Cellular domesticities: lessons from The City In Space and its relevance in Barcelona's contemporary debates on flexible and collective housing

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ASTRÁGALO. Cul u a de la A qui ec u a y de la Ciudad, 38 (2025). ISSNe: 2469-0503
A ibu ion-NonComme cial-Sha eAlike. A icle
h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/as agalo.2025.i38.08
Recei ed: 06/11/2024 | App o ed: 28/03/2025
CELLULAR DOMESTICITIES: LESSONS FROM THE
CITY IN SPACE AND ITS RELEVANCE IN BARCELONA’S
CONTEMPORARY DEBATES ON FLEXIBLE AND
COLLECTIVE HOUSING / DOMESTICIDADES CELULARES:
LECCIONES DE LA CIUDAD EN EL ESPACIO Y SU
RELEVANCIA EN LOS DEBATES CONTEMPORÁNEOS DE
BARCELONA SOBRE VIVIENDA FLEXIBLE Y COLECTIVA
/ DOMESTICIDADES CELULARES: LIÇÕES DE THE
CITY IN SPACE E SUA RELEVÂNCIA PARA OS DEBATES
CONTEMPORÂNEOS DE BARCELONA SOBRE MORADIAS
FLEXÍVEIS E COLETIVAS
Raül A illa-Royo
Uni e sidad Poli écnica de Ca aluña (ETSAB-UPC), Depa amen o de P oyec os
A qui ec ónicos, Escuela Técnica Supe io de A qui ec u a de Ba celona, España
aul.a ill[email p o ec ed] 0000-0002-2371-6226
ABSTRACT
The Ci y in Space was an expe imen al housing esea ch p ojec de eloped by Talle d’A qui ec u a
be ween 1968 and 1975. Led by Rica do Bo ill, his mul idisciplina y collec i e explo ed new
ways o li ing h ough an app oach ha combined u opia and ealism o add ess Spain’s a o dable
housing c isis. As an al e na i e o he social housing p omo ed by he mili a y egime om he
la e 1960s, Talle p oposed a design sys em based on a domes ic cellula uni ha ede ined
undamen al aspec s o collec i e housing: minimum housing, spa ial lexibili y, modula i y,
indus ializa ion, and s a egies o coun e ac he s igma iza ion o low-cos housing. Fi y yea s
la e , many o hese issues emain ele an . Spain’s housing c isis con inues un esol ed, d i ing
enewed in e es in la ge-scale public housing cons uc ion. A he same ime, design s a egies
based on non-hie a chical and in e connec ed housing cells ha e e-eme ged, while he concep
o housing as a amewo k o communal li e has gained ac ion wi h he ise o housing
coope a i es. This a icle e isi s Talle d’A qui ec u a’s esea ch om a con empo a y
pe spec i e, analyzing i s impac and ele ance in he cu en con ex . Th ough a c i ical eading
o i s design p inciples and spa ial applica ions, undamen al insigh s a e d awn o e hinking
a o dable housing wi hin he amewo k o u ban and social ans o ma ion.
Keywo ds: modula a chi ec u e, collec i e housing, a o dable housing, coope a i e housing, The
Ci y in Space.
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RESUMEN
La Ciudad en el Espacio ue un p oyec o expe imen al de in es igación sob e i ienda desa ollado
po el Talle d’A qui ec u a en e 1968 y 1975. Di igido po Rica do Bo ill, es e colec i o
mul idisciplina explo ó nue as o mas de habi a median e un en oque que combinaba u opía y
ealismo pa a esponde a la c isis de i ienda asequible en España. Como al e na i a a la i ienda
social p omo ida po el égimen mili a desde inales de los años 60, Talle p opuso un sis ema de
diseño basado en una unidad celula domés ica que ede inió aspec os undamen ales de la i ienda
colec i a: la i ienda mínima, la lexibilidad espacial, la modula idad, la indus ialización y
es a egias pa a con a es a la es igma ización de la i ienda de bajo cos e. Cincuen a años
después, muchas de es as cues iones siguen siendo pe inen es. La c isis de i ienda en España
con inúa sin esol e se, impulsando un eno ado in e és en la cons ucción masi a de i ienda
pública. Pa alelamen e, han esu gido es a egias de diseño basadas en células habi acionales no
je á quicas e in e conec adas, mien as que el concep o de i ienda como sopo e pa a la ida en
comunidad ha cob ado ue za con el auge de coope a i as de i ienda. Es e a ículo e isi a la
in es igación del Talle d’A qui ec u a desde una pe spec i a con empo ánea, analizando su
impac o y su igencia en el con ex o ac ual. A a és de una lec u a c í ica de sus p incipios de
diseño y sus aplicaciones espaciales, se ex aen cla es undamen ales pa a epensa la i ienda
asequible en el ma co de la ans o mación u bana y social.
Palab as cla e: a qui ec u a modula , i ienda colec i a, i ienda asequible, i ienda coope a i a, La
Ciudad en el Espacio.
RESUMO
The Ci y in Space oi um p oje o expe imen al de pesquisa sob e habi ação desen ol ido pelo Talle
d’A qui ec u a en e 1968 e 1975. Lide ado po Rica do Bo ill, es e cole i o mul idisciplina
explo ou no as o mas de habi a po meio de uma abo dagem que combina a u opia e ealismo
pa a esponde à c ise de habi ação acessí el na Espanha. Como al e na i a à habi ação social
p omo ida pelo egime mili a desde o inal dos anos 1960, o Talle p opôs um sis ema de p oje o
baseado em uma unidade celula domés ica que ede iniu aspec os undamen ais da habi ação
cole i a: habi ação mínima, lexibilidade espacial, modula idade, indus ialização e es a égias pa a
comba e a es igma ização da habi ação de baixo cus o. Cinquen a anos depois, mui as dessas
ques ões con inuam ele an es. A c ise habi acional na Espanha pe manece sem solução,
impulsionando um eno ado in e esse na cons ução em la ga escala de habi ação pública. Ao
mesmo empo, es a égias de p oje o baseadas em células habi acionais não hie á quicas e
in e conec adas essu gi am, enquan o o concei o de habi ação como es u u a pa a a ida
comuni á ia em ganhado o ça com o c escimen o das coope a i as habi acionais. Es e a igo
e isi a a pesquisa do Talle d’A qui ec u a sob uma pe spec i a con empo ânea, analisando seu
impac o e sua ele ância no con ex o a ual. Po meio de uma lei u a c í ica de seus p incípios de
design e aplicações espaciais, são ex aídas ideias undamen ais pa a epensa a habi ação acessí el
no con ex o da ans o mação u bana e social.
Pala as-cha e: a qui e u a modula , habi ação cole i a, habi ação acessí el, habi ação coope a i a, A
Cidade no Espaço.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Council housing a chi ec u e in ecen Eu opean his o y has long been subjec o ex ensi e
c i icism, bo h quan i a i ely and quali a i ely (Solà-Mo ales 2008; Fe nández Salgado 2020), bu
e y ew a chi ec s we e able o p opose and execu e la ge-scale, iable al e na i es. In he ea ly
1960s, a e comple ing se e al high-s anda d housing p ojec s wi hin Ba celona’s compac u ban
ab ic, he mul idisciplina y wo kshop Talle d’A qui ec u a (la e abb e ia ed as “Talle ”), led by a
young Rica do Bo ill, ook he ini ia i e o design and de elop a se ies o a o dable housing p ojec s
ha challenged con en ional app oaches o social housing, bo h spa ially and socially. Fi y yea s
ago, Talle in oduced hemes ha ha e once again become cen al in con empo a y public housing
de elopmen (Cen e Obe d’A qui ec u a - COAC 2025), a e ha ing been la gely neglec ed o
decades. Thei al e na i e app oach ede ined key aspec s o a o dable housing, including he
ypology o minimum-exis ence dwellings, he de ini ion o lexible non-hie a chical domes ic
spaces, modula housing, indus ialisa ion, and p e en ing he s igma iza ion o en associa ed
wi h low-cos housing. Fu he mo e, hese p ojec s we e oo ed in a poli ical ision o housing ha
p io i ized he alues o communal li ing —an app oach ha is now being e i ed wi h he ise o
coope a i e housing (A illa-Royo, Jacoby, & Bilbao 2021).
A e decades o an un esol ed a o dable housing c isis (Colau & Alemany 2012) —whe e
only 3.3% o he housing s ock in Spain is classi ied as a o dable (P o i ienda, Di ección Gene al
de Vi ienda y Suelo 2020)— he e is now a poli ical commi men o he la ge-scale cons uc ion o
public housing h ough he es ablishmen o a na ional public housing company (No iega 2025). In
his con ex , e iewing Talle ’s wo k du ing he esea ch on The Ci y in Space can p o ide aluable
insigh s in o add essing con empo a y challenges.
The esea ch me hods o his pape include a bibliog aphic e iew o his o ical jou nals whe e
he wo k was published (L’A chi ec u e d’Aujo d’hui 1970; L’A chi ec u e d’Aujo d’hui 1975; Rayne
Banham 1975) alongside monog aphs on Talle d’A qui ec u a ha con ex ualize i s ajec o y
(Guedes, Hodgkinson, & Jencks 1981; R. Bo ill 1985; R. Bo ill & James 1988). Addi ionally, he s udy
inco po a es an analysis o unpublished a chi al documen a ion p o ided by Talle d’A qui ec u a,
along wi h he ed awing o p ojec dwellings and mas e plans. As Sam Jacoby (2016) explains, his
esea ch me hod enables a deepe unde s anding o a chi ec u al decision-making. Field esea ch
included isi s o a ious buildings and an in e iew wi h Anna Bo ill, a key membe o he Talle
du ing he esea ch o The Ci y in Space.
Se e al p io s udies ha e explo ed La Ciudad en el Espacio om di e en pe spec i es.
Cas ellanos Gómez, Domingo Calabuig, and To es Cueco (2011) analyze i as a ma building,
while Ál a ez A ce, Gal án Des aux, and Ma ínez Rod íguez (2021) examine he ole o models as
ins umen al ools o design aking The Ci y in Space as case s udy. B oadben (1975) desc ibed
Talle as ha ing “ he bu ning con ic ion ha people should be o e ed buildings di e en in kind
om hose he a e age a chi ec designs” and de ined The Ci y in Space as “an embodimen o
u ban eedom,” linking u ban o m wi h social beha iou . Expanding on his, Ma o ell A gemí
(2022) in es iga es i s ela ionship wi h Hen i Le eb e and Ma io Ga i ia om an u ban sociology
pe spec i e. Mo e ecen ly, Ál a ez A ce and Gal án Des aux (2023) emphasize he in e connec ion
be ween space, he psychology o i s use, and modes o li ing, ocusing on he ela ionship be ween
indi iduals and hei expe ience o inhabi ing su ounding spaces h ough he explo a ion o La
Ciudad en el Espacio.
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In his con ex , and gi en he ecen in e es in public housing o e isi hemes an icipa ed in
The Ci y in Space, his pape examines i s modula de elopmen o domes ic space and u ban scale.
The aim is o d aw conclusions ha can in o m he design o modula p ojec s based on domes ic
spa ial s uc u es.
2. “AGAINST INDIFFERENCE AND VULGARITY”: SPAIN IN THE 1970S
A e he Spanish Ci il Wa (1936-1939), Spain became a mili a y dic a o ship unde he ule o
F ancisco F anco, which las ed un il his dea h om na u al causes in 1975. A e he pos -wa
pe iod, in he 1960s, he beginning o indus ializa ion igge ed mass u ban mig a ions, p oducing
an unp eceden ed g ow h o me opoli an a eas and a apid inc ease in in o mal and p eca ious
se lemen s. The ins i u ional esponse o he housing sho age was so-called he Housing Polygons:
la ge pe iphe al mas e plans o endlessly epea ing, a ional, and hygienic housing blocks. In hese
de elopmen s, he indi idual became concealed by he scale o he anonymous block, while he
s ee — educed o an abs ac , emp y en i y— denied he possibili y o communi y o ma ion
(Fig 1, le ). The ea ly 20 h-cen u y mode nis ision o hygienic skysc ape s su ounded by
expansi e g een public spaces and an e icien oad ne wo k emained un ul illed, emphasizing he
c i ical ole o high-quali y sha ed spaces in os e ing social bonds —an aspec he F ancois egime
ac i ely sough o unde mine as pa o i s poli ical s a egy. Fundamen al igh s such as eedom
o assembly, opinion, and exp ession we e s ic ly supp essed.
The Housing Polygons, modeled a e Hen y Robe s’ Model House o Fou Families (1951),
unc ioned as ins umen s o mo al egula ion, en o cing social di isions in wo key ways: i s , by
isola ing amilies wi hin seg ega ed e i o ies o limi unwan ed social in e ac ions, and second,
by ein o cing adi ional amily hie a chies o consolida e pa en al au ho i y (E ans 1978) (Fig 1,
igh ). The. Housing policies, he e o e, we e no me ely p ac ical esponses o u ban g ow h bu
deeply poli ical ools o social con ol. This in en was explici ly a icula ed by José Luis A ese,
Spain’s i s Minis e o Housing, who decla ed in 1957: “We wan a coun y o owne s and no a
coun y o p ole a ians,” wa ning ha “when a man has no home, he akes o he s ee iolen ly.”
Coun e ing i s con ex , Talle ’s esponse was bo h o mal and poli ical, e hinking no only
he spaces whe e socie y dwelled bu also challenging he e y ounda ions o social o ganiza ion
and i s unde lying cons uc s. In opposi ion o he u ban p inciples o he Mode n Mo emen —
which hey c i icized o p o iding he heo e ical amewo k o housing polygons (A. Bo ill 1975;
R. Bo ill e al. 1968)—, he esea ch behind La Ciudad en el Espacio (The Ci y in Space) sough o
ec ea e he complexi y o he adi ional Medi e anean illage wi hin a single building. He e,
densi y would ansla e in o a new idea o communi y, s uc u ed a ound pa ame e s o minimum
dwelling, in as uc u e, ci cula ion, and lexibili y. Acco ding o Talle , a chi ec s om he 1940s
o he 1960s ailed o adequa ely add ess hese issues, as hei educ i e and limi ing disciplina y
app oaches s emmed om agmen ed inqui ies in o his o ical con inui y. In con as , Talle
ad oca ed o “a adical ans o ma ion o he idiosync asies o he p o ession.”
A chi ec u e does no exis .
O ganize he e ol .
Agains A chi ec u e.
I is no possible o oo he whole wo ld.
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The a chi ec mus ans o m d eams in o eali ies.
Bu he o de is in he non- isible.
In which egula es he di e si y o he elemen s and he s uc u es.
THE DEVIL’S MANIFESTO, Talle d’A qui ec u a, 1968
In he De il’s Mani es o (Bo ill Le i 2015), eme ging om he e en s o May 1968, Talle
a icula ed he need o e hink disciplina y no ms and amewo ks, posi ioning hemsel es
be ween p e ailing u opian discou ses and he p ac ical necessi y o ans o ma i e u ban impac .
S a emen s like “A chi ec u e does no exis ” and “Agains A chi ec u e” e lec a call o ein en
con empo a y a chi ec u al discou se and spa ial solu ions, while he wo d “ e ol ” sugges s he
u gency o poli ical change. Meanwhile, ph ases like “ oo he whole wo ld” and “d eams in o eali ies”
o e a c i ical e lec ion on u opian isions, such as Buckmins e Fulle ’s Dome O e New Yo k Ci y
(1960) and o he specula i e p ojec s concei ed wi hou he in en ion o e e being buil . Like
hei con empo a ies A chig am, Cons an Nieuwenhuys, and Yona F iedman, Talle aspi ed o
eimagine social o ganiza ion and u ban o m. Al hough each a chi ec app oached u opian ideals
h ough dis inc o mal and concep ual lenses, he no ion o a “new suspended g ound” eme ged
as a powe ul symbol o ede ining he u ban ounda ion. This concep sough o cul i a e u ban
complexi y and social possibili ies, unbu dened by his o ical legacies. Howe e , Talle ’s pu sui
o a buil u opia —an oxymo on by de ini ion— ine i ably con on ed he cons ain s o eali y:
g a i y, budge , cons uc ion, and poli ical con ex . Beyond hese angible limi a ions, ime and
de e io a ion also posed undamen al challenges. In o he wo ds, by engaging wi h he g ound —
bo h me apho ically and li e ally— eali y became he measu e agains which hese p ojec s we e
ul ima ely assessed.
Fig 1. Le and middle: Righ : The loo plan o Hen i Robe s’ Model House o Fou Families (le ) compa ed o
he Bell i ge loo plan (middle). Bo h ypologies sha e a simila spa ial s uc u e, domes ic space hie a chies, and
a lack o a eas o in e ac ion wi h neighbo s. Sou ce: au ho ’s ed awn plans. Righ : Bell i ge Housing Polygon,
Cons uc ion began in 1965, ep esen ing exac ly wha Talle sough o p opose an al e na i e o: minimal public
housing in epe i i e, la ge-scale anonymous blocks, lacking quali y public spaces and communi y a eas. Pic u e
unde cons uc ion in 1968. Au ho : Manuel Domínguez López. Sou ce: Wikimedia - CC BY-SA 4.0

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3. “A SHELTER IN THE AIR”: HISTORY AND EVOLUTION
I
They wan ed o build
A place e y di e en om hose al eady known,
A e uge in he ai
Agains indi e ence and ulga i y.
The e hey d eamed o a ee space
Like a sco e open o a housand sounds,
Like a chu ch o e lowing wi h incense
Th ough windows and clois e s and ga dens.
Jus like in a ca e o a magic cas le,
E e y hing would change in ha place,
E e y hing would change because in he d eam
Impossible hings happen wi h ease.
Poem “Walden” (pa 1), José Agus ín Goy isolo
English ansla ion by he au ho
Ra he han a ixed o mal ou come, Talle ’s Ci y in Space p oposal was based on a o mless and
non-de e minis ic me hodology, which hey e e ed o as “ he o de o he non- isible.” I was
concei ed as an ongoing esea ch p ocess ha could be momen a ily o malized be o e con inuing i s
e olu ion. Be ween 1968 and 1975, his esea ch ma e ialized in 5 buildings, 1 unbuil mas e plan,
a heo e ical model, and a book-mani es o. These ou comes ha should no be unde s ood in
isola ion, as hey no only o e lapped in ime bu also ep esen ed ozen embodimen s o an
expe imen al inqui y in cons an p og ess (Fig 2). Talle ’s mul idisciplina y composi ion played
a c ucial ole in shaping i s e ol ing con e sa ions, inco po a ing a chi ec s, sociologis s, w i e s,
musicians, ilmmake s, and philosophe s. Founded in 1963 by Rica do Bo ill and his a he , Emilio
Bo ill —an a chi ec and builde — Talle bene i ed om Emilio’s cons uc ion expe ise. Among
his no able wo ks was he Casa Gomis de Bone Cas ellana (1953-1963), an iconic example o
mode n a chi ec u e in Ba celona. In addi ion, M . Ma gale i Vila, who had p e iously wo ked wi h
Emilio Bo ill, se ed as building mas e , con ibu ing i al cons uc ion know-how. Anna Bo ill,
Rica do’s sis e , joined in 1964, ollowed sho ly by English a chi ec Pe e Hodgkinson, a g adua e
o he A chi ec u al Associa ion (whe e A chig am membe s we e based since 1960), who became a
leading igu e in he o ice. The ea lies membe s o Talle included Rica do and Anna Bo ill, w i e
Sal ado Clo as, poe José Agus ín Goy isolo, and a chi ec s Joan Malaga iga, Manuel Núñez
Yanowsky, Dolo s Rocamo a, and ac ess Se ena Ve gano. A ew yea s la e , F ancesc Gua dia and
Xa ie Llis sosella — wo highly skilled Fine A s s uden s, nicknamed he wo swans— joined he
g oup. Talle ’s c ea i e ou pu ex ended a beyond a chi ec u e, encompassing no only buildings
bu also poe y, collages, and e en ilms, such as Schizo (1972).
The i s buil p ojec was Ba i Gaudí (Gaudí Neighbou hood), loca ed on he pe iphe y o
Reus (1968), ep esen ing he i s a emp o ealize a la ge-scale a o dable housing mas e plan.
Designed as a ma -building, i s simple symme y and epe i ion o h ee housing uni s allowed
o con inuous expansion, c ea ing a sys em o ele a ed s ee s and squa es in ended as leisu e
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and mee ing spaces (Fig 3). O e ime, his sys em was en isioned o e ol e in o an u ban
issue wi h no esidual spaces, ensu ing a seamless con inui y be ween in e io and ex e io , as
well as be ween indi idual and communi y. The s acking o modules, combined wi h ypological
a ia ions and sligh açade ede ini ions on ce ain loo s, downscaled he isual impac while
ein o cing a cellula appea ance, cha ac e ized by a o mal in en ion o abs ac ion bo h in he
o e all composi ion and in speci ic elemen s such as balconies, plan e s, and chimneys. Howe e ,
despi e his isual e ec , he s uc u e nei he employed cellula cons uc ion echniques no
ea u ed cellula domes ic spaces. Ins ead, i ollowed a ela i ely con en ional layou , composed
o mul iple ooms a icula ed h ough a cen al co ido . As a esul , he dis ibu ion su e ed om
he cons ain s imposed by i s adap a ion o a cellula ex e io , leading o an ambiguous domes ic
Fig 2. Top: The esea ch p ojec s comp ising The Ci y in Space include Ba i Gaudí, Ka ka’s Cas le, Xanadú, The
Red Wall, and Walden 7, all o which we e comple ed. In con as , Mo a alaz (also named The Ci y in Space, as
he whole esea ch) was hal ed be o e cons uc ion, while Model M37 emained a heo e ical concep , p esen ed
in he mani es o-book Towa ds a Fo maliza ion o The Ci y in Space (1968). Sou ce: cou esy o A chi o Bo ill Talle
de A qui ec u a. Below: A imeline con ex ualizes hese p ojec s, illus a ing hei pa allel de elopmen despi e
a ying comple ion da es. I also si ua es hem alongside Talle ’s ea lie high-s anda d housing p ojec s, such as
Pe ez Ab e o, Back S ee , and Nica agua S ee . Sou ce: au ho .
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spa ial o ganiza ion. Despi e i s many cons uc ional and spa ial inconsis encies, Ba i Gaudí
se ed as a adical expe imen , plan ing he seeds o s a egies and conce ns ha would be u he
explo ed in he yea s o come.
Talle ’s membe s soon ecognized he need o o e come he limi a ions o Ba i Gaudí’s wo-
dimensional g ow h and o explo e he complexi y o h ee-dimensional s uc u es. Ha ing joined
Talle in 1964 and ini ially wo king on Ba i Gaudí, Anna Bo ill —eigh yea s younge han he
b o he Rica do— became a key igu e in his shi . Ra he han an a o composi ion o o mal
design, Talle ’s app oach was g ounded in sys emic ules ha de ined “an adequa e s uc u e o
each building solu ion”, a p inciple hey e e ed o as “ he s uc u al o de .” Beyond he ole as an
a chi ec , Anna was also a musician wi h a pa icula in e es in ma hema ics and expe imen al
Fig. 3. Ba i Gaudí in Reus, 1968. Le : Typological diag ams. Righ : Pho og aph aken sho ly a e cons uc ion.
Sou ce: cou esy o A chi o Bo ill Talle de A qui ec u a.
Fig 4. Anna Bo ill’s doc o al disse a ion: “Con ibución al es udio de la gene ación geomé ica de o mas a qui-
ec ónicas y u banas”, ETSAB, 1975. Some o he hesis images clea ly e e ence ongoing p ojec s om he Talle
a he ime: he second and hi d images om he le depic Ka ka’s Cas le, while he one on he igh shows he
gene a i e sys em o Mo a alaz. Sou ce: Cou esy o Anna Bo ill.
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music ha elied on p obabili ies and al e a ions o sys emic ules— a key aspec h oughou he
en i e esea ch o The Ci y in Space. He doc o al hesis a he Ba celona School o A chi ec u e
(ETSAB) p o ided he ma hema ical amewo k o he spa ial de elopmen o The Ci y in Space
h ough an analysis o he Theo y o Isome ies —a me hod applying sys ema ic igid mo emen s
o a solid olume o gene a e a new spa ial sys em wi hou de o ming he o iginal mass (A. Bo ill
1975)”gen e”:”Doc o al hesis”,”language”:”spa”,”license”:”ADVERTIMENT. L’accés als con ingu s
d’aques a esi doc o al i la se a u ili zació ha de espec a els d e s de la pe sona au o a. Po se
u ili zada pe a consul a o es udi pe sonal, així com en ac i i a s o ma e ials d’in es igació i docència
en els e mes es able s a l’a . 32 del Tex Re ós de la Llei de P opie a In el·lec ual (RDL 1/1996.
The s a ing poin was he de ini ion o a minimum habi able cell, which was hen i e a ed h ough
mul iple ans o ma ions, wi h non- alid esul s disca ded based on geome ic and quali a i e
c i e ia (Fig 4). This p ocess o cellula agg ega ion led o inc easingly complex spa ial and social
s uc u es, gene a ing in e s i ial spaces ha accommoda ed sha ed, communi y uses.
In 1968, Talle published Hacia una o malización de la ciudad en el espacio (Towa ds a
Fo maliza ion o The Ci y in Space) (R. Bo ill e al. 1968), p esen ed in a box whose con en s appea ed
o exceed i s physical limi s. Designed as a double-bound book wi h no clea beginning o end, i
was accompanied by a la ge pos e ea u ing slogans such as “un-con en ionalizing he o ms o li e
and ela ionships” and “why do Bonzons bu n hemsel es?” Wi h an explici c i ique o he Mode n
Mo emen and d awing hea y in luence om bo h e nacula Medi e anean a chi ec u e and pop
endencies, he book posi ioned he a chi ec ’s ole as analogous o ha o a scien is . I a gued
ha con ol mechanisms should be employed o de elop “ o mal models, based on he economy,
he psychology o beha iou , he heo y o in o ma ion and he calcula ion o p obabili ies”.
Simul aneously, he publica ion encou aged eade s o ake an ac i e ole in shaping he sys em by
including cu -ou s ha allowed hem o design hei own u ban g ow h beyond he book’s con ines.
This pa icipa o y app oach was exempli ied h ough he p esen a ion o he h ee-dimensional
specula i e p o o ype Model M37. Unlike o he p ojec s in The Ci y in Space, Model M37 was
based on a la ge-scale 72-me e cube ha ope a ed h ough cellula subdi ision a he han by
agg ega ing smalle uni s.
Also in 1968 Talle published he book Hacia una o malizacion de la ciudad en el espacio (Towa ds
a Fo maliza ion o The Ci y in Space), p esen ed in a box whose con en appea ed o exceed i s physical
limi s. As a double-bound book wi h no beginning and no end, i was accompanied by a la ge pos e
wi h slogans like “un-con en ionalising he o ms o li e and ela ionship” o “why do Bonzons
bu n hemsel es?”. Wi h an explici c i ique on Mode n Mo emen and hea ily in luenced by bo h
e nacula Medi e anean a chi ec u e and pop endencies, a chi ec s’ wo k was conside ed o be
analogous o ha o a scien is , and ha con ol mechanisms should be used o de elop In pa allel,
i also encou aged he eade o ake an ac i e ole in he de elopmen o he sys em h ough
he inclusion o cu -ou s which allowed he eade o design hei own u ban g ow h ou side he
book. This sys em was exempli ied h ough he p esen a ion o he h ee-dimensional specula i e
p o o ype ‘Model M37,’ which, unlike o he p ojec s in The Ci y in Space, was based on a la ge-scale
72-me e cube ha ope a ed h ough cellula subdi ision a he han by agg ega ing smalle uni s.
Two yea s la e , The Ci y in Space p ojec in Mo a alaz (1970) —sha ing i s name wi h he
o e a ching esea ch— became he i s oppo uni y o es he sys em a a la ge scale. In his
p ojec , he bea ing and cellula sys ems o e lapped, u ilizing wo ypes o pilla s ha ensu ed
he sys em’s lexibili y by in eg a ing essen ial sani a y in as uc u es. Façades we e designed as
p e ab ica ed elemen s, allowing dwelle s he eedom o de ine hei own homes, hus es ing he
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ne e ha e been echnologically d i en gi en
he con ex o de eloping a o dable housing
in a non-indus ialized coun y. Mo a alaz
inco po a ed a p e ab ica ed panel sys em
and alloca ed spaces o u u e in as uc u e
ins alla ions wi hin i s s uc u e, ye i
was ne e buil . Howe e , in o he cases
ha we e cons uc ed, p ojec s had o be
undamen ally econside ed o adap o
mo e con en ional s uc u es, such as he
o iginal plug-in concep o Ka ka’s Cas le
o he diagonalized s uc u e o Walden 7,
which pa adoxically ended up esembling
a la ge-scale e sion o Le Co busie ’s
Dom-Ino amewo k. On he o he hand, one
could a gue ha adi ional me hods enabled
ex emely low cons uc ion cos s, ensu ing
easibili y — o example, Model M37 cos
4,500 p as/m² (€27/m²) in he 1970s.
Fig 10. Gene a i e s a egies om he cell o he u ban issue. Analsys by he au ho .
Fig. 11. The Ci y in Space p ojec s o ganised acco ding
o he complexi y o he cell and he complexi y o he
u ban sys em. Sou ce: au ho .

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The appa en cons uc i e con adic ion eme ged in he la e 1970s when, due o he
expe ience wi h Walden 7, Talle decided o pu sue p ojec s in F ance, an indus ialized coun y
whe e p e ab ica ion o componen s was possible. Ra he han de eloping a ia ions o The Ci y
in Space, as hey had done wi h wo p e ious unbuil F ench p ojec s, he Mon eca lo Ho se
(1969) and Pe i e Ca héd ale (1971), a e Walden 7, Talle op ed o a comple ely di e en
app oach, ocusing on la ge-scale de elopmen s wi h classical u ban and a chi ec u al languages,
as exempli ied by he Ab axas complex (1975). Talle ’s a chi ec u al linguis ic shi was me
wi h s ong c i icism om a chi ec s and in ellec uals, ye i was also suppo ed by igu es like
Cha les Jencks, who saw in Bo ill a isiona y capable o ein en ing himsel (Guedes, Hodgkinson,
& Jencks 1981). This disciplina y shi owa ds a mo e comme cial a chi ec u e led o in e nal
di isions, esul ing in he depa u e o some membe s om Talle , including Anna Bo ill, who
le a e he Ab axas p ojec . In addi ion o de eloping he own p ojec s, she became a pionee in
gende s udies applied o u banism in Spain. No ably, he esea ch o The Ci y in Space coincided
wi h Anna Bo ill’s enu e a Talle .
5. “TIME WILL LEAVE MARKS ON THE WALLS”: A CONTEMPORARY
PERSPECTIVE
III
I a wish is beau i ul,
I changes eali y e en i i ails,
And hus one can see wha is made
As some hing unusual and su p ising.
The e, di e en ways o li e a e blended,
The e is a ce ain in imacy in he hi e.
One inds places o mee ing and es ,
De ying he ai wi h hei ambiguous o ms.
O wha happened wi h ha p ojec ,
Time will lea e ma ks on he walls.
I he d eam ailed, i was because e e y hing
Had been p epa ed o i o happen ha way.
Poem “Walden” (pa 3), José Agus ín Goy isolo
English ansla ion by he au ho
As we each he 50 h anni e sa y o he p ojec ’s high poin , he cons uc ion o Walden 7
in 1975, i is wo h conside ing he ele ance and impac ha The Ci y in Space has had on
con empo a y a chi ec u al deba es wi hin i s immedia e con ex , he ci y o Ba celona,
posi ioning Talle ’s esea ch as ahead o i s ime in e ms o he discussions and p ojec
s a egies i in oduced. F om all he domes ic expe imen a ion, h ee main hemes s and ou :
he de ini ion o minimum housing, he design o he building om i s cell and he lexibili y
possibili ies ha a ise om i , and he poli ical dimension o housing linked o communi y li e,
sha ed spaces, and use app op ia ion.
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Fi s , Talle d’A qui ec u a emba ked on a esea ch p ojec ocused on he minimum size o
housing. This ecu ing deba e h oughou he 20 h cen u y (Teige 2002; Klein 1980), pa icula ly
du ing he econs uc ion o Eu ope a e Wo ld Wa II, is once again on he poli ical agenda. The
ising cos s o cons uc ion and land alue a e educing he s anda d sizes o new housing. In
2005, Spanish Minis e o Housing Ma ía An onia T ujillo p oposed educing he minimum size
o public housing o 30m² (Galindo 2005), a measu e ha coincides wi h he one es ed in he
minimal cells o Walden 7. Howe e , Walden 7 was designed wi h uni s anging om 1 o 4 cells,
depending on household size. Al hough in isible om he ex e io , nume ous ans o ma ions
and combina ions o cells ha e aken place o e he yea s, wi h some uni s now eaching up o 8
cells. Pa adoxically, a s uc u e as seemingly immo able as Walden 7 has p o en o be much mo e
lexible han o he a chi ec u es designed o adap abili y ho ough plug-in s uc u es. Jus as
an example, no uni was e e added, emo ed, o eloca ed in he Nakagin Capsule Towe o e
i s 50 yea s o exis ence (1972-2022), hough his does no diminish i s a chi ec u al alue o
cons uc i e expe imen a ion. Flexibili y p o ed mo e e ec i e when planning an in e connec ed
cell sys em wi h a acili a i e in as uc u e a he han h ough he no ion o he disposable ci y,
wi h capsules o speci ic uses, as seen in A chig am. In o he wo ds, in e nal lexibili y has p o en
o be mo e adap able han ex e nal lexibili y.
Second, he esponse o lexibili y h ough he design o housing composed o indi idual
ooms has become a well-es ablished a chi ec u al s a egy in Ba celona o e he pas decade,
demons a ing a shi in he way buildings a e concei ed owa d cellula loo plans, whe e he
uni ha cons i u es he building is no he dwelling i sel bu a he he indi idual oom (Fig
12). In ecen a chi ec u al logic, he loo plan is concep ualized as a sum o cells —neu al
Fig 12. The shi in he way domes ic spaces a e planned owa ds a cellula logic. A: A ecen example p eceding
he change: MIM-A and Juan He e os, Edi icio Ca acol, 2009-2019 ( agmen ). B—F: Examples o housing
o ganized in a cellula manne . Excep o B, all a e public housing p ojec s. B: 110 Rooms, Maio, 2016. C: Housing
in T ini a No a, Na ch + Mai a A qui ec es + DATAAE, 2018-2023 ( agmen ). D: Compe i ion P oposal, Ca les
En ich, 2018. E: H A qui ec es, Ga à Housing, 2017-2022. F: Pisa Housing, Pe is To al, 2017-2020. Sou ce:
ed awings by he au ho .
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ooms— equalizing he dimensions o bed ooms, li ing ooms, and ki chen-dining a eas. Simila
o he e olu ion o The Ci y in Space, he oom-cell has been simpli ied and has los specializa ion
(p e iously dic a ed by oom size, which condi ioned i s unc ion. See example A, Fig 12), allowing
o iche agg ega ion. The in e connec ion o hese ooms p o ides, on he one hand, g ea
lexibili y in he use o he space due o he gene ous oom sizes. On he o he hand, in some
cases, he posi ions o he dining and li ing a eas a e in e changeable. Howe e , wo dis inc
cha ac e is ics eme ge as limi ing ac o s in he cu en sys em when compa ed wi h The Ci y
in Space. Fi s , due o egula o y e olu ion (namely (Código Técnico de la Edi icación 2006; Dec e
Llei 141/2012 2012) —which, while ensu ing minimum housing s anda ds, also es ic s ce ain
ypological solu ions. Combined wi h inc easingly smalle housing size s anda ds, he e has no
been a duplex ypology in public housing in Ba celona o a leas 20 yea s. As a esul , he ichness
o he h ee-dimensional sys em is los , educing i o a wo-dimensional one —like i The Ci y
in Space would ne e ha e abandoned he bidimensionali y o Ba i Gaudí’s ho izon al g ow h.
I spa ial ichness in sec ion is los , simple s acking o loo s emains. Second, hese p ojec s a e
usually de eloped on si es whe e olume y is p ede e mined by u ban egula ions. By con as ,
he p ojec s o The Ci y in Space allowed o o mal explo a ion a hei ou e limi s. Con empo a y
housing designs s a om he pe ime e and mo e inwa d, a he han beginning wi h he cell o
de e mine he building’s o e all o m based on ha uni .
Thi d, Ba celona is cu en ly expe iencing a ise in coope a i e housing unde a g an -o -use
model, cha ac e ized by sha ed owne ship and collec i e managemen o space, wi h a ypological
app oach ha educes p i a e space in a o o expanding common a eas (A illa-Royo, Jacoby,
& Bilbao 2021). As The Ci y in Space, coope a i e housing unde g an -o -use acknowledges he
poli ical dimension o housing. In his ega d, The Ci y in Space p o ides a his o ical pe spec i e on
he e olu ion o sha ed spaces and hei ole in u ban li ing. Un o una ely, he cancella ion o he
Mo a alaz p ojec makes i impossible o e alua e wha migh ha e occu ed, as i was concei ed
as a coope a i e p ojec — hough wi h a model e y di e en om oday’s coope a i es, whe e
owne ship emains collec i ely managed o e ime (Fe nández & Mi ó 2016).
In he Gaudí neighbo hood in Reus, common a eas ha e o en been unde u ilized, and
oo op laund y spaces ha e been enclosed wi h me al g a es (Fig 13). The apa men s a e la gely
disconnec ed om he co ido s, elimina ing he “eyes on he s ee ” e ec ha Jane Jacobs a gued
os e s a sense o collec i e ca e among neighbo s (Jacobs 1961). Buildings like Walden ea u e
be e -main ained common spaces, hough hey also exhibi a igid sepa a ion be ween p i a e
and communal a eas —an issue ha coope a i e housing ac i ely seeks o add ess. A pa icula ly
ele an aspec highligh ed by con empo a y images o Ba i Gaudí (Fig 13) is he lack o a cohesi e
communi y ha akes ca e o sha ed spaces.
Despi e he g adual decline o sel -managemen ideals, Walden 7 is widely ega ded as a success
in os e ing a s ong sense o communi y and iden i y h ough i s a chi ec u al design (Bosch
1997). The con inued high demand o housing wi hin he complex a es s o i s endu ing appeal.
Howe e , he limi ed physical in e ac ion be ween apa men s and sha ed co ido s in Walden 7
has es ic ed he app op ia ion o communal spaces —unlike in Ba i Gaudí, whe e la ge , ye
o en unde used, common a eas p o ided mo e po en ial o social engagemen . Ensu ing he
success o communal spaces equi es mo e han hei me e p o ision; an op imal connec ion
wi h dwellings h ough well-in eg a ed in e media e spaces is essen ial o os e ing meaning ul
app op ia ion and use.
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Communi y social ela ions also play a undamen al ole. Fi s , du ing he building’s
ges a ion, i —as in he case o coope a i e housing— he communi y p ecedes he building, i
os e s s onge social bonds om he ou se . In con as , public housing ollows a model whe e
he building is designed inco po a ing communal spaces wi h he expec a ion ha esiden s will
use hem esponsibly. Howe e , hese spaces a e o en closed o o p e en po en ial con lic s,
p io i izing he a oidance o nega i e consequences o e he encou agemen o posi i e communal
in e ac ions (A illa-Royo & Bilbao España 2024). This unde sco es he impo ance o os e ing
communi y cohesion om he ea lies s ages o a p ojec ’s de elopmen .
Second, he way common spaces a e u ilized is hea ily in luenced by he owne ship s uc u e.
In indi idual owne ship models, communal a eas end o be less ac i ely app op ia ed compa ed o
coope a i e housing, whe e esiden s sha e bo h he esponsibili y and he bene i s o main aining
and managing hese spaces. Communal li ing is no only a ma e o ypology bu , abo e all, one
o coexis ence, al hough shaped by spa iali y and ma e iali y. To ensu e ha gene ously designed
communal spaces ul ill hei in ended unc ion, social suppo mechanisms (sel -managed o
p o essional) should be in eg a ed in o he managemen amewo k. This is pa icula ly ele an in
cases whe e esiden s a e in ulne able condi ions. Ensu ing espec ul use p e en s bo h physical
deg ada ion and dis u bances o esiden s.
Despi e Rica do Bo ill’s epudia ion o The Ci y in Space as a “ ailu e” and an example o “wha
shouldn’ be done” (R. Bo ill 2015), Talle demons a ed he easibili y o bo h quali a i e and
quan i a i e imp o emen s in a o dable housing. While deba es and expe imen s a ound a o dable
housing, collec i e spaces, and cellula a chi ec u e we e widesp ead in he 1960s, wha makes Talle ’s
wo k ema kable is i s de e mina ion o ansla e hese discou ses in o buil eali y despi e signi ican
challenges. This was achie ed h ough a sys ema ic linguis ic and spa ial expe imen a ion ha pushed
he bounda ies o a chi ec u al design me hods and disciplina y con en ions. The monumen aliza ion
Fig 13. Th ee pic u es o Ba i Gaudí aken by he au ho du ing a isi in 2024. Le : En y doo o a house
accessed h ough a sha ed co ido . The house is he me ically enclosed, o e ing e y limi ed possibili ies o social
in e ac ion wi h sha ed a eas. Middle: View o he oo op, showing designa ed laund y spaces enclosed in me al
cages. The dwellings on he uppe co ido a e also secu ed wi h me al ba s. Righ : A gene ous communal oo op,
ye unde u ilized. The h ee images highligh he lack o use and app op ia ion o communal spaces and illus a e
how housing, ins ead o opening up o sha ed spaces, ends o isola e i sel om hem.
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o a o dable housing os e ed a unique sense o iden i y and p ide, despi e he equen s igma iza ion
o low-cos pe iphe al de elopmen s. This could only be achie ed by add essing he collec i e dimension
o communi y and ede ining he u ban app oach — scaling up om he indi idual cell a he han
imposing a p ede e mined, a ionalized subdi ision o space. In his way, he ci y was concei ed
om he domes ic and indi idual ou wa d in olume ic e ms, a he han h ough he s acking o
epe i i e loo s and he compa men aliza ion o u ban and domes ic spaces.
By designing a gene a i e sys em a he han a ixed o mal ou come, Talle ’s esea ch and
design expe imen s acknowledged he inhe en ly uns able and e ol ing na u e o he ci y. Thei
wo k le behind a se ies o u opian ma e ializa ions, each adap ed o speci ic con ex s, o e ing a
adical al e na i e o con en ional u ban planning. Ul ima ely, hei p ojec s s and as a es amen
o he idea ha a chi ec u e can only be e olu iona y when i is bo h poli ically awa e and
physically cons uc ed.
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BRIEF CV
Raül A illa-Royo is an a chi ec om he Ba celona School o A chi ec u e (ETSAB-UPC), holds
a mas e ’s deg ee om he A chi ec u al Associa ion (AA), and a PhD om he Royal College o
A (RCA) in London. He is a membe o he a chi ec s’ coope a i e MUTU and he A qui ec xs
de Cabece a collec i e, a g oup ha seeks o b ing he ole o he a chi ec close o he public and
ad oca es o a chi ec u al pedagogy as a ool o social ans o ma ion. His esea ch ocuses on
he a chi ec ’s ole as a acili a o , collabo a i e u ban ans o ma ion p ocesses, and public and
coope a i e housing. He has published a ious a icles on collec i e housing, bo h coope a i e and
public, and is he au ho o he book Collabo a i e Tools o Communi y A chi ec u e (A quine, 2023).
He has augh a he A chi ec u al Associa ion and cu en ly eaches a ETSAB-UPC in Ba celona.