Plasma ca alysis o gas con e sion –Impac o
ca alys on he plasma beha io
M. Ruiz-Ma ín
1,2
, M. Oli a-Ramí ez
1,2
,
A. R. González-Elipe
2
and A. Gómez-Ramí ez
1,2
How does a ca alys in luence plasma beha io ? Wha is he
ue ole o a ca alys in a plasma en i onmen ? The obse ed
syne gies in plasma–ca alysis p ocesses ha e been usually
a ibu ed o con en ional su ace ca aly ic in e ac ions. How-
e e , ecen s udies demons a e ha me allic ca alys s may
induce al e a ions in plasma beha io ha subs an ially in lu-
ence he o e all p ocess e iciency. This wo k e iews he
la es ad ances in he ield, p oposing he e m Plasma-
Ca alysis P omo e (PCP) o designa e compounds ha acil-
i a e eac ions no only a he ca alys su ace bu also wi hin
he plasma phase. I also highligh s ha ad ancing in he ield
equi es a holis ic app oach capable o un a eling he mul i-
unc ional ole o PCPs in plasma–ca alysis p ocesses.
Add esses
1
Depa amen o de Física A ómica, Molecula y Nuclea , Uni e sidad
de Se illa, A da. Reina Me cedes, E-41012 Se ille, Spain
2
Labo a o y o Nano echnology on Su aces and Plasma. Ins i u o de
Ciencia de Ma e iales de Se illa (CSIC-Uni e sidad de Se illa), A da.
Amé ico Vespucio 49, E-41092 Se ille, Spain
Co esponding au ho : Gómez-Ramí ez,A. (anamg @us.es)
Cu en Opinion in G een and Sus ainable Chemis y 2025,
51:100990
This e iew comes om a hemed issue on Plasma based g een
chemis y (2025)
Edi ed by Annemie Bogae s and Yu y Go bano
A ailable online 7 Decembe 2024
Fo comple e o e iew o he sec ion, please e e he a icle
collec ion - Plasma based g een chemis y (2025)
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.cogsc.2024.100990
2452-2236/© 2024 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V. This is an
open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC license (h p://
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Keywo ds
Plasma ca alysis, Non- he mal plasma, Ca alys s, Reac ion kine ics,
Ac i e phase, Dielec ic ba ie discha ge, Plasma-ca alysis p omo e .
In oduc ion
The inco po a ion o ca alys s in plasma eac o s pu sui s
o enhance he ene gy e iciency and chemical yield o
chemical eac ions by c ea ing syne gies be ween plasma
gas eac i i y and su ace p ocesses [1e3]. Unlike
adi ional ca aly ic eac o s, plasma eac o s gene ally
ope a e unde mild condi ions and a e capable o o e -
coming he modynamic es ic ions exis ing a low
empe a u es and p essu es [4]. Al hough di e en
s udies ha e deal wi h hese syne gies in sus ainabili y-
ela ed and ene gy e alo iza ion eac ions, many ques-
ions emain open ega ding he ac ual ole o ca alys s,
which some imes inc ease he eac ion yields and o he s
lead o i ually no imp o emen [1e3,5,6].
Se e al ypes o plasma eac o s ha e been used o
plasmaeca alysis p ocesses, including mic owa e and
adio equency discha ges, as well as gliding a c eac o s.
Howe e , he mos widely used app oach o da e elies
on dielec ic ba ie discha ges (DBD), which a e
a ailable in bo h classical and packed-bed (DBD-PB)
con igu a ions [7]. The DBD-PB con igu a ion enables
a s aigh in eg a ion o he ca alys and i s di ec con-
ac wi h he plasma, making his he p e e ed choice
o s udy plasmaeca alys in e ac ions [2,3].
When analyzing plasmaeca alysis p ocesses, i is essen ial
o es ablish he speci ic ole o he ca alys s and hei
possible in e ac ions wi h he plasma [4]. This equi es a
ho ough cha ac e iza ion o bo h ca alys (be o e and
a e he p ocess) andplasma p ope ies (wi h andwi hou
ca alys ), as well as a de ailed iden i ica ion o eac ion
mechanisms on he ca alys su ace and in he plasma
phase [3,4]. This complex scena io, he la ge numbe o
physical and chemical pa ame e s in ol ed, and he wide
a ie y o eac o designs and ope a ing condi ions a aiable
(geome ies, sizes, ba ie ma e ials, ol age, equency,
ype o elec ical signal, e c.) make i challenging o
conduc compa a i e s udies o esul s om di e en
labo a o ies [1,2]. In his con ex ,a deba e has a isen abou
he ue ole o ca alys s in plasma en i onmen s and he
ques ion o whe he eac i i y imp o emen s a e due o
adi ional su ace ca aly ic e ec s and/o o al e a ions in
he elec ical p ope ies o he plasma caused by he
inco po a ion o ca alys s. Mo eo e , p ocesses and
mechanisms appea obe highly dependen on he speci ic
eac ion unde in es iga ion (e.g., hey may di e be ween
hyd oca bon e o ming and ammonia syn hesis) [1,6,8]. In
his a icle, we c i ically e ise he ole o ca alys s in
a ious plasma-assis ed chemical p ocesses epo ed
du ing he pas wo yea s, ocusing on he imp o emen s
(o lack he eo ) ound in eac ion yield and on he mod-
i ica ions induced in discha ge p ope ies and eac ion
mechanisms by speci ic plasmaeca alys in e ac ions.
Plasma-ca alysis p ocess
In DBD-PB eac o s, ca alys s a e ei he in eg a ed in o
he ba ie ma e ial in he o m o beads o deposi ed
on o hem. Con en ional ca alys s a e o med by a
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‘suppo ,’ gene ally an oxide o simila ine dielec ic
ma e ial, and an‘ac i e phase,’ whose a oms in e ene in
he chemical eac ion and can be a me al, a semi-
conduc o , o ano he dielec ic ma e ial. In his e iew,
we will keep hese designa ions bo owed om classical
ca alysis, al hough he ac ual ole o he di e en ca a-
lys componen s and he dielec ic ba ie may s ongly
di e when ope a ing unde plasma condi ions.
Plasmaeca alysis p ocesses a e a he complex and may
in ol e a a ie y o physicochemical p ocesses [1e4]as
shown in Figu e 1. In classical ca alysis (Figu e 1a),
chemical eac ions occu h ough Langmui e
Hinshelwood (L-H) and EleyeRideal (E-R)
mechanisms on he su ace o he ac i e phase.
Con e sely, in pu e plasma p ocesses (Figu e 1b), a se ies
o elemen al eac ions ake place in he gas phase induced
by he in e ac ion wi h plasma elec ons. A mo e complex
si ua ion exis s in plasma ca alysis (Figu e 1c), whe e bo h
plasma and su ace eac ions may occu , he la e o
which occu s no only on he su ace o he ‘ac i e phase’
bu also on he ‘suppo ’ and e en on he ba ie ma e ial
ac ing as a discha ge mode a o . Reac ions may in ol e
eac an and p oduc molecules, as well as in e media e
species p oduced in he plasma (no e ha eac ions
in ol ing p oduc molecules may in e ene in e e se
eac ions p oducing eac an o o he undesi ed mole-
cules and will he e o e con ibu e o a dec ease in he
Figu e 1
Scheme illus a ing he physicochemical p ocesses and mechanisms in ol ed in plasma-ca alysis. (a) Classical ca alysis. (b) Plasma eac ions. (c)
Plasma–ca alysis p ocesses. In plasma–ca alysis p ocesses; eac ions can occu no only a he ac i e si es bu also on he suppo s and mode a o
ma e ials. Fu he mo e, hese eac ions can p oceed ei he h ough neu al species and eac an molecules (i.e., as in con en ional ca alysis) o h ough
speci ic p ocesses in ol ing exci ed species gene a ed in he plasma. The wo ypes o p ocesses can be enhanced by he local hea ing e ec s and
local elec ical ields induced by he plasma. Fo simplici y, exci ed species a e ep esen ed in he scheme wi h a posi i e cha ge, bu hey can be neu al
o nega i ely cha ged.
2Plasma based g een chemis y (2025)
Cu en Opinion in G een and Sus ainable Chemis y 2025, 51:100990 www.sciencedi ec .com
o e all p ocess pe o mance) [1,4,6]. O he ac o s such
as seconda y elec on emission, enhancemen o elec ical
ield a me al moie ies, o he e ec o suppo o ba ie
po osi y can be also c i ical, he la e especially i ac i e
phase pa icles a e loca ed in he in e io o po es and
become ei he accessible o no o he plasma (e.g., o
po e diame e s la ge o smalle han he plasma Debye
leng h) [9e11]. I is also impo an o highligh he ole o
he ba ie ma e ial i sel (e.g., dielec ics, e oelec ics),
whose elec ical and su ace p ope ies a e c i ical in
de e mining he elec ical ield dis ibu ion and he ype
o gene a ed discha ge [6,10,12,13]. In gene al, he highe
he dielec ic cons an , he g ea e he numbe o
mic odischa ges, while he o ma ion o homogeneous
su ace discha ges is a o ed o mode a o s wi h low
dielec ic cons an s; con e sely, ough ma e ial e mina-
ions enhance elec ical ield ‘ ip’ e ec s and con ibu e
o he o ma ion o such mic odischa ges.
The physicochemical p ope ies o he ca alys s a e also
c i ical o he con ol o he eac ion; he ype o me al
used as ac i e phase, deg ee o suppo po osi y, e ec i e
medium dielec ic cons an and edox and acidebase
p ope ies o , espec i ely, ac i e phase and suppo
de ine he ca alys ’s beha io in he p esence o plasma
and how hese a iables may a ec plasma beha io [3].
His o ically, con en ional ca alys s employed in he mal
p ocesses (e.g., Ru and Fe on an oxide po ous suppo o
he case o he NH
3
syn hesis) ha e been u ilized as
‘plasma ca alys ’, despi e hei high cos and limi ed
a ailabili y in somecases. Mo eo e , on hese con en ional
ca alys s, he highly eac i e plasma species p oduced in
he plasma may become i e e sibly adso bed o eac wi h
he ac i e phase leading o he poisoning o he ca alys
[4]. These and o he sho comings ha e h us he
esea ch on inno a i e concep s elying on less expensi e
ma e ials and he use o dis up i e con igu a ions acili-
a ing he adso p ion (and deso p ion) o speci ic in e -
media e species [14], eac an s, o eac ion p oduc s,
he eby inc easing eac ion a es e en a low ope a ing
empe a u es [15]. The e o e, when we e e o a ‘plasma
ca alys ’, we do so in a b oad sense, beyond he he mal
induced eac i i y o con en ional ca alys s and consid-
e ing ea u es such as elec ical p ope ies, dis ibu ion o
mode a o and ca alys , mo phology o coa ed mode a o
beads, ba ie con igu a ion, e c. Fu he mo e, ma e ials
ypically ac ing as ca alys suppo s o e en as discha ge
mode a o s can also ac as e ec i e ‘plasma ca alys s’.
In his line, i has been ecen ly demons a ed ha ,
wi hou disca ding he con ibu ion o a ce ain ca aly ic
ac i i y, he main ole o ma e ials supposedly ac ing as a
‘ca alys ’ in a ious plasma-assis ed p ocesses is o modi y
he discha ge p ope ies a he han p omo e a classical
ca aly ic eac ion [5,6]. Fo example, ‘ca alys s,’ including
me allic pa icles as ac i e phase o a gi en eac ion, can
p omo e ilamen a y discha ges, a ec hei amoun and
dis ibu ion wi hin he eac o , modi y hei in ensi y,
and p o oke o he e ec s, such as lowe ing he b eak-
down ol age and inducing localized hea ing e ec s
[1,2,6]. O he ‘ca alys s’ may con ibu e o p omo ing
su ace discha ges, which can be bene icial o ce ain
p ocesses. The e o e, in his wo k, o dis inguish hese
ma e ials om con en ional ca alys s, we p opose he
e m ‘Plasma-Ca alysis P omo e ’ (PCP) o e e o
componen s ha , h ough a a ie y o mechanisms, can
p omo e ce ain su ace eac ions and/o a y he in-
ensi y o plasmas, enhancing he numbe and in ensi y
o mic odischa ges o su ace discha ges and hus
le e aging posi i e e ec s in plasmaesolid in e ac ions.
The e o e, in he consecu i e sec ions, he ac onym PCP
will be used o e e o any kind o ca alys ma e ial o
p omo o ha con ibu es o enhance p ocess pe o -
mance. Whene e possible, hei ac ual ole will be also
b ie ly discussed, al hough in mos cases no clea in o -
ma ion exis s abou eac ion mechanisms.
Recen case examples o plasma-ca alysis
eac ions
To da e, published wo ks desc ibing he e ec o PCP
on plasma eac ions a e sca ce and he mechanisms
go e ning ca alys eplasma in e ac ions a e no ye ully
unde s ood. He ein, we discuss he impac o PCPs on
eac ion pe o mance and plasma p ope ies, ocusing on
p ocesses ha ha e a ac ed much in e es in he ield
o plasma chemis y. I is no ewo hy hough ha , o
da e, he e has no been a clea c i e ion o he selec-
ion o PCP and ha in mos cases con en ional ca alys s
ha e been chosen o his unc ion.
The syn hesis o NH₃ om N₂and H₂ ep esen s one o
he mos widely s udied plasma-ca alysis eac ions du ing
he las wo yea s [9,10,12e14,16e25]. Recen wo ks
ha e epo ed an enhancemen o NH₃p oduc ion when
u ilizing PCP consis ing o classical ca alys suppo s and
ac i e phases, including Ni [14], VN [19], La₂O₃[20],
NieMg/SBA-15 [23] me al-loaded MgAl double-laye
hyd oxides [24], Ru [6,22], Ag, Cu, CO [25], and SieAl-
Phospha e (SAPO) zeoli es [9]. Howe e , he unde lying
mechanisms esponsible o he obse ed imp o emen s
in eac i i y a e no ye ully disclosed, mainly because o
he educed numbe o wo ks ha ha e ocused on he
e ec s o hese ca aly ic ma e ials on plasma beha io and
del ed in o he in ol ed eac ion mechanisms. In his
ega d, i is wo h men ioning ha Ndayi inde e al. [5]
ha e epo ed ha he inco po a ion o di e en Co-
based ca alys s al e s he discha ge cu en cu es and
a ec s he consumed powe o a DBD-PB eac o ,
concluding ha he impac o he ca aly ic ma e ial on he
elec ical p ope ies o he discha ge was g ea e han he
ca aly ic e ec i sel (i.e., hese ma e ials we e ac ing as a
PCP a he han as a con en ional ca alys ). De Meye
e al. [1] employed Ni and Co suppo ed on alumina as a
ca alys (i.e., PCP in ou e minology) and obse ed ha
he chemical me hod employed o i s p epa a ion
signi ican ly a ec ed he mo phology and su ace
Plasma Ca alysis: Impac o Ca alys on he Plasma Ruiz-Ma ín e al. 3
www.sciencedi ec .com Cu en Opinion in G een and Sus ainable Chemis y 2025, 51:100990
dis ibu ion o he ac i e phase, which in u n s ongly
in luenced he discha ge p ope ies. Fo example, he
applica ion o sp ay-coa ing as p ocessing ool inc eased
he plasma olume, while educing he numbe o mic o-
discha ges. This p oduced a dec ease in he ex en o
e e se eac ions, hus enhancing he o e all yield o
NH₃p oduc ion. Na ascue
´se al.[6] used a PCP
consis ing o Ru suppo ed on alumina and ound ha he
inco po a ion o me al-alumina powde s on o high
dielec ic cons an ba ie ma e ials (PZT) ac ing as a
mode a o was no e ec i e in imp o ing eac ion yield,
e en a ele a ed empe a u es. Mo eo e , hese wo la e
s udies [1,6] epo ha he inco po a ion o PCP ma e-
ials al e s he cu en cu es, an e ec ha disappea ed
a high empe a u es, as men ioned in he s udy by
Na ascue
´s e al. [6]. These ecen wo ks highligh he
impo ance o ba ie ma e ials and he physical p ope -
ies o PCPs in con olling he discha ge beha io . Along
he same line, ecen s udies u ilizing a i icial neu al
ne wo k p ocedu es demons a ed ha discha ge powe
accoun s o 26% o he ammonia syn hesis a e [16].
O he e ec s ha e been also epo ed by Ge shman e al.
[18] who, using mesopo ous silica s uc u es wi h and
wi hou Au as ac i e phase, ound ha he p esence o he
me al led o an inc ease in he o a ional empe a u e o
N₂p obably due o localized hea ing e ec s, which in u n
con ibu ed o an inc ease in he eac ion yield a low
powe le els. Ano he clea example in his line is he
wo k o Zhang e al. [26] demons a ing ha , o a ni o-
gen ixa ion p ocess, he p esence o a MnO compound
inc eases he numbe o mic odischa ges (al hough wi h
lowe in ensi y), he capaci ance, he peak- o-peak
exchanged cha ge, and he N₂ ib a ional empe a u e.
Howe e , he e idence ha PCPs modi y he plasma
discha ge should no o e see he occu ence o su ace
p ocesses. In he las wo yea s, s udies in his a ea ha e
also been published. Rouwenho s m and Le e s [22],
using low concen a ions o me allic ac i e phase (Ru,
Co, P , Pd, and Cu) o minimize hei impac on he
discha ge, de eloped a kine ic model o desc ibe he
eac ion mechanism and demons a ed a clea plasma-
ca alysis syne gy, whe e he a e-limi ing s ep was he
eac ion be ween N adicals om he plasma and H
a oms o med on he ca alys su ace. Simila ly, he ki-
ne ic model p oposed by Liu e al. [17] highligh s he
impo ance o he eac ion be ween N and H plasma
adicals on ca aly ic su aces.
Ammonia eac ions a e cu en ly gaining much in e es
in p oducing hyd ogen om NH
3
[27e32]. Meng e al.
[27] ha e shown ha ca alys s wi h highe ac i i y in
he mal ca alysis a e no necessa ily he bes op ion in
he p esence o plasma, highligh ing he impo ance o
o he e ec s beyond pu ely ca aly ic ones. Wang e al.
[30] in es iga ed he e ec o he size o Mo₂N moi-
e ies, concluding ha inc easing pa icle size a o ed
he o ma ion o su ace discha ges and he anspo o
eac i e species, he eby inc easing he ammonia
decomposi ion e iciency.
D y e o ming o me hane (DRM) has been much
in es iga ed du ing he las wo yea s [3,8,11,33e38].
The selec ion o ca aly ic ma e ial o his p ocess pu -
sues an e ec i e con ol o he selec i i y owa ds spe-
ci ic eac ion p oduc s. Mos wo ks on his opic ha e
in es iga ed he e ec o ca aly ic ma e ials on eac ion
pe o mance, bu a ew o hem ha e also add essed he
e ec o he ca alys /PCPon plasma p ope ies. Lende s
e al. [2] used a coupled plasma-su ace kine ics model
o demons a e ha ansi ion me als a e no he bes
op ion o DRM. De Meye e al. [1] using a PCP o med
by Ni o Co on Al₂O₃demons a ed ha i p omo es
mic odischa ges and a la ge plasma olume, con ibu ing
o imp o ed eac ion pe o mance. Mei e al. [37]
employed Ni, Ag, and P /
g
-Al₂O₃as PCPs and demon-
s a ed ha CO₂con e sion is ela ed o he basici y o
he ca alys suppo , while plasma discha ge and ca alys
p ope ies con ol ha o CH
4
. Dou e al. [8] ha e
highligh ed he impo ance o he ca alys /PCP mic o-
s uc u e and i s basici y in plasma-induced in e acial
ca aly ic in e ac ions. Meanwhile, Na ascue
´s e al. [39]
showed ha , when using high dielec ic cons an ma e-
ials in he absence o a ca alys /PCP, he CO₂and CH₄
eac ion pa hways a e ela i ely independen . In his
line, machine lea ning s udies con i m he minimal
impac o ca alys loading on eac ion pe o mance [38].
Pe spec i e and conclusions
Mos ecen s udies in he ield o plasma-ca alysis ha e
shown ha obse ed imp o emen s in pe o mance a e
due o changes in discha ge p ope ies induced by he
ca aly ic ma e ials. This sugges s ha con en ional ca -
alys s may no be he op imal choice o hese p ocesses.
He ein, we in oduce he concep o PCP o e e o
ma e ials ha enhance he e iciency o plasma-ca alysis,
bu no necessa ily in he way o con en ional ca alys s.
An op imized design o PCP ma e ials should educe he
ex en o e e se eac ions, imp o e ene gy e iciency,
enable ope a ion h ough a wide empe a u e ange, and
p omo e E-R mechanisms h ough in e ac ion wi h
plasma species. Addi ionally, PCPs should op imize
elec ical discha ge p ope ies and plasma pa ame e s. To
acili a e he u u e indus ial implemen a ion o DBD-
PB plasma echnology, a pa adigm shi is needed:
a he han p oceeding h ough unsys ema ic a ia ions
in eac o designs and p ocess pa ame e s, i is essen ial
o igu e ou how PCP ma e ials p omo e plasma-assis ed
ca aly ic eac ions and how hey al e plasma beha io . In
pa icula , i is c ucial o dis inguish be ween su ace
eac ion con ibu ion om p ocesses aking place in he
gas phase, as well as on su aces o o he componen s
p esen in he eac o .
We p opose ha he e ec s o PCPs mus be conside ed
in a holis ic way as schema ized in Figu e 2.Ini we
4Plasma based g een chemis y (2025)
Cu en Opinion in G een and Sus ainable Chemis y 2025, 51:100990 www.sciencedi ec .com
summa ize a se ies o asks and me hodology app oaches
ha should con ibu e o un a eling key ques ions abou
he ole played by hese ma e ials. The scheme shows
ha his analysis equi es sys ema ic expe imen al and
heo e ical wo ks using iden ical eac o con igu a ions
and ope a ing pa ame e s, wi h he only a iable being
he p esence o absence o a gi en PCP. Fu he mo e,
PCPs should ea u e dis up i e designs, using new
manu ac u ing echniques o an ad hoc ailo ing o hei
geome ic and physicochemical p ope ies. Combining
his concep wi h inno a i e ba ie a chi ec u es is ex-
pec ed ende he enhancemen o e iciency o a gi en
eac ion (e.g., designs whe e he elec ic ield can be
changed as needed by elimina ing ca alys suppo s o
employing a chi ec u es ha p omo e o p e en speci ic
eac ion mechanisms). The p ope cha ac e iza ion o
PCPs demands ‘in si u” s udies o adso bed su ace
species ac oss a b oad ange o empe a u es. The
de e mina ion o plasma eac ion mechanisms should also
be ein o ced wi h new me hods (e.g., iso ope labeling
[39]). This is wi hou dismissing he impac o speci ic
L-H o E-R mechanisms on p ocess pe o mance. The
p ope ies o he ba ie ma e ial in DBD-PB eac o s
(e.g., dielec ic cons an , po osi y, oughness) o he
applied powe should be also aken in o conside a ion.
Finally, i is wo h men ioning ha he use o a i icial
in elligence (AI) ools appea s o be a p omising app oach
in his ield as i could p o ide aluable insigh s in o he
a iables ha con ol he p ocesses.
Funding
This publica ion is pa o he p ojec PID2020-
114270RA-I00, unded by MICIU/AEI/ 10.13039/
501100011033.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing
inancial in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could
ha e appea ed o in luence he wo k epo ed in his
pape .
Acknowledgmen s
Au ho s acknowledge p ojec s PID2020-114270RA-I00,
PID2023-147916NAI00, and PID2020-112620GB-I00
unded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and
p ojec TED2021-130124 A-I00 unded by AEI/
10.13039/501100011033/Unio
´n Eu opea Nex Gene a-
ion EU/PRTR. M. Oli a-Ramı
´ ez acknowledges inan-
cial suppo om G an IJC2020-045087-I unded
by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and he Eu o-
pean Union Nex Gene a ion EU/PRTR.
Da a a ailabili y
No da a was used o he esea ch desc ibed in he
a icle.
Re e ences
Pape s o pa icula in e es , published wi hin he pe iod o e iew,
ha e been highligh ed as:
* o special in e es
* * o ou s anding in e es
1
**
.De Meye R, e al.: Impo ance o plasma discha ge cha ac-
e is ics in plasma ca alysis: d y e o ming o me hane s.
ammonia syn hesis.Chem Eng J 2024, 488.
This wo k analyzes he e ec o inco po a ing wo ca alys s -Co and Ni
suppo ed on alumina- on plasma beha io du ing he plasma-assis ed
ammonia syn hesis and d y me hane e o ming. Au ho s examine wo
dis inc syn hesis echniques (sp ay-coa ing and we imp egna ion),
which lead o signi ican di e ences in he mo phology and dis ibu ion
o he ca alys on he su ace o he mode a o ma e ial, he eby
a ec ing he plasma p ope ies in di e en ways. Au ho s s ess he
impo ance o conduc ing comp ehensi e compa a i e s udies o
con i m ha he ca aly ic mechanisms a e esponsible o speci ic
changes in eac ion pe o mance.
2
**
.Loende s B, Michiels R, Bogae s A: Is a ca alys always bene-
icial in plasma ca alysis? Insigh s om he many physical and
chemical in e ac ions.JEne gyChem2023, 85:501.
In his e iew pape , he au ho s lis a se ies o e ec s and mechanisms
ha may be ele an in plasma ca alysis p ocesses, pa icula ly du ing
he DRM eac ion. They de elop a plasma-su ace kine ic model wi h
he aim o iden i ying he lack o syne gy expe imen ally demons a ed
in DRM when ca alys s a e included in he plasma eac o s.
3
**
.Maslo a V, e al.: Cu en s a us and challenges o plasma and
plasma-ca alysis o me hane coupling: a e iew.P og Ene gy
Combus Sci 2024, 101.
This wo k lis s he p ocesses and physicochemical ac o s ha a e
ele an and can lead o syne gies in plasma ca alysis p ocesses
ocusing on he coupling o me hane o C2 p oduc ion. Fu he mo e,
his wo k summa izes he esul s ob ained using di e en ca alys s in
a ious ypes o plasma eac o s (RF, Co ona, MW, …).
4
**
.Le e s L: Le e aging expe ise in he mal ca alysis o
unde s and plasma ca alysis.Angew Chem In Ed 2024, 63.
This wo k p esen s a comp ehensi e analysis o he ac o s in luencing
ca alys ac i i y in plasma–ca alysis p ocesses. I emphasizes he
signi icance o well-cha ac e ized ac i e si es, along wi h po osi y,
Figu e 2
Scheme abou he holis ic app oach equi ed o ad ance in he ield o
plasma-ca alysis and he oles o PCPs as ac i a o s o his ype o
DBD-PB eac ions. Wi hou disca ding o he possible app oaches, he
scheme highligh s me hodologies ha would likely be equi ed o
p ope ly design and cha ac e ize op imal PCPs o a gi en eac ion.
Plasma Ca alysis: Impac o Ca alys on he Plasma Ruiz-Ma ín e al. 5
www.sciencedi ec .com Cu en Opinion in G een and Sus ainable Chemis y 2025, 51:100990
me iculous empe a u e con ol, and he cha ac e iza ion o ca alys s
bo h be o e and a e he p ocess. Fu he mo e, i unde sco es he
necessi y o conduc ing hese s udies when e e se eac ions a e
minimal, speci ically a low con e sions, and wi h low ca alys con-
cen a ions, o p e en al e a ions in he discha ge p ope ies.
5
*
.Ndayi inde C, e al.: Plasma-ca aly ic ammonia syn hesis:
packed ca alys s ac as plasma modi ie s.Ca al Today 2023,
419, 114156.
This wo k, alongside e e ence 6, was one o he i s o add ess he
opic analyzed he e. The au ho s u ilize a ious cobal -based ca alys s
o he plasma-assis ed ammonia syn hesis. They demons a e ha he
in luence o hese ma e ials on he cu en cu es was mo e signi ican
han classical ca aly ic e ec s, highligh ing he ole ha hese ma e ials
play as plasma modi ie s.
6
*
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eac o : does i eally ma e ? ACS Sus ainable Chem Eng
2023, 11:3621–3632.
A packed-bed eac o is employed wi h h ee di e en ba ie con igu-
a ions (ba e PZT, Al2O3-PZT, and Ru–Al2O3/PZT) o ho oughly
in es iga e he e ec s o a Ru-ca alys du ing he plasma-assis ed NH3
syn hesis. The esul s indica e ha he Al2O3 coa ing leads o plasma
cooling and a dec ease in cu en in ensi y, while he addi ion o he Ru
ca alys enhances he measu ed cu en a low empe a u es. A high
empe a u es, he elec ical cu es a e simila o h ee con igu a ions.
This s udy concludes ha he inco po a ion o me allic ca alys s is no
he mos e ec i e app oach o imp o ing eac ion pe o mance,
pa icula ly when using ba ie ma e ials wi h high dielec ic cons an s,
such as PZT. Toge he wi h e e ence 5, his was one o he i s pape s
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6Plasma based g een chemis y (2025)
Cu en Opinion in G een and Sus ainable Chemis y 2025, 51:100990 www.sciencedi ec .com
