Chap e 16
Ci cula i y Tools and F amewo ks
o New Buildings
Bengü Güngö , Akma al Agibaye a , Fe ha Ka aca , Rand Aska ,
Ch is ina Gia ma, Leona do Rosado , Rocío Pineda-Ma os ,
Philip G i i hs , and Luís B agança
Abs ac The assessmen o ci cula i y in new building p ojec s necessi a es consid-
e a ion o di e se ac o s such as ma e ial choice, design s a egies, cons uc ion
me hods, ope a ional e iciency, and end-o -li e p ac ices. Va ious ools and me hod-
ologies ha e been de eloped o aid s akeholde s in he cons uc ion indus y in e alu-
a ing heseaspec sandmakingin o meddecisions.Wi h hedynamice olu iono he
ci cula economy, unde s anding cu en ci cula p ac ices is c ucial o iden i ying
a eas needing enhancemen . Howe e , he absence o a anda dized app oach poses
a challenge, wi h exis ing me hods o en ei he oo b oad o na owly ocused on
speci ic ci cula elemen s. This limi s he comp ehensi e e alua ion o sys em pe o -
mance. Add essing hese challenges equi es p ac ical ools, pa icula ly o ea ly
B. Güngö
Depa men o Indus ial Enginee ing, Izmi Demok asi Uni e si y, Enginee ing Facul y, Izmi ,
Tü kiye
A. Agibaye a ·F. Ka aca (B
)
Depa men o Ci il and En i onmen al Enginee ing, School o Enginee ing and Digi al Sciences,
Naza baye Uni e si y, As ana, Kazakhs an
e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
R. Aska ·L. B agança
ISISE, ARISE, Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Minho, 4804-533 Guima ães,
Po ugal
C. Gia ma
Labo a o y o Building Cons uc ion and Building Physics, Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing,
A is o le Uni e si y o Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, G eece
L. Rosado
Chalme s Uni e si y o Technology, Ci il and En i onmen al Enginee ing, Gö ebo g, Sweden
R. Pineda-Ma os
Depa amen o de Ingenie ía Ae oespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, Escuela Técnica Supe io de
Ingenie ía Ag onómica, Uni e sidad de Se illa, C a. de U e a, Km. 1, 41005 Se ille, Spain
P. G i i hs
School o A chi ec u e and he Buil En i onmen , Uls e Uni e si y, Bel as , UK
© The Au ho (s) 2025
L. B agança e al. (eds.), Ci cula Economy Design and Managemen
in he Buil En i onmen , Sp inge T ac s in Ci il Enginee ing,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-031-73490-8_16
431
432 B. Güngö e al.
design s ages, ha in eg a e quan i a i e me hods o ensu e ci cula i y and en i on-
men alpe o mancegoalsa eme e icien ly.Thischap e e iewsexis ingci cula i y
assessmen pa ame e s, discusses agg ega ion me hods o c i e ia and indica o s,
and e alua es a ailable ools o guide esea che s, p ac i ione s, and policymake s in
ad ancing ci cula p ac ices in cons uc ion.
Keywo ds Building ci cula i y ·Ci cula i y assessmen ·Ci cula economy ·
Cons uc ion indus y
16.1 In oduc ion
The e icien ci cula i y assessmen o new buildings equi es a mul i ude o ac o s
ha mus be conside ed, including ma e ial selec ion, design s a egies, cons uc-
ion echniques, ope a ional e iciency, and end-o -li e managemen . Consequen ly,
a ange o ools and me hodologies ha e been de eloped o e alua e hese aspec s
and suppo decision-making p ocesses o s akeholde s in ol ed in he cons uc ion
indus y (CI).
Wi h he dynamic e olu ion o he ci cula economy (CE) wi hin he sec o , i is
impe a i e o acqui e a comp ehensi e unde s anding o he ci cula p ac ices ha
ha e been in oduced. This unde s anding is c ucial o dis inguishing he cu en
s a e o implemen a ion and iden i ying a eas ha equi e u he applica ion o
imp o emen .Nume ous e iewa iclesa ea ailable ha iden i iedexis ing oolsand
me hods o ci cula i y assessmen in CI [10,12,18,27,30,60,70]. The cu en chal-
lengeo ci cula i yassessmen is helacko a s anda disedapp oach.P e iousassess-
men me hods ei he ocusedon ci cula i yasa gene al e mo p io i isedonespeci ic
ci cula elemen . A limi ed scope o ci cula i y indica o s es ic s he comp ehensi e
e alua ion o he sys em’s pe o mance. Consequen ly, using indi idual indica o s
as he only means o assess he ci cula building design and disassembly po en ial
emains challenging, along wi h quan i a i e suppo being he p ima y me hod.
While he heo e ical ounda ions o ci cula i y a e well-es ablished, which was
also handled in a ious sec ions in his book, he CI equi es mo e p ac ical ools
o assessing ci cula i y. Pa icula ly in he ea ly design phase, he e is a demand
o quan i a i e me hods and ools ha acili a e ci cula designs, mi iga ing he
isk o ewo k in la e phases due o issues ela ed o ci cula i y and en i onmen al
pe o mance. Howe e , he main challenge emains in he a ailabili y o in o ma ion
o ci cula assessmen s wi hin he cu en design wo k low, whe e unce ain y and
incomple eness p e ail, especially in he BIM app oach. To e ec i ely guide he
design wo k low, he e is a need o mo e au oma ed ci cula i y assessmen ools
capable o di ec ly e alua ing ci cula i y aspec s. Despi e he de elopmen o ame-
wo ks, he e is a pe cei ed lack o suppo i e policies o imp o e he euse and
ecycling in CI.
This chap e add esses he challenges and needs o ci cula assessmen me hods
o new building p ojec s. Reade s may ind o he ele an de ails abou he c i e ia,
16 Ci cula i y Tools and F amewo ks o New Buildings 433
indica o s, and implemen a ion p ac ices o such ools in he di e en chap e s o he
epo . Howe e , his chap e comp ehensi ely e iews he ci cula i y assessmen
pa ame e s and hei possible a ia ions on indica o s and ac o s, and hen p esen s
quan i a i e and quali a i e agg ega ion me hods o he c i e ia and indica o s o
de elop guidelines, indexes, and a ing me hods. Finally, he a ailable ci cula i y
assessmen ools a e e alua ed as comple e assessmen me hods. By examining he
exis ing li e a u e and d awing insigh s om case s udies, his s udy in ends o shed
ligh on he di e se app oaches esea che s, p ac i ione s, and policymake s employ
in his apidly e ol ing ield.
16.2 Ci cula i y Assessmen Pa ame e s: The Va ia ion
o C i e ia and Indica o s
The iden i ica ion and use o c i e ia and indica o s a e key ac i i ies in ci cula i y
assessmen . These ac i i ies ha e been he ocus o much esea ch in he ield,
and hey a e essen ial o de eloping e ec i e ci cula i y assessmen me hods. This
subsec ion b ie ly o e iews he c i e ia and indica o s, ypically he ocal poin o
all he ools used in ci cula i y assessmen me hods. I highligh s he hema ic and
concep ual simila i ies and di e ences be ween he di e en c i e ia and indica o s,
which will help eade s unde s and hei ela ionships and key oles in he ci cula i y
assessmen pa adigm. Fo mo e de ailed in o ma ion, please e e o he dedica ed
chap e s on he c i e ia and indica o s o his book.
Ci cula i y assessmen is pe o med h ough he use o a ious ci cula i y indi-
ca o s o a speci ic me ic ha u ilises single o agg ega ed sco es [26]. Howe e ,
he lack o consensus on he de ini ion c ea es con usion in dis inguishing a ci cu-
la i y indica o om o he ci cula i y me ics (e.g., index, amewo k). The lack o
s anda disa ion yielded he in e changeable use o mul iple ci cula e minology,
o en hinde ing he esul in e p e a ion. The de ini ion gi en by he O ganisa ion
o Economic Co-ope a ion and De elopmen (OECD) desc ibes an indica o as “a
quan i a i e o quali a i e ac o o a iable ha p o ides a simple and eliable means
o measu e achie emen , o e lec changes connec ed o an in e en ion, o o help
assess he pe o mance o a de elopmen ac o ” [74].
The use o gene ic ci cula i y indica o s is es ic ed by he unique a ibu es
o CI. Unlike mos p oduc s in he manu ac u ing indus y, buildings ha e longe
se ice li es, inco po a e di e se ma e ials, engage mul iple s akeholde s, and a e
highly cus omised and con ex dependen . These dis inc i e cha ac e is ics compli-
ca e he s aigh o wa d implemen a ion o s anda dised ci cula i y indica o s in he
cons uc ion sec o [61]. A se o eliable indica o s is i al when assessing he
p og ess owa ds he CE [34]. This sec ion e iews only hose ci cula i y me ics
ocusing on a single ci cula i y aspec o be classi ied as a ci cula i y indica o .
Nume ous s udies ha e e iewed exis ing ci cula i y indica o s [85]. e iewed
a se o 55 ci cula i y indica o s and classi ied hem in o en di e en ca ego ies,
434 B. Güngö e al.
including CE implemen a ion le el (e.g., mic o, meso, mac o), loops (e.g., main-
ain, euse/ emain, ecycle), pe o mance (e.g., in insic, impac s), p ospec i e (e.g.,
ac ual, po en ial), usages (e.g., imp o emen , benchma king, communica ion), ans-
e sely (e.g., gene ic, sec o -speci ic), dimension (e.g., single, mul iple), uni s (e.g.,
quan i a i e, quali a i e), o ma (e.g., web-based ool, Excel), and sou ces (e.g.,
academic,companies, agencies)ca ego ies.Howe e ,mos o he e iewed indica o s
we e adap ed om exis ing me hods in o he sec o s, speci ically o he cons uc ion
sec o , wi h he excep ion o he Building Ci cula i y Index (BCI).
Khadim [60] analysed ano he se o 24 speci ic ci cula i y indica o s wi h 35
a ia ions wi h a wide scale o applica ion (e.g., new and exis ing buildings, ype
o buildings, and scale o measu emen ). [77] e iewed common building cons uc-
ion and demoli ion was e (BCDW) indica o s and classi ied hem in o ou ca e-
go ies: p ocess, go e nmen ini ia i es, ma ke , in es men , and pla o ms,indus ial
symbiosis; and sha ing economy. Likewise, [55] discussed exis ing ends, chal-
lenges, and pe spec i es o CE in CI by e iewing exis ing indica o s and hei
dimensions (e.g., en i onmen al, economic, managemen /beha iou , echnological,
social, inno a ion, and policy). The exis ing ci cula i y indica o s e iewed in he
li e a u e a e p esen ed in Table 16.1. I is wo h men ioning ha no all indica o s
a e ho oughly e iewed in he ex .
16.3 De elopmen and Design o Ci cula i y Indica o s
The majo i y o exis ing ci cula i y indica o s employ quan i a i e measu es, gi en
he undamen al pu pose o a ci cula i y indica o , which lies in he objec i e assess-
men o c i ical aspec s and dimensions o CE in buil en i onmen s. Howe e , he e
a e ins ances o adop ing quali a i e and semi-quali a i e app oaches in indica o
de elopmen . Fo example, he measu emen scale de eloped by [73] is a quali a-
i e assessmen scale ha adop s selec ed indica o s o he cons uc ion indus y.
O he examples o a semi-quali a i e app oach include C2C by An wi-A a i e al.
(2022) and he me hodology desc ibed by [1]. De elopmen o a new indica o can be
challenging; he e o e, adop ing hem om exis ing building assessmen ools (e.g.,
BREEM, LEVEL(s), LCA, LCCA, MCI, BCI) emains a mo e popula app oach
a he han c ea ing new indica o s om sc a ch [57,60]. The design o ci cula
indica o s can be e iewed on he examples o he mos commonly used indica o s.
Indica o s can be quan i ied o quali ied based on obse a ions, measu emen s, calcu-
la ions, o a combina ion o complex me hods. Fo example, he a e o i gin ma e-
ials o e eused ma e ials in seconda y ma e ials used o cons uc new buildings is
a simple o less complex indica o ,i is simply a a io.
The Ma e ial Ci cula i y Indica o (MCI) is ano he example o a mo e complex
indica o de eloped by he [37] o quan i y he le el o ci cula i y o cons uc-
ion ma e ials. I assesses he deg ee o which a p oduc minimises linea esou ce
consump ion and maximises ma e ials es o a ion wi hin i s componen s. Mo eo e ,
i e alua es he p oduc ’s du a ion and in ensi y o use in compa ison o an a e age
16 Ci cula i y Tools and F amewo ks o New Buildings 435
Table 16.1 Summa y o he ci cula i y me ics o he e iewed li e a u e
The exis ing ci cula i y indica o s Re e ences
Building Ci cula i y Indica o (BCI) [98]
Building Ci cula i y Indica o (Disassembly Reconside ed) (BCIDR) [96]
BIM-Based Building Ci cula i y Assessmen (BBCA) [103]
Modi ied Alba Concep (Fo Founda ions) (MAC) [95]
Alba Concep BCI (ACBCI) [8]
Modi ied Building Ci cula i y Indica o (MBCI) [19]
P edic i e Building Ci cula i y Indica o (PBCI) [27]
Ci cula i y Indica o o Pedes ian B idges (CIPB) [9]
ARCH Ci cula En i onmen al Indica o F amewo k (ARCHCEIF) [42]
MADASTER Ci cula i y Indica o (MAD-CI) [67]
FLEX 4.0 [46]
Ma e ial Ci cula i y Indica o (MCI) [37]
Ci cula Economy Measu emen Scale (CEMS) [73]
Ci cula Economy Scale (CES) [73])
Ci cula Business Model (CBM) Based Ci cula i y Indica o (CBMCI) [31]
In eg a ed Ene gy Pe o mance and Ci cula i y (IEPC) [89]
BIM-based Whole-li e Pe o mance Es ima o (BBWPE) [6]
B idge Ci cula i y Assessmen F amewo k (BCAF) [25]
Syn he ic Economic En i onmen al Indica o (SEEI) [44]
Gypsum End o Li e Measu emen Indica o (GEOLMI) [59]
RIPAT 1.0 [93]
F amewo k o Ci cula Buildings (FCB) [63]
Pla o m CB’ 23 (PCB) [21]
Ci cula i y Calcula o (CC) [57]
Ci cula Building Assessmen P o o ype (CBAP) [16]
C-CALC [22]
Ci culy ics [38]
Ci cula Assessmen C i e ia o En elope (CACE) [40]
Ci cula Cons uc ion E alua ion F amewo k (CCEF) [29]
Ma e ial Reu iliza ion Pa (C2C) [66]
Ci cle Assessmen (CA) [24]
Ci cula i y Assessmen Tool (CAT) [80]
Ci cula Bene i s Tool (CBT) [4]
Ci cula Economy Company Assessmen C i e ia (CECAC) [97]
Ci cula Economy Index (CEI) [3]
(con inued)
436 B. Güngö e al.
Table 16.1 (con inued)
The exis ing ci cula i y indica o s Re e ences
Ci cula Economy Indica o s o India (CEII) [90]
Ci cula Economy Indica o P o o ype (CEIP) [100]
Ci cula Economy Moni o ing F amewo k (CEMF) [36]
Ci cula Economy Pe o mance Indica o (CEPI) [56]
Ci cula Economy Toolki (CET) [3]
Ci cula Economy Toolbox US (CETUS) [92]
Ci cula Economic Value (CEV) [41]
Ci cula i y Index (CI) [56]
Ci cula Impac s P ojec EU (CIPEU) [36]
Ci cula i y Ma e ial Cycles (CIRC) [79]
Closed Loop Calcula o (CLC) [43]
Ci cula i y Pa h inde (CP) [84]
Ci cula i y Po en ial Indica o (CPI) [3]
Supe -e iciency Da a En elopmen Analysis Model (DEA) [103]
E alua ion o CE De elopmen in Ci ies (ECEDC) [17]
E alua ion Indica o Sys em o Ci cula Economy (EISCE) [3]
Indica o s o Ma e ial inpu o CE in Eu ope (IMCEE) [35]
End-o -Li e Recycling Ra es (EoL-RRs) [37]
En i onmen al P o ec ion Indica o s (EPICE) in a con ex o CE [75]
E alua ion o Regional Ci cula Economy (ERCE) [22]
Eco-e icien Value Ra io (EVR) [56]
Economy-Wide Ma e ial Flow Analysis (EWMFA) [53]
Fi e Ca ego y Index Me hod (FCIM) [65]
Hyb id LCA Model (HLCAM) [45]
Indica o s o Consump ion o CE in Eu ope (ICCEE) [35]
Ci cula i y Indica o P ojec (ICT) [99]
Indica o s o Eco-design o CE in Eu ope (IECEE) [35]
Indica o s o Economic Ci cula i y in F ance (IECF) [68]
In eg a i e E alua ion on he De elopmen o CE (IEDCE) [83]
Inpu –Ou pu Balance Shee (IOBS) [3]
Indica o s o P oduc ion o CE in Eu ope (IPCEE) [35]
Indus ial Pa k Ci cula Economy Indica o Sys em (IPCEIS) Geng (2012)
Measu ing Regional CE–Eco-Inno a ion (MRCEEI) Smol (2017)
Na ional Ci cula Economy Indica o Sys em (NCEIS) Geng (2012)
P oduc -Le el Ci cula i y Me ic (PCM) [3]
Regional Ci cula Economy De elopmen Index (RCEDI) [51]
(con inued)
16 Ci cula i y Tools and F amewo ks o New Buildings 437
Table 16.1 (con inued)
The exis ing ci cula i y indica o s Re e ences
Resou ce Du a ion Indica o (RDI) [3]
EU Resou ce E iciency Sco eboa d (RES) [34]
Recycling Indices (RIs) o he CE [37]
Resou ce P oduc i i y (RP) Wen and Meng (2015)
Reuse Po en ial Indica o (RPI) [3]
Recycling Ra es (RRs) [37]
Sus ainable Ci cula Index (SCI) [15]
Value-based Resou ce E iciency (VRE) [100]
Ze o Was e Index (ZWI) [15]
Whole building ci cula i y indica o (WBCI) [61]
P oduc Ci cula i y Index (PCI), [94]
Elemen Ci cula i y Index (ECI) [94]
C i ical Success Fac o s (CSFs) [76]
[62]
Reuse Po en ial Indica o (RPI) [10,78]
Whole-Li e Pe o mance Es ima o (WLPE) [6]
Ci cula Economy Pe o mance Indica o (CPI) [56]
Global Resou ce Indica o (GRI) [2]
Decons uc ion, and Resilience (3DR) [75]
Sys em Ci cula i y Indica o (SCI) [11]
The Ci cula Cons uc ion E alua ion F amewo k (CCEF) [29]
The Disassembly and Decons uc ion Analy ics Sys em (D-DAS) [5]
p oduc wi hin he same indus y. The MCI is p ima ily composed o h ee key
p oduc cha ac e is ics: he amoun (V) o used i gin aw ma e ials, he amoun
(W) o un eco e able was e a ibu ed o he p oduc , and he u ili y ac o (X)
ha accoun s o he li e ime o he p oduc . MCI is de e mined by conside ing
he p opo ion o ma e ial inpu ( i gin o non- i gin), he ma e ial ou pu (ei he
ene gy eco e y o land ill disposal), and he echnical li ecycle o a p oduc . These
ac o s collec i ely ep esen he heo e ical ci cula capaci y o each p oduc . To
calcula e he MCI o each p oduc , a Bill o Ma e ials (BoM) is u ilised as inpu .
The MCI ep esen s 50% o he ci cula po en ial o p oduc s [11]. F om his pe spec-
i e, he MCI is no jus a simple indica o bu a mo e complex assessmen me hod o
measu ingma e ialci cula i y.In he ou h sec ion, he ocusisd i en o hespeci ics
o he MCI and i s in eg a ion wi h o he componen s o o m he Building Ci cula i y
Indica o (BCI), p o iding a comple e me hodology o ci cula i y assessmen .
438 B. Güngö e al.
16.4 De elopmen o Ci cula i y Indices: Agg ega ion
o Indica o s
Gene ally, c i e ia and indica o s a e quan i a i e o quali a i e measu es c ea ed
om a collec ion o obse ed ac s ha migh e lec ela i e posi ions in a ce ain
a ea [23]. They can show he change in di ec ion ac oss ime and be ween a ious
uni s when i is e iewed egula ly. They can also be use ul in es ablishing policy
p io i ies, benchma king, and pe o mance moni o ing. When sepa a e indica o s a e
combined in o a single index (some imes called anking, me hod, o ool) based on
an unde lying model, he esul ing indica o is gene ally e e ed o as an “index”
o agg ega ed indica o [86]. Ideally, he index should measu e mul idimensional
aspec s such as compe i i eness, indus ialisa ion, sus ainabili y, single ma ke in e-
g a ion, and knowledge-based socie y, which a single indica o canno adequa ely
ep esen . Table 16.2 p esen s a lis o p os and cons o indices, which was o iginally
e alua ed by he Join Resea ch Cen e-Eu opean Commission in 2008.
An index quali y and he alidi y o he in o ma ion i deli e s la gely depend
on he amewo k and da a used a he han only he me hodology employed in i s
c ea ion [52]. Despi e he employmen o cu ing-edge me hodology in i s c ea ion,
an index buil on a weak heo e ical ounda ion o so da a wi h signi ican measu e-
men e o s may p oduce policy s a emen s ha a e open o deba e. The expe ience
demons a es ha disag eemen s ega ding he bes way o c ea e weigh s a e di icul
o se le. Science may conside ably con ibu e o ensu ing ha he p ocesses o agg e-
ga ion a e as sound and anspa en as easible, al hough i canno gi e an objec i e
app oach o c ea ing he only ue index o summa ise a complex sys em. The e o e,
in his pa , a gene ic index gene a ion amewo k is gi en o guide agg ega o s like
a checklis o cons uc ing an index (See Fig. 16.1).
Building an index begins wi h a s ong heo e ical amewo k s ep. The amewo k
should explici ly iden i y he phenomenon o be assessed and i s cons i uen pa s,
choosing dis inc indica o s and weigh s (see he p e ious sec ion) ha e lec he
Table 16.2 P os and Cons o Agg ega ed Indica o s (Indices) (Adap ed om [86], OECD 2008)
P os Cons
Indices can be used o summa ise complica ed
o mul i ace ed p oblems
Indices ha a e poo ly cons uc ed o e alua ed
may lead o alse o incomple e unde s andings
They can simpli y classi ica ion based on
challenging c i e ia
The judgemen equi ed o o m indices can
in oduce subjec i i y
They acili a e he in e p e a ion o ends
ac oss a a ie y o dis inc me ics
Indica o s necessi a e da a, which is some imes
una ailable o inaccessible, making i s
acquisi ion ime-consuming o esul ing in
inaccu a e calcula ions
They help i mo e da a in o he allo ed space
o s eamline a lis o indica o s
I he cons uc ion p ocess is no anspa en , i
may obscu e se ious laws in some dimensions
and make i mo e di icul o iden i y
app op ia e co ec i e ac ion
16 Ci cula i y Tools and F amewo ks o New Buildings 439
Fig. 16.1 A gene ic amewo k o index gene a ion s eps (Sou ce own elabo a ion)
ela i e weigh s o hese componen s and he dimensions o he inal composi e. The
ideal app oach would be o base his p ocedu e on wha is desi able o measu e a he
han on which indica o s a e eadily a ailable.
Wi hin he da a selec ion s ep, he quali y o he unde lying a iables signi i-
can ly impac s bo h he indices’ s eng hs and laws. Va iables should ideally be
chosen based on hei applicabili y, analy ical quali y, imeliness, and accessibili y.
Wi h ad ancemen s in da a selec ion and indica o de elopmen , agg ega ed indica-
o s’ quali y and accu acy should also ad ance. Missing da a equen ly hampe s he
c ea ion o eliable indices. Bo h andom and non- andom da a loss is possible. In
his si ua ion, a s ep o impu a ion o missing da a should be managed. Va iance
es ima ions should conside he unce ain y in he impu ed da a. Because o his, he
analysis can now accoun o he impac s o impu a ion. Single impu a ion, howe e ,
is no o ious o unde es ima ing a iance because i only ully accoun s o impu a-
ion unce ain y. The mul iple impu a ion app oach, which o e s nume ous alues
o each missing alue, can be e cap u e he unce ain y b ough on by impu ed
da a.
Mo e decision-make s need o c ea e agg ega ed indica o s han e e be o e. In
mos cases, he choice o a single indica o is made andomly, wi h li le hough
gi en o how ha signal may in e ac wi h o he indica o s. The e o e, he da a se ’s
applicabili y may be e alua ed by applying mul i a ia e analysis (MVA), which also
helps o unde s and how he me hodological decisions will impac he esul s. The
mos common MVA me hods a e Mul iple Linea Reg ession Analysis, P incipal
Componen sand Fac o Analysis,C onbachCoe icien Alpha, and Clus e Analysis,
which a e b ie ly explained in Table 16.3.
446 B. Güngö e al.
compa e sys ems wi h each o he and he di e en li e imes o each sys em. Finally,
a a building le el, he BCI assesses he sepa a e sys ems as a whole wi h a ac o o
he le el o impo ance o each sys em.
The o e all aspec s conside ed in he ci cula i y calcula ion me hodology, ech-
nically, only consis o wo componen s: (1) he ma e ial speci ica ions and (2) he
design o disassembly ( unc ional, echnical, and physical). The BCI by Ve be ne
o med he i s ci cula i y assessmen ool o a whole building le el and in o-
duced an impo an base o la e building ci cula i y models, which buil upon
i and add essed some o i s limi a ions. Fo example, [96] e ined he BCI by
add essing ce ain limi a ions ela ed o design o disassembly (D D) and he
weigh ing o ac o s. [95] expanded he BCI by in oducing ci cula i y c i e ia o
ounda ions. [103] p oposed an au oma ed amewo k using BIM ha u he de el-
oped Ve be ne’s o iginal BCI. [61] enhanced he model by inco po a ing adap abili y
ac o s.
C adle o C adle Ce i ied is among he p e alen models o assessing ci cu-
la i y in building p ojec s, e alua ing p oduc s based on c i e ia such as ma e ial
heal h, eu ilisa ion, enewable ene gy, wa e s ewa dship, and social equi y [28].
BREEAM, p ima ily ocused on en i onmen al assessmen , inco po a es p inciples
o he ci cula economy ela ed o ma e ials use and li e cycle impac s (Building
Resea ch Es ablishmen (BRE), n.d.). LEED, de eloped by he U.S. G een Building
Council, p omo es sus ainable p ac ices in design, cons uc ion, and ope a ion,
emphasising ma e ials and esou ces aligned wi h ci cula economy p inciples [91].
The Ellen MacA hu Founda ion’s Ci culy ics measu es ci cula economy pe o -
mance ac oss business dimensions [39]. Malaysia’s G een Building Index (GBI)
a es buildings based on sus ainable ma e ial use and li e cycle impac s, aligning
wi h ci cula economy p inciples (G een Building Index Malaysia, n.d.).
Despi e hei impo ance in ad ancing sus ainabili y in cons uc ion, hese models
ace signi ican challenges. They o en equi e subs an ial esou ces o da a collec-
ion, analysis, and e i ica ion, which can be daun ing o smalle o ganisa ions o
p ojec s wi h limi ed capabili ies. Mo eo e , hei ocus ends o be on inpu s like
ma e ial selec ion and ene gy e iciency, a he han on assessing ou pu s such as
ac ual ci cula i y achie ed o he e ec i eness o ecycling and euse p ocesses [71].
This gap be ween inpu - ocused assessmen s and eal-wo ld ci cula ou comes can
hinde hei abili y o comp ehensi ely achie e sus ainabili y goals. Fu he mo e,
while hese models add ess li ecycle impac s o some ex en , hey may no ully
encompass c i ical s ages such as end-o -li e scena ios o he managemen o ma e-
ials pos -demoli ion o eno a ion [14]. Ce i ica ion cos s also pose ba ie s, as he
expenses associa ed wi h assessmen s and audi s can be p ohibi i e, especially o
p ojec s in de eloping egions [101]. Addi ionally, he adap abili y o hese models
o di e se egional con ex s and egula o y amewo ks a ies, po en ially limi ing
hei global applicabili y. Balancing complexi y wi h p ac ical applica ion emains
an ongoing challenge, equi ing con inuous e inemen o ensu e hese models e ec-
i ely suppo sus ainable and ci cula p ac ices ac oss di e en scales and con ex s
wi hin he building sec o .
16 Ci cula i y Tools and F amewo ks o New Buildings 447
In con as , mode n BCI-based ools o e obus ea u es ha dis inguish hem
om adi ional building ci cula i y models. These ools in eg a e comp ehensi e
ci cula economy p inciples h oughou hebuildingli ecycle,encompassingno only
ma e ial heal h and ene gy e iciency bu also c i ical aspec s like end-o -li e ecy-
cling and euse. They adop a holis ic assessmen app oach ha balances inpu s such
as ma e ial selec ion wi h ou pu s like ac ual ci cula i y achie ed and he ecyclabili y
o ma e ials pos -use, p o iding a mo e accu a e measu e o sus ainable p ac ices
[88].U ilisingad ancedda aanaly icsanddigi al echnologies, hese ools s eamline
da a collec ion, analysis, and epo ing, making sus ainabili y assessmen s mo e e i-
cien and accessible ac oss di e se p ojec s. Cus omisable c i e ia ailo ed o egional
con ex s enhance hei global ele ance and applicabili y, os e ing anspa ency and
s akeholde engagemen . Fu he mo e, mode n ools emphasise pe o mance-based
me ics, enabling con inuous imp o emen and benchma king agains sus ainabili y
goals. Inno a ions such as digi al win simula ions op imise building pe o mance
and esou ce e iciency. These ad ancemen s collec i ely enhance he capaci y o
mode n building ci cula i y indica o -based ools o d i e sus ainable and esilien
building p ac ices in oday’s dynamic en i onmen .
16.5.3 HOUSEFUL’s Building Ci cula i y Me hodology
(BCM)
TheHo izon2020 HOUSEFULp ojec on“Inno a i eci cula solu ionsandse ices
o new business oppo uni ies in he EU housing sec o ” (2018–2022) ecen ly
epo ed a me hodology o e alua e ci cula i y deg ee in he sec o o housing o
be implemen ed a he ea lie s ages (new and e o i ed) o building design, as an
o iginally ci cula i y measu e ia a global ci cula i y indica o , he BCS, Building
Ci cula i ySco e[49].TheHOUSEFULapp oach,usingacomposedci cula i yindi-
ca o , is undamen al on he deg ee o ci cula i y based on six pilla s—.e., ene gy,
wa e , and ma e ial balances,social and en i onmen al impac s; and li e cycle cos
educ ion. Being he p oposed indica o unde a li e-cycle-based me hodological
app oach, i is aligned wi h common and exis ing me hods o building sus ainabili y,
such as he CEN Technical Commi ee 350 (CEN TC 350) and he Eu opean Union
(EU) LEVEL(s); including po en ial o imp o emen s ega ding wa e and ene gy
ci cula i y pe li e cycle s age. The six pilla s encompass a se o meaning ul Key
Pe o mance Indica o s (KPIs) and weigh ing ac o s (ene gy and wa e consump-
ion, ma e ials usage, social added alue, and li e cycle economic alue), which
a e ex ensi ely implemen ed in he sus ainable cons uc ion sec o o esul in a
single ci cula i y KPI, he so-called BCS [49]. The me hodology was applied in he
HOUSEFUL demo buildings and ela ed p ojec s, being es ed and alida ed in p ac-
ice wi h eal da a and in di e en scena ios by compa ing di e en buildings—i.e.,
loca ion, use, measu es, e c. (González e al., n.d.).
448 B. Güngö e al.
The Building Ci cula i y Me hodology (BCM) was p oposed as a mul idimen-
sional model o assess and e alua e he ci cula i y deg ee in esiden ial and/o e ia y
buildings (housing sec o ), highligh ing i s implemen a ion in he EU coun ies unde
a Ci cula Economy (CE) pe spec i e. This me hodology and he BSC cons i u e
a consis en and eliable ou pu aimed a applying ma ke -usable and inno a i e
solu ions accessible o da a on cu en ci cula i y deg ees. Thus, i would be use ul
o in o m exis ing policies and s a egies on ci cula i y in he u ban buil en i on-
men and o p o ide ecommenda ions o he cons uc ion sec o s akeholde s—e.g.,
designe s, manu ac u e s, p omo e s, decision-policy, lawmake s, and end-use s.
Mo eo e , he HOUSEFUL app oach and indica o , which is based on easy and
objec i e me ics, would b ing g een unding oppo uni ies unde he umb ella o
adminis a ions and o he public bodies and ende s and no el p ojec calls owa ds
he implemen a ion, achie emen and p omo ion o CE p inciples in he u ban buil
en i onmen . The BSC would be au oma ically calcula ed by p o iding inpu da a
on he HOUSEFUL web-based Ci cula i y Tool (CT), as a So wa e-as-a-Se ice
(SaaS) ool acili a ing decision-making and u u e planning and he design a he
cons uc ion phase [49].
As highligh ed abo e, he HOUSEFUL’s Building Ci cula i y me hodology was
de eloped by conside ing he CE p inciples o ecyclabili y, eusabili y and was e
managemen ela ed o ma e ials and buildings on ene gy and wa e li e cycles, and
economic and social pe o mance, as well as ci cula solu ions easibili y. Mo e-
o e , new and exis ing me hodologies on CE pilla s we e conside ed—e.g., Li e
Cycle Assessmen (LCA), Li e Cycle Cos (LCC), and Social Li e Cycle Assess-
men (S-LCA). Addi ionally, he HOUSEFUL app oach is also well-ma ched wi h
sus ainable building ce i ica ions—e.g., LEED, BREAM, WELL [49]. The comp e-
hensi e ci cula i y calcula ion, a building le el cha ac e isa ion and i s indica o s,
complemen s he BCS by he abo e-men ioned six-pilla conside a ion. Thus, ci cu-
la i y deg ee alua ion a he li ecycle s age le el would p o ide and iden i y solid
knowledge on imp o emen s and solu ions among di e en CE aspec s (pilla s), hus
imp o ing and uni ying building ci cula i y [47].
16.5.4 Ci cula Cons uc ion E alua ion F amewo k (CCEF)
The Ci cula Cons uc ion E alua ion F amewo k (CCEF), p oposed ela i ely
ecen ly by [29], aims a e alua ing he deg ee o a p ojec ’s ci cula i y. I add esses
bo h exis ing and new (p oposed) design and cons uc ion p ojec s and can be used
by a a ie y o con ibu o s and pa icipan s in a p ojec ’s de elopmen (e.g., clien s
and o he p o essionals in he sec o ). I s me hodological app oach consis s o he
quan i ica ion o he le el o he examined p ojec ’s ci cula i y wi h ega d o se e al
ele an c i e ia.
The assessmen akes place on a whole-building basis and a he le el o building
elemen s. The ci cula i y c eden ials o each one o hese le els a e quan i ied by
16 Ci cula i y Tools and F amewo ks o New Buildings 449
di e en c i e ia o ganised in b oade g oups. Speci ically, when he whole building
is conside ed, 14 c i e ia a e employed, classi ied unde ou g oups [29]:
•Reco ded in o ma ion design, da a, and ma e ials: 1. Disassembly plan included
in design d awings and speci ica ions, 2. Disassembly sequencing in o ma ion, 3.
Cla i y and ans e abili y o plans and speci ica ions,
•Adap abili y in design: 4. Ve sa ili y (in egula use, cosme ic change), 5.
Con e ibili y (pa i ion/space changes), 6. Expandabili y ( e ical, wi hou majo
ounda ion modi ica ion), 7. Expandabili y (ho izon al, compa ible ounda ions)
•Simplici y in design: 8. Pa s pe elemen , 9. S anda disa ion and modula i y o
elemen s (dimensions), 10. S anda disa ion and modula i y o elemen s (compo-
nen a ia ion), 11. S anda disa ion and modula i y o elemen s (connec ions), 12.
Deg ee o elemen independence and classi ica ion o cons uc ion
•Heal h and sa e y: 13. Toxici y/syn he ic chemicals, 14. Ease o access, cons uc-
ion, and disassembly
The espec i e s uc u e a he assessmen le el o elemen s comp ises 11 c i e ia
ha a e classi iedin o h eeg oupsand h eec i e iano belonging o ala ge hema ic
a ea [29]:
•Du abili y: 1. Numbe o p e ious design li es/uses, 2. Leng h o p e ious design
li es, 3. P edic ed leng h o cu en design li e
•Ma e ial in en o y: 4. Supplie s and p oduc ion, 5. Wa an ies, 6. Dono
building(s), 7. Reclaimed and/o ecycled con en , 8. In ol emen o euse in
cleaning o es o a ion wo k, 9. Li e Cycle Analysis wi h end-o -li e Scena io
and En i onmen al P oduc Decla a ion
•Finishes/T ea men : 10. Syn he ic/chemical/we esins/adhesi es? (yes/no
esponse) 11. Chemical coa ings, 12. Re e sibili y o connec ions, 13. Reusable
(wi hou es o a ion o modi ica ion), 14. Recyclable (no downg ading)
The a ing in he con ex o each c i e ion anges om 0 o 5, wi h highe sco es
indica ing a highe deg ee o ci cula i y. This sco ing scale is also used o c i e ia o
a quali a i e na u e (e.g., yes/no eply), so ha quan i a i e inal esul s a e achie ed.
The e alua ions a he elemen - and a he whole building le el ake place sepa a ely
and esul in wo sepa a e sco es. Rega ding he objec i i y o he esul s, he au ho s
o mula ing he amewo k poin ou he possibili y o “an elemen o bias” [29], p. 6).
The s uc u e o he amewo k’s compu a ional implemen a ion p o ides he possi-
bili y o weigh ings’ de e mina ion and in oduc ion (howe e , such de elopmen is
una oidably accompanied by a subjec i i y ac o ).
As indica ed by he a o emen ioned c i e ia, ci cula i y aspec s hea ily conside ed
wi hin his amewo k a e, among o he s, design o adap abili y and disassembly, as
well as ma e ials’ euse. LCA/EPDs ela ed issues, du abili y and eusabili y, oxic o
syn he ic subs ances c ea ing heal h isks o p e en ing di ec euse o componen s,
and se e al o he pa ame e s (simplici y, me hods o cons uc ion), all seen unde he
ligh o a li ecycle app oach also conside ing pas and u u e design li es and uses,
a e also included in he pe o med assessmen s.
450 B. Güngö e al.
16.5.5 Disassembly and Decons uc ion Analy ics Sys em
(D-DAS)
The disassembly and decons uc ion analy ics sys em (D-DAS) is a amewo k
enabling he in eg a ion o end-o -li e pe o mance e alua ion/conside a ion in o
he buildings’ design s age and p ocess [5]. The sys em’s main a ge e ol es a ound
he selec ion o ma e ials, al eady in he building’s design s age, ha will con ibu e
no only o e icien ma e ials’ use bu also o he educ ion o was e a he end-o -li e
wi h ega d o he buil en i onmen . D-DAS uses and builds upon he capabili ies o
building in o ma ion modelling (BIM). Allowing he conside a ion o a ious al e -
na i e solu ions o he building design a a ious le els (ma e ials selec ion, e c.) and
p o iding he possibili y o access o ex ensi e in o ma ion on he building as well
as o complex compu a ional p ocesses, isualisa ion, and simula ion, his sys em
can se e as a decision suppo ool.
Fou laye s o D-DAS a chi ec u e wo k oge he as a single sys em. The da a,
based on which he calcula ions a e made, a e ela ed o building design (pa a-
me ic building models, ma e ials, e c.), o he building ma e ials’ speci ica ion
(ma e ials’ p ope ies and s a us), as well as o decons uc ion and demoli ion
in o ma ion (his o ical da a). The sys em comp ises i e unc ional models and
analy ics: (i) Building Whole Li e Pe o mance Analy ics, ela ed o he calcula ion/
es ima ion o he building’s pe o mance o e ime; (ii) Building Elemen Decon-
s uc ion Analy ics, esul ing in an e alua ion o he building design wi h ega d o
whe he and o which deg ee design o decons uc ion is suppo ed ( he applied
model is based on Decons uc ibili y Assessmen Sco e [7], (iii) Decons uc ion
A ising Analy ics, o ming he basis o he P e-Decons uc ion Audi gene a ion (i )
Design o Decons uc ion Ad iso , which iden i ies possible op imisa ion poin s in
he design (building componen s- and ma e ials wise) ega ding he ma e ials euse
and he educ ion o was e, and p o ides al e na i e solu ions; ( ) Decons uc ion
Visualisa ion, p o iding he plan o he decons uc ion p ocess, as well as i s isu-
alisa ion (along wi h he disassembly p ocess). Each one o hese en i ies suppo s a
di e en unc ionali y. Acco ding o [5], D-DAS can be implemen ed ei he as a plug-
in o an exis ing BIM o as a s andalone applica ion ( isualisa ion and simula ion
ools-based).
The implemen a ion o D-DAS p esen ed by [5] is a plug-in o Au odesk Re i ,
including he unc ional modules (i), (ii), and (iii). I was alida ed h ough he exam-
ina ion o h ee al e na i e scena ios o a building. Howe e , impo an assump ions
and simpli ica ions we e adop ed in his p ocess [13], c ea ing he need o u he
es ing and alida ion o he sys em.
16 Ci cula i y Tools and F amewo ks o New Buildings 451
16.6 Insigh s o Fu u e Wo k and Fu he Imp o emen s
This sec ion o e s aluable insigh s in o he challenges aced by he cons uc ion
indus y in de eloping ci cula i y assessmen ools. To p omo e mo e sus ainable
cons uc ion p ac ices and ad ance he ield o ci cula i y assessmen , we need o
iden i y se e al a eas o u u e imp o emen s.
•S anda disa ion o Ci cula i y Assessmen : The c i ical e iew in his sec ion
highligh s ha one o he main challenges is he lack o a s anda dised app oach
o ci cula i y assessmen . The e o e, u u e esea ch should ocus on de eloping
sec o -wide s anda ds and guidelines o assessing ci cula i y in cons uc ion
p ojec s. This would s eamline he e alua ion p ocess and make i easie o
compa e di e en p ojec s.
•De elopmen o Au oma ed Tools: As men ioned, he e is a need o mo e
au oma ed ci cula i y assessmen ools, especially in he ea ly design phase.
Resea che s and so wa e de elope s should wo k oge he o c ea e use - iendly
so wa e ha in eg a es ci cula i y assessmen seamlessly in o Building In o ma-
ion Modelling (BIM) wo k lows. This will help a chi ec s and designe s make
in o med decisions om he ou se , educing he isk o ewo k in la e p ojec
phases.
•Enhanced Da a A ailabili y: The ci cula economy add esses he impo ance o
da a sha ing and a ailabili y wi hin he cu en design wo k low, whe e unce -
ain y and incomple eness p e ail, and is add essed in his e iew as a signi i-
can challenge. Fu u e esea ch should explo e ways o imp o e da a collec ion
and sha ing, possibly h ough collabo a i e pla o ms and da abases speci ically
ailo ed o ci cula i y assessmen in cons uc ion.
•Policy Suppo : The sec ion also men ions a pe cei ed lack o suppo i e policies
o imp o e euse and ecycling in he cons uc ion indus y. Ad ocacy o and
de elopmen o policies ha incen i ise ci cula cons uc ionp ac ices,suchas ax
incen i es o p ocu emen egula ions, can signi ican ly accele a e he adop ion
o ci cula i y p inciples.
•Ci cula i y Indica o Classi ica ion and S anda disa ion: The e is a con usion
a ising om he in e changeable use o ci cula e minology. Fu u e wo k should
ocus on classi ying and s anda dising ci cula i y indica o s, indices, and ame-
wo ks o p o ide a clea and consis en language o ci cula i y assessmen in he
cons uc ion sec o .
•Inno a i e Ci cula i y Indica o s: Resea che s should explo e and de elop new
ci cula i y indica o s ailo ed o he cons uc ion indus y’s unique a ibu es.
These indica o s should conside ac o s such as building se ice li e, di e se
ma e ials, s akeholde in ol emen , and cus omisa ion.
•In e disciplina y Collabo a ion: Ci cula cons uc ion is a complex ield ha
equi es expe ise in ma e ials science, a chi ec u e, enginee ing, policy, and
economics. Encou aging in e disciplina y collabo a ion among hese expe s
can help os e a holis ic app oach owa ds assessing ci cula i y and p omo ing
inno a ion.
452 B. Güngö e al.
•Quali a i e and Semi-Quali a i e App oaches: While quan i a i e indica o s
a e essen ial, i is equally c ucial o explo e quali a i e and semi-quali a i e
app oaches o ci cula i y assessmen . These app oaches may o e a be e unde -
s anding o he social and en i onmen al dimensions o ci cula cons uc ion.
•Educa ion and T aining: To p omo e he adop ion o ci cula i y in he cons uc-
ion indus y, i is i al o de elop aining p og ammes and educa ional esou ces
o p o essionals and s akeholde s. Building a skilled wo k o ce ha unde s ands
he p inciples and bene i s o ci cula i y is essen ial.
•Longi udinal S udies: Longi udinal s udies ha ack he impac o ci cula
cons uc ion p ac ices o e ime can p o ide aluable insigh s in o hei e ec i e-
ness. Moni o ing he pe o mance and en i onmen al impac o ci cula buildings
h oughou hei li ecycle and in eg a ing hem in o exis ing assessmen ools can
be a use ul s a egy.
In conclusion, he cons uc ion indus y is unde going a ans o ma ion owa ds
ci cula economy p inciples. Howe e , o u he ad ance his shi , i is essen-
ial o add ess challenges like s anda disa ion, da a a ailabili y, policy suppo , and
he de elopmen o inno a i e ools and indica o s. Wi h hese imp o emen s, he
cons uc ion indus y can become a mo e sus ainable and ci cula sec o , con ibu ing
o a g eene u u e.
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