ARTÍCULOS 1
Cómo ci a : Fe nández-Juliá, O., Gómez-Camacho, A. & Mo eno Fe nández, O. . (2025). K pasa b o? Code-mixing y elemen os mul imodales en la comunica-
ción de Wha sApp en con ex os ulne ables y no ulne ables. IJERI: In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion, (23), 1-11. 10.46661/ije i.10650
K pasa b o? Code-mixing y elemen os mul imodales en
la comunicación de Wha sApp en con ex os ulne ables y
no ulne ables
K pasa b o? Code mixing and mul imodal elemen s
in Wha sApp communica ion in ulne able and non-
ulne able con ex s
Olga Fe nández-Juliá
Uni e sidad de Se illa
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-5126-3666
[email p o ec ed]
Alejand o Gómez-Camacho
Uni e sidad de Se illa
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-6431-6405
[email p o ec ed]
Olga Mo eno Fe nández
Uni e sidad de Se illa
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-4349-8657
[email p o ec ed]
RESUMEN
Es e es udio in es iga las di e encias y semejanzas en el uso de palab as en inglés
y elemen os mul imodales en los ex os digi ales de es udian es de con ex os
ulne ables y no ulne ables. Además, se analizan las di e encias en el uso de ex ismos
en e homb es y muje es. Pa a ello, se ealizó un es udio de casos compa ando la
esc i u a de alumnos en cen os con necesidades de ans o mación social (ZNTS)
y en cen os sin necesidad de ans o mación social (ZSNTS). La mues a consis ió
en 126 es udian es de e ce y cua o cu so de educación secunda ia obliga o ia,
co espondien es a 14, 15 y 16 años. Los esul ados mues an un compo amien o
di e enciado en ambos con ex os. Además, se obse a que, con o me a la bibliog a ía
p e ia, las muje es u ilizan más ex ismos en gene al, así como elemen os del plano
léxico-semán ico, aunque es a conclusión solo se alida pa a los cen os en ZSNTS.
Es os hallazgos ea i man la necesidad de no gene aliza la esc i u a digi al de
los adolescen es, sino conside a su con ex o especí ico, ya que exis en g andes
di e encias según el en o no.
Uni e sidad Pablo de Ola ide (España)
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion
núme o 23, 2025
ISSN: 2386-4303
DOI: 10.46661/ije i.10650
Sección: A ículos
Recibido: 07-06-2024
Acep ado: 18-06-2024
Publicado: 26-02-2025
Páginas: 1-11
ARTÍCULOS 2
Olga Fe nández-Juliá; Alejand o Gómez-Camacho; Olga Mo eno Fe nández
K pasa b o? Code-mixing y elemen os mul imodales en la comunicación de Wha sApp en con ex os ulne ables y no ulne ables
N. 23, 2025 – ISSN: 2386-4303 – DOI: 10.46661/ije i.10650 – [Págs. 1-11]
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion
PALABRAS CLAVE
Tex ismos; Wha sApp; Con ex os ulne ables; ZSNTS; ZNTS.
ABSTRACT
This s udy examines di e ences and simila i ies in he use o English wo ds and
mul imodal elemen s in he digi al ex s o s uden s om disad an aged and non-
disad an aged backg ounds. I also analyses di e ences in he use o ex isms
be ween males and emales. Fo his pu pose, a case s udy was ca ied ou compa ing
he w i ing o s uden s in school a eas wi h social ans o ma ion needs (ASTNs)
and in schools in a eas wi hou social ans o ma ion needs (ANSTNs). The sample
consis ed o 126 s uden s in he hi d and ou h yea s o compulso y seconda y
educa ion, aged 14, 15 and 16. The esul s show a di e en ia ed beha iou in bo h
con ex s. Fu he mo e, in line wi h p e ious li e a u e, emales use mo e ex isms in
gene al as well as lexical-seman ic i ems, al hough his conclusion is only alida ed
o ANSTNs. These indings con i m he need no o gene alise abou adolescen s’
digi al w i ing, bu o ake in o accoun hei speci ic con ex , as he e a e la ge
di e ences depending on he backg ound.
KEYWORDS
Tex isms; Wha sApp; Vulne able con ex s; ANSTNs; ASTNs.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Digi al communica ion and ex isms use
W i ing has changed o e he cen u ies in line wi h echnological and cul u al de elopmen s. I is
e iden ha nowadays people w i e mo e and much as e han in p e ious imes (Gi aldo-Gi-
aldo e al., 2018). The las decades ha e seen he eme gence o new means o communica ion,
as well as new ools, he mos impo an o which is he sma phone (Guisado & Suá ez, 2021).
Acco ding o he IBM-Elogia s udy (2023) 85 % o In e ne use s aged be ween 12 and 74 a e use s
o social ne wo ks. Wha sApp con inues o be he mos used applica ion, ollowed by Ins ag am,
Facebook and YouTube. I is also he mos app ecia ed by Spanish ci izens.
In he digi al e a, communica ion be ween adolescen s has unde gone a ema kable ans o -
ma ion h ough ex messaging. A new elec onic discou se has been c ea ed, called Digi alk
(Tu ne , 2010), wi h i s own cha ac e is ics di e en om con en ional language. Ini ially, hese
cha ac e is ics, such as he omission o some le e s o he abb e ia ion o wo ds, we e due
o he exis ing limi a ion in SMS, whe e he e was a ixed cos o 160 cha ac e s (Fo bes & Bu-
chanan, 2018). Howe e , his peculia way o w i ing has been main ained in ins an messaging
applica ions, such as Wha sApp, despi e he ac ha i has no es ic ions on he numbe o
cha ac e s and is always ee (Jacque e al., 2021). Digi al language o digi alk is cha ac e ised
by a non-con en ional use o spelling, in which we ind di e en esou ces such as empha ic
epe i ions, dele ions, w i ing non-no ma i e g aphemes, lexical ex isms (Gómez-Camacho &
Gómez del Cas illo, 2015). In addi ion, i closely esembles an o al con e sa ion (Chalak, 2018). In
his new o m o communica ion, we ind ex isms which a e de ined as hose wo ds o aspec s
o a ex message ha de ia e om he con en ional spelling and punc ua ion ma ks o he e-
gion (Adams & Miles, 2023). Table 1 shows he di e en ypes o ex isms, wi h examples ha can
help us unde s and exac ly wha we mean by each o hem.
ARTÍCULOS 3
Olga Fe nández-Juliá; Alejand o Gómez-Camacho; Olga Mo eno Fe nández
K pasa b o? Code-mixing y elemen os mul imodales en la comunicación de Wha sApp en con ex os ulne ables y no ulne ables
N. 23, 2025 – ISSN: 2386-4303 – DOI: 10.46661/ije i.10650 – [Págs. 1-11]
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion
Table 1. Tex isms ca ego ies and examples.
Tex ism Ca ego y and example (Gómez-Camacho e al., 2023)
Repe i ion Tex isms
Repe i ion o closing ma ks kiya!!!!!
Repe i ion o one o mo e le e s QUEEE?
Empha ic epe i ion o in e jec ion o onoma opoeia Jajajaja
Sho ening o Supp ession Tex isms
In en ional joining o wo ds Holaquehases
Sho ening o wo ds by emo ing le e s o syllables a bn
Omission o punc ua ion ma ks Ke pasa? no e is o
In en ional omission o h- ke a pasao???
Loss o in e ocalic d e comío
Omission o accen s ex isms
Omission o accen s ke paso
Non-no ma i e g apheme ex isms
k ex isms e kie o
x ex isms ola a odxs
s ex isms ké ases
z ex isms pazaaa
sh ex isms shica
x ex isms xica
w ex isms weno
y ex isms kiya
Lexical-Seman ic and Mul imodal Plane Tex isms
Tex isms o numbe s, le e s, and symbols wi h hei phone ic alue cansa2, no ngo +
Mul imodal elemen s, emo icons, s icke s, e c. 👏👏👏👏👏
Wo ds in English, o he languages, o in en ed wo ds s y, b o he
Sou ce: Gómez-Camacho e al., 2023.
ARTÍCULOS 4
Olga Fe nández-Juliá; Alejand o Gómez-Camacho; Olga Mo eno Fe nández
K pasa b o? Code-mixing y elemen os mul imodales en la comunicación de Wha sApp en con ex os ulne ables y no ulne ables
N. 23, 2025 – ISSN: 2386-4303 – DOI: 10.46661/ije i.10650 – [Págs. 1-11]
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion
1.2. Code mixing and mul imodal elemen s in digi al communica ion
Wi hin lexical-seman ic and modal ex isms, he e a e h ee di e en ypes o ex isms acco -
ding o he classi ica ion o Gómez-Camacho e al. (2023). The i s is he use o ex isms o
numbe s, le e s and symbols using hei phone ic alue. This would be he case o wo ds such
as cansa2 (cansado) in Spanish o n8 (nigh ) in English.
On he o he hand, we also ind ex isms, which consis o he use o wo ds in o he languages,
mainly English. A linguis ic phenomenon ha has eme ged s ongly in digi al communica ion is
code mixing, he inse ion o wo ds in a second o o eign language in o e e yday discou se in
he i s language (in his case Spanish) (Muysken, 2000; Ve heijen & Van Hou , 2022). When we
use he wo d code, we a e no only e e ing o a language as a whole, bu also o a dialec o
e en a linguis ic egis e (Can e o & De A iba, 1996), which is why we can also use his concep
o e e o his phenomenon ha occu s in digi al communica ion. In some cases, hese o eign
wo ds ha a e in oduced in o he discou se p esen o hog aphic o mo phological al e a ions
o adap o he phone ics o g amma o he L1 (Mance a-Rueda y Pano-Alemán, 2013).
This phenomenon is conside ed wi hin lexical-seman ic ex isms (Gómez-Camacho e al., 2023)
and is de ined as hose wo ds ha do no come om Spanish, o eign wo ds ha a e used, es-
pecially om he English language. This sociolinguis ic phenomenon called code mixing is pa
o he de elopmen o In o ma ion Communica ion Technology (Ta iho an e al., 2022).
Al hough i is ue ha he s udy o code mixing is a complex ask, as Giamma eo & Pa ini (2018)
a gue, i is subjec o a numbe o a iables and canno be analysed in absolu e e ms, as i de-
pends on each g oup o speake s and each communica i e si ua ion. Thei s udy e eals ha
young emale s uden s inco po a e mo e wo ds in o he o he language han young men.
Finally, he las subca ego y o ex isms wi hin lexical-seman ic ex isms is mul imodal elemen s.
These ex isms a e new non- e bal linguis ic uni s ha a e no used in adi ional w i ing (Hun -
Gómez e al., 2020). These include he use o emo icons, s icke s, and GIFs. Emo icons a e a popula
se o pic og ams added o messages in social ne wo ks and o he applica ions (Sampie o, 2019).
They a e he mos used by use s due o hei la ge numbe and he possibili ies hey o e o dy-
namise an in e ac ion. Mo eo e , hey a ou linguis ic economy, as hey allow o say many hings
wi h a small d awing, as well as he exp essi eness o he messages sen (Can amu o & Vela
Del a, 2019). Emo icons can be used bo h o eplace wo ds and o highligh hem (Sampie o, 2019).
1.3. Code mixing and mul imodal elemen s in ulne able con ex s
The phenomenon o code mixing in Wha sApp has been s udied in se e al esea ch s udies
(Núñez-Román e al., 2024; Pé ez-Saba e , 2022; Ve heijen & Van Hou , 2022) as well as he use o
emo icons and o he mul imodal elemen s in digi al communica ion (Can amu o & Vela Del a,
2019; Mon eneg o & He menegildo, 2018). The a iabili y o his phenomenon be ween di e en
socioeconomic se ings has no been s udied.
This a icle aims o in es iga e he p ac ices o code mixing and he use o mul imodal elemen s
in Wha sApp ex messages, ocussing on wo di e en g oups: adolescen s in ulne able and
non- ulne able con ex s. As ‘ ulne able con ex s’ we ha e aken he so-called ‘A eas in Need o
Social T ans o ma ion’ de ined as ‘ hose conc e e and physically delimi ed u ban spaces in whose
popula ion he e a e s uc u al si ua ions o se e e po e y and social ma ginalisa ion’ (Jun a de
Andalucía, 2024), om now on we will e e o hem as ASTNs. In con as , we ind wha we ha e
called A eas wi h no Need o Social T ans o ma ion (ANSTNs), a concep also used in Fe nández-
Juliá & Gómez-Camacho (2024). The choice o hese wo g oups esponds o he need o explo e
how socioeconomic dynamics can in luence he use o his o m o digi al communica ion.
Th ough a de ailed analysis o he messages, we seek o unde s and he simila i ies and di-
e ences in he equency and pu pose o code mixing and mul imodal elemen s in hese wo
con ex s. A e he e speci ic socio-economic ac o s ha may in luence his linguis ic p ac ice?
ARTÍCULOS 5
Olga Fe nández-Juliá; Alejand o Gómez-Camacho; Olga Mo eno Fe nández
K pasa b o? Code-mixing y elemen os mul imodales en la comunicación de Wha sApp en con ex os ulne ables y no ulne ables
N. 23, 2025 – ISSN: 2386-4303 – DOI: 10.46661/ije i.10650 – [Págs. 1-11]
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion
2. MATERIAL Y METHOD
A case s udy has been ca ied ou in o de o app oach a phenomenon in i s eal e e yday
con ex (López-González, 2013; S ake, 1995; Walke , 1983). The case s udy is a quali a i e me hod
used o explo e a speci ic phenomenon in dep h, allowing a mo e de ailed unde s anding o he
dynamics and a iables ha make i up. In his case, he eal con ex was he Wha sApp con-
e sa ions o Andalusian eenage s. In addi ion, a quan i a i e me hodology, wi h a desc ip i e-
co ela ional design, has been used, which has allowed us o gain in-dep h knowledge o how
adolescen s w i e in di e en con ex s. This quan i a i e me hodology has enabled nume ical
da a o be collec ed and analysed in a sys ema ic way, allowing pa e ns and ela ionships be -
ween di e en a iables o be iden i ied.
2.1. Objec i es
The objec i es o he p esen s udy a e he ollowing:
1. Examine he ela ionship be ween he use o anglicisms in he digi al communica ion o
Andalusian adolescen s in bo h ulne able and non- ulne able con ex s.
2. Examine he ela ionship be ween he use o mul imodal elemen s such as emo icons o
s icke s in he digi al communica ion o Andalusian adolescen s in bo h ulne able and
non- ulne able con ex s.
3. Compa e he exis ing di e ences be ween men and emale s uden s in bo h con ex s.
2.2. Sample
A non-p obabilis ic con enience sampling me hod was used, ollowing he model o p e ious
esea ch in he con ex o he Spanish language (Fe nández-Juliá & Gómez-Camacho, 2024;
Gómez-Camacho e al., 2023). In his case, he sample consis ed o 252 ex s o 126 male and
emale s uden s in he hi d and ou h yea s o compulso y seconda y educa ion in Andalusian
schools. O he 126 s uden s, 39 o hem a ended schools loca ed in A eas in Need o Social
T ans o ma ion (ASTNs) and came om bo h he To eblanca dis ic o Se ille and he own o
Sanlúca de Ba ameda (Cádiz). The emaining 87 s uden s a ended hei las yea s o com-
pulso y seconda y educa ion in schools loca ed in Zones wi h no Social T ans o ma ion Needs
(ANSTNs) and came om wo di e en schools: one in he ci y o Dos He manas (Se ille) and he
o he in he own o Jaén.
2.2. Da a collec ion and analysis
The analysis o digi al communica ion in his in es iga ion was conduc ed on he au hen ic mes-
sages ha adolescen s send ia Wha sApp on hei sma phones. To do his, hey we e asked
o copy and pas e in o a documen be ween 10 and 20 Wha sApp messages ha ep esen ed
hei w i ing s yle in he applica ion, emphasising ha hey should no al e o co ec he wo ds
o le e s in any way. Addi ionally, hey we e ins uc ed o emo e any p i a e in o ma ion and
e e ences o p ope names. Tex isms we e iden i ied and manually coded ollowing Ve heijen’s
(2018) model in simila esea ch. To assess adolescen s’ spelling compe ence in academic w i-
ing, a pa allel p ocedu e was implemen ed. Pa icipan s we e asked o scan one o wo hand-
w i en pages o hei class no es o ac i i ies using hei sma phones. These academic ex s
we e equi ed o mee he same c i e ia as he Wha sApp messages: no changes o co ec ions
and he emo al o p i a e in o ma ion and p ope names. This s ep ensu ed ha he academic
w i ing samples we e as au hen ic and ep esen a i e as he digi al communica ion ex s.
Bo h ypes o ex , Wha sApp and academic ex s, we e coded by wo esea che s, who com-
bined hei esul s. Subsequen ly, he da a was analysed using IBM SPSS e sion 26 s a is ical
so wa e.
ARTÍCULOS 6
Olga Fe nández-Juliá; Alejand o Gómez-Camacho; Olga Mo eno Fe nández
K pasa b o? Code-mixing y elemen os mul imodales en la comunicación de Wha sApp en con ex os ulne ables y no ulne ables
N. 23, 2025 – ISSN: 2386-4303 – DOI: 10.46661/ije i.10650 – [Págs. 1-11]
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion
3. RESULTS
The co pus wi h which we wo ked o ca y ou his esea ch is composed o a o al o 12297 wo ds,
wi h an a e age o 97.6 lexical uni s, composed o bo h wo ds and o he communica ion uni s such
as s icke s, emo icons o GIFs pe s uden (SD=38.79). The a e age numbe o ex isms in ex s om
Wha sApp was 32.09 (SD= 16.248). The a e age numbe o in e en ions in Wha sApp was 20.09
(SD=3.42). The a e age use o English wo ds was 1.04 (SD=1.708), wi h a minimum o 0 English ex-
isms and a maximum o 13 in he same s uden . Rega ding he use o mul imodal elemen s, he
a e age use was 0.96 (SD=2.52), wi h a minimum alue o 0 and a maximum alue o 23.
On he o he hand, in e ms o academic ex s, he a e age numbe o wo ds was 185.5 (SD=77.21).
The a e age numbe o spelling mis akes was 5.22 (SD=5.474), wi h a minimum o 0 and a maxi-
mum o 30. The a e age use o English wo ds is 0.97 (SD=1.693) in ASNTs and 1.07 (SD=1.724) in
ANSTNs. On he o he hand, he use o mul imodal i ems is 0.38 (SD=0.935) in ASTNs and 1.22
(SD=2.943) in ANSTNs.
Pea son’s p oduc -momen co ela ion coe icien (N = 126, *p <.05, **p <.01) was applied o bo h
ypes o ex o es co ela ions be ween a iables. The da a, as well as he links be ween a-
iables, a e desc ibed o bo h ex s. We compa ed he mul imodal elemen s and he numbe o
ex isms in he Wha sApp ex wi h he o al numbe o spelling mis akes in he academic ex s.
The co ela ion be ween he use o English wo ds on Wha sApp and he o al numbe o spelling
mis akes in academic ex s is no ewo hy, wi h =-.165 in ANSTNs and =-.054 in ASNTs.
Table 2. Co ela ion ma ix ep esen a ing Pea son’s a iables o Wha sApp and academic ex s.
English wo ds Mul imodal
elemen s
To al numbe o
spelling mis akes
Mul imodal elemen s ANSTNs .313**
ASNTs .123
To al numbe o spelling mis akes ANSTNs –.165 –.083
ASNTs –.054 –.031
To al numbe o ex isms ANSTNs .069 .119 –.043
ASNTs .170 –.306 .219
Finally, he di e ence in usage be ween male and emale s uden s has been e i ied by means
o a desc ip i e s a is ical analysis, aking in o accoun he alues o he a e age, s anda d de-
ia ion, and bo h he maximum and minimum. I should be no ed ha in ANSTNs cen es, he
a e age use o mul imodal elemen s is mo e han wice as high in emale s uden s as in male
s uden s. On he o he hand, in bo h ANSTNs and ASNTs cen es, he a e age numbe o spelling
mis akes is lowe in emales han in males.
ARTÍCULOS 7
Olga Fe nández-Juliá; Alejand o Gómez-Camacho; Olga Mo eno Fe nández
K pasa b o? Code-mixing y elemen os mul imodales en la comunicación de Wha sApp en con ex os ulne ables y no ulne ables
N. 23, 2025 – ISSN: 2386-4303 – DOI: 10.46661/ije i.10650 – [Págs. 1-11]
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion
Table 3. A e age use o di e en ypes o phenomena among men and emale s uden s and hei
espec i e con ex s.
A e age SD Minimum-maximum
English wo ds
ANSTNs Male .85 .933 0-3
Female 1.16 2.203 0-13
ASNTs Male 1.26 2.207 0-9
Female .76 1.033 0-3
Mul imodal i ems
ANSTNs Male .8 1.673 0-7
Female 1.72 3.863 0-23
ASNTs Male .42 .902 0-3
Female .06 .243 0-1
To al numbe o
ex isms
ANSTNs Male 32.85 18.622 10-74
Female 35.33 17.773 7-81
ASNTs Male 36.00 12.41 19-59
Female 30.88 16.054 7-63
To al numbe o
spelling mis akes
ANSTNs Male 6.35 6.667 0-18
Female 5.14 5.231 0-30
ASNTs Male 6.74 5.858 0-19
Female 4.53 5.746 0-19
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The esul s show ha he e is no co ela ion be ween he use o English wo ds in digi al ex s and
s uden s’ spelling mis akes in any o he con ex s s udied, nei he in ASNTs no in ANSTNs. We do
no belie e ha he use o English ex isms is de imen al o he spelling o s uden s’ academic
ex s, ega dless o he con ex . This conclusion is consis en wi h he s udy by Fe nández-Juliá
& Gómez-Camacho (2024) and Núñez-Román e al., (2024) in which no posi i e co ela ion is
obse ed be ween he use o code mixing in English and lowe spelling compe ence. Conse-
quen ly, we can a i m ha code-mixing does no ha m s uden s’ linguis ic compe ence in any
o he con ex s analysed.
On he o he hand, no signi ican ela ionships a e ound be ween spelling mis akes in academic
ex s and he use o ex isms in Wha sApp messages. This esul is consis en wi h o he s udies
conduc ed in Spanish (Gómez-Camacho e al., 2023; Gómez-Camacho & Gómez del Cas illo, 2015),
as well as in F ench (Be nico e al., 2014), English (Bushnell e al., 2011; Kemp e al., 2014; Ouelle e &
Michaud, 2016; Powell & Dixon, 2011; Wood e al., 2011) and o he Eu opean languages (Ve heijen, 2013).
Wi h ega d o mul imodal ex isms, we obse e ha hey do no co ela e posi i ely wi h spelling
mis akes in academic ex s ei he . Al hough i is ue ha he co ela ions a e no s a is ically
signi ican , hey show us in bo h ypes o cen e a endency o his ype o ex isms no o be de-
ARTÍCULOS 8
Olga Fe nández-Juliá; Alejand o Gómez-Camacho; Olga Mo eno Fe nández
K pasa b o? Code-mixing y elemen os mul imodales en la comunicación de Wha sApp en con ex os ulne ables y no ulne ables
N. 23, 2025 – ISSN: 2386-4303 – DOI: 10.46661/ije i.10650 – [Págs. 1-11]
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion
imen al o academic spelling. Al hough we mus bea in mind ha , as Sampie o (2023) a gues
ha equen echnological changes make i di icul o d aw e y las ing conclusions abou he
u u e o mul imodal elemen s such as emo icons o s icke s.
Rega ding he las esea ch objec i e o examining simila i ies and di e ences in he commu-
nica ion o male and emale in bo h con ex s, i should be no ed ha he use o ex isms is qui e
simila ega dless o he con ex in which he lea ne inds himsel /he sel and in bo h sexes.
O he simila s udies also concluded ha he e we e no no able di e ences be ween sexes (De
Jonge & Kemp, 2012; D ouin & D i e , 2014). Al hough i is ue ha emale in ANSTNs cen es use
mo e ex isms in gene al han men, his would be consis en wi h he p eceding li e a u e (G ace
& Kemp, 2015; Rosen e al., 2010). Female s uden s also use mo e ex isms o mul imodal ele-
men s and English wo ds in ANSTNs cen es, which is in ag eemen wi h he esea ch by Chalak,
(2018), who highligh ed ha , al hough in mos ypes o ex isms he e we e no di e ences, ema-
le s uden s used many mo e emo icons and s icke s. The s udy by Mon eneg o & He menegildo
(2018) also shows a highe use o emo icons in his case in emale s uden s han in men.
In conclusion, we con i m p e ious s udies ha he use o ex isms in digi al w i ing is no ela ed
o spelling mis akes in academic w i ing (Fe nández-Juliá & Gómez-Camacho, 2024; Gómez-
Camacho e al., 2023).
Mo eo e , we con i m oo he esul s o Fe nández-Juliá & Gómez-Camacho (2024), al hough
we ound some nuances in he issue o mul imodali y, whe e we obse ed a much highe e-
quency o use in cen es in ANSTNs. Finally, we conclude ha he e a e di e ences in he use o
ex isms be ween male and emale s uden s, bu his di e en ia ed beha iou in which emale
s uden s use mo e ex isms in gene al, mo e mul imodal elemen s, and mo e wo ds in English is
only con i med in ANSTNs. Fo his eason, i is conside ed essen ial o ake in o accoun he con-
ex in which schools a e loca ed when ca ying ou s udies on he digi al communica ion o hei
pupils and he ela ionship wi h hei spelling compe ence, since, as we ha e seen, in gene al,
wha is indica ed in he p e ious li e a u e is only ue in schools in ANSTNs.
We ag ee wi h he sugges ion made by Núñez-Román e al. (2024) ha he elemen s in English
included in he Spanish digi al s anda d could be used in eaching o he acquisi ion o com-
munica i e compe ence. This has impo an pedagogical implica ions. Fi s ly, we obse ed he
use o English wo ds in he e e yday communica ion o Spanish adolescen s on Wha sApp; his
occu s mainly in ASNSTs a eas, and we belie e ha i could be used in o mal educa ional con-
ex s o acili a e he lea ning o his o eign language in a mo e con ex ualised way. Fu he mo-
e, in eg a ing hese elemen s in o he cu iculum would help s uden s o see English no only as
an academic subjec bu also as a ool ha can be used p ac ically in hei e e yday commu-
nica ion. In addi ion, he inco po a ion o new echnologies in o educa ional se ings has shown
g ea p omise o imp o ing cogni i e engagemen and he o e all lea ning expe ience o s u-
den s in educa ional con ex s (Khan e al., 2023). These indings a e no only ele an o edu-
ca ional p ac ice, bu also o he academic communi y, as hey p o ide a de ailed insigh in o
how ins an messaging applica ions such as Wha sApp a e apidly changing young people’s
language p ac ices. Consequen ly, i is also essen ial ha eache s a e ained and upda ed on
he new in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies and hei impac on s uden s, in o de o
be able o o e a esponse in line wi h he demands o socie y (Fo eza e al., 2020).
Finally, ega ding he limi a ions o he p esen s udy, i should be no ed ha ‘ he ques ion o
he gene alisabili y o quali a i e s udies (including he case s udy) does no lie in a p obabili y
sample d awn om a popula ion o which he esul s can be ex ended, bu in he de elopmen
o a heo y ha can be ans e ed o o he cases (López González, 2013).
FUNDING
This s udy is pa o he doc o al hesis en i led ‘Tex ismos y no ma digi al del alumnado ado-
lescen e’ by Olga Fe nández-Juliá, unde he di ec ion o Alejand o Gómez-Camacho and Olga
ARTÍCULOS 9
Olga Fe nández-Juliá; Alejand o Gómez-Camacho; Olga Mo eno Fe nández
K pasa b o? Code-mixing y elemen os mul imodales en la comunicación de Wha sApp en con ex os ulne ables y no ulne ables
N. 23, 2025 – ISSN: 2386-4303 – DOI: 10.46661/ije i.10650 – [Págs. 1-11]
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion
Mo eno-Fe nández. The suppo o he p ojec “The digi al w i ing o adolescen s uden s in An-
dalusia. Ins an messaging and i s educa ional implica ions” (US-1380916) I+D+i wi hin he a-
mewo k o he Andalusia FEDER Ope a ional P og am 2014–2020 is g a e ully acknowledged.
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