Academic Edi o : Ri a Ben o
Recei ed: 11 Ap il 2025
Re ised: 16 May 2025
Accep ed: 19 May 2025
Published: 10 June 2025
Ci a ion: Nie o-Julián, E.; Robado ,
M.D.; Moyano, J.; B uno, S. Seman ic
HBIM o He i age Conse a ion: A
Me hodology o Mapping
De e io a ion and S uc u al
De o ma ion in His o ic En elopes.
Buildings 2025,15, 1990. h ps://
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A icle
Seman ic HBIM o He i age Conse a ion: A Me hodology o
Mapping De e io a ion and S uc u al De o ma ion in
His o ic En elopes
En ique Nie o-Julián 1,* , Ma ía Dolo es Robado 2, Juan Moyano 1and Sil ana B uno 3
1Depa men o G aphic Exp ession and Building Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Se ille, 41013 Se ille, Spain;
[email p o ec ed]
2Depa men o Building Cons uc ion, Uni e si y o Se ille, 41012 Se ille, Spain; lola [email p o ec ed]
3
Depa men o Ci il, En i onmen al, Land, Cons uc ion and Chemis y Enginee ing, Poly echnic Uni e si y
o Ba i, I-70126 Ba i, I aly; [email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : The conse a ion and in e en ion o he i age s uc u es equi e a lexible, in e -
disciplina y en i onmen capable o managing da a h oughou he building’s li e cycle.
His o ic building in o ma ion modeling (HBIM) has eme ged as an e ec i e ool o sup-
po ing hese p ocesses. O iginally concei ed o pa ame ic cons uc ion modeling, BIM
can also in eg a e his o ical ans o ma ions, aiding in main enance and p ese a ion.
His o ic buildings o en ea u e complex geome ies and isible ma e ial aces o ime,
equi ing de ailed analysis. This esea ch p oposes a me hodology o documen ing and
assessing he en elope o his o ic buildings by loca ing, classi ying, and eco ding ans o -
ma ions, de e io a ion, and s uc u al de o ma ions. The app oach is based on seman ic
segmen a ion and classi ica ion using da a om e es ial lase scanning (TLS) and un-
manned ae ial ehicles (UAVs), applied o he Palace o Miguel de Maña a—an iconic
17 h-cen u y building in Se ille. A chi al images we e in eg a ed in o he HBIM model o
iden i y p e ious es o a ion in e en ions and assess cu en de e io a ion. The me hod-
ology included geome ic cha ac e iza ion, ma e ial mapping, seman ic segmen a ion,
diagnos ic inpu , and empo al analysis. The esul s alida ed a p ocess o de ec ing pa ho-
logical c acks in mason y acades, p o iding a collabo a i e HBIM amewo k en iched
wi h expe - alida ed da a o suppo epai decisions and guide conse a ion e o s.
Keywo ds: in e en ion in a chi ec u al he i age; HBIM; conse a ion o his o ic acades;
digi al win
1. In oduc ion
The concep o building in o ma ion modeling (BIM) is conside ed as one o he
echnological componen s in he 3D echnology ca ego y. This collabo a i e me hodology
o he design and managemen o cons uc ion p ojec s is assumed by a new a ea o
knowledge applied o he his o ic building. I s ac onym is HBIM, and i was de ined by [
1
]
as he p ocedu e o mapping BIM objec s om he poin cloud by e e se enginee ing. The
p ocess de elops geome ic shapes ha ep esen elemen s o his o ical cons uc ion in a
i ual en i onmen .
Consequen ly, his o ic building in o ma ion modeling has become he bes ool de-
signed o adap o he ac i i ies o a es o a ion p ojec . This me hodology is speci ically
designed o eco d pa ame ic cons uc ion models as an in o ma ion manage by adding
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/buildings15121990
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 2 o 26
seman ic componen s o he model, including in o ma ion on he di e en ans o ma ions
o he his o ical a i ac and allowing con inuous p og ess in he li e cycle o he building.
Th ough his BIM me hodology, i is possible o inc ease he phase o agg ega ion o in o -
ma ion o he model, manage collabo a i e da abases among a a ie y o so wa e, and
c ea e new a chi ec u al con igu a ion componen s sequen ially. In his way, s a ig aphic
in o ma ion is one o he main cha ac e is ics ha can be s udied in his model. In p o es-
sional p ac ice, compa ing he poin cloud wi h digi al pa ame ic cons uc ion models
allows o bo h quali a i e and quan i a i e assessmen o he ad anced deg ada ion s a e
o ma e ials. In selec ing he se o poin s cap u ed om he building’s su ace, i is neces-
sa y o implemen classi ica ion p ocedu es h ough segmen a ion algo i hms o iden i y
which elemen s a e sui able o modeling and which a e no . These composi ional elemen s
can po en ially be in eg a ed in o a digi al lib a y, se ing as a sys ema ic me hod o
cap u ing and eco ding a chi ec u al ea u es as in elligen componen s [
2
]. Inco po a ing
he da a ex ac ed om poin clouds ob ained h ough echniques such as pho og amme y
o LiDAR in o he BIM en i onmen enhances he comple eness o 3D model ep esen a-
ions [
3
]. The poin cloud da a, e e ed o as a ibu es, p o ide me ic accu acy, as well as
in o ma ion on ma e ial e lec i i y, ex u e, and colo ime ic p ope ies.
2. Li e a u e Re iew
2.1. The S a i ica ion o He i age
The empo al e olu ion o a his o ic building is e iden , and an analysis o he ans-
o ma ions in he s uc u es and cons uc ion echniques ha ha e occu ed is essen ial o
p ope conse a ion, making he s a ig aphic s udy an e icien ool. S a ig aphic analysis
is go e ned by codi ied e minologies and knowledge, used by a chaeologis s and a chi ec s
in he es o a ion o his o ic walls. This me hodology is go e ned by well-ag eed heo e ical
p inciples and p ocedu es ha ha e been adap ed h ough new esea ch [
4
–
6
]. Wi h he
s a ig aphic analysis, he e olu ion in ime o his o y o he cons uc ion o he building
e en is es ablished, auscul a ing he walls disco e ed in he in e en ions o cons i u e a
clea iden i ica ion o he ch onological phases, always suppo ed by adequa e knowledge
o he cons uc ion echniques o he di e en analyzed his o ical pe iods. Al hough he
me hodology has been e y e ec i e since i s incep ion, i is necessa y o upda e he g aphic
echniques o da a collec ion and mul idisciplina y managemen be ween ope a o s. Tha
is, wi hou o ge ing he use o adi ional CAD o he analysis o s a i ica ions om
o hoimages, i is necessa y o gi e p io i y o he use o h ee-dimensional wo ks o he
a chaeological en i onmen [
7
]. And he in e ope abili y o da a, g aphic and non-g aphic,
wi h he agen s in ol ed in a conse a ion and es o a ion p ocess would be achie ed wi h
he implemen a ion o he BIM me hodology in he he i age.
2.2. The BIM Me hodology in he Managemen o His o ical P ojec s
In any his o ic building, he e is a composi ional s uc u e o elemen s ha mus be
s udied when p oposing a model o a acade. Modula ing complex s uc u es in ol es
ecognizing ha he e a e elemen s o a i ac s ha , due o hei geome ic p ope ies,
equi e adap a ion mechanisms h ough meshes gene a ed by so wa e o he han BIM.
I mus also be admi ed ha al hough he i ual cons uc ion o he walls is execu ed
wi h heo e ical modeling, when compa ing he poin cloud wi h he elemen o he model,
disc epancies due o he ac ual collapse o he walls can be e i ied, a ia ions ha can
be shown in bo h sec ion and ele a ion [
8
]. Due o he passage o ime, a chi ec u al
he i age is usually a ec ed by pa hologies such as c acks and collapses due especially o
he mo emen s o he building, he mos common being in mason y and wooden s uc u es.
Ano he componen is he in eg a ion o he damage de ec ed in he he i age, which can be
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 3 o 26
ep esen ed in he digi al model i sel . Ga cía-Gago e al. [
9
] s uc u ed he capabili ies o
he HBIM by in eg a ing wo essen ial ea u es, geome ic and ma e ial, and p oposed he
in eg a ion o building damage in o ma ion in o an in o ma ion model o his o ic buildings.
F om e e se enginee ing, damage and anomaly de ec ion can be ex ac ed in s ones,
b icks, and coa ings, hence he impo ance o de ining an on ological basis o desc ibing
and linking hese en i ies. Thus, di ec ly om a poin cloud ob ained by pho og amme y,
a classi ica ion can be made wi h seman ic anno a ions [
10
] in which images in e ene as a
ehicle o de ec ion. In he ield o c ack analysis, in o de o p opose hie a chical es o a ion
s a egies, [
11
] p oposed a aining o he Mask R-CNN model and he classi ie o ain
270 images. These iden i ica ion s a egies a e e y common oday due o he di e si y o
exis ing segmen a ion algo i hms. The la es esea ch [
11
] implemen s a i icial in elligence
in an in e en ion in a chi ec u al he i age, using 3D lase scanning echnology o ob ain
disease de ails and c ack da a om mason y and wood walls; using a Mask R-CNN model
o de ec he c ack a ea; and using an FCN model o iden i y and calcula e indi idual
c acks and, inally, o analyze he causes o he c acks and hen p opose co esponding
hie a chical es o a ion s a egies.
The s udy o s a ig aphy in BIM models has also been a widesp ead end in ecen
yea s. Howe e , iden i ying s a i ica ion ep esen a ion p ocedu es in a h ee-dimensional
digi al en i onmen is a sha ing o [
12
] acili a ing a eading o de o ma ions and onal
changes in ma e ials. The wo k o Ban i e al. [
13
] comes o he analysis o a wall o he
chu ch o S . F anceso simply by iden i ying pa hologies o a model om an o hopho o,
al hough wi hou es ablishing iden i ying me hodologies. A simila wo k, using he same
da abase and images o he p e ious esea che s, is [
14
], which implemen s s a ig aphic
uni pa ame e s in Re i desc ip o s. In e ms o implemen a ion, [
15
] p oposed a collabo-
a i e wo k low in he HBIM p ojec o an au oma ic classi ica ion o ashla s.
2.3. Moni o ing he His o ic Building
The HBIM p ojec mus be consolida ed as a pla o m ha in eg a es mul iple sou ces
o in o ma ion, e y alid o managemen and main enance. The conse a ion o cul u al
he i age is o en a ec ed by changes in empe a u e and humidi y wi hin a chi ec u al
spaces, so he ene gy pe o mance and indoo mic oclima e o his o ic buildings equi e
adap a ion o new p e en ion s udies. Unde hese p emises, he la es esea ch seeks o
implemen in e disciplina y p ocesses be ween ene gy ope a o s in a BIM en i onmen ,
c ea ing a new amewo k o he moni o ing o ene gy pa ame e s h ough senso s linked
o he 3D model, ully in e ope able and seman ically en iched [
16
,
17
]. O he au ho s [
18
]
ocus hei s udies on he e alua ion o he s uc u al beha io o buildings ha ha e
su e ed se e e damage om ea hquakes o e he cen u ies, using a nume ical, e ined,
and eliable 3D model ha adop s upda ing echniques, some imes based on a i icial
in elligence algo i hms.
A his poin , his esea ch wo k poses wo majo challenges: (i) how o escue he
pa hologies p esen ed by a acade om massi e da a acquisi ion echniques such as pho-
og amme y and (ii) es ablishing he managemen and classi ica ion mechanisms o hese
cha ac e is ics inse ed in he HBIM model.
3. Objec i es
Based on he i s heo ies o mula ed by he academic Dobby [
19
], in ela ion o he
concep o a chi ec u al in e en ion, in a classi ica ion o “ epai ” (whe e he e we e no
changes o o al modi ica ion) and “ es o a ion” (whe e changes did occu ), he conse a-
ion p ocess o a his o ic building is ca ego ized in de ail, in which he e a e se en deg ees
o in e en ion ha a e ca ied ou a di e en scales and le els o in ensi y. Depending
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 4 o 26
on he physical condi ions, he causes o de e io a ion, and he p ospec i e u u e en i on-
men [
20
], he ollowing a e es ablished: (i) p e en ion o de e io a ion, (ii) p ese a ion o
he exis ing s a e, (iii) consolida ion, (i ) es o a ion, ( ) ehabili a ion, ( i) ep oduc ion,
and ( ii) econs uc ion (also ci ed by [21]).
All hese e ms will ma k hie a chical ca ego ies o in e en ion. Thus, in he his o y
o he building, possible mo phological e olu ion o ans o ma ions in he cons uc ion
ch onology a e ma ked. Bu in he ield o p ac ice in he a ea o 3D digi iza ion, how
can his o ical eco dings be pe o med on a BIM pla o m? This is he ini ial wo king
hypo hesis, o eco d each and e e y one o he s a ig aphic sequences. The e o e, he
objec i e o his wo k is, based on an adequa e in e disciplina y knowledge o he building,
o collec each in e en ion as a seman ic uni in he BIM p ocess pa ame e izing he
elemen s om e e se enginee ing.
4. Case S udy
The Palace o Miguel de Maña a is one o he mos emblema ic his o ical buildings
o Se illian a chi ec u e. I s o iginal Mudeja -s yle s uc u e was gi en a uni a y o mal
con igu a ion in he se en een h cen u y, consolida ing he cha ac e is ic elemen s o he
Se illian Ba oque House and inco po a ing Renaissance de ails, such as he aulic layou o
he main cou ya d, he p ominence o he main s ai case, and he incipien o ganiza ion
o he acade. Cu en ly, he palace houses he ins i u ional headqua e s o he Gene al
Di ec o a e o Cul u al Asse s o he Minis y o Cul u e and En i onmen o he Jun a
de Andalucía.
To unde s and he e olu ion o he building, i is essen ial o in es iga e he a ious
s ages o es o a ion ha i has unde gone o e ime. The emodeling o Se ille on he
occasion o he Uni e sal Exhibi ion o 1992 p omp ed nume ous in e en ions in he
monumen al he i age o he ci y. Fo he case s udy, a leas h ee signi ican es o a ions
ha e been eco ded. This sequence o es o a ions has been c ucial in p ese ing and
highligh ing he a chi ec u al and his o ical alue o he Miguel de Maña a Palace, ensu ing
ha i s o iginal de ails and au hen ici y endu e o e ime.
4.1. P e ious Res o a ion P ojec s
I is impo an o e lec he impo ance o he emodeling o he ci y o Se ille in he
yea s p io o he 1992 Exhibi ion, no because o he la ge numbe o he i age in e en ions
bu because o hei in e disciplina y na u e. As Diego Oli a Alonso and Isabel San ana
Falcó emphasize, “ he Cha e house o San a Ma ía de las Cue as, he Palace o Al ami a,
and he Royal Monas e y o San Clemen e, oge he wi h he House o Miguel Maña a,
all o hem in Se ille, a e pionee ing wo ks in he way o unde s anding a chaeological
in e en ion, as esea ch in o he buil , bu hey a e also so in he way in which he
knowledge o his o ians, a chi is s, he aldis s o es o e s o mo able p ope y is in eg a ed
wi h a chi ec s and a chaeologis s, oge he wi h pu e scien is s o di e en special ies” [
22
].
4.1.1. Res o a ion o he Yea 1991
The ehabili a ion o he Miguel de Maña a Palace (1991–1992), led by a chi ec Fe -
nando Villanue a Sandino un il his dea h, was concei ed as a mul idisciplina y p ojec
in ol ing a chaeologis s, a his o ians, and enginee s. Villanue a emphasized ha es o a-
ion is no me e euse bu a c i ical in e en ion balancing his o ical alue wi h unc ional,
social, and u ban objec i es. The p ojec aimed o eco e he palace’s 17 h-cen u y con-
igu a ion, i s pe iod o g ea es signi icance, h ough ca e ul es o a ion o a chi ec u al
elemen s such as ma ble, wood, and iles, while adap ing he space o i s new use as he
headqua e s o he Di ec o a e-Gene al o Cul u al He i age o he Jun a de Andalucía.
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 5 o 26
The in e en ion p ese ed he o iginal layou , emo ed incong uen addi ions, ein-
oduced los mezzanines, enhanced he main s ai case’s design, and comple ed he cou -
ya d’s colonnade based on 16 h-cen u y documen a ion. Res o a ion o he acade included
exposing and consolida ing 18 h-cen u y polych ome laye s, emo ing la e addi ions,
sal s, and o ganic esidues. Villanue a unde sco ed ha design and execu ion we e in-
sepa able, elying on de ailed p elimina y s udies o guide his o ically and s uc u ally
ai h ul solu ions.
Villanue a was clea ha “ he de elopmen o he ehabili a ion p ojec is di icul o
unde s and apa om i s execu ion,” so i was based on s udies and p elimina y wo k,
cons i u ing hese basic sou ces o he p ocess o designing he solu ions. This way, he
ehabili a ion p ojec will immedia ely iden i y wha he p ima y objec i es a e. The
in e en ion on he acade included cleaning he laye s o ma e ial un il he o iginal laye s
we e exposed, whe e emains o polych omy we e ound. The gene al c i e ion was o
eco e he polych ome elemen s ha cha ac e ized he building du ing he eigh een h
cen u y, disco e ing and consolida ing 100% o he hidden pain ings. The in e en ion
p og am on he acade included he cleaning and consolida ion o he o iginal emains o
pain and elimina ing non-o iginal laye s, sal deposi s, and o ganic elemen s, in addi ion
o consolida ing bo h he pic o ial ilm and he mo a s (Figu e 1).
Figu e 1. Facade p io o he es o a ion o 2005.
4.1.2. Res o a ion o he Yea 1994
In 1994 a p ojec was d awn up o he e u bishmen o he in e io s o he palace,
di ec ed by he a chi ec José Luis Da oca B uño. I was mainly aimed a he ins alla ion o
a lib a y o es ic ed use, loca ed in he pain ing oom on he no h side o he cou ya d
on i s g ound loo . The e o e, his p ojec does no a ec he acade.
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 6 o 26
4.1.3. Res o a ion o he Yea 2004
In 2004, a p oposal o in e en ion on he acade o he palace was d awn up wi h
he aim o e iewing and s abilizing he ea men s ini ia ed in p e ious phases, hal ing
he ongoing de e io a ion o he ma e ials. Addi ionally, i sough o uni y he deco a i e
elemen s o he acade h ough a sys ema ic and igo ous econs uc ion p ocess, he eby
achie ing a cohesi e appea ance ee om dis o ing agen s (Figu e 2).
Figu e 2. Facade o he Palace o Miguel de Maña a p io o he es o a ion o 2005. The in e en ions
made i possible o eco e he comple e deco a ion o he acade made in 1767.
Du ing he 2005 es o a ion, he acade was ound o consis o a mason y wall ein-
o ced wi h s onewo k a he co ne s, pilas e s, and lowe sec ions, shaped in o bu esses
o ame he b ick acing and suppo he ammed ea h a eas. Lime-based mo a s mixed
wi h sand and s aw we e used, clea ly dis inguishing he wo coa ing laye s: he a iccio
( ough base laye ) and he in onaco ( hin inish laye ). Ma e ial losses we e a ibu ed o
e osion caused by poo de achmen echniques in p e ious in e en ions, which le ool
ma ks along he edges. These a ec ed he pic o ial in onaco laye and pene a ed se e al
millime e s in o he a iccio. This ype o damage was widesp ead ac oss he su ace. No
majo c acks we e obse ed, excep o one on he oo o he oculus. Howe e , ine issu es
in he in onaco we e de ec ed, likely caused by sh inkage du ing d ying. Mois u e- ela ed
damage included plas e ca bona ion and s aining, esul ing in da kening and p onounced
yellowing o he mo a . Following es o a ion, he en i e acade displayed a ende ed
inish ha p ese ed he a icula ion o he indi idual b icks. Ne e heless, ce ain paneled
a eas on he i s loo lacked e ical discon inui ies in he b ick cou ses (Figu e 3).
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 7 o 26
Figu e 3. Facade o he Palace o Maña a a e he in e en ion o 2005. (Pho o aken om he
UAV, 2023).
5. Me hodology
The new me hodology ha was ca ied ou included he his o ical and e olu iona y
s udy o he palace and he inclusion in an HBIM p ojec o all he p ocesses o geome -
ic cha ac e iza ion, seman ic iden i ica ion, and inse ion o s udy componen s o he
building’s diagnosis (Figu e 4).
Figu e 4. Wo k low o he me hodological p ocess.
5.1. His o ical-E olu iona y S udy
F om he poin o iew o es o a ion expe ience, he p ocesses o ac ion mus ollow
one ano he in a p og ession by p og essi e and complemen a y s ages, s a ing wi h
ob aining all alid p elimina y in o ma ion, bo h om his o ical documen s and om
p e ious es o a ion p ojec s. In he case o he acade o he Miguel de Maña a Palace, i
was e y impo an o collec da a on he in e en ions ca ied ou in he building, including
he acade, o make a ca aloguing o his o ical pho og aphs and o know he scope o all
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 8 o 26
he in e en ions. The inse ion o all hese da a in a BIM model was essen ial o know he
his o ical-e olu iona y alue o he building.
5.2. Da a Acquisi ion Sys em
The i s phase in ol ed he p ecise cap u e o he geome y o he ex e io enclosu e
o he Palace o Miguel de Maña a, a building whose acade has a leng h o 43.30 m and
a heigh o 6.75 m. This case s udy is ele an due o he geome ic pa icula i ies o he
acade, which has an inclina ion o app oxima ely 30◦in he i s qua e o i s leng h and
a conside able collapse in e icali y in he las qua e . These cha ac e is ics ep esen
a challenge o he applicabili y o da a acquisi ion echniques as hey can cause alse
eco dings and occlusions when sho - ange pho og amme y is used.
Fo his speci ic case, a combina ion o cap u e echnologies was chosen ins ead o a
single senso . In his sense, pe sonal lase scanning (PLS) [
23
] was used, complemen ed by
pho og amme y using unmanned ae ial ehicles (UAVs) and a e es ial e lex came a.
As desc ibed in [
24
], his me hodology p o ided comple e poin co e age o e he a ious
elemen s o he acade. The PLS Leica BLK360 was used in he geoma ics su eys, which,
hanks o i s low weigh and scanning capaci y o 360,000 do s pe second, acili a ed
de ailed cap u e o he ex e io a chi ec u e. In addi ion, he BLK360 was equipped wi h
h ee HDR came as wi h colo senso s and an in a ed he mal came a, which expands i s
da a-logging capabili y.
To co e he highes a eas o he acade, since he scanne ope a ed om a 1 m high
ipod, he PLS was suppo ed wi h ae ial pho og amme y using a 0.6 kg DJI Ai 2S d one.
In a second phase, he pho og amme y cap u e was complemen ed wi h images cap u ed
by a Nikon D80 SLR came a, in wo ows, one pe pendicula and inclined 15
◦
o he acade
( ocal leng h o 30/35 mm and dis ance o he acade o 4 m) and ano he inclined a 30
◦
( ocal leng h o 27/35 mm and dis ance o he acade o 7 m, condi ioned by he wid h o
he s ee ), hus co e ing he en i e heigh o he building and co e ing each sec ion along
Calle Le íes. These echnologies in e ac ed o co e possible occlusions in he egis e s,
which equi ed a p ecise usion o bo h se s o aligned poin s.
The alignmen be ween he da a ob ained om PLS and UAV p esen ed ce ain com-
plexi ies, p ima ily due o he in eg a ion o e es ial and ae ial da ase s and he e-
qui emen o a p ecise geospa ial da abase as a e e ence amewo k o his o ic building
in o ma ion modeling. To gene a e an op imal o hopho o o he s udy, 72 pho og aphs
we e aken a 4 m and ano he 36 a 7 m away om he acade plane, ensu ing an 80%
o e lap alid o pho og amme ic p ocessing in Agiso Me ashape V.1.8. The dense poin
cloud gene a ed wi hin a 3D coo dina e sys em was o signi ican impo ance o p oducing
a model ha ai h ully e lec ed he geome ic pa icula i ies o he acade. Fu he mo e, he
acquisi ion o a 3D polygonal mesh was essen ial o accu a ely in eg a e he su ace in o he
HBIM p ojec . As o he o hopho o gene a ion, images we e p ocessed by acade sec o s
acco ding o s uc u al discon inui ies, allowing o he c ea ion o dis inc on al iews
o each sec ion. These we e subsequen ly used o map he ex e io ace o he pa ame ic
walls (Figu e 5).
The HBIM p ojec mus be p ope ly s uc u ed, wi h PLS and UAV da a being a sou ce
o in o ma ion o de e mine he dimensional cha ac e is ics o he s uc u es (leng h, heigh ,
and olume) and he speci ic geome ic elemen s o he a chi ec u e (plin hs, skewe s,
moldings, co nices, b eaks in walls, and a ia ions in he usual ele a ions), and mus
use a high-p ecision GPS o e e ence he con ol poin s on he g ound and s uc u e he
p ojec app op ia ely. The da a in e ope abili y be ween he pos -p ocessing so wa e (Leica
Cyclone 3DR 2023.1) and he BIM pla o m (A chicad 27) mus become a solid me hod o
he subsequen modeling p ocesses in he HBIM p ojec . I will be wi hin he HBIM p ojec
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 9 o 26
whe e he segmen ed ac ions o he poin cloud will be managed o p oceed wi h hei
seman ic en ichmen .
Based on p e ious con as ed cases [
4
], he managemen o he poin clouds began
in Cyclone 3DR (C3DR), es ablishing he o igin o he p ojec (0,0,0) a he bo om, end,
and le poin o he acade. The poin cloud o he acade was isola ed om he adjoining
buildings and ex e io pa emen s, di iding in o he doo way, plin h, and acade. All
po ions we e also geo e e enced o he same sou ce, o hen be expo ed in e57 o ma ;
hey we e hen impo ed in o he HBIM p ojec , all he ac ions being p ope ly coupled in
au oma ic mode.
Figu e 5. A angemen o he came as in wo bands in on o he acade o he Palacio de Maña a,
wi h a on al posi ion and inclina ion a 15
◦
a a dis ance o 4 m and inclina ion 30
◦
a 7 m. Geo e e -
encing o he HBIM p ojec and o e lap be ween model and poin cloud.
The e e ence le els we e de ined in he BIM en i onmen based on he PLS poin
clouds: he s ee pa emen se he ze o le el, he h eshold o he access doo se he
g ound loo le el, he balconies es ablished he le el o he i s loo , and he uppe ace o
he las co nice es ablished he oo le el. The o dina e axes we e made o coincide wi h he
s uc u al p ojec ions ( e ical impos s) o he acade, in o ma ion p o ided by he acade
poin cloud (Figu e 6).
Figu e 6. Ele a ion o he PLS poin cloud in he HBIM p ojec , showing he e e ence le els o he
building and he s uc u al Yn axes.
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 16 o 26
6.2. Poin Cloud Classi ica ion
The segmen a ion and seman ic classi ica ion o a se o a chi ec u al elemen eco d
poin s (TLS, LIDAR, and UAV) is a p ocess o exhaus i e and p ecise analysis applying
iden i ica ion algo i hms o hen gene a e di e en egions wi h homogeneous p ope ies
and cha ac e is ics. D zewiecki e al. [
36
] enuncia ed se e al me hods o classi ying and
segmen ing a poin cloud: me hods based on line segmen s, a ibu es, and de ini ion o
geome ic shapes; hose based on Hough’s 3D ans o m; and a me hod employing he
egion g ow h algo i hm. In he end, he segmen a ion p ocess esul ed in es ablishing se s
o poin s, usually o he TLS o S M ype, which mus be labeled as ma e ials, cons uc ion
sys ems, su ace g adien s, o anomalies a ising om biological p oblems.
Segmen a ion o he Facade
S M pho og amme y, de i ed om UAV su eys and he hand-held g ound came a,
p o ided a well- ex u ed me ic su ace o he acade (Figu e 11a). The mesh was impo ed
in o he Leica Cyclone 3DR en i onmen and coupled in o he same e e ence sys em o he
HBIM p ojec . Then, he mesh was segmen ed by planes, es ablishing as base pa ame e s a
segmen a ion angle o 15
◦
, an a ea h eshold o 2 m
2
, and a s anda d de ia ion h eshold o
10 cm. Twen y-one plans o he sec ion o he on acade o Calle Le íes we e ob ained
(Figu e 11b). The po ions we e colo ed o iden i ica ion, al hough hey could be shown
by hei ac ual colo s, as shown in Figu e 11c.
6.3. O ganiza ion o he HBIM P ojec
The loo s we e es ablished as a e e ence o le els based on he poin clouds om
he TLS o pho og amme ic su ey and he use o a s uc u e o axes o abscissas and
o dina es ha ma ked he co e o he main s uc u al elemen s and he subs an ial ac s
o he building (Figu e 12). Thus, be o e s a ing wi h modeling using pa ame ic objec s,
a go e ning ma ix o he en i ies mus al eady be a ailable. Fo he i ual cons uc ion
o he 3D model, basic cons uc ion ypologies (wall, slab, and pilla , among o he s) we e
used, supe imposing hem on he clouds o e e ence poin s. This made i possible o
con as he eal model wi h he heo e ical one, ca ying ou an exhaus i e analysis o he
de o ma ions in he ho izon al and e ical walls o walls, co nices, and can ile e s.
Conside ing he limi a ions o esou ces, mainly he PC ha dwa e, one should always
look o he g ea es ope abili y and e iciency. Thus, o he case s udy, p io i y was gi en
o he adequa e iden i ica ion and classi ica ion o pa hologies in cladding. The e o e, i was
no necessa y o in oduce all he mesh a eas in he HBIM p ojec , only hose ha showed
e idence o damage and c acks in he acade. These pa hologies we e inally analyzed,
classi ied, and con olled in he BIM en i onmen .
6.4. The Collapse o he Walls o Facades
The poin clouds hemsel es p o ided e y alid geome ic da a o s udy he collapses
in he acade walls, de ec ing impo an de ia ions om planes and e idencing he g ea
collapse in se e al sec ions included in he PLS poin cloud, as shown in he images in
Figu e 12. Se e al sec ions o he pa ame ic wall ha we e in oduced o model he
heo e ical acade o he HBIM model, ep esen ed wi h ed-ea h colo , we e de ached
om he cloud o e e ence poin s due o he eal de o ma ions o he wo walls (Figu e 12a).
The de ia ion analysis was ca ied ou di ec ly wi h he compa ison be ween he heo e ical
wall and he poin cloud in each o he 175 gi en sec ions along he acade (sepa a ed by
25 cm). The maximum collapse was loca ed in sec ion S142, be ween he Y8Y9 axes, wi h a
de ia ion o he wall in he di ec ion o he public oad o 23.7 cm (Figu e 12c).
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 17 o 26
Figu e 11. (a) Mesh o a po ion o he acade wi h he landma ks, p ocessed and scaled in Ag-
iso Me ashape. (b) Colo iden i ica ion and segmen a ion o 21 planes o he iangula ed mesh.
(c) Compa ison o he clo h g aded in yellow wi h he ex u ed segmen ed mesh. Cyclone 3DR Leica
geosys ems. Au ho : En ique Nie o, 2024.
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 18 o 26
Figu e 12. Ele a ion (a) and plan (b) o he acade o he Palace o Maña a, wi h supe posi ion o
he poin cloud wi h he pa ame ic wall ( ed) in i s heo e ical posi ion (collapse 0
◦
). (c) Maximum
collapse loca ed in sec ion S142 (wi h espec o he heo e ical wall): 23.70 cm.
The da a in e ope abili y be ween he pos -p ocessing so wa e (Leica Cyclone 3DR)
and he HBIM p ojec (suppo ed by A chicad) is exposed in [
24
], cons i u ing an e ec i e
me hod o he subsequen modeling p ocesses in he HBIM p ojec , whe e all ac ions
we e classi ied in se s o speci ic poin s. The segmen a ion o he PLS poin cloud was
managed in he HBIM p ojec as an objec wi h i s own en i y, allowing i o be en iched
wi h seman ic da a, in oducing speci ic p ope ies de i ed om he p ocess o auscul a ion,
da ing, ca aloguing, conse a ion, and es o a ion.
6.5. Pa hological S udy o he Facade
Fo he pa hological s udy o he Palacio de Maña a, bo h he o hoimages o he
acade and he mesh and ex u ed su aces o he segmen ed panels we e used, de ined as
a uni lanked by he plin h, he ho izon al co nice, and he wo e ical ex eme impos s.
Subsequen ly, a s a ig aphic segmen a ion was ca ied ou by a eas wi h supe icial lesions,
using he Mo ph ool. I s ex e nal ace was mapped wi h he eal image, showing he lesions
in hei co ec posi ions. In he lib a y o ma e ials o he HBIM p ojec , a g oup o speci ic
coa ings o he building unde s udy was a anged. Va ious ypologies we e c ea ed, whe e
each ype was associa ed wi h he pa ial o ho-image o he acade wall. Fo i s p ope
3D ep esen a ion, i was gi en a hickness be ween 5 and 10 mm. Fissu es and c acks
caused by s uc u al mo emen s we e no o conside able opening, so ep esen a ion by
a ea was disca ded. Simple ec o ma king using a p ominen colo pen (such as magen a)
was su icien .
All inju ies we e classi ied acco ding o he SCFclass V2 s anda d, assigning each one
a subclass wi hin he ca ego y unc ions: “Auscul a ion and > Tes s Gene al damage >
Mechanical o igin > C ack” in mason y elemen s and “Auscul a ion and es s > Damage >
Su ace al e a ions > C ack” in coa ings (Table 1).
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 19 o 26
Table 1. Lis o subclasses o he Spanish s anda d SCFclass V2, wi hin he ca ego y unc ions: “Auscul a ion and es s > Damage > Mechanical o igin > C ack in he
ac o y” and “Auscul a ion and es s > Damage > Su ace al e a ions > C ack in coa ing”.
FUN AUE FUN.AUE Auscul a ion and Rehea sals En idad IFC Tipo IFC
FUN AUE 010 FUN.AUE.010 Senso s No aplica
FUN AUE 010 010 FUN.AUE.010.010 C ack me e ud I cSenso MOVEMENTSENSOR
FUN AUE 010 020 FUN.AUE.010.020 Tempe a u e senso ud I cSenso
TEMPERATURESENSOR
FUN AUE 010 030 FUN.AUE.010.030 Accele ome e ud I cSenso USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 010 040 FUN.AUE.010.040 Displacemen senso ud I cSenso MOVEMENTSENSOR
FUN AUE 010 050 FUN.AUE.010.050 S ain gauge ud I cSenso MOVEMENTSENSOR
FUN AUE 010 060 FUN.AUE.010.060 Ex ensome e ud I cSenso MOVEMENTSENSOR
FUN AUE 010 070 FUN.AUE.010.070 Flexime e ud I cSenso MOVEMENTSENSOR
FUN AUE 020 FUN.AUE.020 Rehea sals
FUN AUE 020 010 FUN.AUE.020.010 Scle ome y ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 020 020 FUN.AUE.020.020 Ul asound ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 020 030 FUN.AUE.020.030 Wi ness ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 020 040 FUN.AUE.020.040 Tas ing ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 030 FUN.AUE.030 Gene al damages
FUN AUE 030 010 FUN.AUE.030.010 De e io a ion o inish ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 030 020 FUN.AUE.030.020 Scou ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 030 030 FUN.AUE.030.030 Bulging ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 030 040 FUN.AUE.030.040 De achmen ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 030 050 FUN.AUE.030.050 Se lemen ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 030 060 FUN.AUE.030.060 Collapse ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 030 070 FUN.AUE.030.070 E osion ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 030 080 FUN.AUE.030.080 Excessi e de o ma ion ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 030 090 FUN.AUE.030.090 D ain elemen damage ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 20 o 26
Table 1. Con .
FUN AUE FUN.AUE Auscul a ion and Rehea sals En idad IFC Tipo IFC
FUN AUE 040 FUN.AUE.040 Damage o conc e e and mason y elemen s
FUN AUE 040 010 FUN.AUE.040.010 B eakage ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 040 020 FUN.AUE.040.020 C ack ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 040 030 FUN.AUE.040.030 Fissu e ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 040 040 FUN.AUE.040.040 Chemical damage in elemen Co/Ma. ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 040 050 FUN.AUE.040.050 E lo escence ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 040 060 FUN.AUE.040.060 Humidi y ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 040 070 FUN.AUE.040.070 Vege a ion ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 040 080 FUN.AUE.040.080 Coke and g a el nes ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 040 090 FUN.AUE.040.090 Wound washing ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 040 100 FUN.AUE.040.100 Damage o mason y o ashla pa s ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
FUN AUE 040 110 FUN.AUE.040.110 Damage o conc e e ein o cemen ud
I cBuildingElemen P oxy
USERDEFINED
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 21 o 26
I one is commi ed o implemen ing a mo e sus ainable in e en ion p ojec , based
on an in e ope able and e icien digi al in o ma ion model, whe e e y speci ic elemen s
o a es o a ion p ojec can be implemen ed, he pa icipa ion o BIM ope a o s mus be
coo dina ed wi h specialis s in he conse a ion o a chi ec u al he i age. The collabo a i e
and mul idisciplina y en i onmen o he BIM me hodology is a bulwa k o ad ance in he
e ec i eness o PA
3
he i age conse a ion p ojec s, aking a new s ep and o e coming pas
di icul ies. Hence, esea che s and es o a ion p o essionals [
37
] unde s and he spa ial
and unc ional con igu a ion, he esul o a p ocess o con inuous e olu ion ha includes
social, economic, and cul u al aspec s.
The HBIM p ojec inco po a ed he da abase o he s anda ds es ablished by he
ins i u ion, egion, o coun y, which made he seman ic classi ica ion asks mo e lexible.
Figu es 13 and 14 show he di ec classi ica ion in he classi ica ions and p ope ies sec ion,
wi h he di ec mapping in a d op-down da a s uc u e.
Fo he auscul a ed a eas, he ma ks we e en iched wi h seman ic da a, wi h he
c ea ion o ela ionships be ween he damaged en i ies and a base o in insic p ope ies
o he HBIM p ojec , so ha he da a we e endowed wi h au hen ici y. In addi ion, he
p ocedu e allowed a co ela ion be ween seman ic da a and he model, helping o main ain
consis ency be ween he da a. In his way, he ma ked sec o o he image indica ed he
ollowing: “A ea co e ed wi h de e io a ed lime mo a , wi h high c acking o he plas e .
Possible causes: empe a u e changes and imp ope hyd aulic se ing; imp ope mix u es
in mo a s; s uc u al mo emen s. Diagnosis: Ve ical c acks a e he esul o a cause inside
he wall, which may be a pipe o ano he elemen ha causes ensions, and which should
be analyzed wi h a subsequen as ing. The es o he gene alized c acks a e hyg o he mal,
also conside ing ha o he o ganic ma e ials ha e been added o he lime mo a , which
educes plas ici y. The loss o colo in he ake b ick mason y is due o he applica ion
o a e y hin laye ha , al hough i may con ain o ganic elemen s, dec eases du abili y”
(Figu e 15).
Figu e 13. Ma king o c acks in he wall mapped wi h he o ho-image.
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 22 o 26
Figu e 14. Sec o iza ion o he supe icial lesion using he Mo ph ool, which is classi ied as a
“supe icial al e a ion” o he coa ing.
Figu e 15. P ope y managemen in he HBIM p ojec o moni o ing conse a ion p ocesses. The
diagnos ic ype was in oduced as seman ic da a o he a ea wi h de e io a ed plas e .
7. Discussion
The p ese a ion o a chi ec u al he i age en ails con inuous con ol o he s uc u es
and cladding o he his o ic building, which, in he case p esen ed, led o he d a ing and
execu ion o successi e in e en ion and es o a ion p ojec s. The p oblem a ose when
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 23 o 26
he ich in o ma ion e iewed, analyzed, and newly gene a ed in each phase was isola ed.
The e o e, he da a o each p ojec we e no p ope ly eco ded and hen con as ed, which
led o he loss o impo an da a and he ca ying ou o epea ed esea ch wo k, which
could be called p elimina y s udies, new me ic su eys, and epea ed pa hological s udies
ha ail o conside ele an p e ious indings.
S a ing om he basis ha e e y es o a ion p ojec needs his o ical en ichmen , i
is essen ial o in es iga e, compile, and e lec on all he pas ac ions and in e en ions
ca ied ou up o he p esen . In he case p esen ed, hese p elimina y s udies se ed o
e icien ly analyze and con as he g aphic documen s, epo s, and echnical epo s o he
in e en ion p ojec s wi h he new in o ma ion om he PLS su eys and pho og amme y.
The HBIM p ojec o he Palace o Miguel de Maña a was en iched wi h all he in o ma ion
om he p e ious es o a ions, o ai h ully ep esen he s uc u al sys ems, di e en ia ing
he successi e laye s o cladding and hei me amo phosis o e ime. And e e encing
he poin cloud o he scanned acade wi h CAD ec o ele a ions helped o upda e and
e i y he geome ic in o ma ion. The ac o con as ing plans wi h ele a ions o di e en
in e en ions se ed o de ec disc epancies in dimensions, mainly in he leng h o he
acade, as well as in he delimi a ion o he a eas ma ked wi h subsequen de e io a ion. The
me hodological p ocesses exp essed in he esea ch wo k we e suppo ed by da a p o ided
by e ec i e echniques ha acqui ed he eal ma e iali y o he en elope o he his o ic
building, allowing a ai h ul 3D digi iza ion and he subsequen con ol o de o ma ions and
al e a ions. This moni o ing sys em p o ided e iciency in he auscul a ion o can ases ha
embellished he a chi ec u al he i age and ein o ced conse a ion p ocesses. The e o e, i s
implemen a ion in he PA3 sec o was e y necessa y o in e disciplina y managemen
o e ime.
The s udy has con ibu ed o cap u ing ecen and p ecise da a ha a e e y aluable
o de ec ing pa hologies in a building ha has unde gone a long ans o ma ion o e ime.
A ollow-up was ca ied ou in he HBIM p ojec allowing a h ee-dimensional analysis
o he segmen ed panels o he acade. Fi s , he poin cloud i sel was con as ed wi h
he heo e ical wall, allowing disc epancies o up o 27 cm o be de ec ed, in a sec ion o
he acade ha p o ided he maximum collapse owa d he ou side. These di e en ial
da a wi h espec o a heo e ical model we e e y e ealing and o g ea impo ance o
s uc u al analyses, whe e expe s will de e mine he causes: a ibu able o he passage o
ime o due o di e en ial se lemen s o he building. Then, a supe icial meshing o ce ain
a eas o he acade was made, which made i possible o ep esen he ai h ul geome y
and inse i in o he HBIM p ojec . This e e se enginee ing p ocess a oided he leng hy
manual p ocesses o pa ame ic modeling ha esul in cons uc ion elemen s and sys ems
ha will ne e be equa ed wi h he complex eali y o he i age.
Subsequen ly, he conse a ion p ocesses con inued, expe imen ing wi h he pa holog-
ical s udy o a sec o o he acade o he Palace o Miguel de Maña a. The o hoimages
o he segmen ed panels o he acade acili a ed s a ig aphic auscul a ion, iden i ying
supe icial lesions and hen linking hem o a pa ame ic elemen such as Mo ph; he
supe icial de e io a ion ha a ec ed a speci ic a ea o he cladding was sec o ized; and,
h ough a ec o colo ma king, linea lesions we e highligh ed: issu es and c acks. Finally,
all de ec ed lesions we e classi ied by a ious s anda ds (SCFclass V2 and o he s).
Finally, he da a p o ided by he echnical epo , de i ed om he auscul a ion and
es s ca ied ou , we e in oduced as seman ic p ope ies in he en i y o he HBIM model.
The specialis , a e his inspec ion, embedded he speci ic da a as an in insic pa ame e by
accessing he in e ac i e window and ma king he co ec cause since hese we e al eady
p e-es ablished in he p ojec da abase; since e y speci ic ele an pa hologies o he case
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 24 o 26
s udy we e de ec ed, new p ope ies we e also c ea ed o be in oduced in o he HBIM
conse a ion p ojec da abase.
Me hodological Ad ances in Conse a ion
This case s udy aimed o p o ide new ad ances in he me hodology o shape e icien
es o a ion and conse a ion p ojec s, which jus i ied ha we con inue esea ching he
HBIM opic, en iching p e ious wo k and sol ing challenges. An in e en ion in a his o ic
building equi es he pa icipa ion o many disciplines and he app op ia e mul idisci-
plina y managemen o da a, o which mus be added he con inuous main enance o he
he i age. The HBIM p ojec was e y alid o s uc u ing he in e disciplina y in o ma ion
ha lowed om es o a ion p ocesses, p o iding, mo e han bene i s, e iciency. The
p esen ed case can be ex ended o many o he s included in he PA
3
en i onmen , se ing as
a guide o in e en ions. To do his, ce ain guidelines should be aken in o conside a ion.
All his o ical in o ma ion mus be eco ded and compa ed in a common da abase,
classi ied by p og essi e phases in ime. The HBIM p ojec mus be linked o his da abase,
wi h a da abase managemen sys em (DBMS) ha allows da a o be s o ed and hen ac-
cessed in a s uc u ed and as way. The DBMS would ac as a single sou ce o eliable and
pe manen ly upda ed in o ma ion. In his way, e ec i e communica ion and coo dina ion
is p omo ed, wi h he ad ance pa icipa ion o he di e en agen s in ol ed in he conse -
a ion li e cycle, acili a ing, om he beginning, he conside a ion o all he condi ioning
ac o s and consensual decision-making.
When moni o ing he building, he BIM en i onmen will allow upda ed 3D isualiza-
ion ( o example, on he new scans ca ied ou ), making i easie o iden i y pa hologies
and isk condi ions in he PA
3
in he model. This will allow mo e e ec i e decisions o
be made in he in e en ion (be ween he di e en es o a ion al e na i es) and in he
subsequen conse a ion.
The echnical in e en ion sys ems a e di e se and e ol ing, so i is impo an o
eco d he p oduc s and echniques used, o each sec o , oge he wi h he esul s ob ained
a e es o a ion. The HBIM p ojec mus be he con aine o he da a (g aphic and seman ic)
asso ed om he successi e phases. In his way, he mu a ions ha a ise la e , in s uc u es
and coa ings, can be p ope ly analyzed, helping he diagnosis and p o iding an adequa e
solu ion o he p oblem.
8. Conclusions
The esul s o he esea ch buil a me hodological p ocess ha alida ed a sys em
o de ec ing pa hological c acks in he a chi ec u al he i age o mason y o suppo he
epai wo k. We wo ked in an in e disciplina y collabo a i e en i onmen , such as he
HBIM P ojec , en iched wi h p ecise da a and alida ed by he specialis , mainly o p o ide
con as ed epo s on he causes ha mo i a ed he issu es, c acks, de achmen o coa ings,
and wa e il a ion in acade walls. Howe e , he me hodology can also be widely accep ed
in pa hologies de ec ed in ho izon al walls, such as in e io loo s, slabs, and oo s.
The scan o HBIM p ocess implemen ed in he he i age conse a ion p ojec con as s
he a ious echniques a ailable in he sec o , analyzing hei s eng hs and weaknesses, o
adap hem a o ably o he case s udy. The analysis and es s ca ied ou on he a ious
op ions by he esea che s ha e inally made i possible o o m an e icien me hodology
ha allows he use o di e en echnologies, such as UAV pho og amme y and PLS
scanning, which complemen each o he , in o de o sus ain and s eng hen he HBIM
conse a ion p ojec . These p ocesses a e e y alid o be applied in he in o ma ion
model o a his o ic building and o moni o he conse a ion p ocesses. In his way, he
da a ha low o e ime a e auscul a ed, compa ed, and analyzed, helping o make mo e
Buildings 2025,15, 1990 25 o 26
accu a e and accu a e decisions. Wi hou o ge ing ha he pa ame ic model o he HBIM
p ojec is upda ed seman ically and accu a ely, so he e ec i eness and sol ency o he
da a is always gua an eed, es ablishing an e ec i e and ac i e p ojec o conse a ion and
es o a ion wo k.
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, E.N.-J., M.D.R. and J.M.; me hodology, E.N.-J.; so wa e,
E.N.-J.; alida ion, E.N.-J. and J.M.; o mal analysis, E.N.-J., M.D.R. and J.M.; in es iga ion, E.N.-J.,
M.D.R., J.M. and S.B.; esou ces, M.D.R., E.N.-J. and J.M.; da a cu a ion, E.N.-J. and J.M.; w i ing—
o iginal d a p epa a ion, E.N.-J. and J.M.; w i ing— e iew and edi ing, E.N.-J., J.M. and M.D.R.;
isualiza ion, E.N.-J.; supe ision, E.N.-J., J.M. and M.D.R.; p ojec adminis a ion, E.N.-J.; unding
acquisi ion, M.D.R. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch was unded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, g an PID 2020-
115786 GB-100.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : The da a p esen ed in his s udy a e a ailable upon eques om he
co esponding au ho , as a e he aw da a suppo ing he conclusions. In e e ence o su ey da a
by scanning and pho og amme y, hey canno be p o ided o secu i y easons; he building is he
headqua e s o he Conseje ía de Cul u a o he Jun a de Andalucía.
Acknowledgmen s: We exp ess ou g a i ude o he Minis y o Cul u e (Conseje ía de Cul u a) o he
Jun a de Andalucía o he acili ies p o ided o ca y ou he scanning and da a collec ion wo k on
he acade o he Miguel de Maña a Palace. Simila ly, we exp ess g a i ude o he Andalusian Ins i u e
o His o ical He i age o he in o ma ion p o ided, especially in e e ence o he his o ical documen s
collec ed, he in e en ion p ocesses, and he es o a ion p ojec s ha ha e a ec ed he building.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es . The unde s had no ole in he design
o he s udy; in he collec ion, analyses, o in e p e a ion o da a; in he w i ing o he manusc ip ; o
in he decision o publish he esul s.
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