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!
On! he!Lexical!In eg i y!Hypo hesis!!
and!i s!(In)accu a e!P edic ions1!
!
Ignacio!Bosque!
[email p o ec ed]!
Uni e sidad,Complu ense,,Mad id,
DOI! o!be!assigned!
!
Abs ac :!The! Lexical, In eg i y, Hypo hesis!(LIH)! holds! ha ! lexical! i ems! a e!
syn ac ic!a oms,!which!implies! ha !nei he ! hei !segmen s!no ! hei !seman ic!
componen s!a e!accessible! o!syn ax.!LIH!is,! hus,!a!double= aced!hypo hesis,!
since!i s!p edic ions!a e! ele an ! o !bo h! he!syn ax=lexicon!in e ace!and! he!
mo phology=syn ax!dis inc ion,! and! speci ically! he! con o e sial! issue! o !
whe he !o !no !mo phology!is!an!independen !componen !o ! he!G amma .!
Bo h!sides!o !LIH!a e!add essed!in! his!pape ! h ough!a!se ies!o !syn ac ic! es s!
(mo emen ,!scope,!modi ica ion,!anapho a,!ellipsis,!coo dina ion),!which!a e!
shown! o!o en!gi e!di e en ! esul s!depending!on!whe he ! he!g amma ical!
uni s! a ge ed!a e!seman ic!componen s!(and!lack!phonological! ea u es)!o !
mo phological!segmen s.!LIH!is!shown! o!be!only!pa ially!w ong.!I s! ailu es,!
which! canno ! be! dismissed,! a e! shown! no ! o! be! andom,! since,! o! a! la ge!
ex end,! hey! depend! on! he! g amma ical! p ope ies! o ! he! ele an !
componen s!o !lexical!i ems.!
Keywo ds:!lexical,in eg i y,,mo phology,,mo phology=syn ax,dis inc ion,,seman ic,
laye s,,lexical,s uc u e,,in e aces.!
Resumen:!La!hipó esis!de!la!in eg idad!léxica!(HIL)!sos iene!que!las!palab as!
son! á omos! sin ác icos,! lo! que! implica! que! ni! sus! segmen os! ni! sus!
componen es! semán icos! son! accesibles! a! la! sin axis.! La! hipó esis! posee,! en!
consecuencia,!dos!ca as,!ya!que!sus!p edicciones!son! ele an es! an o!pa a!la!
in e az! léxico=sin axis! como! pa a! la! dis inción! mo ología=sin axis,! y! en!
pa icula ! en! elación! con! la! con o e ida! cues ión! de! si! la! mo ología!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!
1!Pa s! o ! his! ma e ial! we e! p esen ed! a ! he! Au onomous! Uni e si y! o !
Ba celona!(Decembe !2011),! he!13 h!mee ing!o ! he!A gen inean!Socie y!o !Linguis ics!
(San!Luis,!A gen ina,!Ma ch!2012)!and! he!Uni e si y!o !Vigo!(May!2012).!I!wish! o!
hank! he!audiences!o ! hese!mee ings! o ! hei ! e y!use ul!commen s,!sugges ions!and!
ema ks.! I! am! pa icula ly! g a e ul! o! Á.! Gallego! and! J.! M.! Ga cía=Miguel! o ! he!
de ailed! obse a ions! hey! made! on! he! issues! deal ! wi h! he e! and!some! o ! hei !
ami ica ions.!A!numbe !o !poin s! om! his!pape !we e!no !de eloped!in! he! educed!
e sion!o ! his!ma e ial!which! ecen ly!appea ed!as!Bosque!(2012).!
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cons i uye!o!no!un!componen e!independien e!de!la!G amá ica.!Ambas!ca as!
de!la!hipó esis!son!abo dadas!en!es e! abajo!a! a és!de!una!se ie!de!p uebas!
sin ác icas!(mo imien o,!ámbi o,!modi icación,!aná o a,!elipsis,!coo dinación),!
que!dan!luga !a! esul ados!di e sos!en! unción!de!si!las!unidades!a ec adas!
son!componen es!semán icos!(y!ca ecen,!po ! an o,!de! asgos! onológicos)!o!
son!segmen os!mo ológicos.!Se!de iende!aquí!que!la!HIL!es!solo!pa cialmen e!
alsa.!Sus! allos,!que!no!pueden!se !deses imados,!no!son! ampoco!a bi a ios,!
ya!que!en!buena!medida!es án!en! unción!de!las!p opiedades!g ama icales!de!
los!componen es!de!las!piezas!léxicas!a ec adas.!
Palab as(cla e:!In eg idad,léxica,,mo ología,,dis inción,mo ología=sin axis,,ni eles,
semán icos,,es uc u a,léxica,,in e aces.!
Resumo:!A! Hipó ese! da! In eg idade! Lexical! (LIH)! de ende! que! os! i ens!
lexicais!são!á omos!sin á icos,!o!que!implica!que!nem!os!seus!segmen os!nem!
os!seus!componen es!semân icos!são!acessí eis!à!sin axe.!A!LIH!é,!assim,!uma!
hipó ese!de!dupla! ace,!uma! ez!que!as!suas!p e isões!são! ele an es!pa a!a!
in e ace! sin axe=léxico! e! pa a! a! dis inção! mo ologia=! sin axe,! assim! como,!
mais! especi icamen e,! pa a! a! ques ão! con o e sa! da! exis ência! ou! não! da!
mo ologia! como! uma! componen e! independen e! da! G amá ica.! Ambos! os!
lados! da! LIH! são! abo dados! nes e! a igo! a! pa i ! de! uma! sé ie! de! es es!
sin á icos!(mo imen o,!escopo,!modi icação,!aná o a,!elipse,!coo denação),!que!
mui as! ezes! ge am! esul ados! di e en es,! dependendo! de! as! unidades!
g ama icais! isadas!se em!componen es!semân icas!(e!sem! aços! onológicos)!
ou! segmen os! mo ológicos.! A! LIH! é! ap esen ada! pa a! se ! apenas!
pa cialmen e! e ada.! As! suas! alhas,! que! não! podem! se ! igno adas,!
demons am!não!são!alea ó ias,!uma! ez!que,!em!g ande!medida,!dependem!
das!p op iedades!g ama icais!dos!componen es! ele an es!dos!i ens!lexicais.!
Pala as,cha e:!in eg idade,lexical,,mo ologia,,dis inção,mo ologia=sin axe,,ní eis,
semân icos,,es u u a,lexical,,in e aces.!
1.!Two!ways!o !app oaching! he!Lexical!In eg i y!Hypo hesis!
The! so=called! Lexical, In eg i y, Hypo hesis! (LIH),! implici ! in! adi ional!
concep ions!o !G amma ,!is!explici !in!mos ! o mal! heo e ical! amewo ks!since!
he!la e!70’s!(Lapoin e!1978,!Selki k!1982,!Di!Sciullo!&!Williams!1987,!Ande son!
1992,!e c.).!The!LIH!simply!holds! ha !wo ds!a e!syn ac ic!a oms,!which!implies!
ha ! nei he ! hei ! segmen s! no ! hei ! seman ic! componen s! a e! accessible! o!
syn ax.!
As! such,! he! hypo hesis! is! bo h! oo! s ong! and! oo! weak.! I ! i ! we e!
absolu ely! w ong! —as! some imes! has! been! claimed! o! be—,! mos !
mo phological! ea ies! and! monog aphs! would! simply! deal! wi h! no! speci ic!
opic!a !all!(and,!by!ex ension,!possibly!mos !dic iona ies!and!g amma s).!Bu ,!
a ! he!same! ime,!we!canno !simply! ake! he!LIH! o !g an ed.!E en!i !we!accep !
some! mild! e sion! o ! i ,! he! numbe ! o ! w ong! p edic ions! i ! makes! is! high!
enough! o!cas !se ious!doub s!on!i s! easibili y,!no!ma e !how!widely!sp ead!o !
deeply! oo ed!in! adi ional!g amma !i ! u ns!ou ! o!be.!!
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On! he!Lexical!In eg i y!Hypo hesis!and!i s!(In)accu a e!P edic ions!
As! i ! is! well=known,! ailu es! o ! he! LIH! a e! no ! expec ed! in! lexicalis !
models!o !G amma !(Chomsky!1970;!Williams!1981;!Di!Sciullo!and!Williams!
1987;!Ande son!1992;!A ono !1994;!Ackema!1999,!e c.),!since! he!syn ax!has!no!
access! o! he!wo d= o ma ion! ules!pos ula ed!in! hose! heo ies.!On! he!con a y,!
heo ies!o !G amma !which!do!no !adop ! he!mo phology=syn ax!dis inc ion!a e!
supposed! o!be!be e !candida es! o!accoun ! o ! he!w ong!p edic ions!o ! he!
LIH.!These! amewo ks!include!Dis ibu ed!Mo phology!(DM;!Halle!&!Ma an z!
1993;!Ha ley!&!Noye !1999;!Ma an z!1997,!2001;!Embick!&!Noye !2007;!Siddiqi!
2009),!Bo e ’s!(2003,!2005)!exo=skele al! heo y,!and!Nanosyn ax!(NS,!Ramchand!
2008;! Caha! 2009;! S a ke! 2009),! among! o he ! models! which! no ! only! lack! a!
mo phological!componen ,!bu !—usually—!also!a!lexicon.!Al hough! he e!exis !
many! ele an !di e ences!be ween! hese! heo ies,!s uc u es!a e!gene a ed!in!
mos ! o ! hem! by! combining! p imi i e! g amma ical! ea u es! and! p o iding!
phonological!con en ! o!se s!o !syn ac ically!o de ed!nodes.!
Needless! o!say,! he! e y!exis ence!o !non=lexicalis ! heo ies!o !G amma !
does!no !gua an ee! ha ! he!nume ous!a es ed!excep ions! o! he!LIH!will!be!
p ope ly!accoun ed! o !in! hese! amewo ks,!anymo e! han!a!good!scalpel!does!
no ! ell! he! su geon! whe e! exac ly! he! o ! she! mus ! cu .! Bu ,! c ucially,! mos !
p oblems!posed!by!LIH!a e!“p oblems!o !cu ing!o ”,!some imes!in!a eas!in!
which! e y!small!dis ances!make!big!di e ences.!
As! i ! is! ob ious,! anyone! who! dispenses! wi h! he! mo phology=syn ax!
dis inc ion!mus !accoun ,!in!some!di e en !way,! o !e e y hing! he!dis inc ion!
accomplishes.!Take! he!simple!DP!a,slow,composi ion,,and!conside ! his!na u al!
ques ion:!“Wha !speci ic!g amma ical!p inciple!allows!us! o!explain! he! ac ! ha !
his! ph ase! does! no ! e e ! o! some! piece! o ! music! ha ! has! been! composed!
slowly?”!The!s aigh o wa d!answe !is!“LIH”,!since!LIH!p e en s! he!adjec i e!
slow, om!ha ing!access! o! he!nominaliza ion’s! e bal!base!(i.e.,!compose).!Bu !
ano he ,! e e ! simple ,! answe ! o! his! ques ion! migh ! ha e! gone! as! ollows:!
“This!in e p e a ion!is! uled!ou !because!Mo phology!exis s”,! ha !is,!because!
he e!is!a!pa !o !G amma !de o ed! o! he!o ganiza ion!o !wo d!componen s,!
and!because! his!in e nal!o ganiza ion!has!no!e ec s!ou side! he!wo d.!!
Mo phology! denie s! (in! he! sense! o ! “denie s! o ! he! independency! o !
mo phology!as!a!pa !o !G amma ”)!would!p obably!ques ion! his! easoning.!
The e!a e!se e al!ways! o!do!so.!One!way!is! o!ma k!wo ds!as!opaque!domains!
inside!syn ac ic!s uc u es!(Liebe !1992).!Ano he !way!is! o!ex end! he!no ion!o !
phase! o!wo d!s uc u e,!as!p oposed!by!DM.!F agmen s!o !syn ac ic!s uc u e!
ha !ha e!e alua ed! hei ! ele an ! ea u es!cease! o!be!ac i e!and!may!be!spelled!
ou .! In! ou ! example,! he! su ix! = ion! is! a! ca ego ized! syn ac ic! head! aking! a!
e bal! complemen .! Once! he! ele an ! g amma ical! ea u es! (such! as! hose!
o cing!V°!adjunc ion! o!N°,!as!well!as!o he s! ela i e! o!ag eemen )!ha e!been!
checked,! hese!syn ac ic!segmen s!would!no !be!ac i e!anymo e.!They!become!
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opaque! o! syn ac ic! ope a ions! (lexicalized,! in! adi ional! e ms)! and! can! be!
hough !o !as!i ! hey!we e!no ! he e,!hence!inaccessible! o! u he !compu a ions.!
Since!g amma ical!s uc u es!may! a y!acco ding! o! he!poin !o ! he!de i a ion!
in!which! hey!a e!spelled!ou ,!wha !we!call!wo ds,wi h,mo phological,s uc u e,
would! simply! be! — om! his! pa icula ! heo e ical! poin ! o ! iew—,! he!
adi ional!name! o !a!se ies!o !syn ac ic!s uc u es!subjec ! o!ea ly!spell!ou .!
No ice! ha ! he e! a e! wo! issues! in! his! con o e sy! ha ! seem! o! be!
ele an ! o !LIH.!They!may!be!cha ac e ized! h ough!di e en !se s!o !ques ions:!
a) Wha !speci ic!al e na i e! o mal! heo y!would!allow!us! o!accoun ! o !
he!p edic ions! ha ! he! adi ional!dis inc ion!be ween!mo phology!
and! syn ax! accomplishes?;! A e! phases! he! app op ia e! heo e ical!
ins umen ! o! accoun ! o ! he! a ia ion! a es ed! as! ega ds! LIH!
phenomena?!
b) LIH!has!been!p o ed! o! ail! some imes,!bu !whe e!exac ly!a e!LIH!
ailu es! ound?;! In! which! speci ic! g amma ical! s uc u es! a e! LIH!
iola ions!de ec ed,!as!well!as!no !de ec ed?;!Would! he!analysis!o !
hese!s uc u es!shed!some!ligh !on! he!basic!na u e!o !LIH?!
I!am!a aid!I!do!no !ha e!much! o!say!abou ! he!ques ions!in!(a).!The!
s anda d,!posi i e,!DM!answe ! o! he!ques ion!whe he !phase!spell!ou !is!able!
o!p e=emp ! he! adi ional!mo phology=syn ax!di ision!has!been!c i icized!by!
Liebe !&!Scalise!(2006)!and!Fáb egas!(2011),!among!o he s.!As!Liebe !&!Scalise!
(2006)!pu !i ,! om!DM!accoun s!o !LIH,!one!should!pe haps!in e !a!much!la ge !
se ! o ! in e ac ions! be ween! syn ax! and! mo phology! han! we! ac ually! ind.!
No ice! ha ,!i !all!wo d= o ma ion!we e!accomplished!in! he!syn ax,!dic iona ies!
would! include! no! de i ed! wo ds! a ! all,! jus ! as! hey! con ain! no! ph asal!
p ojec ions,! since! all! he! in o ma ion! in! hose! en ies! would! simply! be!
edundan .!The! ac ! ha ! dic iona ies!include! mo phologically!de i ed! wo ds!
(many! housands,!in! ac ,!in! hose!w i en! o !Ge manic,!Romance!and!Sla ic!
languages)! does! no ! seem! o! e eal! ha ! some hing! is! w ong! wi h!
lexicog aphe s,! bu ! a he ! he! pa icula ! s a us! o ! wo ds! as! s uc u ed! uni s!
associa ed!wi h!pa icula !meanings.!
Accoun s!o !LIH!in!Lexical!Func ional!G amma !a e!discussed!in!Asudeh!
e ,al.!(2008);! hose! amed!in!Cons uc ion!G amma !a e!explained!in!Booij!(2005,!
2009,!2010);!on! unc ional!solu ions! o!LIH!in ac ions!see!Haspelma h!(2002,!
2011).!O he !op ions!exis .!In! his!pape ,!I!will! emain!silen !abou !(a)!and!I!will!
concen a e!on!some!aspec s!o !(b),!mos ly!in! ela ion! o! he!g amma !o !Spanish.!!
No ice! ha ! he!pe spec i e!in!(a)!basically!add esses! he!ques ion!o !how!
he! a chi ec u e! o ! G amma ! would! be! once! we! ha e! decided! whe he ! he!
hypo hesis!is! igh !o !w ong.!On! he!con a y,! he!ques ions!in!(b)!p esen !LIH!
s eng hs! and! weaknesses! as! empi ical! p oblems,! since! bo h! i s! co ec ! and!
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On! he!Lexical!In eg i y!Hypo hesis!and!i s!(In)accu a e!P edic ions!
inco ec ! p edic ions! should! be! de i ed! in! p incipled! g ounds.! Ackema! &!
Neeleman!(2002)!a e! igh !in!poin ing!ou ! ha !one!has! o!decide!whe he !LIH!is!
an!axiom,!a!co olla y!o ! he!s uc u e!o !G amma ,!o !an!epiphenomenon;!bu !
he! h ee!answe s!assume! ha !LIH!is!co ec ,!a!supposi ion! hey!show! o!be!
only!pa ially! ue.!Keeping!wi h! he!analogy!I!ha e!in oduced,!we!migh !say!
ha !(a)!is!abou !ha ing!o !no !ha ing!a!good!scalpel,!whe eas!(b)!is!abou !whe e!
and!when!we!mus !cu !o .!
I!would!like! o! ecall! ha !one!basic!—al hough!no !o en!emphasized—!
p ope y!o !LIH!is!i s!double= aced!na u e,!as!Pos al!(1969)!explici ly!poin ed!
ou :! some! o ! he! phenomena! ha ! he! hypo hesis! co e s! a e! ela ed! o! he!
syn ax=lexicon!in e ace,!whe eas!some!o he !aspec s!o !LIH!a e! ela i e! o! he!
adi ional!mo phology=syn ax!dis inc ion.!In! he! o me !case,!we!migh !expec !
LIH! iola ions!in!which!syn ac ic!p ocesses!ha e!access! o!seman ic!componen s!
o ! wo ds;! in! he! la e ! case,! we! expec ! iola ions! as! hose! discussed! in! he!
li e a u e!I!ha e!jus ! e e ed! o:!ph asal!p e ixes,!compounds,!a ached!pa icles!
(pa icula ly!in!Ge manic!languages),!complex!p edica e! o ma ion!(pa icula ly!
in! ela ion! o!Japanese!causa i es!and!simila !phenomena!in!o he !languages),!
complex!s uc u es!in!agglu ina ing!languages,!e c.!!
In!any!case,! iola ions!o !bo h! ypes!a e!expec ed! o!be! es ic ed.!Bo h!o !
hem!ques ion! he!LIH,!bu ! hey!do!so!in!qui e!di e en !ways.!Since!wo ds!a e!
acknowledged! o! be! composed! by! se ! o ! ea u es,! I! sugges ! ha ! we! should!
ca e ully! examine! he! g amma ical! s uc u es! a ge ed! in! he! supposed!
iola ions!o !LIH,!dis inguish! he! eal! iola ions! om! he!me ely!appa en !ones,!
and! a emp ! o! de i e! he! o me ! om! he! g amma ical! p ope ies! o ! he!
ea u es!in ol ed!in! he! ele an !s uc u es.!Since! hese! asks!a e! oo! as ! o!be!
accomplished!in!a!sho !pape ,!I!will! es ic !mysel ! o!ske ching! he!gene al!
guidelines! ha !one!could! ollow! o!pu sue! hose!objec i es.!!
2.!Th ee! a ian s!o ! he!hypo hesis!
The! double= aced! na u e! o ! he! LIH! shows! ha ! i ! con ains! oo! much!
in o ma ion.!Le !us! hen!decompose!i !in! h ee!mo e! es ic ed!p inciples:!
(1)!a.!LIH=1:!Syn ac ic!p ocesses!do!no !ha e!access! o! he!seman ic!componen s!o !lexical!
i ems.!
!b.!LIH=2:!Syn ac ic!p ocesses!do!no !ha e!access! o!mo phological!componen s!o !(simple)!
lexical!i ems.!
!c.!LIH=3:!Syn ac ic!p ocesses!do!no !ha e!access! o! he!componen s!o !complex!lexical!
i ems.!
Pos al’s!(1969)!classical!“o phan’s!example”,!adap ed! o!Spanish!in!(2),!
nicely!illus a es!(1a),!since!LIH=1!p e en s!a!seman ic!componen !o ! he!wo d!
hué ano!‘o phan’!(namely,!“pa en s”)! o!become! he!an eceden !o !a!p onoun:!

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(2)!*Max! es! hué ano!! y! los! ! echa!mucho!de!menos.!
!!!Max!is!o phan!and! hey=MASC.ACC! !h ow=3.PRES!!much!o !less!
! !‘Max!is!an!o phan!and!he!deeply!misses! hem’!
As! ega ds!(1b),!i !can!be!illus a ed!by!any!s anda d!anapho ic!island!
iola ion:!
(3)!! *La!mayo !pa e!de!los![eu op]eos!no![le]! en!un! u u o! !
! ! he!bigges !pa !o ! he!Eu opeans!no !i =DAT!see=3.PL.PRES!! a! u u e!
! ! halagüeño.!
! ! p omising!
!!‘The!majo i y!o !Eu opeans!do!no !see!a!p omising! u u e!in!i ’!
The! as e isk! in! (3)! is! es ic ed! o! he! in ended! in e p e a ion:! ha ! in!
which! he!an eceden !o ! he!p onoun!le!(‘i ’)!is! he!noun!Eu opa.,The!p oblem!
wi h!(3)!is!pa allel! o! he!one!wi h!(2);! he!di e ence!lies!in! he! ac ! ha ! he!
ele an !componen ! ha !some!p onoun!canno ! a ge !is!mo phological!in!(3),!
bu !seman ic!in!(2).!!
LIH=3! canno ! be! educed! o! LIH=2,! since! he! p ope ies! o ! complex!
pa icles,! locu ions! and! o he ! idioms! do! no ! exac ly! coincide! wi h! hose! o !
simple!wo ds.!LIH=3!is!illus a ed!in!(4):!
(4)! A! juicio!(*unánime)!de!nues os!abogados,!la!demanda!no! !
!To!judgmen !unanimous!o !ou !lawye s! he!demand!no ! !
!p ospe a á.!
!succeed=3.PL.FUT!
‘Acco ding! o! he!(unanimous)!judgmen !o !ou !lawye s,! he!demand!will!no !succeed’!
Tha !is,!juicio!(‘judgmen ’)!is!a!noun,!bu !i !canno ! ecei e!an!adjec i e!in!
(4),!since!i !is!in eg a ed!in! he!complex!p eposi ion!a,juicio,de,(‘in!x’s!opinion’).!
As! we! see,! he! ele an ! componen s! o ! LIH=1! a e! seman ic! ea u es;! hose!
ele an ! o !LIH=2!a e!mo phemes,!and! hose! a ge ed!by!LIH=3!a e!wo ds.!!
I!will!no !discuss!LIH=3!he e! o ! a ious! easons,!besides!lack!o !space.!
Pe haps! he!main!p oblem!wi h!idioms!is! he! ac ! ha ! hey!a e!commonly! aken!
o!be!lexical,i ems,! ha !is,!a!ce ain! ype!o !linguis ic!uni ! ha !is!said! o!apply! o!
simple!wo ds!and!some!compounds2.!As!i !is!well=known,!idioms!seem! o! ejec !
some!de ining!p ope ies!o !lexical!i ems,!including!inse ion!o !lexical!ma e ial!
inside! hei !segmen s3,!a! ypical!syn ac ic! ai .!Bu !on! he!o he !hand,!idioms!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!
2!I!can!only!men ion!a! ew! i les!on! he!much=discussed!issue!o ! he!g amma ical!
p ope ies! o ! idioms:! Jackendo ! (1977);! Nunbe g! e , al.!(1994);! E e ae ! e , al.!(1995);!
O’G ady! (1998);! Ma eu! &! Espinal! (2006,! 2007)! and! Espinal! &! Ma eu! (2010).! On! he!
syn ac ic! aspec s! o ! Spanish! idioms,! I! e e ! o! Buena uen es! de! la! Ma a! (2007)! and!
Alonso!Ramos!(2009),! as! well! as! he! o e iews! in! Ga cía=Page!(2008)!and! Mendí il!
Gi ó!(2009).!
3!He e!is!a!simple!example!wi h! he! ansi i e!VP!idiom! oma ,el,pelo,(‘ ease’):!
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a e!desc ibed!in!dic iona ies!because! hey!a e!no !ph ases! eely!cons uc ed!in!
he! syn ax.! They! a e! also! es ic ed! in! he! capaci y! o! coo dina e! hei !
componen s,!allow! o !passi es,!modal! e bs!o ! a ian s!wi h!wh=!ph ases,!and!
admi !s uc u es!in!which!an!ex e nal!p onoun! e e s! o!some!o ! hei !nominal!
cons i uen s.! The! ex eme! a ia ion! ha ! one! inds! as! ega ds! he! deg ees! o !
composi ionali y!in!idiom!s uc u es!does!no !lead!us! o!di ec ly!exclude!LIH=3!
om! (1),! bu ! i ! ce ainly! sugges s! ha ! he! p ope ! gene aliza ions! on! he!
syn ac ic!beha iou !o !idioms!a e!no !clea !enough! o ! he! ime!being.!!
The!LIH! is!gene ally! o mula ed!in! nega i e! e ms! o !in e p e ed! as!a!
se ies! o ! cons ain s,! and! so! a e! he! h ee! a ian s! in! (1).! Pe haps! a! mo e!
accu a e! e sion!o !LIH!o !i s! a ian s!should!be! o mula ed!in!a!posi i e! o m,!
as! mos ! gene aliza ions! a e,! gi en! ha ! LIH! is! no ! a! il e .! Applying! his!
me hodological! p inciple,! we! would! subs i u e! (1b)! o ! some hing! like!
“Syn ac ic! p ocesses! ha e! access! o! wo ds! and! ph ases”.! The! e y! ac ! ha !
“posi i e! o mula ions”!o ! he!LIH!come!close! o!simple!de ini ions!o !pa s!o !
G amma !is,!i !seems! o!me,!an!in e es ing!—as!well!as!welcome—! esul .!As!
he! adi ion!clea ly!s a ed,!wo ds!a e,!a ! he!same! ime,! he!g ound!o !syn ax!
and! he!ceiling!o !mo phology,!and!i !is!exac ly! hose!upwa d!and!downwa d!
bo de s! ha !LIH! iola ions!pu !in o!ques ion.!Le !us!b ie ly!see! o!wha !ex en !
hey!do.!
3.!Lexical!in eg i y!and! he!syn axHlexicon!in e ace!
3.1.!Anapho a!
I!sugges ! ha !syn ac ic!s uc u es!may!be!used!as! es !benches! o !LIH!
a ian s,!so! ha !we!can! ind!ou !whe he ! hey!pass!o ! hey! ail! hese!se ies!o !
exams.! P oceeding! in! his! way,! we! can! i s ! no ice! ha ! LIH=1! success ully!
passes! he! es s! ela ed! o! ANAPHORIC! PHENOMENA.! This! is! exac ly! wha ! he!
expec ed! ung amma icali y! o ! (2)! shows.! Mo e! gene ally,! LIH=1! is! a! a he !
s ong!hypo hesis!as! ega ds! e e ence,!bu !somehow!weake !as! ega ds!o he !
syn ac ic!phenomena,!as!I!will!sho ly!show.!In! ac ,!I!ha e!only!been!able! o!
ind!a! ew!sys ema ic!excep ions! o!LIH=1!in!Spanish!in! ela ion! o!anapho a.!
They!in ol e!some!pe son!nouns!associa ed!wi h!duals,!such!as!pa eja!(‘couple’)!
o !ma imonio!(‘ma ied!couple’).!He e!is!an!example:!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(i)! a.! Toma !el!pelo!mucho! a! alguien.!
! ! ake! he!hai !much! o!someone!
! ! ‘Tease!someone! e y!much’!
!b.!Toma !mucho!el!pelo! a! alguien.!!!!!
! ! ake!much! he!hai ! o!someone!
! ! ‘Tease!someone! e y!much’!
!
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(5)!Algunos!ma imonios!son!muy! elices!aunque!ella!sea!!
!some!ma ied=couple.PL!!a e! e y!happy=Pl! hough!she!be=3.PRES.SUBJ!
!mucho! mayo !que!él.!
!much!olde ! han!him!!!
!‘Some!ma ied!couples!a e! e y!happy,!e en!i !she!is!much!olde ! han!him’!
This! example! cons i u es! a! lag an ! LIH=1! iola ion,! since! he! LIH=1!
w ongly!p edic s! ha ! he!an eceden !o !él!(‘he’)!and!ella!(‘she’)!will!be! ound!in!
he! p eceding! discou se,! a he ! han! in! he! lexical! s uc u e! o ! he! noun!
ma imonio.! In e es ingly,! he! seman ic! componen s! o ! hese! dual! nouns! may!
p o ide!syn ac ic!an eceden s! o !o he !p onouns,!as!in! he!example!(6),!a es ed!
in!a!jou nal,!which!was!b ough ! o!my!a en ion!by!Á.!Gallego:!
(6)!Es a!pa eja!es á!casada,!pe o!no!!el!uno!con!el!o o.!
his.FEM!couple!is!ma ied=FEM!bu !no ! he!one!wi h! he!o he !
!‘The!membe s!o ! his!couple!a e!ma ied,!bu !no !wi h!each!o he ’!
[ABC,!30=06=2011]!!
I! sugges ! ha ! his! peculia ! p ope y! is! ela ed! o! he! ac ! ha ! he!
p onouns!in!(5)!and!(6)!exhaus i ely!co e ! he!deno a ion!o ! he!dual!noun.!I !
his! is! on! he! igh ! ack,! a! pu ely! p agma ic! analysis! in ol ing! pa =whole!
ela ions,!as!in! he! ypical!cases!o !associa i e!anapho a!(Kleibe !2001!and!much!
subsequen ! wo k)! would! no ! wo k! o ! (5)=(6).! No ice! ha ,! whe eas! a! loose!
p agma ic!pa =whole! ela ion!is!enough! o!licence! he!p esence!o ! he!de ini e!
a icle!la!in!la,pue a,(‘ he!doo ’)!in!(7a)!—on! he!encyclopaedic!basis! ha !e e y!
building!has!a!doo —,!we!canno !call!on!a!p agma ic!p inciple!o ! his!so ! o!
accoun ! o !(7b),!since! he!p onoun!él!canno !s and! o !el,alcalde!(‘ he!mayo ’)!in!
his!sequence:!
(7)!!a.!Me!ace qué! a! la!alcaldía,!pe o!la!pue a!es aba!ce ada.!
! ! Me!app oached! o! he!ci y!hall!bu ! he!doo !was!closed=FEM!
! ! ‘I!d opped!by! he!Ci y!Hall,!bu ! he!doo !was!closed’!
! b! #Me!ace qué! a! la!alcaldía,!pe o!él!no!es aba.!
! ! Me! app oached! o! he!ci y!hall!bu !he!no !be=3.IMP.IND!
!! ! ‘I!d opped!by! he!Ci y!Hall,!bu !he!was!no ! he e’!
As!i ! is! ob ious,!(7b)! is!in ended! o! be!used! in!a! con ex ! in!which! no!
p e ious! e e ence! o!a!mayo !has!been!made.!Le !me! ema k! ha ! he!p ope y!
o !dual!nouns! ha !allows! o !(5)!o !(6)!is!no ! o!be!con used!wi h! he!capaci y!o !
singula !collec i e!nouns! o! igge !plu al!numbe ! ea u es,!ei he !in! e bal!o !
p onominal! in lec ion.! Tha ! is,! (8a)! is! a! g amma ical! sen ence! in! he!
in e p e a ion! in! which! ellos! (‘ hey’)! e e s! o! su, amilia,(a! DP! made! ou ! o ! a!
singula !collec i e!noun),!bu !i !is!no !g amma ical!in! he! eading!in!which!ellos!
e e s! o!a!subse !o ! ha ! amily,!such!as! he!child en!o ! he!g andpa en s:!
!
!
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(8)!No! e! a! su! amilia!desde!hace!meses,!pe o!!
!no !see=3.SING.PRES! o!his/he ! amily! om!make=3.SING.PRES!mon hs!bu !!
!se!acue da!mucho!de!ellos.!
! emembe =3.SING.PRES!much!o ! hem=MASC!
! ‘S/he!has!no !seen!his/he ! amily! o !mon hs,!bu !s/he! hinks!abou ! hem! e y!much’
On! some! possible! LIH=1! anapho a! iola ions! in! English! ela ed! o! he!
e bal!p edica e!b ing,abou ,!see!Lako !(1970)!and!Lako !&!Ross!(1972).!
3.2.!Coo dina ion!and!mo emen !
Le !us!now! y! o!use!COORDINATION!in!ou ! es !bench! o !LIH=1.!Resul s!
a e!e en!mo e!nea !and!s aigh o wa d!in! his!case,!since!LIH=1!clea ly!passes!
coo dina ion! es s:!no!seman ic!componen !o !a!wo d!can!be!coo dina ed!wi h!
an!o e !exp ession!unde !any!ci cums ance.!We!may! easonably!assume! ha !
saca !(‘ ake!ou ,!pull!ou ’)!in ol es!a!causa i e!componen ,!which! he! e b!hace !
‘make’!migh ! ep esen ,!and! also! an!in ansi i e! e b!o ! mo emen ! (sali !‘go!
ou ’).!The!con as s!in!(9)!a e!en i ely!expec ed!acco ding! o! he!LIH=1:!
(9)!a.!Juan!{hizo!sali !/!sacó}!al!caballo.!!
! ! Juan!made!go=ou ! ook=ou ! o= he!ho se!
! ! !‘Juan!{made! he!ho se!go!ou !/! ook!ou ! he!ho se}’!
!b.!Juan!{hizo!sali !/!*sacó}! y! o a !al!caballo.!!
! ! Juan!made!go=ou ! ook=ou !and!gallop=INF! o= he!ho se!
! ! ‘Juan!{made! he!ho se!go!ou !and!gallop!/! ook!ou !and!gallop! he!ho se}’!
MOVEMENT! es s! o !LIH=1!a e!ha d! o!design,!since!a emp s!will!su ely!
end!up! as!some hing! else,! mos ! p obably! s anda d!cases! o ! he! coo dina ion!
s uc u e! cons ain .! In! ac ,! since! componen s! a ge ed! by! LIH=1! lack!
phonological! ea u es,!no!mo emen !and!coo dina ion! iola ions!o !LIH=1!a e!
expec ed! o!be! ound.!We!may! hus!conclude! ha !mo emen !and!coo dina ion!
ep esen !no!p oblem! o !LIH=1.!
3.3.!Modi ica ion!
LIH=1!success ully!passes!COORDINATION!and!MOVEMENT! es s,!and!also!
ANAPHORA! es s,! wi h! a! peculia ! excep ion! ela ed! o! dual! nouns.! Bu ! i ! we!
mo e! o!MODIFICATION! es s,!we!will! ealize! ha ! esul s!a e!no !so!nea .!Le !us!
i s !conside !some!cases! o !which!LIH=1!makes! he!app op ia e!p edic ions,!
and! hen! u n! o! iola ions.!LIH=1!co ec ly!p edic s! ha !(10a)!will!be! oughly!
equi alen ! o! (10b),! bu ! no ! o! (10c),! since! only! in! he! o me ! sen ence! he!
manne !ad e b! a ge s! he!highes ! e bal!p edica e:!
(10)! a.! La!ma ó! olun a iamen e.!
! ! he =ACC!killed! olun a ily!
! ! ‘S/he!killed!he ! olun a ily’!
! !
!
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acknowledge! ha !no !all! he!syn ac ic!s uc u es! ela ed! o! his! a ian !o ! he!
hypo hesis! ha e! been! s udied! in! simila ! de ail.! We! may! s a ! by! pu ing!
COORDINATION!and!ELLIPSIS!in!ou ! es !bench! o !LIH=2!and!see!whe he !o !no !
he!hypo hesis!passes! hese!exams.!
Does!LIH=2!pass!g amma ical! es s!o !coo dina ion?!The!answe ! o! his!
much!deba ed!ques ion!is! heo y=dependen !(see!Bosque!1987;!Raine !&Va ela!
1992;!Felíu!&!Fáb egas!2003;!Ko n eld!&!Saab!2003;!Liebe !y!Scalise!2006,!among!
many!o he s):!i !is!a!nega i e!answe !i !we!allow! o ! he!coo dina ion!o !lexical!
bases!and!p e ixes,!as!ske ched!in!(26):!
(26)!a.!Leyes![p e!y! pos ]!cons i ucionales.!
! ! Laws!p e!and!pos !cons i u ional.PL!
! ! ‘P e!and!pos cons i u ional!laws’!
!b.![Simple! y! llana]men e.!
! ! Simple!and!plain=ly!
! ! ‘Clea ly!and!simply’!
!c.![La a! y! seca] opas.!!(Riopla ense!Spanish)!
! ! [wash!and!d y]clo hes!
! ! ‘Washing!machine!and! umble!d ye ’!
On! he!con a y,! he!answe !is!posi i e!i !we!claim! ha ! he!b acke ing!in!
(26)!is!w ong!and!we!adop ! he!al e na i e!in!(27):!
(27)!a.!Leyes![p e=Ø]!y!pos cons i ucionales.!
!b.![Simple=Ø]!y!llanamen e.!
!c.![La a=Ø]!y!seca opas.!(Riopla ense!Spanish)!
Some! au ho s! —including! Booij! (1985),! Nespo ! (1985)! and! Bosque!
(1987)—! sugges ! ha ! ellipsis! migh ! gi e! mo e! adequa e! esul s! han!
coo dina ion!in! hese!and!o he !simila !s uc u es.!See!also,!on! he!same!issue,!
Spence !(2005)!and!S auss!(1982).!Needless! o!say,!claiming! ha !coo dina ion!
does! no ! con a ene! LIH=2! implies! accep ing! ha ! ellipsis! does,! since! (27)!
con ains!null!bases!in!p e ixed!wo ds!and!compounds5.!One!s ong!a gumen !
o ! p e e ing! (27)! o! (26)! elies! on! he! ac ! ha ! ellip ical! ca ego ies! can! be!
o wa dly!o !backwa dly! eco e ed.!The! o me !op ion!is!ob ained!in!(28a,!b);!
he!la e !co esponds! o!(28c):!
(28)!a.![Li e a u =[Ø]]!und!Musik![geschich e]!(Ge man)!
! ! li e a u e!and!music!his o y!
! ! ‘His o y!o !music!and!li e a u e’!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
g amma ,!I! e e ! o!Va ela!(1990),!Pie a!(2009),!Pie a!&!Va ela!(1999),!Felíu!(2002)!and!
Fáb egas!(2011,! o!appea ).!I!will!add!some!mo e! e e ences!on!LIH=2!in! he!nex !pages.!!
5!E en!so,!su ixes!a e!no !subjec ! o!ellipsis.!As! o !=men e,,To ne !(2005)!a gued!
ha !i !is!a!“ph asal!a ix”,!whe eas!Bosque!(1987),!Zagona!(1990)!and!o he s!a gued!
ha !i !is!a!compound!segmen .!

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!b.![Len a=[Ø]]! y! penosa[men e]!(Spanish)!
! ! slow=FEM!and!pain ul=ly!
! ! ‘Slowly!and!pain ully’!
!c.!Len a[men ]!i! [penosa=[Ø]]!!(Li e a y!Ca alan)!
! ! slow=ly!and!pain ul!
! ! ‘Slowly!and!pain ully’!
No ice! ha ! he! segmen a ion! in! (26)! could! no ! be! applied! o! (28c).!
Backwa d! e ie al!is!excluded!in!Ge man!compounds!(*Li e a u geschich e,und,
Musik=Ø)!and!p esen =day!Spanish!p e ixed! o ms!as!well!as!compounds!(*leyes,
p econs i ucionales,y,pos =Ø;!*len amen e,y,penosa=Ø;,*la a opas,y,seca=Ø),!bu !no !
necessa ily! in! medie al! Spanish! (NGRALE,! §! 7.14 =g)! o ! p esen ! day! li e a y!
Ca alan.!On! he!o he !hand,! he!coo dina ion!analysis!does!no !seem! o!be!able!
o! accoun ! o ! A.! Bello’s! (1847:! §! 1007)! old! in e es ing! obse a ion! on! =men e!
ellipsis!in!compa a i e!s uc u es:!
(29)!Menos!magní ica!que!elegan emen e!ado nado.!
!less!splendid=FEM! han!elegan ly!deco a ed=MASC!
!‘Less!splendidly! han!elegan ly!deco a ed’!
He!was! igh !when!he!w o e! ha !(29)!is!a!possible!ph ase!because!“en!
magní ica! se! sup ime! la! e minación! men e! po ! segui se! o o! ad e bio! que! la!
lle a”! (‘in! magni ica! he! e mina ion! men e! is! supp essed! because! an! ad e b!
con aining! i ! ollows’).! As! i ! is! ob ious,! all! hese! con as s! on! o wa d! s.!
backwa d! e ie al! o ! nominal! (o ! quasi=nominal)! heads! in! mo phological!
s uc u es!a e!possible!because! eco e y!is!a!p ope y!o !elemen s!capable!o !
bea ing!a! e e en ial!index.!I ! his!is!co ec ,!LIH=2!does!no ! ail!coo dina ion!
es s,!bu !ellipsis!does.!
! As! in! he! case! o ! LIH=1,! po en ial! LIH=2! ailu es! mus ! be! ca e ully!
sc u inized! o! ind!ou !whe he !o !no ! hey!p o ide! eal!coun e examples! o! he!
hypo hesis.! Imagine! a! sen ence! con aining! a! mo phological! segmen !
coo dina ed! wi h! a! ull! DP.! I ! his! we e! possible,! LIH=2! would! ce ainly! be!
un enable.!The!example! ep oduced!in!(30),!seems! o!be!a!good!candida e! o !
his!pa e n:!
(30)!Me!enca ga on!con e sa !con igo! y! Elías!Figue oa!en!Chile.!!
!me!en us =3.PL.PAST! alk=INF!wi h=you!and!E.!F.!!in!Chile.!
!‘I!was!en us ed! o! alk! o!you!and!E.F.!in!Chile’!
[Época,!28/07/1997,! aken! om!CREA].!
Tha ! is,! we! may! hink! ha ,! i ! he! b acke ing! in! (31)! is! co ec ,! LIH=2!
simply!collapses,!since!a!pa !o !a!wo d!canno !be!coo dina ed!wi h!a!DP:!
(31)!Me!enca ga on!con e sa ![con[ igo!y!Elías!Figue oa]]!en!Chile.!
Bu ! he! ques ion! whe he ! o ! no ! (30)! con a enes! LIH=2! c ucially!
depends!o ! he!mo phological!s a us!o ! he!segmen != igo.!We!may!suppose! ha !
con igo! (‘wi h! you’)! o ! conmigo! (‘wi h! me’)! a e! phonological,! a he ! han!
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mo phological,!wo ds!(see!Nespo !1985,!Di!Sciullo!&!Williams!1987,!B esnan!&!
Mchombo! 1995! on! he! dis inc ion),! besides! being! o hog aphical! wo ds.! I !
would!ce ainly!be!a!mis ake! o!a gue! ha != igo!is!a!su ix.!In! ac ,!a ixes!do!no !
allow! o ! adjec i es! in! any! possible! con ex ,! bu ! he! adjec i e! misma! (‘sel ’)!
modi ies! he!p onoun!= igo!in!(32a)!—and!no ! he!whole!PP!con igo—,!jus !as!i !
modi ies!ella!in!(32b):!
(32)!!a.!Con igo!misma.!
! ! Wi h=you!sel =FEM!
! ! ‘wi h!you sel ’!
!b.!Con!ella!misma.!
! ! Wi h!she!sel =FEM!
! ! ‘wi h!he sel ’!
Since!LIH=2!does!no ! es ic ! he!g amma ical!beha iou !o !phonological!
wo ds,!we!can!sa ely!conclude! ha !(30)!does!no ! iola e! his!hypo hesis.!!
Can!i ! hem!be!concluded! ha !LIH=2!nea ly!passes!all!coo dina ion! es s?!
I ! ce ainly! passes! mos ! o ! hem,! bu ! i ! sys ema ically! ails,! a ! leas ,! a ! wo!
g amma ical! s uc u es.! The! i s ! one! is! ep esen ed! by! wo ds! con aining!
p e ixes!which!in ol e!in o ma ion! ela ed! o! he! e b!a gumen s.!Felíu!(2001)!
has!s udied! hese!s uc u es!in!de ail.!We!may!assume,! o !example,! ha ! he!
p e ix!co=!in!(33)!inco po a es!a!meaning!close! o! ha !o ! he!ad e b!mu ually:!
(33)!Juan! y! Ma ía!se!co esponsabiliza on.!
!‘Juan!and!Ma ía!assumed!mu ual! esponsibili y’!
Jus !as! he!p esence!o ! his!ad e b!makes! he!p edica e!selec ! o !a!plu al!
o !coo dina ed!ex e nal!a gumen ,!so!does! he!p e ix!co=.!Bo h! he!p e ix!and! he!
ad e b!change! he!p edica e’s!a gumen !s uc u e!(as!i !gene ally!happens!in!
symme ic!and! ecip ocal!con igu a ions),!bu ! he!p e ix!is!a!bound!mo pheme,!
which! iola es!LIH=2.!I! e e ! o!Felíu!(2001)! o !many!o he !simila !cases.!!
The! second! sys ema ic! excep ion! I! ha e! in! mind! is! p o ided! by! he!
s uc u es! I! s udied! in! Bosque! (2006).! In! ha ! pape ! I! show! ha ! so=called!
ela ional! (some imes! also! “e hnic”)! denominal! adjec i es! may! p o ide! he!
ca dinali y! alue!o ! e e en ial!exp essions!in!coo dina ed!s uc u es.!Tha !is,!
(34a),!in ol ing! wo!singula !coo dina ed!adjec i es,!is!abou ! wo!li e a u es.!
On! he! con a y,! wo! o ! mo e! singula ! quali ying! adjec i es! o ! pa iciples!
canno !be!coo dina ed! o!sum!up! he!plu al! ea u e!needed!by! he!noun! hey!
modi y,!and!p o ide! he!ca dinali y! alue!o ! he!DP,!as!(34b)!wi nesses:!
(34)!a.!Las!li e a u as!española! y! ancesa.!
! ! he=FEM.PL!li e a u e.PL!Spanish=FEM.SING!and!F ench=FEM.SING!
! ! ‘The!F ench!and!Spanish!li e a u es’!
!b.!*Las!películas!di e ida! y! abu ida!( espec i amen e).!
! ! he=FEM.PL!mo ies! unny=FEM.SING!and!bo ing=FEM.SING! espec i ely!
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On! he!Lexical!In eg i y!Hypo hesis!and!i s!(In)accu a e!P edic ions!
This! means! ha ! he! nominal! bases! o ! ela ional! adjec i es! display!
syn ac ic!p ope ies!incompa ible!wi h! hei !mo phological!s a us!acco ding! o!
LIH=2.!I! e e ! o!Bosque!(2006)! o ! u he !de ails!and!I!conclude! ha ,!wi h! he!
excep ion!o ! he!s uc u es!in!(33)!and!(34),!LIH=2!passes!COORDINATION! es s,!
bu !i !does!no !pass! hose! ela ed! o!ELLIPSIS.!!
4.2.!Modi ica ion!
Le !us!now!pu !MODIFICATION!s uc u es!in!ou ! es !bench! o !LIH=2.!This!
is!a! a he !s ong!hypo hesis!as! ega ds! hese!pa e ns.!He e!a e!some!s anda d!
examples!o ! he!una ailabili y!o !compound!segmen s! o!accep !modi ie s:!
(35)!!a.!*La a[pla os!g andes]!
! ! wash!dishes!bigs!
! ! ‘Washe !o !big!dishes’!
!b.![La apla os]!g andes!
! ! dishwashe s!bigs!
! ! ‘Big!dishwashe s’!
(36)!a.!!*Segu o!mul i=![ iesgo!asumible]!
! ! Insu ance!policy!mul i! isk!assumable!
! ! ‘An!insu ance!policy! o !many!assumable! isks’!
!b.![Segu o!!mul i iesgo]!asumible!
! ! Insu ance!policy!mul i= isk!assumable!
! ! ‘An!assumable!mul i= isk!insu ance!policy’!
I !is!wo h! emembe ing,!howe e ,! ha !English!compounds!a e!known!
o!con a ene! his!pa e n.!F om!a!s ic !poin !o ! iew,!LIH=2!is!sa e!in!(37a),!bu !
no ! so! in! (37b),! whe e! an! adjec i e! a ge s! a! non=head! noun! in! a! nominal!
compound:!
(37)!a.!Good![ uck!d i e ].!
!b.![Long! uck]!d i e .!!
The!s ong!con as !be ween!English!and!Romance!nominal!compounds!
is! adi ionally!a ibu ed! o! he! ac ! he! o me !a e!head! inal!s uc u es!made!
up! ou ! o ! ba e! nouns,! a he ! han! bounded! oo s.! This! gi es! aise! o!
g amma ical! p ojec ions! which! only! o! a! ce ain! ex en ! can! p ope ly! be!
conside ed!“mo phological”.!As!i !is!well=known,!compound! o ma i es!may!
be!e en!sen ences,!as!in!Ackema!&!Neeleman!(2002)’s!example!A,don’ , ell,me,
wha , o, do, look.! Recen ! discussions! on! he! much=deba ed! syn ac ic! na u e! o !
English!compounds!can!be! ound!in!Liebe !&!S ekaue !(2009)!and!A codia!e ,al.!
(2010).!
The! ac ! ha ! he! con as s! in!(35)=(36)!do!no !cons i u e! a! p oblem! o !
LIH=2!does!no !imply! ha ! his!hypo hesis!success ully!passes!modi ica ion! es s.!
In! ac ,! b acke ing! pa adoxes! p o ide! s ong! a gumen s! agains ! LIH=2.! The!
segmen a ion!o !quan i ied!=men e!ad e bials!is!a!s aigh o wa d!example:!
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(38)!Muy! anquilamen e.!
!‘Ra he !calmly’!
(39)!a.![Muy]![ anquilamen e]!
!b.![Muy! anquila]![men e]!
The! b acke ing! in! (39a)! is! co ec ! on! syn ac ic! (and! also! o hog aphic)!
g ounds,!gi en! ha !muy! (‘ e y’)!is! no ! a! mo pheme,! bu ! i ! is!no ! co ec !on!
seman ic!g ounds,!since!(39a)!p o ides!a!w ong!pa aph ase!(‘ a he !in!a!calm!
way’)! o !(38).!On! he!con a y,! he!b acke ing!in!(39b),!in!which!=men e! a ge s!a!
ull!syn ac ic!AP,!p esen s!p oblems!wi h! o !bo h!syn ax!and!o hog aphy,!bu !
i !p o ides! he!co ec !meaning!o !(38):!‘in!a! a he !calm!way’.!!
Some!o he !b acke ing!pa adoxes!also!con a ene!LIH=2,!bu !no !all!o !
hem!do.!In! ac ,! he!po en ial!a gumen !agains !LIH=2!p o ided!by!adjec i es!
in e p e ed!as!modi ie s!o !inne !nouns!o ! e bs,!as!in! he!molecula ,biologis !o !
he!beau i ul,dance !classical!cases,!migh !no !be!as!sound!as!i !looks!like!(see!
La son!1999;!Spence !1988;!Bea d!1991,!1995! o !discussion).!The!main! eason!is!
ha ! he! ele an ! ac o s! o!explain!some!o ! hese!pa e ns!can!be! hough !o !as!
being!lexical,! a he ! han!s ic ly!mo phological.!No ice! ha !we!should!no !be!
o ced! o!sus ain! ha ! he!adjec i e!bad!in!a,bad,dance ,is!in e p e ed!in!a!di e en !
way! o! ha !in!which! he!same!adjec i e!is!in e p e ed!in!a,bad,musician.,Bu ! his!
is!exac ly!wha !one!mus !deduce! om! he! ac ! ha ! he! o me ,!bu !no ! he!la e ,!
has!access! o!a! e bal!base!(i.e.!dance).!A!simila !conclusion!may!be!ob ained!
om!con as s!in!(40)!in!Spanish,!and!some!o he s!simila ! o! hese!a es ed!in!
NGRALE,!§!13.8i:!
(40)!a.!El!{ac ual!/!ac ualmen e}!di ec o !del!museo.!
! ! he!cu en !cu en ly!di ec o !o = he!museum!!
!!!!!‘The!cu en !di ec o !o ! he!museum’!
!b.!El!{pos e io !/! pos e io men e}!ganado !del!campeona o!de!España.!
! ! he!la e !(adj.)!la e !(ad .)!winne !!o = he!championship!o !Spain!
! ! ‘The!la e !winne !o !Spain’s!championship’!
Al hough!one!migh !be! emp ed! o! a gue! ha ! he!ad e b,!bu !no ! he!
adjec i e,! has! access! o! he! e bal! base! o ! he! nouns! di ec o ! (‘di ec o ’)! o !
ganado !(‘winne ’),!I!belie e! ha ! he!p oblem!is!no !mo phological,!since!di ec o !
can!be! eplaced!by!je e!(‘chie ’)!in!(40a),!and!ganado !may!be!sa ely!subs i u ed!
by!campeón!(‘champion’)!in!(40b),!ano he !non=de i ed!noun.!The!con as s!in!
(40)!a e!mos !p obably! ela ed! o!S owell’s!(1991)!idea! ha !some!nouns!may!
deno e! i les! as! well! as! p ope ies! o ! kinds! o ! indi iduals.! Wha e e ! speci ic!
implemen a ion!o ! his!sugges ion!we!chose,!i !will!no !ques ion! he!main!poin :!
hese!phenomena!do!no !cons i u e!a! ailu e!o !LIH=2!as! ega ds!modi ica ion!
s uc u es.!
VPs! and! IPs! con e ed! in o! head! nouns! do! no ! in inge! LIH=2! in!
s uc u es! o ! modi ica ion! ei he ,! since! hese! ph ases! cease! o! be! syn ac ic!
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On! he!Lexical!In eg i y!Hypo hesis!and!i s!(In)accu a e!P edic ions!
p ojec ions!when! hey!become!lexical!heads.!These!include!neologisms!such!as!
nomeimpo ismo! ‘g oss! negligence’! (a es ed! in! NGRALE,! §! 6.4b),! om! No,me,
impo a,‘I!don’ !ca e’,!o ! en eamplis a,‘suppo e !o !F en e,Amplio!(Wide,F on ),!a!
coali ion!o !U uguayan!poli ical!pa ies’.!!
As!opposed! o!all! his,! he!conclusion! ha !some!isolable!p e ixes!de y!
LIH=2! is! ha d! o! a oid.! These! include! p o=,! ex=,! an i=! and! some! o he s.! They!
become!close! o!adjec i es!and! a ge ! ull!DPs,!bu ,!e en!so,! hey!main ain!some!
o ! hei ! mo phological! p ope ies! as! p e ixes! ( ixed! ini ial! posi ion,! non=
concu ence!wi h!o he !adjec i es,!e c.).!Example!(41c)!was! ound!in! he!In e ne :!
(41)!a.!ex![jugado !de!p ime a!di isión]!
! ! ex!playe !o ! i s =FEM!di ision!
! ! ‘ex!1s !di ision! oo ball!playe ’!!
!b.!medidas!p o!![de echos!humanos]!!
! ! measu es!p o!!! igh s!human=MASC.PL!
! ! ‘P o=human! igh s!measu es’!
!c.!mani es ación!an i![dec e azo!22!de!ene o]!
! ! demons a ion!an i!s ong=dec ee!22!o !Janua y!
! ! ‘Demons a ion!an i! he!s ong!dec ee!o !Janua y,!22nd’!
Al hough! each! o ! hese! s uc u es! p esen s! i s! own! peculia i ies,! hey!
clea ly!show! ha !modi ica ion!pa e ns!pose!a!numbe !o !p oblems! o!LIH=2!in!
a!much!mo e!consis en !way! han! hey!do!as! ega ds!LIH=1.!
4.3.!Scope!
SCOPE!is!mo e!se e ely! es ic ed! han!MODIFICATION!as!a! es ! o !LIH=2.!
The!con as !in!(42)!clea ly!suppo s! his!hypo hesis.!I !shows! ha ! he!p e ix!des=!
is!no !a!nega i e!ope a o !wi h!scope!ou side! he!wo d.!Consequen ly,!i !is!no !
able! o!license! he!con as i e!exp ession!pe o,sí!(‘bu !i !does’):!
(42)!a.!No!obedece! a! sus!pad es,!pe o!sí! a! sus!p o eso es.!
! ! no !obey=3.PRES.IND! o!his/he !pa en s!bu !does! o!his/he ! eache s!!
! ! ‘S/he!does!no !obey!his/he !pa en s,!bu !his/he ! eache s’!
!b.!*Desobedece! a! sus!pad es,!pe o!sí! a! sus!p o eso es.!
! ! disobey=3.PRES.IND!! o!his/he !pa en s!bu !does! o!his/he ! eache s!
! ! ‘S/he!disobeys!his/he !pa en s,!bu !his/he ! eache s’!
As!we!can!see,! his!is! ully!consis en !wi h!LIH=2.!I!am!awa e!o !only!one!
ue!excep ion! o! his!gene aliza ion!( ha !is,!“LIH=2!passes!scope! es s”)!in! he!
Spanish!G amma ,!al hough!one!migh ! hink!o !some!o he s,!me ely!appa en .!
The! ue!excep ion!I! hink!o !is!p o ided!by! he!scope!o ! he!nega i e!p e ix!des=!
wi h!a! ew! e bs,!no ably!desconoce !(‘no !know’).!I !LIH=2!passed!scope! es s!in!
all!cases,! he!sen ence!(43)!would! e e ! o!some!“exac !lack!o !knowledge”,!bu !
he! u h! is! ha ! i ! speaks! abou ! no ! knowing! some hing! wi h! ce ain y! o !
accu acy,!qui e!a!di e en !meaning:! !

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(43)!Desconozco!con!exac i ud!las!causas!del!acciden e.!!
!No =know=1s .PRES.IND!wi h!exac ness! he=FEM.PL!causes!o = he!acciden !
!‘I!do!no !know! he!causes!o ! he!acciden !accu a ely’!
Thus,! he! p oblem! wi h! (43)! is! he! ac ! ha ! he! p e ix! des=! has! scope!
ou side! he! e b,!hence! lag an ly! iola ing!LIH=2.!Some!o he !examples!o ! his!
pa e n!a e!a es ed!in!NGRALE,!§!48.2l.!I!know!o !no!exis ing!solu ion! o! his!
unexpec ed! esul ,!acco ding! o!LIH=2,!bu !one!migh !specula e!wi h! he!idea!
ha !pe haps!desconoce !displays! wo!di e en !s uc u es,!so! ha !in!one!o ! hem!
he! p e ix! is! phonologically! bound! o! he! e bal! base,! bu ! in e p e ed! as! an!
independen !ope a o .!In! his!pa icula !s uc u e,!des=!is!no !exac ly!a!p e ix,!
jus !like!=migo!and!= igo!we e!shown!no ! o!be!su ixes!in!(30)=(32).!I!will!no !be!
able! o!de elop! his!line!o !explana ion!he e.!
As!opposed! o! hese! eal!LIH=2! ailu es!as! ega ds!scope! es s,!some!o he !
po en ial! a gumen s! a e! me ely! appa en .! I! sugges ! ha ! hey! a e! jus ! di ec !
consequences! o ! he! con usion! o ! lexical! and! mo phological! ac o s! ha ! I!
men ioned! in! he! p e ious! sec ions.! A! glance! a ! (44)! migh ! sugges ! ha ! a!
nega i e!p e ix! igge s!a!nega i e!pola i y!i em!in!(44c),! hus!implying! ha ! he!
p e ix!has!a!syn ac ic!e ec !ou side! he!adjec i e!imposible!(‘impossible’):!
(44)!a.!*Es!posible!que! enga!nadie.!
! ! is!possible! ha !come=3.PRES.SUBJ!anyone!
! ! ‘I !is!possible! ha !anybody!comes’!
!b.!No!es!posible!que! enga!nadie.!
! ! no !is!possible! ha !come=3.PRES.SUBJ!anyone!
! ! ‘I !is!no !possible! ha !anybody!comes’!
!c.!Es!imposible!que! enga!nadie.!
! ! is!impossible! ha !come=3.PRES.SUBJ!anyone!
! ! ‘I !is!impossible! ha !anybody!comes’!
Bu ! his!is!a!w ong!conclusion,!simila ! o! he!one!we!dismissed!in!o he !
simila !cases,!such!as!(18)=(19)!o !(40):! he! igge ing!o ! he!nega i e!pola i y!
i em!is!no !a!mo phological!p ope y!o ! he!p e ix,!bu !a!lexical!cha ac e is ic!o !
he! adjec i e! imposible,! sha ed! by! o he ! simila ! adjec i es! lacking! nega i e!
p e ixes:!
(45)!Es!{absu do!/! eme a io!/! idículo}!que! enga!nadie.!
!is!absu d! eckless! idiculous! ha !come=3.PRES.SUBJ!anyone!
!‘I !is!{absu d!/! eckless/! idiculous! ha !anybody!comes’!
I! hen!conclude! ha !LIH=2!sa ely!passes!scope! es s,!wi h! he!possible!
excep ion!o !some!nega i e!p e ixes!in!a! e y! es ic i e!con ex .!
4.4.!Anapho a!
The! possible! ways! in! which! anapho ic! ela ions! con i m! o! con adic !
LIH=2! (i.e.,! he! ques ion! o ! whe he ! o ! no ! wo ds! a e! anapho ic, islands)! has!
wo ied!g amma ians! o !mo e! ha ! o y!yea s,!beginning!wi h!Pos al!(1969).!
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To!my!knowledge,! he! i s !LIH=2! ailu es!a es ed!in! heo e ical!g amma !as!
ega ds!anapho a!we e!men ioned!in! his!pape ,!al hough!somehow!s angely!
in e p e ed! in! a ou ! o ! Gene a i e! Seman ics.! Mo e! empi ical!
coun e a gumen s! o!LIH=2!based!on!anapho a!we e!discussed!in!Lako !and!
Ross!(1972),!G inde !and!Pos al!(1971),!Ba one!(1972),!Wa !(1973,!1978),!Co um!
(1973),!B owne!(1974),!Kaplan!(1976),!Sampson!(1979)!and!many!o he !s udies.!
The!deba e!was! e aken! igo ously!in! he!80’s!and!90’s!by!Liebe !(1984,!1992),!
Sp oa ! (1985),! Sp oa ! and! Wa d! (1987),! Wa d! e ,al.! (1991),! Ha is! (2006),! Zi !
(1996)! and! o he s,! since! amewo ks! o ! heo e ical! mo phology! whe e!
a icula ed!in!much!mo e!explici ly!ways!in! hose!days.!
One! o ! he! mos ! ema kable! peculia i ies! o ! anapho ic! s uc u es! in!
ela ion! o! LIH=2! is! he! e y! ac ! ha ! c ucial! da a! a e! uns able.! The!
unques ionable!ung amma icali y!o !(46a),!an!example!p o ided!by!Pos al!(1969:!
230),!sha ply!con as !wi h! he!g amma icali y!o !(46b),!ex ac ed!by!Wa d!e ,al.!
(1991)! om!a!U.S.!newspape .!Howe e ,!bo h!sen ences!basically!display! he!
same!phenomenon:! he!access!o !a!p onoun! o! he!mo phological!s uc u e!o !a!
nominal!compound:!
(46)!a.!*Animal!hun e s! end! o!like! hem.!
!b.!Millions!o !Op ah!Win ey! ans!we e! ho oughly!con used!las !week!when,!du ing!he !
show…!
Many! o he ! simila ! con as s! can! be! ound! in! he! li e a u e.! The!
expe imen s! desc ibed! in! Ga nham! &! Oakhill! (1988)! on! he! accep ance! o !
English!s uc u es!wi h!nominal!mo phological!bases!as!p onoun!an eceden s!
showed!a!simila !ins abili y,!bu !also!a!ce ain! endency!o !in o man s! o!admi !
hose!cons uc ions!in!a!la ge!numbe !o !cases.!C ucial!da a!is!also!uns able!in!
Spanish,!bo h!in!V+N!compounds,!nominaliza ions!and!o he !de i ed!nominals.!
E en!so,!na i e!speake s!accep !mos !o ! hese!cons uc ions!in! he!app op ia e!
con ex s:!
(47)!a.!?No! odos!los!apa cacoches!los! a an!con!cuidado.!
! ! No !all! he.MASC.PL!ca =pa ke s! hem! ea .3.PL.PRES.IND!wi h!!ca e!
! ! ‘No !all!pa king!a endan s! ea !ca s!ca e ully’!
!b.!Tengo! ! que!comp a me!un!la apla os!po que!es oy!
! ! ha e=1.sing.p es.ind.! o!buy= o =me! a! dishwashe !because!be.1sing.p es.,ind!
!!! ! cansado!de!la a los! a! mano.!(Taken! om!NGRALE,!§!11.2 ).!!
! ! i ed=masc!!o !wash= hem!by!hand!
! ! ‘I!ha e! o!buy!mysel !!a!dishwashe !because!I!am! i ed! o!wash! hem!by!hand’!
!c.!En!mi!pueblo!no!necesi amos!pa a ayos!po que! !
! ! in!my! illage!no !need=1.PL.PRES.IND!!ligh ing=conduc o !because! !
! ! no!ha!caído!ninguno!desde!hace!un!pa !de!siglos.!
! ! no !has! allen!none.MASC!! om!make=3.SING.IND! a! pai !o !cen u ies!
‘We!don’ !need!any!ligh ing=conduc o !whe e!I!come! om,!since!no !one!has! allen!in!
abou ! wo!cen u ies’!
!
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163!
Ignacio!Bosque!
!d.!Tú!se ás!una!mad ileña!de!pu a!cepa,!pe o!yo!no!pod ía!nunca! !
! ! You!migh =well=be!a=FEM.! Mad idean!au hen ic! bu ! I! no!could!e e !
! ! i í!allí.!
! ! li e! he e!
!!!!!!!‘You!migh !well!be!a!pu e,!au hen ic!Mad idean,!bu !I!could!ne e !li e! he e’!
!e.!!!A! inales! de!1980,!ni!siquie a!los!más! e ien es! !!
! ! By= he=end!o !1980,!no !e en! he.masc.pl!mo e! e en =PL.MASC!Suá ez=!!
! ! sua is as!con iaban!ya!en!él.!
! ! suppo e s! us =3.pl.IMP.IND!al eady!in!him!
‘By! he!end!o !1980,!no !e en! he!mos !passiona e!suppo e s!o !Suá ez!would! us !
him!anymo e’!
These!sen ences!a e!in ended! o!be!used!in!an!ou !o ! he!blue!con ex .!As!
i !is!ob ious,!(47e)!would!no !in inge!LIH=2!i ! he!p onoun’s!an eceden !was!
he!noun!Suá ez,!in oduced!in! he!p e ious!discou se,!bu !i !would!ques ion!
his!hypo hesis!i !used!a ! he!beginning!o !an!essay!o !a!newspape !a icle.!!
Since! eco e abili y!o !p onoun!an eceden s!allows! o !se e al!discou se!
op ions,!no !all!appa en !LIH=2! ailu es! ela ed! o!anapho a!a e! o!be!in e p e ed!
p ope ly!as!such!(see!Sampson!1979,!Ha is!2006!and!Wa d!e ,al.!1991!on! his!
issue).! I! ha e! al eady! men ioned! associa i e! anapho a! pa e ns! as! alse!
candida es! o! LIH=1! iola ions.! In e es ingly,! hese! s uc u es! eappea ! as!
po en ial!p oo s!agains !LIH=2!in!anapho a! es s,!as!(48)!sugges s:!
(48)!Si!al!en a !en!un!la acoches!no!cie as!bien!las! en anillas,!!
!i !! when!en e ing!in! a! ca !wash!no !close=2.PRES.IN!well! he!windows!
!puedes! ecibi !una!ducha!inespe ada.!
!may=2.IND.PRES! ecei e!a! showe !unexpec ed!
!‘I !you!do!no !close! he!windows!p ope ly!when!you!go! h ough!a!ca !wash,!you!migh !
ge !an!unexpec ed!showe ’!
F om! his!poin !o ! iew,! he!con en !o ! he!null!complemen !o ! en anillas!
(‘windows’)! in! (48)! would! be! eco e ed! om! inside! he! V=N! compound!
la acoches!(‘ca !wash’):!i !would!be! he!noun!coches!(‘ca s’).!Howe e ,!a !leas !
wo! a gumen s! poin ! owa ds! a! di e en ! conclusion:! i s ,! he! equi ed!
complemen !would!con ain!a!singula !DP,!bu ! he!noun!in! he!V=N!compound!
in!(48)!has!plu al! ea u es;!second,!ano he !Spanish!noun! o !ca ,wash,!besides!
la acoches,!is!la ade o.!I !con ains!no!po en ial!nominal!an eceden ! o !a!p onoun,!
bu !i !gi es! ise! o! he!same!e ec :!
(49)!Si! as!! a! un!la ade o,!acué da e!de!ce a !bien!las! en anillas.!
!I !go=2.PRES.IND! o! a! ca !wash! emembe =IMP!o !close=INF!well! he!windows!
‘I !you!go! o!a!ca wash,! emembe ! o!p ope ly!close! he!windows’!
I! hen!conclude! ha !associa i e!anapho a!pa e ns!do!no!challenge!LIH=2.!!
Ano he ! ac o ! ha !seems! o!be! ele an ,!when!e alua ing! he! esul !o !
es ing! LIH=2! wi h! anapho ic! s uc u es,! is! he! compound’s! deg ee! o !
!
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164!
On! he!Lexical!In eg i y!Hypo hesis!and!i s!(In)accu a e!P edic ions!
anspa ency.!A!speake !o !Spanish!who!accuses!someone!o !being!agua ies as!
(‘killjoy’,!li e ally!‘wa e !down!pa ies’)!may!no !be! hinking!o !some!pa icula !
pa y,!o !e en!ha e! ha !noun!in!mind!a !all.!I ! hen!comes!as!no!su p ise! he!
ac ! ha !i !is!almos !impossible! o! eco e ! his!nominal!componen !o ! he!V=N!
compound! h ough!a!p onoun:!
(50)!*Juan!es!un!agua ies as!en! odas! Ø.!
!J.!is! a! killjoy!in!all=FEM.PL!
! ‘Juan!is!a!killjoy!a !all!pa ies’!
Conside able! c osslinguis ic! a ia ion! has! been! obse ed! as! ega ds!
in ac ions!o !anapho ic!islands.!Coulmas!(1988)!shows! ha ! hese! iola ions!a e!
ound! in! Japanese! and! Chinese! compounds;! Hagège! (1988)! desc ibes! simila !
pa e s!in!Eskimo,!Tagalog!and!Dako a;!Ha is!(2006)! inds! hem!in!Geo gian,!
whe eas!B esnan!and!Mchombo!(1995)!a gue! ha !possible!candida es!in!some!
Ban u!languages!a e!only!appa en .!!
Po en ial!LIH=2! iola ions! ela ed! o!anapho a!ex end! o!o he !pa e ns.!
LIH=2!does!no !comply!wi h! he! e y!exis ence!o ! e lexi e!p e ixes,!in!a!pa allel!
way! o! he! beha iou ! o ! o he ! p e ixes! in! coo dina ed! s uc u es! ( emembe !
(33)):!
(51)!La!au ocensu a!de!Ma ía!
! he!sel =censo ship!o !Ma ía!
!‘Ma y’s!sel =censo ship’!
Wha e e !mo phological! ecou se!is!adop ed! o!make! e lexi e!p e ixes!
abso b! he!in e nal!p edica e’s!a gumen ,! e e ence! o! he!ex e nal!DP!a gumen !
will!s ill!ha e! o!be!possible! om! ha !inne !cons i uen ,!hence! iola ing!LIH=2.!
See!again!Felíu!(2001)!on! his!pa e n.!
As!we!ha e!seen,!we!canno !simply!conclude! ha !LIH=2!sa ely!passes!
anapho a! es s,!since! he!e idence!shows! ha !a!numbe !o ! iola ions!a e! eal,!
no ! me ely! appa en .! E en! so,! he! possibili ies! o ! discou se! e ie al! o ! he!
in o ma ion!p o ided! by!nominal! oo s! and! bases! a e!nume ous,! a ied!and!
complex!enough!as! o!cas !se ious!doub s!on! he!idea! ha !LIH=2! a ally! ails!a !
he!anapho a! es !bench.!
4.5.!Balance!o ! es s! o !LIH=2!!
We!may!add!MOVEMENT! o! he! es s! o !LIH=2! ha !we!ha e!p oposed!in!
he!p e ious!sec ions.!No!excep ion!is!known! o! he! ac ! ha !LIH=2!success ully!
passes! his! es :!
(52)!a.!Juan!a egla!la apla os.!
! ! Juan! ixes!dishwashe s!
! ! ‘Juan! ixes!dishwashe s’!
!
!
©!Ibe ia:!An!In e na ional!Jou nal!o !Theo e ical!Linguis ics! ol!4.1,!2012,!140=173!!
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Win e !School.!
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Liebe ,!Rochele.!1984.!G amma ical! ules!and!sublexical!elemen s.!P oceedings,o ,
he,Chicago,Linguis ic,Socie y,20,,187=199.!!
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225.!
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!
Recep ion!da e/Fecha!de! ecepción/Da a!de! ecepção:!11/07/2012!
Re ision!da e/Fecha!de! e isión/Da a!de! e isão:!6/09/2012!
Accep a ion!da e/Fecha!de!acep ación/Da a!de!acei ação:!11/09/2012!
!
Ignacio!Bosque! !
[email p o ec ed]!
Uni e sidad!Complu ense,!Mad id!