Cul u a, Ciencia y Depo e | AÑO 2025 | VOL. 20 | NUM. 64 | 2235 | España | ISSN 1696-5043 1
DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT
PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL
PLAYERS?
¿AFECTA LA SUPLEMENTACIÓN CON ZUMO DE REMOLACHA
AL RENDIMIENTO DEPORTIVO EN JUGADORAS DE VOLEIBOL
DE ALTO RENDIMIENTO?
Inmaculada López-León1 , Ja ie Mo eno-La a1 , An onio Jesús Sánchez-Oli e 1,2 , Es eban
Rico-Sabo ido1, Alejand o Muñoz-López1 , An onio Muñoz-Lle ena 3,4 ,Raúl Domínguez1,2
1 Depa amen o de Mo icidad Humana y Rendimien o Depo i o, Uni e si y o Se ille, Se ille, Spain
2 S udies Resea ch G oup in Neu omuscula Responses (GEPREN), Uni e si y o La as, La as, B azil
3 Depa amen o de Educación Física y Depo e, Uni e si y o Se ille, Se ille, Spain
4 Resea ch G oup “Social Inclusion, Physical Educa ion and Spo , and Eu opean Policies in Resea ch - INEFYD” (HUM-1061), Uni e si y o Se ille, Se ille, Spain
Co espondence:
An onio Muñoz-Lle ena, [email p o ec ed]
Sho i le:
Bee oo Juice Supplemen a ion in High Pe o mance Female Volleyball
How o ci e his a icle:
López-León, I., Mo eno-La a, J., Sánchez-Oli e , A.J., Rico-Sabo ido, E., Muñoz-López, A., Muñoz-Lle ena, A., & Domínguez, R. (2025). Does bee oo juice supplemen-
a ion a ec o spo pe o mance in high pe o mance emale olleyball playe s? Cul u a, Ciencia y Depo e, 20(64), 2235. h ps://doi.o g/10.12800/ccd. 20i64.2235
Recei ed: 11 June 2024 / Accep ed: 2 Ap il 2025
Abs ac
I has been sugges ed ha he esponse o bee oo juice supplemen a ion (BRJ) may be media ed by sex, bu esea ch is limi ed on s udies ocused on he e ec
o his supplemen on explosi e e o s in emale a hle es. Thus, he aim o his s udy was o analyze he e ec o BRJ on spo s pe o mance in emale olleyball
playe s. Twel e emale (22.9 ± 3.6 yea s) high-pe o mance olleyball playe s (Spain Supe liga 2) andomly inges ed an en iched ni a e BRJ (12.8 mmol NO3-) o
a deple ed NO3- placebo (PLA) in wo expe imen al sessions. In each expe imen al session, pa icipan s pe o med di e en spo s pe o mance es s such as
coun e mo emen jump (CMJ), block jump (BJ), a ack jump (AJ), a modi ied T- es , and a 5-0-5 es . The esul s epo ed a s a is ically signi ican enhancemen in CMJ
a e BRJ compa ed o PLA (BRJ: 31.89 ± 2.84 cm s. PLA: 31.48 ± 2.37 cm; p = .044; d = 0.66), bu no signi ican di e ences we e epo ed o he o he es s used. The
indings sugges ha BRJ supplemen a ion may enhance e ical jump pe o mance (CMJ) in emale olleyball playe s, bu i did no lead o signi ican imp o emen s
in olleyball-speci ic ac ions (i.e., BJ and AJ), agili y, o accele a ion.
Keywo ds: E gogenic aids, spo nu i ion, eam spo s, physical pe o mance, women a hle es.
Resumen
Se ha suge ido que la espues a a la suplemen ación con zumo de emolacha (BRJ) puede es a mediada po el sexo, pe o la in es igación sob e el e ec o de es e
suplemen o en es ue zos explosi os en a le as emeninas es limi ada. Po lo an o, el obje i o de es e es udio ue analiza el e ec o del BRJ en el endimien o
depo i o de jugado as de oleibol. Doce jugado as de oleibol de al o endimien o (22.9 ± 3.6 años) de la Supe liga 2 de España ingi ie on alea o iamen e un BRJ
en iquecido en ni a o (12.8 mmol NO3-) o un placebo con NO3- educido (PLA) en dos sesiones expe imen ales. En cada sesión expe imen al, las pa icipan es ea-
liza on di e en es p uebas de endimien o depo i o como el sal o con con amo imien o (CMJ), el sal o de bloqueo (BJ), el sal o de a aque (AJ), un T- es modi icado
y una p ueba 5-0-5. Los esul ados epo a on una mejo a es adís icamen e signi ica i a en el CMJ después del BRJ en compa ación con el PLA (BRJ: 31.89 ± 2.84 cm
s. PLA: 31.48 ± 2.37 cm; p = .044; d = 0.66), pe o no se epo a on di e encias signi ica i as en las o as p uebas u ilizadas. Los esul ados de es e es udio sugie en
que la suplemen ación con BRJ pod ía mejo a el endimien o en el sal o e ical (CMJ) en jugado as de oleibol, pe o no conlle ó mejo as signi ica i as en acciones
especí icas de oleibol (i.e., BJ y AJ), en su agilidad o en su acele ación.
Palab as Cla e: Ayudas e gogénicas, nu ición depo i a, depo es de equipo, endimien o ísico, a le as emeninas.
In oduc ion
Acco ding o he In e na ional Olympic Commi ee (IOC), a die a y supplemen comp ises oods, ood componen s,
nu ien s, o non- ood compounds delibe a ely consumed in addi ion o one’s habi ual die o a ain speci ic heal h and/o
pe o mance bene i s (Maughan e al., 2018). Die a y supplemen in ake is a common p ac ice among a hle es o di e en
spo modali ies, including eam spo s, ega dless o sex and compe i i e le el (Günalan e al., 2022; Muñoz e al., 2020).
Va ious in e na ional expe ins i u ions such as he Aus alian Ins i u e o Spo (AIS) and IOC (Maughan e al., 2018)
ha e classi ied B-alanine, ca eine, c ea ine, NO3-, and sodium bica bona e as spo supplemen s based on high scien i ic
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial-Sha eAlike 4.0 In e na ional License.
CULTURA, CIENCIA Y DEPORTE
DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
Inmaculada López-León e al.
Cul u a, Ciencia y Depo e | AÑO 2025 | VOL. 20 | NUM. 64 | 2235 | España | ISSN 1696-5043 2
e idence. Speci ically, he p e alence o NO3- supplemen a ion has been demons a ed o be e y low (less han 10%)
(Günalan e al., 2022; Muñoz e al., 2020).
The e gogenic e ec s o NO3- supplemen s a e media ed by hei capaci y o inc ease ni ic oxide (NO) ia he NO3- − ni i e
(NO2-) − NO pa hway (Vanha alo e al., 2018). The NO3- inges ed is educed o NO2- in he o al ca i y by ni a e educ ase
p oduced by anae obic mic oo ganisms on he do sal side o he ongue (Po e e al., 2001). This NO2- is subsequen ly
educed o NO by he ac ions o s omach acids, which is hen abso bed in he gu (Raa e al., 2009). When passing in o
he sys emic ci cula ion, pa o he NO2- is educed o NO in acidosis (Modin e al., 2001) o in low oxygen bioa ailabili y
si ua ions (Lundbe g & Go oni, 2004). Muscle ib es a e a NO2- ese oi (O iz de Ze allos e al., 2022), and he skele al
muscle expe iences acidic and hypoxic condi ions du ing muscle con ac ions (Rime e al., 2016). The e o e, he NO3- − NO2-
− NO pa hway is po en ia ed du ing exe cise, especially du ing high-in ensi y e o s (Domínguez e al., 2018).
BRJ is a die a y sou ce ich in NO3- commonly used by a hle es since i causes highe inc eases in NO le els compa ed o
he same amoun o NO3- p o ided in o he ypes o die a y supplemen s such as sal s (Bailey e al., 2017). The e gogenic
e ec s o inc eased NO bioa ailabili y a e media ed by physiological mechanisms such as asodila o y unc ion, which
enhances blood ci cula ion o muscle issue (E zu um e al., 2007), gas exchange in muscle (Jones e al., 2018), mi ochond ial
e iciency (S amle & Meissne , 2001), and muscle o ce p oduc ion (He nández e al., 2012; Ramos Ál a ez e al., 2020).
Di e en s udies ha e examined he e ec s o BRJ on spo s pe o mance, epo ing posi i e e ec s on endu ance
(d’Unien ille e al., 2021; E angelis a e al., 2024; Sil a e al., 2022; Zamani e al., 2021) and high-in ensi y e o s (Aucou u ie
e al., 2015), including powe and muscula s eng h (Bende e al., 2018; Moshe e al., 2016; Rod íguez-Fe nández e al.,
2021). Howe e , he use o BRJ supplemen a ion in eam spo s and spo -speci ic ac ions has been unde s udied.
In eam spo s, CMJ has been he mos used es (Tingels ad e al., 2023), al hough spo -speci ic ac ions ha e been poo ly
s udied. One o he mos p ac iced eam spo s is olleyball, which is cha ac e ized by high demands on accele a ion, agili y,
and jumping abili y (Lido & Zi , 2010), speci ically in spo -speci ic jumps like BJ and AJ (Go ano ic e al., 2022).
Al hough spo s nu i ion guidelines p omo e e idence-based p ac ice, women a e usually unde ep esen ed in
andomized clinical ials. Smi h e al. (2022) analyzed 1,826 s udies wi h a o al o 34,889 pa icipan s in s udies ha
analyzed he e ec s o suppo ed e idence-based supplemen s. The esul s ound ha only 23% o he pa icipan s
we e women. Speci ically, in he case o BRJ, only 20.56% o he o al sample we e women, which could be conside ed an
unde ep esen a ion o emale a hle es in s udies wi h acu e and ch onic NO3- supplemen a ion (Wickham & Sp ie , 2019).
Bo h men and women exhibi sex-speci ic physiological, mo phological, and an h opome ic cha ac e is ics ha
impac endu ance and a igue du ing exe cise (Ansdell e al., 2019). These di e ences could lead o dis inc esponses o
supplemen a ion be ween sexes (Wickham & Sp ie , 2019). Speci ically, se e al ac o s sugges a po en ial a enua ed e ec
o NO3- supplemen a ion on exe cise pe o mance in women compa ed o men. Women expe ience g ea e endo helium-
dependen dila ion (S anhewicz e al., 2018), po en ially esul ing in highe plasma NO2- concen a ions due o inc eased
o al ac i i y o ni a e- educing bac e ia (Kapil e al., 2018). Howe e , hey also p esen a mo e oxida i e muscle pheno ype
compa ed o men (Wickham e al., 2019), which could educe he con e sion o NO2- o NO and hus limi he bene i s
o NO3- supplemen a ion. Mo eo e , women show a highe p opo ion o slow- wi ch muscle ib es (Haizlip e al., 2015),
which may a enua e he e gogenic esponse o BRJ because he e gogenic e ec o his supplemen has been ela ed
only o he as - wi ch muscle ib es (Jones, 2014). The e gogenic p ope ies o BRJ epo ed in di e en me a-analyses on
endu ance pe o mance a iables (e o s wi h demands depending mainly on an oxida i e me abolism) such as economy
(d’Unien ille e al., 2021) ha e no been ound in any o he ou s udies ca ied ou in samples o med only by women
(Fo bes & Sp ie , 2021; Hogwood e al., 2023; Rienks e al., 2015; Wickham e al., 2019). Howe e , s udies ocused on
physical e o s wi h high glycoly ic ene gy demands p esen con adic o y esul s. Fo example, i has been epo ed a
educed ime o co e ing a 500 m es in kayake s (Peeling e al., 2015) o epea ed sp in in swimme s (Lei ão e al.,
2024), bu no in a single 168 m swimming es (Lowings e al., 2017). Rega ding he pe o mance o powe and explosi e
e o s cha ac e ized by a p edominan me abolism o he high ene gy phosphagen sys em (Chama i & Padulo, 2015),
some s udies ha e epo ed an imp o ed e ical jump abili y (Ju ado-Cas o e al., 2022; López-Samanes e al., 2022), while
o he s could no eplica e hose posi i e e ec s in emale a hle es (Hemma ina a e al., 2023; López-Samanes e al., 2023).
Volleyball a hle es p esen a high p opo ion o ype II muscle ibe s (Hopwood e al., 2023) and a e possibly mo e sensi i e
o he e gogenic e ec s o BRJ.
Despi e he inc easing esea ch on he e ec s o bee oo juice (BRJ) supplemen a ion on spo s pe o mance (Jones
e al., 2018), he speci ic impac on eam spo s and spo -speci ic ac ions, such as olleyball-speci ic jumps, emains
unde explo ed, especially in emale a hle es. Gi en ha olleyball demands high-in ensi y e o s elian on ype II muscle
ibe s, which a e pa icula ly esponsi e o BRJ supplemen a ion, his s udy aims o ill his esea ch gap by ocusing on
high-pe o mance emale olleyball playe s. Fu he mo e, women a e o en unde ep esen ed in s udies on e gogenic aids
like BRJ, leading o inconsis en indings ega ding hei physiological esponses o such supplemen a ion (Sims e al., 2023).
DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
Inmaculada López-León e al.
Cul u a, Ciencia y Depo e | AÑO 2025 | VOL. 20 | NUM. 64 | 2235 | España | ISSN 1696-5043 3
This unde ep esen a ion unde sco es he need o in es iga e he speci ic e ec s o BRJ in women, pa icula ly in spo s
ha equi e explosi e powe and agili y, o be e unde s and he po en ial sex-speci ic esponses o his supplemen a ion
(La osa e al., 2025). The e o e, he objec i e o his s udy was o analyze he e ec o BRJ supplemen a ion on he main
a iables o physical condi ion in high-pe o mance emale olleyball playe s (jumping abili y, accele a ion, and agili y) and
on speci ic jumping es s such as he BJ and AJ.
Ma e ials and Me hods
Pa icipan s
The sample o he p esen s udy consis ed o 12 emale compe i i e olleyball playe s (22.9 ± 3.62 yea s; 72.02 ± 7.22 kg;
175.64 ± 6.7 cm; 23.33 ± 1.96 kg/m² body mass index) om he second na ional di ision (Supe liga 2) o Spain. The aining
and compe i i e expe ience was 7.1 ± 2.69 yea s, and all pa icipan s ained a leas i e sessions weekly (including wo
hou s o speci ic olleyball aining om Monday o F iday and wo s eng h aining sessions on Tuesdays and Thu sdays,
which was mainly ocused on co e s eng h, lowe limbs s eng h, and shoulde s eng h). The in e en ion was ca ied
ou du ing he compe i i e pe iod o he 2021/2022 spo s season in Feb ua y 2022. Inclusion c i e ia we e: i) aining and
compe ing unin e up edly o six mon hs be o e he in e en ion; ii) no aking any die a y supplemen s o medica ion
du ing he p e ious six mon hs; and iii) no ha ing any ca dio ascula , neu omuscula , o o hopedic disease ha could
al e he pe o mance o he es s. All pa icipan s we e in o med o he s udy p o ocol and signed a consen o m o
pa icipa e in he s udy.
Expe imen al Design
A andomized c oss-o e double-blind placebo-con olled expe imen al design was used. Two amilia iza ion sessions
we e pe o med a he same hou o he es . Then, wo expe imen al sessions we e conduc ed wi h se en days o washou
(James e al., 2015). In each expe imen al session, 50% o olleyball playe s inges ed a BRJ supplemen (12.8 mmol o NO3-
) and 50% o hem inges ed a deple ed NO3- supplemen as placebo (PLA) 2.5 hou s be o e es ing. Randomiza ion was
ca ied ou using Resea ch Randomize so wa e (www. andomize .o g). A e ical jump ba e y, agili y, and accele a ion
es we e pe o med a e a speci ic wa m-up. Figu e 1 shows he expe imen al p o ocol.
Figu e 1
Expe imen al P o ocol
No e. PLA: Placebo; BRJ: Bee oo juice; CMJ: Coun e mo emen jump; BJ: Block jump; AJ: A ack jump.
Bee oo Juice Supplemen a ion and Die a y Con ol
On es ing days, each pa icipan inges ed 140 ml o BRJ (12.8 mmol NO3- Bee -I -P o Eli e Sho ; James Whi e D inks L d.,
Ipswich, UK) o 140 ml o PLA (0.01 mmol NO3-) (Domínguez e al., 2017). Twen y- ou hou s be o e he es s, pa icipan s
DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
Inmaculada López-León e al.
Cul u a, Ciencia y Depo e | AÑO 2025 | VOL. 20 | NUM. 64 | 2235 | España | ISSN 1696-5043 4
ollowed ecommenda ions o a s uc u ed die wi h a simila mac onu ien dis ibu ion (60% ca bohyd a es, 10%
p o eins, and 30% a s) wi hou NO3- die a y sou ces, ca eine, and alcohol. Addi ionally, pa icipan s we e ins uc ed o
a oid b ushing hei ee h, using an ibac e ial mou hwashes (Casado e al., 2021), o chewing gum o a oid NO3- educ ion
by o al bac e ia (López-Samanes e al., 2023).
Ins umen s and P ocedu e
Ve ical Jump
Th ee e ical jump es s we e used o assessing jump abili y: CMJ, BJ, and AJ. An in a ed sys em (Op ogai Modula
Sys em, Mic oga e, Bolzano, I aly; so wa e e sion 1.13.24) wi h excellen alidi y and ep oducibili y was used (Gla ho n
e al., 2011). Two jump a emp s we e pe o med, sepa a ed by one minu e o eco e y be ween epe i ions and h ee
minu es be ween he di e en ypes o jumps. The highes alue in cen ime es o he wo a emp s was egis e ed.
Fo CMJ, we ins uc ed he pa icipan s o s and up igh wi h hei hands on hei hips. Pa icipan s execu ed a con olled
leg lexion un il a 90° angle ollowed by a synch onized and explosi e mo emen o leg ex ension (concen ic ac ion) wi h
he aim o eaching he maximum heigh possible. Du ing he ligh phase, he knees should be ully ex ended and s a
he g ound con ac wi h he oes while hand we e kep in hei hands o a oid any sideways o wa d/backwa d mo emen s
(Ga nacho-Cas año e al., 2015). Fo he BJ, pa icipan s ini ia ed he jump wi h hei hands in on o hei ches and leg
ex ended be o e pe o ming an eccen ic phase in he legs simila o CMJ, howe e wi h he hand in on o hei ches .
Then, pa icipan s execu ed an explosi e concen ic con ac ion o he legs wi h he in en ion o eaching he maximum
heigh possible. The e o e, in he maximal heigh , he hands we e s e ched up and o wa ds a he peak heigh , esembling
a olleyball block mo ion (Amasay, 2008; Sa le e al., 2015). Simila ly o BJ, AJ mimic a speci ic olleyball ac ion as a ack.
Fo ha , pa icipan s execu ed a se ies o h ee p eceding s eps and hey we e ins uc ed o using an a m swing as hey
pe o m o he spiking ac ions du ing a eal game con ex ; howe e he aim o he AJ was o each he maximum e ical
jump a oiding sideways o wa d/backwa d mo emen s (Pé ez-López e al., 2015; Sa le e al., 2015).
Accele a ion and Agili y
Fo he agili y assessmen , a modi ied T- es was used. Pa icipan s began he es 30 cm behind he s a line o p e en
ea ly igge ing o he iming ga es (Pleša e al., 2022). Fo assessing accele a ion, a 5-0-5 es was pe o med using he
modi ied (s anding s a ) e sion (Gallo-Salaza e al., 2017). The ime was eco ded using a pho oelec ic cell ga e (Wi y
Ga e, Mic oga e, Bolzano, I aly) placed 0.9 m abo e he g ound le el, placed a he s a and inish line in bo h es s. The
a hle es’ iming da a we e ob ained using he wi eless s opwa ch in eg a ed wi h he pho oelec ic cells and subsequen ly
eco ded manually on pape .
S a is ical Analysis
A Shapi o-Wilk es was pe o med o check ha all he a iables we e adjus ed o he pa e n o he no mal dis ibu ion.
The e o e, o compa ing he possible e ec o BRJ, a - es o pai ed samples was pe o med o each a iable assessed.
As a complemen a y analysis, e ec size (ES) using Cohen’s d (d) was calcula ed wi h he in e al o con idence (95%). ES
was conside ed as i ial (d < 0.19), small (d = 0.2 o 0.49), mode a e (d = 0.5 o 0.79), and la ge ES (d > 0.8) (Cohen, 1992).
S a is ical di e ences we e ixed as p < .05. Jamo i so wa e ( e sion 2.3.28) was used o calcula ing all he s a is ical
ea men s.
Resul s
Figu e 2
Coun e mo emen , Block, and A ack Jumps Pe o mance A e BRJ and Placebo Condi ions
No e. Da a p esen ed as mean ± s anda d de ia ion. A: CMJ (cm); B: BJ (cm); C: AJ (cm); *: s a is ical di e ences (p < .05)
be ween expe imen al condi ions.
DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
Inmaculada López-León e al.
Cul u a, Ciencia y Depo e | AÑO 2025 | VOL. 20 | NUM. 64 | 2235 | España | ISSN 1696-5043 5
Ve ical Jump
The esul s epo ed an imp o ed CMJ pe o mance a e BRJ compa ed o PLA (BRJ: 31.18 ± 2.53 cm s. PLA: 30.16 ± 2.38
cm; = 2.273; p = .044; d = 0.66 [ om 0.02 o 1.27]) (see Figu e 2A). Rega ding he speci ic olleyball jumps, no e ec was
ound o BJ (BRJ: 31.89 ± 2.84 cm s. PLA: 31.48 ± 2.37 cm; = 0.811; p = .435; d = 0.23 [ om -0.35 o 0.80]) (see Figu e 2B),
while a end owa ds signi ican di e ences wi h a mode a e ES was ound in AJ (BRJ: 40.40 ± 4.0 cm s. PLA: 38.92 ± 3.77
cm; = 1.971; p = .074; d = 0.57 [ om -0.05 o 1.17]) (see Figu e 2C).
Accele a ion and Agili y
In he assessmen o accele a ion capabili y, no di e ences we e ound be ween BRJ and PLA (BRJ: 2.92 ± 0.15 s s. PLA:
2.90 ± 0.21 s; = 0.794; p = .469; d = 0.21 [ om -0.63 o 0.78]). Nei he was any e ec o BRJ epo ed in he T- es (BRJ: 6.36
± 0.36 s s. PLA: 6.36 ± 0.35 s; = 0.037; p = .972; d = 0.01 [ om -0.55 o 0.58]).
Discussion
The goal o he p esen s udy was o analyze he e ec o BRJ supplemen a ion on jumping abili y, accele a ion,
and agili y in high-pe o mance emale olleyball playe s. The main indings a e ha BRJ does no a ec accele a ion
capabili y and agili y in emale olleyball playe s bu could ac as an e gogenic aid in e ical jump abili y. The e o e,
BRJ has demons a ed imp o emen in pe o mance in a non-speci ic olleyball jump such as CMJ bu no in speci ic
olleyball jumps such as BJ and AJ.
The posi i e e ec s o BRJ supplemen a ion on CMJ ound in emale olleyball playe s in his s udy (3%) a e in line wi h he
esul s o p e ious esea ch in emale spo s (Ju ado-Cas o e al., 2022; López-Samanes e al., 2022). In a sample composed
o women highly ained in esis ance exe cises ( ou yea s o aining expe ience), Ju ado-Cas o e al. (2022) epo ed a
6% imp o emen in CMJ, while simila enhancemen s a e 140 ml BRJ (12.8 mmol o NO3-) in CMJ (7%) we e ob ained in a
sample o emale semi-p o essional ugby playe s (López-Samanes e al., 2022). In opposi ion, López-Samanes e al. (2023)
could no de ec any e ec o BRJ (6.5 mmol NO3-) in emale eli e hockey playe s. These di e ences could be a ibu ed
o wo possible ac o s: i) he sample analyzed; ii) he posology used. Hockey is a spo modali y ha combines explosi e
e o s wi h p olonged endu ance and in ol es a mixed me abolism (Reilly & Bo ie, 1992), simila o o he spo modali ies
such as socce . A a his ological le el, semi-p o essional ugby playe s a e cha ac e ized by a signi ican ly highe p opo ion
o ype II mo o uni s (54.6%) compa ed o socce playe s (27.5%−55%) (Hopwood e al., 2023). Conside ing he speci ic
e gogenic e ec s o BRJ on ype II muscle ibe s (Jones, 2014), an e gogenic e ec on CMJ could be app ecia ed in emale
a hle es in spo modali ies cha ac e ized by a p edominance o ype II muscle ibe s such as olleyball, ugby, o esis ance
aining bu no in endu ance o spo modali ies ha in ol e a mixed me abolism. Ano he ac o ha could explain he
di e en esul s o López-Samanes e al. (2023) is he posology used. Fi s ly, Lundbe g e al. (2008) obse ed a p opo ional
esponse o inc eased NO le els wi h he NO3- inges ed; secondly, Wylie e al. (2013) es ablished a ela ionship be ween
he amoun o NO3- inges ed and he e gogenic e ec o BRJ. They ound posi i e e ec s on physical pe o mance a e
inges ing 8.4 and 16.8 mmol o NO3- bu no 4.2 mmol. This esponse sugges s a possible h eshold o de ec ing e gogenic
p ope ies o BRJ supplemen a ion. The e o e, he dosage o NO3- used by López-Samanes e al. (2023) (6.4 mmol) could be
insu icien o de ec ing any e ec on CMJ.
In con as wi h CMJ, BRJ supplemen a ion was no associa ed wi h any e ec in spo -speci ic olleyball jumps (BJ and AJ).
An enhancemen o CMJ is associa ed wi h an inc ease in powe p oduc ion o lowe limbs (Rodacki e al., 2002). The e o e, he
assessmen o CMJ is equen ly used as an indi ec pa ame e o spo pe o mance (Jiménez-Reyes e al., 2014). Ne e heless,
in a sample o med by compe i i e emale olleyball playe s, Ahmadi e al. (2021) de ec ed a posi i e e ec o a plyome ic
aining p og am on CMJ bu no on AJ. Simila ly, in emale ained swimme s, an inc eased CMJ pe o mance in esponse
o a esis ance aining p og am had no e ec on a speci ic spo ac ion such as a swimming s a (B eed & Young, 2003).
These esul s sugges ha CMJ could be mo e sensi i e o de ec ing changes in neu omuscula pe o mance compa ed o
speci ic ac ions o spo s in ained emale a hle es. Howe e , an al e na i e explana ion could be a ibu ed o he sensi i i y
o di e en es s o de ec ing s a is ical di e ences. Thus, CMJ in ol es only he powe p oduc ion o lowe limbs (Rodacki
e al., 2002), while speci ic olleyball jumps such as AJ include he con ibu ion o he mechanical impulse o uppe limbs and
unk o he jumps, equi ing complex in e segmen al coo dina ion (Fuchs e al., 2019). This mo e complex in e segmen al
coo dina ion inc eases he coe icien o a ia ion in AJ compa ed o CMJ in ou s udy (> 20% in AJ s CMJ). Based on he
lowe coe icien o a ia ion ound in ou and o he s udies, CMJ could be a mo e sui able es o de ec ing small changes in
neu omuscula unc ion (Kla o a, 2000). In ac , in he only s udy ha has analyzed he e ec o BRJ in olleyball playe s, no
e ec was de ec ed in e ical jump (Sa gen es ) wi h a e y high (17%) coe icien o a ia ion (Hemma ina a e al., 2023).
In ag eemen wi h p e ious s udies, BRJ did no impac agili y and accele a ion. Rega ding agili y, López-Samanes e
al. (2022) did no de ec any e ec in a modi ied T- es in emale ugby playe s. Rega ding accele a ion, no e ec o BRJ
could be de ec ed in he 10 m, 20 m, o 30 m es in ei he emale ugby (López-Samanes e al., 2022) and hockey playe s
DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
Inmaculada López-León e al.
Cul u a, Ciencia y Depo e | AÑO 2025 | VOL. 20 | NUM. 64 | 2235 | España | ISSN 1696-5043 6
(López-Samanes e al., 2023) on epea ed sp in abili y in emale eam spo modali ies (Buck e al., 2015), o on in e mi en
swimming sp in s (Jon ik e al., 2018). The esul s o he p esen s udy s eng hen he absence o any e ec o BRJ in agili y
and accele a ion capabili y in emale a hle es.
This s udy esponds o a need o ca ying ou s udies ha analyze he e ec s o BRJ in emale a hle es. Wickham and
Sp ie (2019) epo ed ha only 20.56% o he pa icipan s in s udies o e idence-based BRJ supplemen a ion we e emale.
This need is mo e p onounced in explosi e e o s because women we e only 7% o he o al sample included in a sys ema ic
e iew (Tan e al., 2022). Based on he esul s o a me a-analysis, BRJ has been p oposed as e gogenic o enhancing economy
(d’Unien ille e al., 2021), al hough ou o he i e s udies (Fo bes & Sp ie , 2021; Hogwood e al., 2023; O iz de Ze allos e
al., 2023; Wickham e al., 2019) ca ied ou in samples o med exclusi ely by women ailed o de ec any e gogenic e ec .
This sex-media ed di e en esponse o BRJ supplemen a ion could be a ibu ed o a mo e oxida i e muscle pheno ype
in emales compa ed o males (Wickham e al., 2019), which could educe he con e sion o NO2- o NO and hus limi he
bene i s o NO3- supplemen a ion. In addi ion, he highe p opo ion o ype I muscle ibe s (Haizlip e al., 2015), imp o ed
ATPase e iciency (Ha me e al., 2014), mi ochond ial con en (Mio o e al., 2018), and issue pe usion (O iz de Ze allos
e al., 2023) could limi he sensi i i y o emale endu ance a hle es o he e gogenic p ope ies o BRJ. Ne e heless, he
p esen s udy showed ha BRJ could ac as an e gogenic die a y supplemen o enhancing neu omuscula pe o mance in
emale a hle es o spo modali ies cha ac e ized by a p edominance o ype II muscle ibe s such as olleyball.
While his s udy p o ides aluable insigh s in o he e ec s o BRJ supplemen a ion on emale olleyball playe s, se e al
limi a ions mus be acknowledged. Fi s ly, he small sample size may limi he gene alizabili y o he indings o a b oade
popula ion o emale a hle es. Secondly, he s udy did no con ol o he pa icipan s’ mens ual cycle, which is pa icula ly
impo an gi en ha ho monal luc ua ions h oughou he cycle can in luence ac o s such as muscle con ac ili y, a igue,
and ascula unc ion. These physiological changes may ha e impac ed he esponse o BRJ supplemen a ion and could
accoun o some a iabili y in he esul s. Fu u e s udies should conside con olling o he mens ual cycle o be e
unde s and he po en ial sex-speci ic e ec s o ni a e supplemen a ion (La osa e al., 2025; Sims e al., 2023). Las ly, while
his s udy ocused on explosi e e o s, u he esea ch is needed o examine he e ec s o BRJ supplemen a ion on o he
pe o mance a iables, including endu ance and eco e y, ac oss di e en phases o he aining cycle.
Conclusions
The p esen s udy con ibu es o he li e a u e on he e ec s o BRJ supplemen a ion in emale a hle es, p o iding
insigh in o i s po en ial o imp o e neu omuscula pe o mance in non-speci ic es s. The limi ed p e ious esea ch on
BRJ in he emale popula ion sugges s a limi ed e ec o his supplemen on spo pe o mance in emale a hle es, wi h a
possible sex-media ed di e en esponse. Despi e he limi ed e idence om s udies ocused on explosi e e o s in emale
a hle es, he esul s o he p esen s udy indica e e gogenic p ope ies o BRJ in non-speci ic jumping abili y in a hle es wi h
a p edominance o ype II muscle ibe s. These e gogenic e ec s could be blun ed in spo -speci ic ac ions.
These indings unde sco e he complexi y o he ela ionship be ween enhancemen s in mo o pe o mance and spo -
speci ic ac ions, pa icula ly in highly ained a hle es. Fu he esea ch is needed o ully unde s and he impac o BRJ
supplemen a ion on spo -speci ic ac ions in emale a hle es, as well as he possible unde lying physiological mechanisms.
E hics Commi ee S a emen
The s udy was conduc ed in acco dance wi h he Decla a ion o Helsinki and was app o ed by he E hics Commi ee o
Uni e sidad Isabel I (code UI1-PI002; app o al da e No embe 12 h, 2019).
Con lic o In e es S a emen
The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es . The unding en i ies o ins i u ions had no in luence on he design o he
s udy, da a analysis, o in e p e a ion o he esul s.
Funding
This esea ch has been pa ially unded by Mai ena Voley Club, h ough a ans e ence con ac wi h he Uni e si y o
Se ille, p ojec code PRJ202304737.
Au ho s’ Con ibu ion
Concep ualiza ion I.L.L., J.M.L., A.J.S.O. & R.D.; Me hodology A.J.S.O., A.M.Lo. & R.D.; So wa e A.M.Lo., A.M.Ll. & R.D.;
Valida ion A.J.S.O., A.M.Lo. & R.D.; Fo mal Analysis I.L.L., J.M.L., E.R.S. & R.D.; In es iga ion I.L.L., J.M.L., A.J.S.O., E.R.S., A.M.Lo.,
A.M.Ll. & R.D.; Resou ces I.L.L., J.M.L. A.M.Lo. & A.M.Ll.; Da a Cu a ion A.M.Lo. & R.D.; W i ing – O iginal D a I.L.L., J.M.L.,
DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
Inmaculada López-León e al.
Cul u a, Ciencia y Depo e | AÑO 2025 | VOL. 20 | NUM. 64 | 2235 | España | ISSN 1696-5043 7
A.J.S.O. & R.D.; W i ing – Re iew & Edi ing A.J.S.O., A.M.Lo. & A.M.Ll.; Visualiza ion A.J.S.O., A.M.Lo. & R.D.; Supe ision A.J.S.O.,
A.M.Ll. & R.D.; P ojec Adminis a ion A.M.Ll.; Funding Acquisi ion A.M.Ll. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o his published
e sion o he manusc ip .
Da a A ailabili y S a emen
Da a a ailable upon easonable eques o co esponding au ho ([email p o ec ed]).
Acknowledgemen s
We hank Mai ena Voley Club o p o iding hei acili ies, a hle es, and en husiasm o his p ojec , and a special hanks
o he playe s who olun a ily decided o pa icipa e in he s udy.
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DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
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DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
DOES BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION AFFECT TO SPORT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH PERFORMANCE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
Inmaculada López-León e al.
Cul u a, Ciencia y Depo e | AÑO 2025 | VOL. 20 | NUM. 64 | 2235 | España | ISSN 1696-5043 9
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