying each me hod,
which con ain comp ehensi e desc ip ions o he con en , benchma ks, and in ended
goals o he assessmen le els unde conside a ion. Fo SBTool, he analysis was
based on he s udy o he me hod’s compu a ional ools (Excel- ype iles). The
548 C. Gia ma e al.
Fig. 19.1 The employed 10-R amewo k (adap ed om [28])
membe s o each subg oup independen ly p o ided hei opinions on whe he and
which o he s a egies ou lined in he 10-R amewo k a e e lec ed in he examined
componen s o he analysed me hod. I is impo an o no e ha , o his co ela ion
o be meaning ul and e ec i e in he con ex o indi idual buildings, he in es iga-
ion cen ed on assessing building p oduc s and buildings as p oduc s h ough he
lens o he 10-R amewo k. Di e ences in es ima ions and assessmen s wi hin each
sub-g oup we e esol ed h ough discussions. Th ough his p ocess, wo ypes o
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 549
associa ions we e es ablished: di ec and indi ec . Di ec associa ions a e based on
di ec , explici e e ences o one o mo e o he employed amewo k’s s a egies/
p inciples wi hin he con en , aim, indica o s, and o e all s uc u e o he examined
componen . Indi ec associa ions e lec ela ionships whe e no explici e e ences
we e ound,bu co ela ionscouldbein e edona consequen ial basis. Mo e de ailed
classi ica ions, and in o ma ion on each me hod’s unique ea u es in luencing he
ea men o his issue, a e p o ided in he sec ions p esen ing he esul s o he
examined me hods.
The esul s a e p esen ed in ables lis ing he componen s o each me hod di ec ly
and indi ec ly associa ed wi h he 10-R s a egies. The discussion o he indings
ollows. This app oach ou lines he conside a ion o a ious ci cula s a egies in
he con ex o he examined me hods, highligh ing he di e ences and simila i ies
among he adop ed app oaches. An impo an ou come o his analysis pe ains o he
challenge o dis inguishing be ween sus ainabili y and ci cula i y and he esul ing
a ia ions in he ela ed in e p e a ions.
The s uc u e o he chap e is as ollows: Sec . 19.2 discusses he in e ela ion-
ships and dis inc ions be ween ci cula i y and sus ainabili y. Sec ion 19.3 p o ides
an o e iew o sus ainabili y assessmen me hods o he buil en i onmen and anal-
yses he in eg a ion o ci cula i y in i e in e na ional me hods: BREEAM, DGNB,
LEED, Le el(s), and SBTool. Finally, Sec . 4 concludes he chap e .
19.2 Sus ainabili y Ve sus Ci cula i y
The ela ionship be ween he concep s o ci cula economy (CE) and sus ainabili y
has spa ked an ongoing deba e [33]. Howe e , he lack o clea bounda ies de ining
each concep has ueled his con lic , despi e hei widesp ead use among schola s
and p ac i ione s. Un o una ely, his lack o cla i y hinde s he e ec i e applica ion
o hese concep s in bo h heo y and p ac ice [22]. Sus ainabili y can be de ined as
he balanced in eg a ion o economic pe o mance, social alue, and en i onmen al
esilience, bene i ing bo h p esen and u u e gene a ions [22]. On he o he hand,
he ci cula economy is de ined as an indus ial sys em in en ionally designed o
es o a ion and egene a ion. I aims o eplace he concep o disposal “end-o -
li e” wi h egene a i e g ow h, p io i ise enewable ene gy, elimina e oxic chem-
icals ha hinde euse, and s i e o was e elimina ion h ough supe io ma e-
ial, p oduc , sys em, and business model design [17]. While a ious schola s ha e
p oposed mul iple de ini ions o ci cula economy, he de ini ion pu o h by he
Ellen MacA hu Founda ion is he mos accep ed [23,28].
While bo h sus ainabili y and ci cula economy sha e conce ns abou echnolog-
icalad ancemen s,indus ial p ac ices, andconsump ionpa e ns, heyalso highligh
he impo ance o in eg a ing en i onmen al and social dimensions wi h economic
p og ess [22]. Despi e hese simila i ies, he wo app oaches di e signi ican ly in
hei o igins, objec i es, scopes, mo i a ions, ins i u ionalisa ions, imespans, and
bene icia ies [22]. Sus ainabili y embodies a mo e open-ended essence in he con ex

550 C. Gia ma e al.
o sus ainable de elopmen compa ed o a ci cula economy [22,46]. I encompasses
a wide ange o goals ha can be e amed o e ime o align wi h he in e es s o
in ol ed pa ies. Con e sely, he ci cula economy is mo e speci ic in de ining i s
goals and aspi a ions o closed-loop sys ems ha elimina e was e and minimise
emissions. These goals a e o be achie ed wi hin de ined heo e ical and p ac ical
h esholds [17].
Schola s di e ge in o wo di ec ions ega ding he ela ionship be ween CE and
sus ainabili y. The i s di ec ion a gues ha CE su passes he linea hinking models
o sus ainabili y and o e s p ospec i e solu ions o i s sho comings [28,40]. Geiss-
doe e e al. [22] p o ide a mo e comp ehensi e pe spec i e, acknowledging bo h
posi ions. They iden i y h ee majo ypes o ela ionships be ween sus ainabili y
and ci cula economy: (1) ci cula economy as a condi ion o sus ainabili y, (2)
a mu ually bene icial ela ion, o (3) a ade-o . These ela ionship pa e ns os e
di e si y and encou age he deploymen o a wide ange o complemen a y s a egies.
Acco ding o B und land Repo (1987), sus ainable de elopmen is de ined as de el-
opmen ha mee s he needs o he p esen wi hou comp omising he abili y o u u e
gene a ions o mee hei own needs. This de ini ion highligh s ha sus ainable de el-
opmen is an e e -e ol ing goal o ou plane and socie y. A ci cula economy, in
his ega d, es ablishes new sus ainabili y benchma ks o mee mode n-day goals o
sus ainable de elopmen . Howe e , employing he ci cula economy wi hou consid-
e ing sus ainabili y would lead o undesi able esul s. Fo example, mul iple cycles
o eusing o ecycling a p oduc may e en ually ei he p oduce mo e emissions o
consume mo e ene gy han p oducing a new one. The e o e, i is c ucial o s ike he
igh balance be ween esou ce ci cula i y and hei en i onmen al, economic, and
social impac s, aking in o accoun case-speci ic equi emen s.
The ela ionship be ween ci cula economy and sus ainabili y also ex ends o
he buil en i onmen , pa icula ly he building sec o [27]. Howe e , while sus ain-
abili y has o en been associa ed wi h “doing less bad” ins ead o good, he CE has
been all abou “doing good”. Sus ainabili y comes om he g adual op imisa ion o
hings, whils he ci cula economy is abou new business models ha sell se ices
a he han p oduc s [27]. Many li e a u e s udies on ci cula economy p io i ise
en i onmen al imp o emen s, neglec ing a sys emic in eg a ion o all h ee pilla s o
sus ainabili y. The s ong ela ionship be ween ci cula economy and en i onmen al
sus ainabili y lies in he e icien solu ions ha ci cula economy concep s p o ide o
alle ia e he p essu e o human ac i i ies on na u al ecosys ems [33]. Howe e , mos
cases end o link he en i onmen al ocus wi h economic aspec s, paying ma ginal
a en ion o social and ins i u ional le els. The social alue b ough by he ci cula
economy is o en o e looked, wi h discussions mainly cen ed a ound job c ea ion.
This limi ed co e age o social aspec s e lec s a blu ed pe cep ion o he ci cula
economy’s abili y o con ibu e o subjec i e well-being [22]. The ma ginal a en ion
gi en osocialissuesinci cula economys udiesmaybea ibu ed o hei ocusonan
indus ial con ex [12]. Consequen ly, he ci cula economy should b oaden i s scope
o include socie al conce ns, which equi e a adical shi in consume and s ake-
holde s’ a i udes. Howe e , ecen s udies show a g owing awa eness o he need o
a mo e inclusi e app oach ha emb aces he iple bo om line o sus ainabili y [33].
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 551
Table 19.1 Di e ences be ween sus ainabili y and ci cula economy on a ious le els
Aspec s Sus ainabili y Ci cula economy
Objec i e Mo e open-ended essence
ega ding sus ainable
de elopmen
Mo e speci ic in de ining i s goals and
aspi a ions o closed-loop sys ems ha
elimina e was e and minimise emissions
Impac “doing less bad” “doing good”
Focus Focuses on he iple bo om
line: People, he Plane and he
Economy
Focuses on Resou ce Cycles
P ac ice g ound The p ac ice o sus ainabili y is
g ounded in and ocused on he
Biosphe e
The p ac ice o ci cula i y is g ounded in
and ocused on he Techno and Bio sphe es
Responsibili y Responsibili y is sha ed bu no
clea ly de ined
Mo e de ined esponsibili y p ima ily
ocusing on p i a e businesses, egula o s
and policymake s
Bene icia ies Main bene icia ies: he
en i onmen , he economy, and
socie y
Main bene icia ies: he economic ac o s
ha implemen he sys em
In e es s In e es s a e aligned be ween
s akeholde s and can be
e amed o e ime
In e es s p io i ise inancial ad an ages o
companies
P io i ised
aspec s
Comes a ound he g adual
op imisa ion o hings
P io i ises imp o emen s on he
en i onmen al aspec while he social
aspec is ma ginally add essed
Table 19.1 summa ises he di e ences be ween sus ainabili y and ci cula economy
in e ms o objec i e, impac , ocus, p ac ice g ound, esponsibili y, bene icia ies,
in e es and p io i ised aspec s.
19.3 Analysis o Ci cula i y Implemen a ion in Fi e
Well-Known In e na ional Me hods (BREEAM,
DGNB, LEED, Le el(S), SBTool)
19.3.1 Gene al In o ma ion
O e he pas ew decades, sus ainabili y assessmen me hods o buildings ha e
e ol ed in o a c i ical asse o implemen ing sus ainabili y p inciples in he building
sec o . These me hods ha e gained signi ican accep ance and ecogni ion in e na-
ionally ac oss a ious s akeholde s. The 1990s ma ked he incep ion o en i on-
men al pe o mance assessmen me hods o buildings, wi h he i s e sions o
BREEAM and LEED being published in 1990 and 1998, espec i ely [1,41]. Addi-
ionally, GBTool, la e known as SBTool, was ini ially launched in 1998 ollowing
552 C. Gia ma e al.
an in e na ional de elopmen e o ha began in 1996 [11]. In subsequen yea s,
nume ous sus ainabili y assessmen me hods ha e been de eloped by o ganisa ions,
ins i u ions, and esea che s ac oss a ious coun ies and con inen s [4,45,16].
These me hods exhibi a ying deg ees o simila i y and di e en ia ion in e ms
o hei philosophy, scope o applica ion (whe he in e na ional o na ional, building
uses add essed, e c.), ange o c i e ia, and me hodological s uc u e. No ably,
some di e ences can also be obse ed among he successi e e sions o hese
me hods hemsel es, as hey con inuously e ol e, expand in scope, and adap o
new challenges and condi ions, which is key o hei e ec i eness and ele ance.
When conside ing ends in he sus ainabili y assessmen o he buil en i onmen ,
i is impo an o no e he g owing in e es in scales la ge han indi idual buildings.
Me hods add essing neighbou hood o e en ci y scales ha e eme ged as ea ly as
he 2000s, wi h hei de elopmen ecei ing con inuous and in ensi e enhancemen .
Whilemanyissuesa hebuildingscalea ebeingadequa elyadd essed(wi h oom o
imp o emen ), he b oade scope o e s g ea e oppo uni ies and challenges, leading
o a ocus on la ge en i ies wi hin he buil en i onmen . Mo eo e , he p inciples o
heCi cula Economycanbe e ec i elyappliedno onlya hebuilding scale bu also
a he neighbou hood and u ban scales, conside ing key ac o s o ci cula i y in he
buil en i onmen . P ominen sus ainabili y assessmen me hods o buildings, such
as BREEAM, LEED, DGNB, and CASBEE, ha e expanded o de elop ools o he
u ban scale (e.g., BREEAM Communi ies, LEED o Neighbo hood De elopmen ,
DGNB o U ban Dis ic s, and CASBEE o U ban De elopmen , espec i ely).
Ano he example o a mul i-scale app oach is CESBA (Common Eu opean
Sus ainableBuil En i onmen Assessmen s),whichex ends he eliabili yo SBTool
o bo h he building and neighbou hood scales. CESBA ep esen s a bo om-up
ini ia i e aimed a p omo ing he ha monisa ion o sus ainabili y assessmen s ac oss
Eu ope, om buildings o neighbou hoods and egions. I pa icula ly emphasises
a neighbou hood-le el app oach o de eloping syne gies in ene gy e iciency1.
Howe e , he analysis in his wo k ocuses on he building scale.
Asigni ican numbe o compa a i e e iewso buildingsus ainabili yassessmen
me hods can be ound in he li e a u e, add essing hei basic cha ac e is ics o hei
app oaches o speci ic pe o mance aspec s ( o example, see [2–6,10,15,21,24,
35–37,39,41,45]. De ailed in o ma ion abou compa a i e e iew s udies o such
ools can also be ound in a ious wo ks, e.g., in [30]. Some o he mos widely
known and applied sus ainabili y assessmen me hods appea mo e equen ly in
hese e iew s udies, highligh ing hei impo ance and in luence. I is e iden ha
he simul aneous, c i ical, and compa a i e conside a ion o mul iple me hods has
been a ocal poin in scien i ic e o s aimed a imp o ing hese ools since hei ea ly
de elopmen .
In his e iew, he analysis ocuses on ou sus ainabili y assessmen me hods o
buildings: BREEAM, DGNB, LEED, and SBTool. The e sions s udied a e he mos
1The CESBA SNTool led o he MED Passpo enabling he compa ison o he pe o mances o
buildings and neighbou hoods, in line wi h he EC COM 2014 445. A CESBA MED ne wo k o
ci ies was se up in o de o maximise he ans e abili y o esul s [9].
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 553
ecen , applicable o new buildings and sui able o in e na ional use. Whe e di e en
schemes exis o e ia y and esiden ial buildings, he e ia y sec o e sion is
examined. These me hods we e selec ed based on hei widesp ead use in Eu ope and
hei in e na ional scope. Addi ionally, Le el(s) is included in his e iew. Al hough
Le el(s) di e s in some aspec s o i s philosophy compa ed o he o he “ ypical”
me hodsexamined,i isacons an lye ol ingcommonEu opean amewo k ha may
se e as a common axis o implemen ing sus ainabili y assessmen p inciples and
p ocedu es in he building sec o and cons uc ion p ac ices in he u u e. Mo eo e ,
gi en ha Le el(s) is a ocal poin o Ci cula B Ac ion’s in e es s, i s inclusion
alongside he o he me hods is essen ial.
19.3.2 BREEAM
In oduc o y ema ks. BREEAM (Building Resea ch Es ablishmen En i on-
men al Assessmen Me hod) is a widely ecognised en i onmen al assessmen
me hod and a ing sys em used o e alua e and measu e he sus ainabili y pe o -
mance o a ious building ypes. De eloped by he Building Resea ch Es ablishmen
(BRE)in heUni ed Kingdomin 1990,BREEAMhascon inuouslye ol ed,adap ing
o ad ancemen s in sus ainabili y p ac ices and expanding i s scope [7]. The sys em
employs es ablished pe o mance indica o s ha adhe e o de ined s anda ds and
benchma ks, assessing he echnical pe o mance, design, cons uc ion, and ongoing
use o buildings. These indica o s encompass a b oad ange o ac o s, om ene gy
consump ion o ecological impac , co e ing mul iple dimensions o en i onmen al
pe o mance.
BREEAM’s holis ic app oach and con inuous de elopmen ha e enabled i o be
success ully adap ed o almos any building ype and o a ious scales wi hin he
buil en i onmen . The me hod includes applica ions o di e en scena ios, such as
e alua ing new sus ainable building p ojec s h ough BREEAM New Cons uc ion
o i s in e na ional coun e pa , assessing exis ing non-domes ic, comme cial, indus-
ial, e ail, and ins i u ional buildings using he BREEAM In-Use scheme, applying
a sus ainable assessmen me hod o e u bishmen p ojec s wi h BREEAM Re u -
bishmen , and e en planning o he c ea ion o neighbou hoods and u ban a eas o
new communi ies h ough BREEAM Communi ies [7].
This analysis ocuses on he BREEAM In e na ional New Cons uc ion 2021
scheme (BRE [8]). BREEAM cu en ly ca ego ises i s assessmen in o nine en i-
onmen al sec ions: (i) Managemen , (ii) Heal h and Wellbeing, (iii) Ene gy, (i )
T anspo , ( ) Wa e , ( i) Ma e ials, ( ii) Was e, ( iii) Land Use and Ecology, (ix)
Pollu ionandanaddi ionalone–(x)Inno a ion.Eachen i onmen alsec ion con ains
a a ying numbe o speci ic issues. Fo example, he Managemen sec ion includes
i e issues; Heal h and Wellbeing comp ises nine issues; Ene gy co e s 11 issues;
T anspo includes se en issues; bo h Wa e and Ma e ials comp ise ou issues each;
Land Use and Ecology and Was e co e ou and se en issues espec i ely; Pollu ion
560 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.2 (con inued)
En i onmen al
sec ion
Issue Associa ion wi h ci cula i y
(employed amewo k)
Le el (si e, ma e ial,
design, cons uc ion,
managemen )
Ws 05 Adap a ion o
clima e
change
REDUCE esou ces consump ion
( educed need o epai and
econ igu a ion as s uc u al and
ab ic esilience is unde
conside a ion, wi h adap a ion o
clima e change being also
included as an exempla y c edi )
RETHINK: he p e ious design
app oach by conduc ing a clima e
change adap a ion s a egy, as
one o he p inciples o ci cula
cons uc ion, app aisal o
s uc u al and ab ic esilience by
he end o Concep Design
Design
Ws 06 Func ional
adap abili y
REDUCE esou ces consump ion
o u u e adap a ions and change
o use (adap abili y is unde
conside a ion)
REFURBISH as he acili a ion
o an “upda e” o he building
uses in he con ex o i s
adap abili y
RETHINK: he p e ious design
app oach by in oducing
unc ional adap a ion measu es,
as one o he p inciples o
ci cula cons uc ion, h ough he
inalisa ion o he echnical
design
Ma e ial, design &
managemen (in he
sense o p epa ing a
unc ional
adap a ion s a egy
s udy)
Land use and
ecology (LE)
LE 01 Si e selec ion REUSE land—as a consequence:
REDUCE he consump ion
(“occupa ion”) o p e iously
unoccupied land
REUSE/REPURPOSE in e ms
o b own ields
REFURBISH (in he sense o
es o ing) con amina ed land
Si e
he le el a which hese associa ions occu (e.g., si e, ma e ial, design, cons uc-
ion, managemen ). I is impo an o no e ha gene al ci cula i y p inciples, such as
adap abili y and esilience, ha e also been conside ed in his analysis, e en hough
hey a e no explici ly men ioned in he 10-R amewo k used. Whe e applicable,
hese gene al p inciples we e co ela ed wi h one o mo e o he 10 s a egies in he
amewo k, and he ela ed in o ma ion is included in he ables.

19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 561
Table 19.3 Issues which a e indi ec ly4associa ed wi h ci cula i y (ci cula p inciples as e lec ed
in he employed amewo k)
En i onmen al
sec ion
Issue Associa ion wi h ci cula i y
(employed amewo k)
Le el (si e,
ma e ial,
design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
Managemen
(Man)
Man 03 Responsible
cons uc ion
p ac ices
REDUCE: En i onmen al
impac s as esul o moni o ing
si e impac s like was e o wa e
Si e, ma e ial,
design,
cons uc ion &
managemen
Man 05 A e ca e REDUCE: wa e and ene gy
consump ion (se ing a ge s o
hose i ems in he con ex o he
exempla y le el c i e ia)
RETHINK: by inc easing
mul i unc ionali y, exis ing
app oach and s a p o iding
a e ca e o ensu e he building
ope a es and adap s o u u e
needs
Design &
managemen
Heal h and
wellbeing
(Hea)
Hea 09 Wa e quali y REDUCE wa e con amina ion by
inc easing e iciency in p oduc o
sys em manu ac u e—e.g.,
g eywa e ea men a he
building scale
Design &
managemen
Ene gy (Ene) Ene 02a Ene gy
moni o ing
REDUCE: ene gy consump ion
by moni o ing ene gy inpu and
ou pu (ene gy cycling p ocess)
Managemen
Ene 02b Ene gy
moni o ing
REDUCE: ene gy consump ion
by moni o ing ene gy inpu and
ou pu (ene gy cycling p ocess)
Managemen
Ene 10 Flexible
demand side
esponse
REDUCE: ene gy consump ion
educ ion due o lexible demand
side esponse capabili y o
elec ici y, which is p omo ed.
(adap abili y/ lexibili y aspec
issue)
Design &
managemen
T aspo (T a) T a 02 P oximi y o
ameni ies
REDUCE anspo use and as
esul i s impac s (objec i e as a
whole), he need o access
ameni ies elsewhe e
RETHINK he space in he
neighbou hood
Si e & design
(con inued)
4Indi ec associa ion: no e e ence/desc ip ion in he in en , indica o , benchma ks, and gene ally,
in he s uc u e and con en o he c i e ion. Howe e , a clea connec ion o he ollowing ype can
be seen: i his c i e ion is me , hen, as a consequence, a ci cula i y p inciple will be se ed.
562 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.3 (con inued)
En i onmen al
sec ion
Issue Associa ion wi h ci cula i y
(employed amewo k)
Le el (si e,
ma e ial,
design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
T a 05 T a el plan REDUCE eliance on and,
he e o e, use o o ms o a el
and anspo a ion ha ha e he
highes en i onmen al impac
(objec i e as a whole)
RETHINK exis ing a el plan
issues
Si e & design
T a 06 Home o ice REDUCE/REFUSE
anspo a ion use o and om
wo k as esul i s nega i e impac s
(objec i e as a whole)
Si e & design
Wa e (Wa ) Wa 02 Wa e
moni o ing
REDUCE wa e consump ion by
moni o ing wa e inpu and ou pu
Managemen
Pollu ion (Pol) Pol 03 Su ace
wa e un-o
RETHINK: mul i unc ionali y o
g een oo s
REDUCE esou ces consump ion
in he sense o p omo ing lood
esilience
Si e & design
As wi h all he me hods examined in his s udy, he esul s p esen ed e lec he
es ima ions and opinions o he sub-g oups ha wo ked on hem. The de e mina ion
o whe he an associa ion was di ec o indi ec was he ou come o discussions
among sub-g oup membe s. These discussions led o a consensus on each issue;
in cases whe e disag eemen s pe sis ed, he majo i y opinion was eco ded. The
associa ions lis ed in he ele an columns o he ables indica e he p inciples ha a
leas one sub-g oup membe iden i ied as being e lec ed in he espec i e BREEAM
c i e ia.
TheBREEAMs udywasconduc edbyasub-g oupconsis ingo h ee esea che s
wo king on his chap e . As wi h he o he me hods examined, he esea che s’
opinions exhibi ed a ying deg ees o ag eemen and di e gence. This a iabili y
is expec ed, gi en he inhe en subjec i i y in in e p e ing and es ima ing whe he
ce ain issues a e mo e closely ela ed o sus ainabili y o ci cula i y.
Based on he esul s shown in Tables 19.2 and 19.3, a key conclusion is ha
all he majo en i onmen al sec ions o he BREEAM me hod a e ep esen ed o
some ex en , al hough wi h a ying deg ees o emphasis. I is impo an o no e ha
he Inno a ion is nei he included in Table 19.4 no in he p eceding analysis. This
exclusion is due o he ac ha c edi s in he Inno a ion sec ion a e awa ded ei he
o exempla y pe o mance in ce ain issues (as de ined in he BREEAM manual [8])
o when a “pa icula building echnology o ea u e, design, cons uc ion me hod, o
p ocess” [8], p. 35, is ecognised as inno a i e. In he i s case, hese associa ions a e
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 563
conside ed wi hin he con ex o he espec i e issues, while he second case canno
be easily ca ego ised o included in his ype o analysis.
Rega ding he nine en i onmen al sec ions examined, i is e iden ha some a e
mo e s ongly ep esen ed in Tables 19.2 and 19.3 han o he s. Speci ically, di ec
associa ions we e iden i ied o all issues (se en ou o se en) in he Was e en i on-
men al sec ion. Ano he s ongly ep esen ed en i onmen al sec ion is Wa e , whe e
h ee ou o ou issues ha e di ec associa ions, wi h he emaining issue being
indi ec ly ela ed o he employed ci cula economy amewo k. The Ene gy sec ion
p esen s a simila image, wi h se en di ec ly and h ee indi ec ly associa ed issues
among he en ones ha a e included in i . The T anspo sec ion also shows a signi -
ican connec ion o ci cula i y, wi h h ee di ec and h ee indi ec associa ions ou
o a o al o se en issues. The Ma e ials sec ion is simila ly well- ep esen ed, wi h
h ee o i s ou issues included in Table 19.2.
In con as , Heal h and Well-being sec ion and he Managemen sec ion a e less
ep esen ed in Table 19.2, wi h only wo ou o nine and one ou o i e issues, espec-
i ely, showing di ec associa ions. The same pa e n is obse ed in Table 19.3, whe e
only one o he nine Heal h and Well-being issues and wo o he i e Managemen
issues a e indi ec ly ela ed o ci cula i y. The Land Use and Ecology sec ion is ep e-
sen ed by one issue in Table 19.2, while he Pollu ion sec ion shows e en weake
ep esen a ion, wi h only one indi ec associa ion iden i ied.
O e all, di ec associa ions ou numbe indi ec ones. Howe e , i is impo an o
emembe ha BREEAM uses weigh ed sco es, meaning ha some issues con ibu e
mo e o he inal sco e han o he s. Fo ins ance, he ac ha h ee ou o nine Heal h
and Well-being issues a e associa ed wi h ci cula i y does no imply ha one- hi d
o he a ailable c edi s in his sec ion a e linked o ci cula p inciples o s a egies.
Mo eo e , wi hin any gi en issue, only a po ion o he a ailable c edi s may be
ela ed o ci cula i y. Addi ionally, each en i onmen al sec ion has i s own ela i e
weigh ing, which a ec s i s con ibu ion o he inal sco e.
The esul s in Tables 19.2 and 19.3 also indica e ha ce ain s a egies and
p inciples a e mo e s ongly ep esen ed han o he s in he iden i ied associa ions.
Fo example, he “Reduce” p inciple appea s equen ly ac oss di e en sec ions.
“Re hink” is also commonly ound in bo h ables, while “Recycle” and “Reuse” a e
s ongly ep esen ed among he di ec associa ions.
All le els examined (si e, ma e ial, design, cons uc ion, managemen ) appea
in Tables 19.2 and 19.3, wi h some le els being mo e equen ly encoun e ed han
o he s. I is expec ed ha he design le el is he mos equen ly e e enced, gi en
ha he examined BREEAM me hod p ima ily add esses new cons uc ions.
19.3.3 DGNB
In oduc o y ema ks. Deu sche Gesellscha ü Nachhal iges Bauen (DGNB)
Sys em is a buildings’ en i onmen al pe o mance assessmen sys em de eloped by
heGe manSus ainableBuildingCouncil(DGNBinGe man).The a ingsys emwas
564 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.4 C i e ia which a e di ec ly5associa ed wi h ci cula i y (ci cula p inciples as e lec ed in he employed amewo k)
Topic C i e ia g oup C i e ion Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed amewo k) Le el (si e,
ma e ial,
design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
En i onmen al
quali y (ENV)
ENV1-E ec s on he
global and local
en i onmen
ENV1.1 Building li e
cycle
assessmen
REUSE: eusing componen s o s uc u al elemen s is aken
in o conside a ion (indica o 3)
REDUCE: esou ces consump ion (ene gy, ma e ials) is
conside ed (indica o 3)
RECYCLE &RECOVER: aken in o conside a ion wi hin
LCA (indica o 3)
REPAIR: mo e indi ec associa ion in compa ison o he o he
3, de ec ed in he ac ha se ice-li e conside a ions a e
included in LCA
Ma e ial &
design &
cons uc ion
ENV1.3 Sus ainable
esou ce
ex ac ion
REDUCE he p ima y aw ma e ials ex ac ion (indica o 2)
RECYCLE: o seconda y aw ma e ials use (indica o 2)
Ma e ial
ENV2-Resou ce
consump ion and was e
gene a ion
ENV2.2 Po able wa e
demand and
was ewa e
olume
REDUCE was e wa e p oduc ion and po able wa e
consump ion (indica o 1)
RECYCLE g eywa e & ainwa e (indica o 1)
Si e & design
ENV2.3 Land use REPURPOSE/REUSE land and REDUCE “consump ion” o
ee land (indica o 1)
REPAIR land in case o con amina ion (CE bonus)
Si e & design
(con inued)
5Di ec associa ion: di ec e e ence/desc ip ion in he in en , indica o , benchma ks, and gene ally, in he s uc u e and con en o he c i e ion. Also, CE
associa ion decla ed in he manual o CE bonus a ailable.
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 565
Table 19.4 (con inued)
Topic C i e ia g oup C i e ion Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed amewo k) Le el (si e,
ma e ial,
design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
Economic
quali y (ECO)
ECO1-Li e cycle cos s ECO1.1 Li e cycle cos REUSE o building componen s is aken in o conside a ion (CE
bonus)
RECYCLE & RECOVER aken in o conside a ion (CE bonus)
REPAIR & REDUCE: mo e indi ec associa ion in compa ison
o he o he 3 de ec ed in he ac ha se ice-li e
conside a ions a e aken in o conside a ion in LCC analysis
Ma e ial &
design &
managemen
ECO2-Economic
de elopmen
ECO2.1 Flexibili y and
adap abili y
REDUCE: doing mo e wi h he same building (all indica o s)
RETHINK: high in ensi y o use (CE bonus),
REUSE & REPURPOSE ia he lexibili y and adap abili y
p omo ion (all indica o s)
Design
ECO2.2 Comme cial
iabili y
RETHINK: con ibu ion o ci cula economy by a leas one
pa y (CE bonus)
no e: he associa ion o his c i e ion wi h ci cula economy is
no conside ed o be as clea as in he o he cases; i s inclusion
in his able is es ablished by he ac ha wi hin i s amewo k,
a CE bonus is o e ed
Design &
managemen
(con inued)

566 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.4 (con inued)
Topic C i e ia g oup C i e ion Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed amewo k) Le el (si e,
ma e ial,
design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
Technical
quali y (TEC)
TEC1-Technical quali y TEC1.4 Use and
in eg a ion o
building
echnology
REDUCE: p omo ing he educ ion o non- enewable ene gy
consump ion by he in eg a ion o passi e sys ems (indica o s
1,2,4 and CE bonusses)
REPAIR: All componen s o he echnical acili ies a e easily
accessible o epai . The echnical acili ies ha e a su icien
numbe o su icien ly la ge moun ing openings, doo s and
co ido s o minimise unnecessa y in e ac ion wi h ma e ials
du ing epai o main enance
REFURBISH: p omo ing he accessibili y o he building
echnologies (indica o 3)
Design &
managemen
TEC1.6 Ease o
eco e y and
ecycling
REDUCE he p ima y esou ces equi ed (CE Bonus 1.2-and
gene al aim o he c i e ion)
REUSE o building componen s aken in o conside a ion (CE
bonus 1.3),
RECYCLE: easy o ecycle ma e ials (indica o 1),
REFUSE: a oiding use o building componen s (CE bonus 1.3),
RECOVER: he CE bonus p omo es euse and eco e y o
ma e ials. The c i e ia assess he abili y o building s uc u es o
be easily eco e able - ease o disassembly and ease o
sepa a ion o building componen s in e ms o max. possible
ma e ial con en (indica o 2)
Ma e ials &
design
(con inued)
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 567
Table 19.4 (con inued)
Topic C i e ia g oup C i e ion Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed amewo k) Le el (si e,
ma e ial,
design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
TEC3.1 Mobili y
in as uc u e
REFUSE: e use o use ine icien mobili y in as uc u e and
old app oaches - ins ead use bicycles, elec ic ehicles
(indica o 1,3); e use o use pe sonal ehicles - ins ead use he
concep o sha ing. (CE bonus 2.1)
RETHINK: mobili y sha ing is p omo ed (CE bonus 2.1)
REDUCE: mo e indi ec associa ion in compa ison o he
p e ious ones, as esou ces consump ion may be achie ed, e.g.
wi h he p o ision o bicycle pa king acili ies (indica o s 1–4,
aking in o accoun he e e ences in Inno a ion a ea)
Si e & design
& managemen
P ocess quali y
(PRO)
PRO1-Technical quali y PRO1.4 Sus ainabili y
aspec s in
ende phase
REUSE & REPURPOSE &RECYCLE: no excluding and o
enhancing a he ende phase he use and o euse o ecycled
and o seconda y ma e ials o speci ic applica ions is p omo ed
(CE bonus 1.2)
Ma e ial &
managemen
PRO2-Cons uc ion
quali y assu ance
PRO2.1 Cons uc ion
si e /
cons uc ion
p ocess
REDUCE he amoun o gene a ed was e (indica o 4, CE
bonus 4.4.)
Si e &
managemen
Si e quali y
(SITE)
SITE1-Si e quali y SITE1.4 Access o
ameni ies
RETHINK he space and i s possible uses (CE bonus)
no e: he associa ion o his c i e ion wi h ci cula economy is
no conside ed o be as clea as in he o he cases; i s inclusion
in his able is es ablished by he ac ha wi hin i s amewo k,
a CE bonus is o e ed
Si e & design
568 C. Gia ma e al.
ini ially launched in 2008 [4,15], wi h i s i s e sion add essing he sus ainabili y
assessmen o new adminis a i e and o ice buildings in Ge many. The ce i ica ion
scheme was used o he i s ime in he ma ke in 2009 [15]. In he ollowing yea s,
he cons an ly e ol ing me hod expanded o in ol e addi ional building uses and li e-
cycle s ages. Cu en ly, schemes / di e en ia ed e sions o he me hod a e a ailable
o buildings o a ple ho a o uses, wi h ega d o di e en s ages o hei li ecycle,
and o a eas o applica ion o mo e speci ic in e es (e.g. “In e io s”) a e a ailable.
A DGNB sys em o he e alua ion o buil en i onmen en i ies a la ge scales
(dis ic s) has also been de eloped, encompassing schemes o business dis ic s,
e en a eas, comme cial a eas, indus ial si es, u ban dis ic s and o he cases ( eso s
and e ical ci ies) [15]. DGNB me hod can be applied also ou side Ge many (adap-
a ion o local condi ions, employmen o in e na ional s anda ds). The applica ion
o he me hod ac oss Eu ope, bu also in o he con inen s keeps inc easing.
In his e iew, DGNB Sys em o new buildings e sion 2020 (in e na ional)
[14] is examined. The me hod add esses a ious building uses (o ice, educa ion,
esiden ial, ho el, consume ma ke , shopping cen e, depa men s o e, logis ics,
p oduc ion, assembly buildings) and has an in e na ional scope o applica ion. The
aspec s o he building ha a e e alua ed (and, consequen ly, he assessmen c i e ia)
a e classi ied in o six majo opics: (i) En i onmen al Quali y (including six c i e ia),
(ii) Economic Quali y (incl. h ee c i e ia), (iii) Sociocul u al and unc ional Quali y
(incl. eigh c i e ia), (i ) Technical Quali y (incl. eigh c i e ia), ( ) P ocess Quali y
(incl. nine c i e ia) and ( i) Si e Quali y (incl. ou c i e ia). Wi hin each one o hose
opics, hec i e ia a e o ganised in o c i e ia g oups. Each c i e ion includes a se
o indica o s, which o m he basis o i s assessmen . Each indica o is associa ed
wi h a maximum numbe o a ailable poin s, which a e awa ded ully, pa ially
o no a all o he assessed building, depending on whe he and o which deg ee
his building complies wi h he equi emen s and o condi ions implemen ed in he
examinedindica o ’ss uc u eandcon en .The maximumnumbe o a ailablepoin s
accompanying each indica o may di e o he a ious building uses. The sco e o
each c i e ion is de i ed based on he poin s awa ded o he building in he con ex o
he indica o s in eg a ed in his c i e ion. Rega ding he maximum numbe o poin s
a ailable o be awa ded wi hin each c i e ion, 100 is a key alue; o some c i e ia
100 poin s can be achie ed, o o he s mo e han 100 can be achie ed bu only 100
can be awa ded, while in he con ex o se e al c i e ia addi ional (in ega d o 100)
bonus poin s can be “ob ained” by he building. Based on he poin s achie ed in he
con ex o eachc i e ion andi sweigh ing ac o ,6 hesco eso hehighe le elso he
me hod’s s uc u e a e calcula ed. Taking in o conside a ion he de i ed pe o mance
indices and he ela i e weigh ings o he six majo opics (En i onmen al Quali y:
22,5%; Economic Quali y: 22,5%; Sociocul u al and Func ional Quali y: 22,5%;
Technical Quali y: 15%; P ocess Quali y: 12,5% and Si e Quali y: 5%), an o e all
pe o mance sco e is calcula ed ( o al pe o mance index). This o e all pe o mance
6Each c i e ion is accompanied by a weigh ing ac o , which is associa ed wi h i s sha e in he o al
sco e. The alue o his weigh ing ac o emains he same ac oss all building uses o some c i e ia,
while o o he s some di e en ia ions appea o speci ic uses.
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 569
Fig. 19.3 Le els o ce i ica ion ( anking classes) o buildings assessed wi h he applica ion o
DGNB Sys em (adap ed om [13,14])
sco e in combina ion wi h he indi idual pe o mance indices calcula ed o he six
majo opics, all exp essed as pe cen ages, esul in he classi ica ion o he buildings
in o a anking le el (pla inum, gold o sil e ) as depic ed in Fig. 19.3.
I is no ed ha he e a e a ew pe o mance equi emen s wi hin ce ain c i e ia
ha mus be me by he building in o de o he assessmen as a whole o be ca ied
ou .
Ci cula i y implemen a ion. The in es iga ion o he ci cula i y implemen a ion
is aking place a he le el o c i e ia, i.e. he lowes a ed le el o he me hod’s
s uc u e—whe e he e alua ion akes place ia he examined indica o s o each
c i e ion).
The c i e ia in eg a ed in DGNB’s assessmen s uc u e, which a e addi ionally
associa ed wi h he ci cula economy- ela ed s a egies/p inciples ha a e ou lined in
he employed amewo k, a e lis ed in Tables 19.4 and 19.5. Speci ically, Table 19.4
includes he di ec ly associa ed c i e ia, while in Table 19.5. he indi ec ly ela ed
ones a e shown. The addi ional in o ma ion appea ing in hose ables is o he same
ypesas heonesanaly icallyexplained o he espec i e ables(Tables19.2and19.3)
appea ing in BREEAM’s analysis. Following a uni o m me hodological app oach
o all he examined me hods, he na u e o he associa ion is es ablished based on he
whole con en o each c i e ion (indica o s, benchma ks, aim, e c.) and he consid-
e a ion o gene al ci cula i y p inciples (adap abili y, esilience, e c.) has also been
a emp ed. In o al, he in o ma ion appea ing in he ollowing ables (Tables 19.4
and 19.5) e lec s he analysis conduc ed by he sub-g oup o esea che s in ol ed
in i , ia he p ocess desc ibed o BREEAM.
The sub-g oup wo king on DGNB consis ed o ou membe s. The ac ha he
opinions exp essed by hose esea che s we e cha ac e ised by di e ences and simi-
la i ies o a smalle o la ge deg ee, since subjec i i y was inhe en in he in e p e-
a ions and he a emp ed es ima ions, wi h se e al issues lying in he limi be ween
being conside ed as “sus ainabili y- ela ed” a he han “ci cula i y- ela ed” o ice
e sa. Speci ically, o DGNB, he de ec ion o he c i e ia associa ion was acili-
a ed by he ac ha ce ain o hem a e accompanied by ci cula economy bonuses
in he s uc u e o he me hod i sel . In hose cases, a di ec associa ion wi h ci cula
economy and, consequen ly, wi h one o mo e o he p inciples ou lined in he
employed amewo k is de ac o es ablished. Howe e , i has o be poin ed ou ha
576 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.6 (con inued)
Ca ego y C edi
o p e equisi e
Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed
amewo k)
Le el (si e,
ma e ial,
design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
Ou doo wa e
use Reduc ion
RETHINK: mul i unc ional sys ems o
e icien wa e consump ion, de elop
landscape design s a egies o ha es ing
and using ain wa e o non-po able
pu poses
REDUCE wa e consump ion and ou doo
po able wa e
REUSE: use cap u ed ainwa e o
ecycled wa e o i iga ion pu poses
RECYCLE: ecycle wa e
Si e & design
&
managemen
Indoo wa e use
educ ion
REDUCE: wa e consump ion
REFUSE: using ine icien equipmen
(ki chen, washing mashines) which causes
bigge wa e consump ion
Design &
managemen
Op imize p ocess
Wa e Use
RETHINK: design s a egies o educe
wa e consump ion
REDUCE wa e consump ion
REUSE: ins alling wa e ea men
acili ies o ci cula e indoo was ewa e ,
use al e na i e wa e o cooling
RECYCLE: ecycle wa e
Design &
managemen
Wa e me e ing RETHINK & REDUCE: me e ing
p o ides an index ha can help o p edic
and iden i y managemen s a egies o
educe wa e consump ion in he u u e
Design &
managemen
Ene gy and
A mosphe e
(EA)
Minimum ene gy
pe o mance
RETHINK & REDUCE: adop ing design
s a egies o op imise and educe ene gy
consump ion
Design &
managemen
Op imize ene gy
pe o mance
RETHINK & REDUCE: adop ing design
s a egies o op imise and educe ene gy
consump ion and esou ces, as a esul
en i onmen al and economic ha ms
associa ed wi h excessi e ene gy use and
g eenhouse gas emissions
Design &
managemen
Renewable
ene gy
RETHINK: adop ing s a egies o
ansi ion o enewable & clean ene gy
sou ces
REDUCE ossil uel consump ion, GHG
emission & ca bon oo p in
Si e & design
&
managemen
(con inued)

19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 577
Table 19.6 (con inued)
Ca ego y C edi
o p e equisi e
Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed
amewo k)
Le el (si e,
ma e ial,
design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
Ma e ials and
Resou ces
(MR)
S o age and
collec ion o
ecyclables
RECYCLE: p omo e ecycling p ac ices
by p o iding dedica ed a eas o collec ion
and s o age o ecyclable ma e ials
REDUCE: was e s o age and collec ion
can lead o a educ ion in he demand o
new ma e ials
REMANUFACTURE: by adop ing hese
s a egies, aluable ma e ials can be
Remanu ac u ed
Design &
managemen
Building
Li e-Cycle
impac educ ion
RETHINK: by using inno a i e and
eco- iendly design p inciples and
encou aging adap i e euse
REDUCE: educe he en i onmen al
impac o cons uc ion and ope a ion by
using ewe ma e ials and esou ces
REUSE: adop ing s a egies o eusing
ma e ials and componen s om exis ing
buildings
RECYCLE: encou age ecycling o
cons uc ion ma e ials, such as conc e e,
s eel, and wood
Ma e ial &
design &
cons uc ion
Sou cing o aw
ma e ials
REFUSE: by encou aging and suppo ing
p oduc s and ma e ials om esponsible
sou ces, which p o ides ma e ials wi h
lowe en i onmen al impac . And by
e using i esponsible sou ces
RETHINK: design s a egies, p oduc s and
ma e ials. And selec ing ma e ials ha a e
easie o disassemble, epai , o ecycle
REDUCE: esponsible sou cing
con ibu es o ci cula i y by p omo ing he
closed-loop use o ma e ials and educing
he demand o new aw ma e ials
REUSE: eused ma e ials a e encou aged
RECYCLE: by encou aging he use o
ma e ials/ p oduc s wi h ecycled con en
Ma e ial &
design &
cons uc ion
Ma e ial
ing edien s
REFUSE: by p e en ing haza dous
ma e ials use
RETHINK: design s a egies, p oduc s and
ma e ials. By knowing in o ma ion abou
he p oduc , i is assumed ha his p oduc
can las longe , no be ha m ul o use s and
educe he need o eplace i
Ma e ial &
design &
cons uc ion
(con inued)
578 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.6 (con inued)
Ca ego y C edi
o p e equisi e
Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed
amewo k)
Le el (si e,
ma e ial,
design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
Design o
lexibili y
RETHINK/ REPURPOSE: by encou aging
adap i e euse, lexibili y and adap abili y,
and possibly educing he epai needs
REDUCE: by implemen ing s a egies o
inc ease building lexibili y
Ma e ial &
design &
cons uc ion
Cons uc ion and
demoli ion was e
managemen
RETHINK/ REPURPOSE: by applying
design s a egies o use CDW
REDUCE: by adop ing was e managemen
s a egies o educe he gene a ion o was e
REUSE/ RECYCLE: eusing and ecycling
o demoli ion was e like me al, wood,
glass, e c
Ma e ial &
design &
cons uc ion
T anspo a ion ca ego y, while se en ou o 10 c edi s/p e equisi es (in which h ee
a e di ec ly ela ed and ou indi ec ly) o Ene gy and A mosphe e ca ego y a e
included in Tables 19.6 and 19.7.
I is impo an o no e, ha as he LEED sys em is based on poin s awa ded unde
he ca ego ies, and he numbe o possible poin s a ies om c edi o c edi , he
numbe o associa ions -by i sel - wi hin he ci cula i y amewo k does no neces-
sa ily e lec he pe cen age o he a ailable poin s ha can be po en ially achie ed
in he con ex o hose c edi s.
Fu he mo e, he esul s p esen ed in he ables highligh ha ce ain p inciples,
such as “Reduce” and “Re hink,” appea in nea ly all associa ions, while “Reuse” and
“Recycle” also ha e a signi ican impac . E iden ly, o he p inciples and s a egies
ha e been lis ed in he p eceding ables as well, ou lining almos he whole spec um
o he conside ed amewo k.
19.3.5 Le el(s)
In oduc o y ema ks. The Le el(s) amewo k is a comp ehensi e EU ame-
wo k de eloped o es ablish a common language owa ds sus ainabili y assessmen
in bo h new-buil and eno a ion p ojec s, wi h a pa icula ocus on o ice and esi-
den ial buildings. I is designed o align wi h he ci cula economy ac ion plan and
inco po a es a li ecycle app oach om c adle o c adle o ensu e long- e m esou ce
e iciency. The amewo k also u ilises a alue and isk a ing sys em o emphasise
he impo ance o sus ainabili y. While he co e sus ainabili y indica o s o Le el(s)
p ima ily concen a e on he en i onmen al pe o mance o buildings h oughou
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 579
Table 19.7 C edi s/p e equisi es which a e indi ec ly9associa ed wi h ci cula i y (ci cula p inci-
ples as e lec ed in he employed amewo k)
Ca ego y C edi
o P e equisi e
Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed
amewo k)
Le el (si e,
ma e ial, design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
Loca ion and
T anspo a ion
(LT)
LEED o
neighbo hood
de elopmen
loca ion
REFUSE: educe ehicle dis ance
a elled, a oid de elopmen on
inapp op ia e si es
RETHINK: design s a egies
REDUCE: encou age he educ ion o
au omobile usage, adop ing
cos -e ec i e s a egies
Si e & design
Sensi i e land
p o ec ion
RETHINK: by p omo ing compac ,
mixed-use de elopmen s can educe
u ban sp awl, p ese e open space, and
p omo ing e icien land use pa e ns
REUSE: ede elopmen o p e iously
con amina ed o unde u ilised a eas
can p omo e u ban e i alisa ion and
eusing exis ing in as uc u e
Si e
High-p io i y
si e and
equi able
de elopmen
REUSE/RECOVER: by encou aging
de elopmen s in P e iously De eloped
Land and p omo ing he emedia ion
o b own ields
REDUCE: unde eloped land use
Si e
(con inued)
9Indi ec associa ion: no e e ence/desc ip ion in he in en , indica o , benchma ks, and gene ally,
in he s uc u e and con en o he c i e ion. Howe e , a clea connec ion o he ollowing ype can
be seen: i his c i e ion is me , hen, as a consequence, a ci cula i y p inciple will be se ed.
580 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.7 (con inued)
Ca ego y C edi
o P e equisi e
Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed
amewo k)
Le el (si e,
ma e ial, design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
Su ounding
densi y and
di e se uses
REFUSE: p omo ing he educ ion o
ehicle dis ance a elled by
encou aging de elopmen in a eas wi h
in as uc u e
RETHINK: design s a egies
REDUCE he use o he au omobile by
adop ing cos -e ec i e s a egies
REUSE: by p omo ing exis ing
in as uc u e. Highe u ban densi y
can educe he o e all consump ion o
land and esou ces pe capi a. E icien
land use minimises he need o
anspo a ion, lowe s ene gy demand,
and educes he en i onmen al
oo p in o u ban a eas
REUSE/ REPURPOSE: di e se u ban
neighbou hoods o en ha e olde
buildings ha can be epu posed o
adap i ely eused o new unc ions
which can p ese e exis ing s uc u es
and educe he need o new
cons uc ion
RECYCLE: u ban a eas wi h di e se
uses can suppo obus ecycling
p og ams, allowing o he e icien
collec ion and ecycling o ma e ials
like pape , glass, and plas ics
Si e
Access o
quali y ansi
REDUCE/ REFUSE: educe ca
dependency. Quali y ansi sys ems
a e ypically mo e ene gy-e icien
han p i a e ehicles, which can lead o
esou ce eco e y and educed ene gy
consump ion
REPAIR/ REFUSBISH: egula
main enance and ehabili a ion o
ansi ehicles and in as uc u e
ex end hei use ul li espan, allow o
he euse o exis ing asse s a he han
eplacing hem en i ely, and educe
was e
Si e
(con inued)
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 581
Table 19.7 (con inued)
Ca ego y C edi
o P e equisi e
Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed
amewo k)
Le el (si e,
ma e ial, design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
Sus ainable
Si es (SS)
P o ec o
es o e habi a
REUSE: En i onmen al Si e
Assessmen p omo es he p ese a ion
o na u al si e ea u es like we lands,
o es s, and opog aphy, which can be
conside ed as a o m o euse by
main aining he ecological unc ions o
he si e
Si e
Si e mas e plan REUSE: by encou aging he
p ese a ion and adap i e euse o
exis ing na u al and buil ea u es on
he si e, such as ees, his o ic
s uc u es, o in as uc u es. I can
also educe was e and conse e
esou ces
Si e & design
Tenan design
and cons uc ion
guidelines
REDUCE/ REPAIR: De elopmen o
such plans, which include
ecommenda ions o main enance,
desc ip ion o design solu ions -
p olong he li e o ma e ials and
building
Design &
managemen
Ene gy and
A mosphe e
(EA)
Fundamen al
commissioning
and e i ica ion
RETHINK: commissioning plan can
implemen s a egies o ex end
p oduc ’s li e, and educe
ma e ial-wa e -ene gy consump ion
REDUCE: he Ope a ions and
Main enance Plan could educe
unnecessa y epai / e u bish o
equipmen and plan main enance
ac i i ies ca e ully
Design &
cons uc ion &
managemen
Building-le el
ene gy me e ing
RETHINK/ REDUCE: by iden i ying
oppo uni ies o ene gy sa ings.
Me e ing p o ides an index ha can
help o p edic and de elop
managemen s a egies o op imise
ene gy consump ion in he u u e
Design &
managemen
Enhanced
commissioning
RETHINK: commissioning plan,
s a egies o ex end p oduc ’s li e
Design &
cons uc ion &
managemen
(con inued)

582 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.7 (con inued)
Ca ego y C edi
o P e equisi e
Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed
amewo k)
Le el (si e,
ma e ial, design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
Ad anced
ene gy me e ing
RETHINK/ REDUCE: by iden i ying
oppo uni ies o ene gy sa ings.
Me e ing p o ides an index ha can
help o p edic and de elop
managemen s a egies o op imise
ene gy consump ion in he u u e
Design &
managemen
Indoo
en i onmen al
Quali y (EQ)
Dayligh RETHINK/ REDUCE: by applying
design s a egies o use mo e na u al
ligh educe ene gy consump ion o
ligh ing
Design
hei li ecycle, he amewo k also encompasses aspec s ela ed o com o , heal h,
and li ecycle cos s.
By adop ing six mac o-objec i es, Le el(s) ansla es hem in o 16 measu ing
indica o s ha con ibu e o key a ge a eas se by he EU, such as ene gy e i-
ciency, esou ce consump ion, was e gene a ion, wa e usage, indoo com o and
cos and isk assessmen s. This holis ic app oach allows he amewo k o p o ide
building pe o mance epo s on indi idual aspec s accompanying a p ojec p o es-
sional cou se since he concep ual design, h ough implemen a ion and cons uc ion
up o comple ion and ope a ion. The end-o -li e s age is also conside ed, pa icu-
la ly in mac o-objec i e 2: Resou ce e icien and ci cula ma e ial li e cycles, which
includes indica o s like design o adap abili y (D A) and design o disassembly
(D D). Addi ionally, he me hodology inco po a es a simpli ied Li e Cycle Anal-
ysis (LCA) ha encompasses inpu s om mac o-objec i es 1, 2, and 3 as well as
Li e Cycle Cos Analysis (LCCA) in mac o-objec i e 6. Table 19.8 p esen s an
o e iew o he six mac o-objec i es o Le el(s) amewo k along wi h hei scope
and objec i es.
Le el(s) amewo k suppo s he p ojec de elopmen a h ee le els o pe o -
mance assessmen :
•Le el1: Concep ual design,whichemploysaquali a i eassessmen me hodology
p ima ily using simple checklis s o epo he in ended implemen a ion concep s.
•Le el 2: De ailed design and cons uc ion pe o mance, which u ilises a quan i a-
i e assessmen me hodology o e alua e he designed pe o mance and moni o
cons uc ion acco ding o s anda dised uni s and me hods.
•Le el 3: As-buil and in-use pe o mance assessmen , which also employs a quan-
i a i e assessmen o moni o ing and su eying ac i i ies du ing he building’s
use s age a e comple ion.
These le els enable a p og ession in e ms o epo ing accu acy and expe -
ise, empowe ing s akeholde s o con inuously e ine and imp o e he sus ainabili y
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 583
Table 19.8 Le el(s) Mac o objec i es scope
Mac o objec i e Scope
MO1. G eenhouse Gas
Emissions Along a Building’s
Li e Cycle
Aims o educe a building’s ca bon oo p in . Conside ing all
li e cycle s ages o buildings, g eenhouse gas emissions
con ibu ing o global wa ming po en ial a e e alua ed. These
emissions a e e e ed o as whole li e cycle ca bon and apply o
building ma e ials and hei managemen p ocesses (embodied
ca bon emissions) as well as ope a ional ca bon emissions.
Imp o emen o he building’s ca bon oo p in can e e o
op imisa ion o ma e ial lows, enhancing p oduc i i y, educing
delays, elimina ing was e, and minimising ene gy usage o
hea ing and cooling
MO2. Resou ce E icien and
Ci cula Ma e ial Li e Cycles
Aims o imp o e building’s pe o mance by conside ing
ci cula i y p inciples, limi ing he use o aw ma e ials,
iden i ying oppo uni ies o euse o ecycling, and ensu ing
ha buildings can be eadily adap ed o occupan s’ needs change
o e ime. The aim o mac o-objec i e 3 (e icien use o wa e
esou ces) is o make use o wa e esou ces mo e e icien ly,
pa icula ly in a eas o iden i ied long- e m o p ojec ed wa e
s ess [13]. Mac o-objec i e 4 (heal hy and com o able spaces)
aims o c ea e buildings mo e com o able, a ac i e, and
p oduc i e o li e and wo k in. In hese ways, human heal h
p o ec ion can be imp o ed [13]. Mac o-objec i e 5 (adap a ion
and esilience o clima e change) aims o make new building
esilien agains p ojec ed clima e changes and hus p o ec he
heal h and com o o occupie s. Mo eo e , long- e m isks o
p ope y alues and in es men s can be minimised [13].
Mac o-objec i e 6 aims o op imise he li e cycle cos and alue
o buildings. Conside ing his app oach, he po en ial o
long- e m pe o mance is imp o ed. Mo eo e , cos s ela ed o
inclusion o acquisi ion, ope a ion, main enance, e u bishmen ,
disposal, and end-o -li e ea men a e educed [13]
MO3. E icien Use o Wa e
Resou ces
Aims o make use o wa e esou ces mo e e icien ly,
pa icula ly in a eas o iden i ied long- e m o p ojec ed wa e
s ess [13]
MO4. Heal hy and
Com o able Spaces
Aims o c ea e buildings mo e com o able, a ac i e, and
p oduc i e o li e and wo k in. In hese ways, human heal h
p o ec ion can be imp o ed [13]
MO5. Adap a ion and
Resilience o Clima e Change
Aims o make new building esilien agains p ojec ed clima e
changes and hus p o ec he heal h and com o o occupie s.
Mo eo e , long- e m isks o p ope y alues and in es men s
can be minimised [13]
MO6. Op imised li e Cycle
Cos and Value
Aims o op imise he li e cycle cos and alue o buildings.
Conside ing his app oach, he po en ial o long- e m
pe o mance is imp o ed. Mo eo e , cos s ela ed o inclusion o
acquisi ion, ope a ion, main enance, e u bishmen , disposal,
and end-o -li e ea men a e educed [13]
584 C. Gia ma e al.
pe o mance o hei buildings. The Le el(s) common amewo k o e s mul iple
ad an ages o h ee main g oups o s akeholde s: (1) P ojec design eams, including
a chi ec s, enginee s, quan i y su eyo s, and specialis consul an s; (2) Clien s and
in es o s, such as p ope y owne s, de elope s, manage s, and in es o s; and (3)
Public policy make s and p ocu e s a na ional, egional, and local le els.
To calcula e each indica o a he h ee le els o assessmen , Le el(s) p o ides
speci icins uc ionsandguidelines.Thesecanbe oundin he espec i euse manuals
o each indica o . To ensu e compa abili y be ween buildings wi h he same unc-
ion, he amewo k ecommends he use o na ional ools and s anda ds, along wi h
enowned p i a e ones, u ilising common measu emen uni s o indica o calcula-
ion. The manual o each indica o p o ides hese ecommenda ions. The ame-
wo k does no in oduce a new me hodology o sus ainabili y calcula ion; ins ead,
i emphasises he impo ance o epo ing and using app op ia e ools and me hods
o ixed key pa ame e s h oughou he li ecycle using he h ee le els o assess-
men . The measu emen uni a ies ac oss indica o s, and he inal sco es a e nei he
no malised no accumula ed o p o ide an o e all sus ainabili y o ci cula i y sco e
o benchma king building pe o mance.
To u ilise he amewo k, a Le el(s) p ojec plan mus be es ablished by ollowing
hese s eps:
•S ep 1: De ine he mac o-objec i es o be add essed in he p ojec and iden i y
he indica o s o be used o pe o mance assessmen and epo ing unde each
mac o objec i e.
•S ep 2: De e mine he pe o mance le el o assessmen o he p eselec ed
indica o s.
•S ep 3: Plan he wo k low equi emen s and esou ces needed o assessmen a
di e en li ecycle s ages, including de ining oles and esponsibili ies o s ake-
holde s, discussing expe ise, and aining equi emen s, es ablishing manage-
men models o in o ma ion and da a acquisi ion and low, and se ing speci ic
deadlines.
The amewo k p o ides mul iple ables and epo ing o ma s o suppo he
de elopmen o hese s eps. Addi ionally, i o e s a speci ic o ma o a comple e
building desc ip ion, which includes in o ma ion on loca ion and clima e, ypology
and age, building usage, and building model and cha ac e is ics. This in o ma-
ion is necessa y o he calcula ion o mul iple indica o s wi hin he amewo k.
De ailed guidance and suppo i e in o ma ion a e p o ided o assis in de eloping a
comp ehensi e building desc ip ion.
The le el o le els o assessmen can be de e mined based on he p ojec ’s needs
and p io i ies. I is possible o assess only one le el o p og ess up o a speci ic
le el. Combining ce ain le els is also an op ion. The le el de ini ion can be applied
o di e en indica o s, allowing o assessmen a a ious le els. Howe e , he mo e
le els ha a e add essed, he mo e accu a e he unde s anding o he p ojec ’s pe o -
mance will be, including any gaps be ween design and he eali y o he comple ed
building. The amewo k also p o ides oppo uni ies o u he op imise pe o mance
in mos indica o s. This can be achie ed by using inpu da a wi h highe g anula i y,
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 585
conside ing addi ional design and pe o mance aspec s, es ing and compa ing addi-
ional scena ios, o u ilising mo e ad anced calcula ion me hods. Table 19.9 p esen s
he main poin s add essed in each o he h ee le els o assessmen in e ms o p ojec
s ages, assessmen app oach, epo ing ules and s eps, op ional addi ional s eps, and
he need o a ull building desc ip ion.
Ci cula i y implemen a ion. The analysis o ci cula i y implemen a ion in his
sec ion ocuses on he indica o le el, which cons i u es he hi d ie o he ame-
wo k, ollowing he hema ic a eas and mac o-objec i es, consequen ly. The exam-
ina ion in ol es assessing he alignmen o 16 indica o s in Le el(s) V1.1, in e-
g a ed wi hin he six mac o-objec i es, wi h he 10-Rs p inciples. The indings o
his assessmen a e summa ised in Tables 19.10 and 19.11.
Table 19.10 p o ides an in-dep h analysis o he di ec ela ionships be ween he
indica o scope, c i e ia, guidelines, and objec i es wi hin he 10-R amewo k. In
con as , Table 19.11 del es in o he seconda y impac s ha indi ec ly con ibu e o
ci cula i y. In bo h ables, each o he 16 indica o s is e alua ed o i s ele ance o
he 10-Rs ci cula i y p inciples, wi h he esul s de ailed in he inal column in each
able. Only he p inciples ha a e pe inen o each indica o a e men ioned.
I is impo an o no e ha he examina ion esul s ep esen a consensus among
h ee esea che sin he ield.Howe e , hese indingsaim op o ideab oado e iew
o he indica o amewo k’s alignmen wi h ci cula i y p inciples wi hou speci-
ying hei speci ic ela ionship o one o mo e o he h ee assessmen le els o he
amewo k. This is because all h ee assessmen le els complemen one ano he and
ul ima ely suppo he same o e a ching logic and goal.
The sub-g oup wo king on Le el(s) comp ised h ee esea che s in he ield.
The opinions exp essed by hese esea che s sha ed no able simila i ies while also
exhibi ing some low o mode a e di e ences on ce ain indica o s. The p ima y
poin s o con en ion e ol ed a ound he indi ec ela ionships o speci ic indica o s
wi h ci cula i y. Ne e heless, hese di e ences p edominan ly a ose due o a ying
subjec i e in e p e a ions o sus ainabili y and ci cula i y concep s, and he inhe en ,
unde ined in e play be ween hem wi hou clea delinea ion o hei scope. Howe e ,
i is impo an o no e ha hese di e ences in opinions we e expec ed and we e
e ec i ely add essed h ough ex ensi e discussions and he exchange o pe spec-
i es o e ine he esul s and de e mine which indica o s had a di ec associa ion and
which had an indi ec connec ion o he 10-R p inciples o ci cula i y.
The indica o s ha exhibi he s onges di ec links o ci cula i y implemen a ion
a e he ou indica o s wi hin Mac o Objec i e 2, “Resou ce-e icien and ci cula
ma e ial li e cycles.“ These indica o s concen a e on design and enginee ing o
p omo e lean and ci cula ma e ial lows, ex end p oduc se ice li e and ma e ial
u ili y, and minimise en i onmen al impac s. Howe e , i is impo an o ecognise
ha he majo i y o he emaining ci cula i y- ele an indica o s in he o he Mac o
Objec i es a e in luenced by he indica o s wi hin Mac o Objec i e 2.
A mo e de ailed explana ion on he indica o s ha es ablish di ec ci cula i y
associa ion (Indica o s 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4) and hei indi ec impac on he ame-
wo k’s o he indica o s is p o ided in he subsequen pa ag aphs. This is ollowed
by pa ag aphs explaining LCA and LCC indica o s in Mac o Objec i es 1 and 6,
592 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.10 (con inued)
Thema ic A ea Mac o objec i e Indica o Associa ion wi h ci cula i y
(employed amewo k)
MO3. E icien use o
wa e esou ces
3.1 Use S age Wa e
Consump ion (m3/
occupan /yea )
RETHINK:
• The indica o suppo s app aising lowe wa e consump ion al e na i es o e wa e -in ensi e p ocesses o
p oduc s conside ing a ull li ecycle pe spec i e
REDUCE:
• The indica o con empla es educing wa e consump ion du ing he use s age o mo e e icien use o his c i ical
esou ce, especially in a eas wi h wa e sca ci y
• Reducing wa e consump ion will educe he embodied en i onmen al impac s o deli e ing wa e o he poin o
demand
2. Heal h and com o MO4. Heal hy and
com o able spaces
4.1 Indoo Ai
Quali y
N/A
4.2 Time Ou o
The mal Com o
Range
N/A
4.3 Ligh ing REDUCE:
• Applying design s a egies as o allow mo e na u al ligh o en e spaces educes ene gy consump ion o ligh ing
and he associa ed GHG emissions
4.4 Acous ics RETHINK:
• Acous ics pe o mance is di ec ly ela ed o ma e ial used and s uc u al a chi ec u e o he building
(con inued)

19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 593
Table 19.10 (con inued)
Thema ic A ea Mac o objec i e Indica o Associa ion wi h ci cula i y
(employed amewo k)
RE3. Cos , alue and
isk
MO5. Adap ion and
esilience o clima e
change
5.1 Li e Cycle Tools:
Scena ios o
P ojec ed Fu u e
Clima ic Condi ions
RETHINK:
• The in o ma ion p o ided by li e cycle ools o clima e scena ios can help app aise among mul iple design
op ions he al e na i e ha be e sui s i s en i onmen minimising esou ce consump ion and en i onmen al
impac
REDUCE:
• I he building is designed o mee u u e clima e change, i s li e ime will be ex ended and he p obabili y o
main enance and epai will be lowe educing esou ce consump ion and en i onmen al impac
5.2 Inc eased Risk o
Ex eme Wea he
RETHINK:
• The conside a ion o he inc eased isk o ex eme wea he can help app aise among mul iple design op ions he
al e na i e ha be e sui s i s con ex minimising he e o e esou ce consump ion and en i onmen al impac
REDUCE:
• I he building is designed o mee u u e clima e change pa icula ly he isk o ex eme wea he , i s li e ime will
be ex ended and he p obabili y o main enance and epai will be lowe hus educing esou ce consump ion and
en i onmen al impac
5.3 Sus ainable
D ainage
RETHINK:
• The indica o implies a c ea i e app oach o how sus ainable d ainage sys ems can mi iga e he inc eased isk o
looding caused by u banisa ion
(con inued)
594 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.10 (con inued)
Thema ic A ea Mac o objec i e Indica o Associa ion wi h ci cula i y
(employed amewo k)
MO6. Op imised li e
cycle cos and alue
6.1 Li e Cycle Cos s
(e/m2/yea )
REDUCE:
• LCC analysis conside s he o al cos s ela ed o esou ce consump ion o e he li ecycle o a p oduc , which can
help o op imise and educe esou ces consump ion
6.2 Value C ea ion
and Risk Fac o s
RETHINK:
• The app aisal o p oduc selec ion based on hei u u e alue help minimise isks, cos s and esou ces
REDUCE:
• I an asse is designed o maximise i s alue and alue e en ion o e ime, he p obabili y o i s li e ime o be
ex ended will be highe . This will indi ec ly con ibu e o he educ ion o esou ce consump ion and
en i onmen al impac
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 595
Table 19.11 C i e ia which a e indi ec ly associa ed wi h ci cula i y (ci cula p inciples as e lec ed in he employed amewo k)
Thema ic A ea Mac o
Objec i e
Indica o Associa ion wi h ci cula i y
(employed amewo k)
1. Resou ce use
and en i on-
men al
pe o mance
MO1.
G eenhouse gas
emissions along
a building’s li e
cycle
1.1 Use S age
Ene gy
Pe o mance
(kWh/m2/yea )
RECYCLE:
• Ene gy e iciency can indi ec ly impac ecycling. P oduc s ha consume less ene gy du ing hei
usage s age migh ha e a educed ca bon oo p in , making hem mo e en i onmen ally iendly in
e ms o ecycling p ocesses. Howe e , ecycling ene gy-in ensi e p oduc s can pose g ea e
challenges
(con inued)
596 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.11 (con inued)
Thema ic A ea Mac o
Objec i e
Indica o Associa ion wi h ci cula i y
(employed amewo k)
1.2 Li e Cycle
Global Wa ming
Po en ial (CO2
eq./m2/yea )
REUSE:
• The indica o con empla es u u e adap i e euse, which, in compa ison o new cons uc ion, will
esul in lowe embodied and ope a ional GHG emissions and GWP
• P oduc s wi h low GWP may ha e a minimal en i onmen al oo p in o e hei li ecycle, making
hem mo e likely o be eused
REPAIR:
• The indica o con empla es u u e adap i e euse, which, in compa ison o new cons uc ion, will
c ea e a ci cula pa h o p ese ed and eco e ed ma e ials o be epai ed
REFURBISH:
• The indica o conside s u u e adap i e euse o exis ing buildings and ma e ials o be e u bished,
aiming o educe bo h embodied and ope a ional GHG emissions and GWP
REMANUFACTURE:
• The indica o con empla es u u e adap i e euse, which, in compa ison o new cons uc ion, will
c ea e a ci cula pa h o eco e ed ma e ials o be emanu ac u ed
• P oduc s wi h low GWP a e be e candida es o emanu ac u ing because hey ha e a smalle
ca bon oo p in
REPURPOSE:
• The indica o con empla es u u e adap i e euse, which, in compa ison o new cons uc ion, will
c ea e a ci cula pa h o eco e ed ma e ials o be epu posed
RECYCLE:
• The indica o con empla es u u e adap i e euse, which, in compa ison o new cons uc ion, will
c ea e a ci cula pa h o eco e ed ma e ials o be ecycled. Recycling p oduc s wi h low GWP can
help educe he o e all ca bon emissions in he p oduc li ecycle
(con inued)
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 597
Table 19.11 (con inued)
Thema ic A ea Mac o
Objec i e
Indica o Associa ion wi h ci cula i y
(employed amewo k)
MO2. Resou ce
e icien and
ci cula
ma e ial li e
cycles
2.1 Bill o
Quan i ies,
(BoQ) Ma e ials
and Li espans
RECYCLE:
• Compiling a BoQ p ope ly suppo acili a ed and e icien ecycling o cons uc ion and
demoli ion was e
RECOVER:
• Compiling a BoQ p ope ly acili a e he s eaming o non- ecyclable o non- eusable componen s
o cons uc ion and demoli ion was e o ene gy eco e y
2.2 Cons uc ion
and Demoli ion
Was e
The elemen s lis ed in Table 19.1 unde indica o 2.2 can be ca ego ised as ha ing bo h di ec and
indi ec impac s on ci cula i y
2.3 Design o
Adap abili y and
Reno a ion
REDUCE:
• C ea ing buildings and p oduc s ha can be easily adap ed and eno a ed a he han eplaced, can
educe he need o new esou ce consump ion and minimises was e
REUSE:
• Applying eusable p oduc s and ma e ial in buildings p omo e hei adap abili y and li espan
ex ension
RECYCLE:
• Designing buildings o adap abili y and eno a ion o en in ol es he use o ecyclable ma e ials
and componen s which ensu e ha ma e ials can be ecycled a he end o hei li e, educing was e
and conse ing esou ces
2.4 Design o
Decons uc ion
RECOVER:
• D D minimises CDW o be sen o ene gy eco e y. Howe e , i acili ies he p ocess by e icien
and e ec i e sepa a ion o eco e able and un eco e able was e o he las o be s eamed o
ene gy eco e y
(con inued)

598 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.11 (con inued)
Thema ic A ea Mac o
Objec i e
Indica o Associa ion wi h ci cula i y
(employed amewo k)
MO3. E icien
use o wa e
esou ces
3.1 Use S age
Wa e
Consump ion
(m3/occupan /
yea )
REDUCE & REUSE:
• Employing echnologies such as ainwa e ha es ing and g ey wa e il e ing suppo s he educe
and euse p inciple
REDUCE & REPAIR:
• Repai ing wa e in as uc u e such as leaky pipes o mal unc ioning wa e sys ems, can help
educe wa e was e du ing he Use s age
2. Heal h and
com o
MO4. Heal hy
and com o able
spaces
4.1 Indoo Ai
Quali y
N/A
4.2 Time Ou o
The mal
Com o Range
REDUCE:
• Applying s a egies such as passi e ene gy echnologies o hea ing and cooling p o ides he mal
com o while educes ene gy consump ion and GHG emissions
4.3 Ligh ing N/A
4.4 Acous ics N/A
3. Cos , alue
and isk
MO5. Adap ion
and esilience o
clima e change
5.1 Li e Cycle
Tools: Scena ios
o P ojec ed
Fu u e Clima ic
Condi ions
N/A
5.2 Inc eased
Risk o Ex eme
Wea he
RETHINK:
• The conside a ion o he inc eased isk o ex eme wea he can help app aise among mul iple
design op ions he al e na i e ha be e sui s i s con ex minimising he e o e esou ce
consump ion and en i onmen al impac
REDUCE:
• I he building is designed o mee u u e clima e change pa icula ly he isk o ex eme wea he ,
i s li e ime will be ex ended and he p obabili y o main enance and epai will be lowe hus
educing esou ce consump ion and en i onmen al impac
(con inued)
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 599
Table 19.11 (con inued)
Thema ic A ea Mac o
Objec i e
Indica o Associa ion wi h ci cula i y
(employed amewo k)
5.3 Sus ainable
D ainage
REDUCE:
• I indi ec ly allows o educe he use o eshwa e in he building
REUSE:
• Sus ainable d ainage p ac ices like ainwa e ha es ing and g eywa e ecycling can p omo e
wa e euse o i iga ion o non-po able uses
MO6.
Op imised li e
cycle cos and
alue
6.1 Li e Cycle
Cos s (e/m2/
yea )
REDUCE:
• The indica o can con ibu e o achie ing a educed en i onmen al impac because highe ini ial
capi al cos s may be equi ed o achie e lowe li e cycle unning cos s
• The de elopmen o a main enance and eplacemen plan by applying ci cula i y design and
ma e ial concep s can suppo mo e cos e ec i e managemen o asse s and subsequen ly, educed
o e all building-associa ed cos s h ough he whole li ecycle
REUSE:
• The indica o encou ages he euse o ma e ials when i is cos -e ec i e
RECYCLE:
• The indica o encou ages he ecycle o ma e ials when i is cos -e ec i e
6.2 Value
C ea ion and
Risk Fac o s
RECYCLE:
• A alue can be c ea ed when con empla ing ecycling o was e
600 C. Gia ma e al.
espec i ely, which a e also o g ea impo ance o ci cula i y pa icula ly he (R2)
Reduce s a egy, despi e being well known o sus ainabili y assessmen s.
Indica o 2.1. Bill o quan i ies, ma e ials and li espans. The scope o his indi-
ca o encompasses da a o all cons uc ion p oduc s and ma e ials p ocu ed o
cons uc ing new buildings o eno a ing exis ing ones. Wi h ega d o ci cula i y,
his indica o o e s ecommenda ions o he ollowing p ojec aspec s:
1. Achie ing ma e ial sa ings by conside ing sha ed elemen s (Re hink R1) based
onbuilding ypology, such as common sidewalls,andby educing loo - o-ceiling
heigh s o minimise s uc u al ma e ial use (Reduce R2).
2. Enhancing ma e ial e iciency by op imising he load-bea ing capaci y o beams,
columns and loo pla es o align wi h clien needs. These decisions in luence he
u u e op ions o adap abili y and eno a ion (indica o 2.3) acili a ing adap i e
euse o he building (Reuse R3).
3. Reducing he ma e ial oo p in by inco po a ing passi e he mal de ices and
enewable ene gies o lowe he ene gy consump ion, cos and ca bon emissions
(Reduce R2).
4. Enhancing ma e ial du abili y o ex end he building li e se ice by designing
o accessibili y o epai (R4), disassembly (indica o 2.4), and po en ial
e u bishmen (R5) o suppo adap abili y (indica o 2.3).
5. Op imising he use o i -ou ma e ials ha ca e o occupan s’ needs while
a oiding unnecessa y ma e ials ha migh end up as was e (Reduce R2), as
calcula ed in indica o 2.2 Cons uc ion and demoli ion was e.
6. Ensu ing compliance wi h design o disassembly equi emen s and u u e
elemen euse (R3). The indica o also sugges s using ecycled con en om
eclaimed esou ces (suppo ing p oduc e u bishmen (R5), emanu ac u e
(R6) and epu pose (R7)) and in eg a ing i in o new o eno a ed building
p ojec s.
While his indica o does no ely on speci ic inpu s om o he indica o s, he
in o ma ion ga he ed o i p o ides epo ing equi emen s o se e al o he Le el(s)
indica o s, no ably:
•1.2. Li e cycle global wa ming po en ial and/o any Li e Cycle Assessmen (LCA)
by supplying ma e ial and p oduc li e se ice in o ma ion as inpu s o LCA anal-
ysis, con olling and educing (R2) en i onmen al impac s and ca bon oo p in s
h ough links be ween BoQ wi h LCA in en o ies o en i onmen al da abases like
EPD.
•2.2. Cons uc ion and demoli ion was e and ma e ials by con e ing he BoQ o
bill o ma e ials (BoM), aiming o minimise and educe (R2) was e p oduc ion
and na u al esou ce usage.
•6.1.Li eCycleCos s(LCC)analysisbyp o idingma e ialandp oduc li ese ice
in o ma ion, enabling BoQ o BoM con e sion o cos s b eakdowns o each
ma e ial o p oduc , c i ical o cos con ol and educ ion (R2).
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 601
Decisions made in his indica o ega ding ma e ial selec ion signi ican ly impac
he e iciency o o he ci cula i y design indica o s, speci ically, 2.3 Design o adap -
abili y and eno a ion and 2.4 Design o decons uc ion o which ma e ial and
p oduc li espans supply c ucial inpu s.
Indica o 2.2. Cons uc ion and demoli ion was e and ma e ials. In line wi h
he was e hie a chy, his indica o assesses he o al olume o was e and ma e ials
gene a ed om cons uc ion, eno a ion, and demoli ion ac i i ies. This assessmen
subsequen ly helps acili a e and enable sys ema ic planning o was e educ ion
(R2) as well as he euse (R3), ecycling (R8), o eco e y o componen s o
epai (R4), e u bishmen (R5), emanu ac u ing (R6), and epu posing (R7)
o ma e ials and was e h ough he sepa a e collec ion o CDW du ing cons uc ion,
eno a ion, and demoli ion ac i i ies. Fo un eco e able was e, he indica o helps
s eamline un eco e able was e o ma e ial and ene gy eco e y (R9).
This indica o elies on c i ical inpu s om indica o 2.1. Bill o quan i ies,
ma e ials and li espans. I also closely ela es o indica o s 2.3 “Design o Adap -
abili y and Reno a ion” and 2.4 “Design o Decons uc ion,” as he design concep
signi ican ly in luences was e managemen h oughou cons uc ion, u ilisa ion, and
end-o -li e s ages.
Indica o 2.3. Design o adap abili y and eno a ion. Thep ojec edse ice li eo
a building holds signi ican implica ions o he ex en o unc ional u ili y achie able
h ough he ini ial in es men o ma e ials and esou ces in i s cons uc ion. Delib-
e a e conside a ions in designing a building o u u e adap abili y indica e a p ima y
ocus on op imising esou ce u ilisa ion o maximise he building’s unc ionali y o e
an ex ended pe iod (Re hink R1).
Inco po a ing con empla ions o u u e lexibili y and adap abili y om he ea ly
design s ages holds emendous po en ial in e ec i ely add essing eme ging changes
o e he building’s li ecycle. Consequen ly, his app oach con ibu es o he educ-
ion (R2) o en i onmen al impac s and ma e ial consump ion h oughou he en i e
li ecycle o bo h he building and i s cons i uen elemen s.
The concep o Design o Adap abili y (D A) enables mo e e icien u ilisa ion
o space and building s uc u es by p o iding he essen ial p e equisi es o ex end he
li espan o he main building s uc u e and componen s. This ex ension acili a es
mul iple applica ions h ough adap i e euse (R3), epai (R4), and e u bishmen
(R5). In essence, his indica o plays a pi o al ole in mi iga ing CDW (Indica o
2.2), which ypically a ises om p ema u e demoli ion when a building no longe
aligns wi h e ol ing use and en i onmen al equi emen s.
D A goes hand in hand wi h D D (indica o 2.4) as bo h indica o s sha e some
impo an design concep s such as accessibili y o se ices o easy main enance,
epai (R4) and eplacemen o componen s.
Indica o 2.4. Design o Decons uc ion. The indica o e alua es he capaci y o
a building’s design o enable he e icien eco e y o ma e ials o u u e euse o
ecycling. I in ol es assessing he ease o disassembling essen ial building compo-
nen s, ollowed by e alua ing he ease o eusing and ecycling hese pa s, as well
as hei associa ed sub-assemblies and ma e ials.
608 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.12 (con inued)
Issue Ca ego y C i e ion Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed amewo k) Le el (si e,
ma e ial, design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
A3.3 Supply, s o age and
dis ibu ion o su plus ho
wa e amongs g oups o
buildings
RETHINK: he edis ibu ion o su plus ho wa e gene a ed om pho o ol aic
sou ces on si e among buildings (aiming a he op imisa ion o i s supply,
s o age and dis ibu ion amongs g oups o buildings) is unde conside a ion
REDUCE: Re hink s a egies can be ocused on esou ces consump ion
educ ion
Si e & design &
managemen
A3.4 Supply, s o age and
dis ibu ion o su plus
ainwa e and g eywa e in
g oups o buildings
RETHINK: he edis ibu ion o o he buildings o he su plus ainwa e and
g eywa e gene a ed om oo o si e ca chmen a eas o om sani a y was e
is conside ed
REDUCE: Re hink s a egies can be ocused on esou ces consump ion
educ ion
Si e & design &
managemen
(con inued)

19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 609
Table 19.12 (con inued)
Issue Ca ego y C i e ion Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed amewo k) Le el (si e,
ma e ial, design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
A3.7 Compos ing and e-use o
o ganic sludge
REUSE: he exis ence o an e ec i e compos ing acili y in he p ojec o
handle he o ganic sludge p oduced and measu es ega ding i s euse in o o
si e a e assessed
RECYCLE: i compos ing will be conside ed as a ype o ecycling
Si e & design &
managemen
A3.8 P o ision o spli g ey /
po able wa e se ices
REDUCE he use o po able wa e
REUSE g eywa e
Si e & design &
managemen
A3.10 On-si e ea men o
ainwa e , s o mwa e and
g eywa e
REDUCE he use o po able wa e
REUSE &RECYCLE g eywa e / ainwa e
Si e & design &
managemen
B. Ene gy and esou ce
consump ion
B1. To al li e cycle
non- enewable
ene gy
B1.1 Embodied non- enewable
ene gy in o iginal
cons uc ion ma e ials
REDUCE esou ces consump ion ( he non- enewable embodied ene gy, as
es ima ed by an accep able LCA me hod, is assessed)
Ma e ials
B1.2 Embodied non- enewable
ene gy in cons uc ion
ma e ials o main enance o
eplacemen (s)
REDUCE esou ces consump ion ( he non- enewable embodied ene gy, as
es ima ed by an accep able LCA me hod, is assessed)
Ma e ials
(con inued)
610 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.12 (con inued)
Issue Ca ego y C i e ion Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed amewo k) Le el (si e,
ma e ial, design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
B1.4 Consump ion o enewable
ene gy o all building
ope a ions
REDUCE esou ces consump ion (c i e ia: enewable ene gy o building
ope a ions)
Design &
managemen
B3. Use o ma e ials B3.1 Deg ee o e-use o sui able
exis ing s uc u e(s) whe e
a ailable
REUSE/REDUCE o exis ing s uc u es o new cons uc ions. Reduce
embodied ene gy and cons uc ion cos s
Design
B3.3 Ma e ial e iciency o
s uc u al and building
en elope componen s
REDUCE: Reduce he need o new ma e ials, educe embodied ene gy and
cos s. (Inc ease e iciency o ma e ials)
Design &
ma e ials
B3.4 Use o i gin non- enewable
ma e ials
REDUCE: Reduce consump ion o non- enewable esou ces and encou age
he use o ecycled/ e u bished/ emanu ac u ed p oduc s
Design &
ma e ials
B3.5 E icien use o inishing
ma e ials
REDUCE esou ces consump ion (elimina ion o educ ion in use o inishing
ma e ials, whe he i gin, e-used o ecycled)
Design &
ma e ials
B3.6 Ease o disassembly, e-use
o ecycling
REDUCE/RECYCLE: P omo es ecycling, eusing, e u bishing, and
epu posing o building componen s
Design &
ma e ials
(con inued)
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 611
Table 19.12 (con inued)
Issue Ca ego y C i e ion Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed amewo k) Le el (si e,
ma e ial, design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
B.4 Use o po able
wa e , s o mwa e
and g eywa e
B4.2 Use o wa e o occupan
needs du ing ope a ions
REDUCE wa e consump ion Design
B4.3 Use o wa e o i iga ion
pu poses
REDUCE/RECYCLE: Reduce po able wa e consump ion, encou age euse
and epu pose o g eywa e and ainwa e o i iga ion
Design &
managemen
B4.4 Use o wa e o building
sys ems
REDUCE: Reduce he use o po able wa e , encou age euse and epu pose o
g eywa e and ainwa e
Design &
managemen
C. En i onmen al
loadings
C.3 Solid and liquid
was es
C3.1 Solid was e om he
cons uc ion and demoli ion
p ocess e ained on he si e
REDUCE: Reduce solid was e om cons uc ion di e ed o he was e
managemen sys em
RECYCLE/REUSE: Recycling and euse o cons uc ion was e
Ma e ials &
cons uc ion
C3.5 Liquid e luen s om
building ope a ions ha a e
sen o he si e
REDUCE Liquid was e sen o si e o ea men Cons uc ion
C.4 Impac s on
p ojec si e
C4.3 Recha ge o g oundwa e
h ough pe meable pa ing o
landscaping
REPAIR/REFURBISH: Recha ging es o ing g oundwa e Si e & design
E. Se ice quali y E.2 Func ionali y &
e iciency
E2.7 Spa ial e iciency RETHINK: Op imise spa ial use o building Design
E2.8 Volume ic e iciency RETHINK: Op imise spa ial use o building Design
(con inued)
612 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.12 (con inued)
Issue Ca ego y C i e ion Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed amewo k) Le el (si e,
ma e ial, design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
E.4 Flexibili y and
adap abili y
E4.1 Abili y o building ope a o
o enan o modi y acili y
echnical sys ems
REPURPOSE/REMANUFACTURE o spaces in he building by he
possibili y o eloca e HVAC, ligh ing and con ol sys ems
Design
E4.2 Po en ial o ho izon al o
e ical ex ension o s uc u e
REPURPOSE/RETHINK: lexibili y o he s uc u e design o be ex ended
when needed. Reduce esou ces consump ion when ex ension is needed
Design
E4.3 Adap abili y cons ain s
imposed by s uc u e o
loo - o- loo heigh s
REPURPOSE/REMANUFACTURE o spaces in he building by he
possibili y o adap o o he uses
Design
E.4.4 Adap abili y cons ain s
imposed by building
en elope and echnical
sys ems
REPURPOSE/REMANUFACTURE o building en elope and HVAC and
elec ical sys ems in he building by he possibili y o adap o o he uses
Design
E4.5 Adap abili y o u u e
changes in ype o ene gy
supply
REPURPOSE/REMANUFACTURE o spaces in he building by he
possibili y o upda e ene gy sys ems
Design
(con inued)
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 613
Table 19.12 (con inued)
Issue Ca ego y C i e ion Associa ion wi h ci cula i y (employed amewo k) Le el (si e,
ma e ial, design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
E.5 Op imiza ion
and main enance o
ope a ing
pe o mance
E5.2 Adequacy o he building
en elope o main enance o
long- e m pe o mance
REDUCE he need o main enance by ensu ing du able design o building
en elope
Design
E5.4 Exis ence and
implemen a ion o a
main enance managemen
plan
RETHINK/REDUCE: Ensu e he educ ion o ene gy and wa e consump ion
o e ime by de eloping a main enance plan
Design &
managemen
G. Cos and economic
aspec s
G.1 Cos and
economics
G1.3 Li e-cycle cos REDUCE/RETHINK: Li e cycle assessmen is implied in ci cula economy Design,
cons uc ion &
managemen

614 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.13 C i e ia which a e indi ec ly11 associa ed wi h ci cula i y (ci cula p inciples as
e lec ed in he 10-R amewo k)
Issue Ca ego y C i e ion Associa ion wi h
ci cula i y (employed
amewo k)
Le el (si e,
ma e ial,
design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
A. U ban, si e
and
in as uc u e
sys ems
A.1 Si e
egene a ion
and
de elopmen
A1.6 Shading o
building(s) by
deciduous ees
REDUCE: educe
ene gy needed o
cooling o buildings
RETHINK The use o
ees o ca bon
seques a ion
Si e
A1.7 Use o
ege a ion o
p o ide
ambien
ou doo cooling
REPAIR /
REFURBISH: es o ing
damaged we land
p o ides highe sco es
wi hin he assessmen
scale o he c i e ion
Si e
A1.10 P o ision and
quali y o
child en’s play
a ea(s)
REDUCE: Indi ec
ela ion wi h he
educ ion o uel
consump ion/CO2
emissions by educing
anspo a ion needs
Si e
A1.12 P o ision and
quali y o
bicycle
pa hways and
pa king
REDUCE: indi ec
ela ion wi h he
educ ion o uel
consump ion/CO2
emissions by educing
anspo a ion needs
Si e
A.2 U ban
design
A2.2 Reducing need
o commu ing
anspo
h ough
p o ision o
mixed uses
REDUCE: indi ec
ela ion wi h he
educ ion o uel
consump ion/CO2
emissions by educing
anspo a ion needs
Si e
A2.3 Impac o
o ien a ion on
he passi e
sola po en ial
o building(s)
REDUCE ene gy
consump ion ia passi e
sola sys ems
Design
(con inued)
11 Indi ec associa ion: no e e ence/desc ip ion in he in en , indica o , benchma ks, and gene ally, in he
s uc u e and con en o he c i e ion. Howe e , we see a clea connec ion o he ype: i his c i e ion is
me , hen, as a consequence, a ci cula i y p inciple will be se ed.
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 615
Table 19.13 (con inued)
Issue Ca ego y C i e ion Associa ion wi h
ci cula i y (employed
amewo k)
Le el (si e,
ma e ial,
design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
A2.5 Impac o si e
and building
o ien a ion on
na u al
en ila ion o
building(s)
du ing wa m
season(s)
REDUCE ene gy
consump ion om he
need o mechanical
en ila ion sys ems
Design
A2.6 Impac o si e
and building
o ien a ion on
na u al
en ila ion o
building(s)
du ing cold
season(s)
REDUCE ene gy
consump ion om he
need o mechanical
en ila ion sys ems
Design
A.3 P ojec
in as uc u e
and se ices
A3.9 P o ision o
su ace wa e
managemen
sys em
REDUCE he impac o
wa e sewage sys ems
RETHINK: imp o e
lood esilience capaci y
o he si e
Design
A3.13 P o ision o
on-si e pa king
acili ies o
p i a e ehicles
REDUCE: indi ec
ela ion wi h he
educ ion o uel
consump ion/CO2
emissions by educing
anspo a ion needs
Design
B. Ene gy and
esou ce
consump ion
B1. To al li e
cycle
non- enewable
ene gy
B1.3 Consump ion o
non- enewable
ene gy o all
building
ope a ions
REDUCE: educes
esou ces consump ion
Design &
managemen
B2.Elec ical
peak demand
B2.1 Elec ical peak
demand o
building
ope a ions
REDUCE: educe
esou ces consump ion,
o en ob ained om
ossil- uel gene a ed
elec ical powe
Design
(con inued)
616 C. Gia ma e al.
Table 19.13 (con inued)
Issue Ca ego y C i e ion Associa ion wi h
ci cula i y (employed
amewo k)
Le el (si e,
ma e ial,
design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
B2.2 Scheduling o
building
ope a ions o
educe peak
loads on
gene a ing
acili ies
REDUCE: Rela ed wi h
indica o B1.1
Managemen
C.
En i onmen al
loadings
C.1
G eenhouse
gas emissions
C1.1 GHG emissions
om ene gy
embodied in
o iginal
cons uc ion
ma e ials
REDUCE: Reduc ion o
GHG emissions
conside ing he en i e
li e cycle o ma e ials
Ma e ials
C1.2 GHG emissions
om ene gy
embodied in
cons uc ion
ma e ials used
o main enance
o
eplacemen (s)
REDUCE: Reduc ion o
GHG emissions
conside ing he en i e
li e cycle o ma e ials
Ma e ials &
managemen
C1.3 GHG emissions
om p ima y
ene gy used o
all pu poses in
acili y
ope a ions
REDUCE: Reduc ion o
GHG emissions om
calcula ed ene gy use in
he building
Ma e ials,
cons uc ion
&
managemen
C.2 O he
a mosphe ic
emissions
C2.1 Emissions o
ozone-deple ing
subs ances
du ing acili y
ope a ions
REDUCE: educ ion o
emissions, which a e
conside ed as an impac ,
consequence o he
implemen a ion o o he
ci cula i y indica o s
Design &
managemen
C2.2 Emissions o
acidi ying
emissions
du ing acili y
ope a ions
REDUCE: educ ion o
emissions, which a e
conside ed as an impac ,
consequence o he
implemen a ion o o he
ci cula i y indica o s
Design &
managemen
C2.3 Emissions
leading o
pho o-oxidan s
du ing acili y
ope a ions
REDUCE: educ ion o
emissions, which a e
conside ed as an impac ,
consequence o he
implemen a ion o o he
ci cula i y indica o s
Design &
managemen
(con inued)
19 Implemen a ion and Conside a ion o Ci cula i y Wi hin In e na ional … 617
Table 19.13 (con inued)
Issue Ca ego y C i e ion Associa ion wi h
ci cula i y (employed
amewo k)
Le el (si e,
ma e ial,
design,
cons uc ion,
managemen )
C.3 Solid and
liquid was es
C3.2 Solid
non-haza dous
was e om
acili y
ope a ions sen
o he si e
RECYCLE: conside ing
u u e ecycling o
cons uc ion was e
Ma e ials &
cons uc ion
C.5 O he
local and
egional
impac s
C5.1 Impac on
access o
dayligh o
sola ene gy
po en ial o
adjacen
p ope y
REDUCE o esou ces
consump ion
conside ing sola powe
po en ial
Si e & design
E. Se ice
quali y
E.1 Sa e y and
secu i y
E1.3 Risk o
occupan s and
acili ies om
looding
Rela ed o esilience as
a gene al ci cula
economy p inciple.
Hence, associa ions
wi h p inciples o he
employed amewo k
a e implied:
REDUCE esou ces
consump ion o epai
REUSE/REPAIR
acili ies
Si e & design
E1.4 Risk o
occupan s and
acili ies om
winds o ms
Rela ed o esilience as
a gene al ci cula
economy p inciple.
Hence, associa ions
wi h p inciples o he
employed amewo k
a e implied:
REDUCE esou ces
consump ion o epai
REUSE/REPAIR
acili ies
Si e & design
E1.9 Main enance o
co e building
unc ions
du ing powe
ou ages
REDUCE: ela ed o
esilience
Managemen
E.3
Con ollabili y
E3.1 E ec i eness o
acili y
managemen
con ol sys em
REDUCE (indi ec
impac on ene gy
consump ion)
(con inued)
624 C. Gia ma e al.
41. Se A (2011) A compa a i e analysis o building en i onmen al assessmen ools and sugges-
ions o egional adap a ions. Ci Eng En i on Sys 28(3):231–245. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/
10286608.2011.588327
42. USGBC (n.d.), h ps://www.usgbc.o g/, las accessed 2023/10/16
43. USGBC (2023). LEED 4.1 Building design and cons uc ion (Ge ing s a ed guide o be a
pa icipan s)
44. USGBC (2021) Mo e han One Billion Squa e Fee o G een Building Space Rece i ied
unde LEED. A ailable om: h ps://www.usgbc.o g/a icles/mo e-one-billion-squa e- ee -
g een-building-space- ece i ied-unde -leed, las accessed 2023/10/20.
45. Wei W, Ramalho O, Mandin C (2015) Indoo ai quali y equi emen s in g een building
ce i ica ions. Build En i on 92:10–19. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.builden .2015.03.035
46. Yuan Z, Bi J, Mo iguichi Y (2006) The ci cula economy: a new de elopmen s a egy in China.
J Ind Ecol 10(1–2):4–8. h ps://doi.o g/10.1162/108819806775545321
Open Access This chap e is licensed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0
In e na ional License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which pe mi s use, sha ing,
adap a ion, dis ibu ion and ep oduc ion in any medium o o ma , as long as you gi e app op ia e
c edi o he o iginal au ho (s) and he sou ce, p o ide a link o he C ea i e Commons license and
indica e i changes we e made.
The images o o he hi d pa y ma e ial in his chap e a e included in he chap e ’s C ea i e
Commons license, unless indica ed o he wise in a c edi line o he ma e ial. I ma e ial is no
included in he chap e ’s C ea i e Commons license and you in ended use is no pe mi ed by
s a u o y egula ion o exceeds he pe mi ed use, you will need o ob ain pe mission di ec ly om
he copy igh holde .