Co po a e en ep eneu ship s a egy:
measu ing andmapping animpac model
Ped o Baena‑Luna1* and Es he Ga cía‑Río2
In oduc ion
In ecen yea s, en ep eneu ship has a ac ed g ea in e es in di e en ields (Ku a ko
e al., 2015a, 2015b; Ma ques e al., 2018). Fu he mo e, i is usual ha in imes o eco-
nomic c isis, he ocus is on en ep eneu ship (Cha es-Maza & Fed iani, 2025). A a
global le el, i cu en ly occupies a unique posi ion owing o i s ans o ma i e capac-
i y and po en ial o adical change. En ep eneu ship is shaped by demog aphic, e h-
nic, o ganiza ional, ins i u ional, socioeconomic, geog aphical, cul u al, and e en bo de
ac o s (Ku a ko & Mo is, 2018). Gi en i s mul idimensional dimension, i has been
s udied om di e en pe spec i es (Aud e sch e al., 2015; Ku a ko & Mo is, 2018).
One example o i s mul i ace ed cha ac e is wha has become known as “co po-
a e en ep eneu ship” (CE) (Aud e sch e al., 2015; Ku a ko & Mo is, 2018). CE p o-
mo es s a egic agili y, lexibili y, c ea i i y, and con inual inno a ion (U bano e al.,
2022). As an en ep eneu ial ac i i y, i in ol es pu suing ac ions o seize oppo u-
ni ies ha c ea e alue and in ol e isks os e ing inno a ion o achie e a compe i-
i e ad an age (D’Angelo e al., 2024). Howe e , i does no necessa ily equi e he
Abs ac
Resea ch s udies on co po a e en ep eneu ship ha e been inc easing in ecen
yea s. This is a consequence o he in e es in en ep eneu ship, he need o s a egic
enewal, and he p omo ion o inno a ion in i ms. The co po a e en ep eneu ship
s a egy is pa o co po a e en ep eneu ship, and one o he mos equen ly used
models in scien i ic esea ch is one p oposed by I eland, Co in, & Ku a ko. This esea ch
pape conduc s a sys ema ic e iew o he li e a u e o analyze he use and applica‑
ion o his model. The scien i ic da abases consul ed we e Web o Science and Scopus,
wi h an ini ial esul o 1133 a icles. Once he esul s we e uni ied, 456 we e inally
selec ed o analysis. The Bibliome ix ool was used o p ocess he in o ma ion, p o ide
annual p oduc ion esul s, and analyze jou nals, au ho s, documen s, keywo ds, e c.
These esul s will allow us o iden i y he p ominen au ho s and esea ch opics in his
a ea, examine he main concep ual, in ellec ual, and social s uc u es, and de ec u u e
esea ch oppo uni ies. The esul s show ha despi e he la ge numbe o ci a ions,
he numbe o esea ch pape s showing he model’s easibili y is s ill insu icien .
Keywo ds: Co po a e en ep eneu ship s a egy, Co po a e en ep eneu ship,
Sys ema ic li e a u e e iew, Bibliog aphic analysis, Bibliome ix
Open Access
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RESEARCH
Baena‑Lunaand Ga cía‑Río
Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2025) 14:64
h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s13731‑025‑00516‑6
Jou nal o Inno a ion and
En ep eneu ship
*Co espondence:
[email p o ec ed]
1 Depa men o Business
Adminis a ion and Ma ke ing,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se ille,
Spain
2 Depa men o Financial
Economics and Ope a ions
Managemen , Uni e sidad de
Se illa, Se ille, Spain
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Baena‑Lunaand Ga cía‑Río Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2025) 14:64
c ea ion o a new i m (K aus & Rig e ing, 2017). The impo ance o CE lies in i s abil-
i y o e i alize o ganiza ions and imp o e hei p oduc i i y (Zah a, 2015). O gani-
za ions o ien ed owa d change h ough con inual inno a ion in he compe i i e
economic en i onmen ob ain be e esul s (Ekingen e al., 2018; Yang, 2018).
The ise o CE as a ield o s udy and esea ch is no only associa ed wi h i s en e-
p eneu ial ace (Bie we h e al., 2015), bu also wi h necessa y s a egic enewal and
os e ing inno a ion in companies and o ganiza ions (Cep u eanu e al., 2017; Nie-
mann e al., 2019). Ne e heless, he knowledge abou CE emains he e ogeneous and
somewha agmen ed. This is so despi e (o p ecisely due o) i being an expanding
ield o s udy. This si ua ion highligh s how complex i is o es ablish he essence and
e y knowledge o CE, he p ocesses by which i is c ea ed, and he con ex in which
i is concei ed and de eloped in companies and o ganiza ions (Zah a, 2015).
Al hough ela ed o CE, “co po a e en ep eneu ship s a egy” (CES) o e s a
b oade and mo e comp ehensi e ision o implemen ing an en ep eneu ial s a egy
in a company. Compa ed o CE, CES emphasizes he complemen a y oles o en e-
p eneu ship and s a egic managemen in p omo ing co po a e g ow h (Kim, 2018).
Included in he knowledge a eas o en ep eneu ship and s a egic managemen ,
CES a emp s o combine ce ain aspec s o hese wo a eas, hus gi ing ise o his
new concep (Ku a ko & Aud e sch, 2009). In e es in CES has inc eased subs an-
ially (K eise e al., 2021). CES is g ounded on iden i ying and exploi ing compe i-
i e ad an ages (Ahmed e al., 2018). I aims o inc ease companies’p oduc di e si y,
c ea e new ma ke oppo uni ies, and gene a e new ways o compe ing wi h o he
ac o s while con ibu ing o hei wel a e by imp o ing hei chances o success (Kan-
u , 2016). The pe spec i e o e ed by CES makes i possible o o e come some o he
po en ial limi a ions o CE. Thus, i is a ele an concep ha me i s u he s udy.
The depa u e poin o his pape is he CES model o o ganiza ions p oposed by
I eland e al. (2009) and published in hei a icle “Concep ualizing Co po a e En e-
p eneu ship S a egy”, which will be e e ed o he eina e as he CES e e ence
model. This model s esses he impo ance o aligning CE ac ions wi h he s a egic
managemen o o ganiza ions and he c ucial ole o s a egy combined wi h en e-
p eneu ship in gene a ing ele an business oppo uni ies in o ganiza ions (Fe ei a
e al., 2016). The decision o ake his documen as he basis o his esea ch is based
on a p e ious iden i ica ion o wo ks dealing wi h he e m “co po a e en ep eneu -
ship s a egy”. By consul ing wo o he mos ele an academic da abases and ob ain-
ing he pape s ha p esen ed his e m, i was obse ed ha mo e han hal o he
documen s epea edly ci ed he wo k o I eland e al. (2009). This ac led he au ho s
o conside he impo ance o his documen and o analyze i s p esence in he bulk o
he scien i ic li e a u e in he ela ed hema ic a eas.
Conside ing he numbe o imes he pape has been e e ed o o ci ed in subse-
quen s udies, he CES e e ence model has had an eno mous impac . Acco dingly,
his wo k aims o analyze he in luence and de elopmen o he CES e e ence model
in he specialized li e a u e h ough a comple e bibliome ic s udy, which, as indi-
ca ed by Pe lines e al. (2022), will make i possible o ha e a global and comp ehen-
si e ision o he subjec unde s udy. The ollowing speci ic esea ch ques ions will
guide ou analysis:
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Baena‑Lunaand Ga cía‑Río Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2025) 14:64
RQ1. Which a e he jou nals and au ho s in which he CES e e ence model has had
he g ea es impac ?
RQ2. In which coun ies ha e he CES e e ence model had he g ea es impac on
ela ed scien i ic wo ks?
RQ3. Wha concep ual, in ellec ual, and social s uc u es we e gene a ed om he
analyzed scien i ic li e a u e ela ed o he CES e e ence model?
RQ4. Wha exis ing and e ol ing issues can be explo ed h ough u he s udies?
In addi ion o answe ing hese esea ch ques ions, his wo k will signi ican ly con ib-
u e o he li e a u e ela ed o CES, speci ically abou he CES model o I eland e al.
(2009), by discussing he esul s and es ablishing he mos ele an conclusions. I is also
impo an o no e he o iginali y o his wo k, which combines quali a i e and quan i a-
i e elemen s based on he join use o he scien i ic da abases cu en ly conside ed mos
ele an : Web o Science (WoS) and Scopus. Only a ew esea ch wo ks o a bibliome ic
na u e join ly app oach bo h da abases (WoS and Scopus) o pe o m a single in eg a ed
analysis (Capu o & Ka gina, 2022).
Based on he bibliome ic echnique, his e iew makes i possible o summa ize and
syn hesize he ends and uses o he CES Re e ence Model. To his end, we ha e p e i-
ously de eloped a concep ual amewo k based on he eali y o he CES, ou lining and
analyzing i s backg ound, p ima y elemen s, and consequences de i ed om i s imple-
men a ion. In he case o he CES Re e ence Model, we can see ha despi e i s in luence
in he ollowing scien i ic wo ks ela ed o he heo e ical ield, he same does no occu
in he business ield.
The es o he documen is s uc u ed as ollows. In he nex sec ion, we app oach
he concep o he co po a e en ep eneu ship s a egy and, mo e speci ically, he CES
e e ence model. Nex , we explain he s udy me hodology (da abases consul ed, exclu-
sion c i e ia, and homogeniza ion o esul s). A e wa d, he main indings o ou wo k
a e desc ibed in a con ex ualized manne , p o iding answe s o he esea ch ques ions
posed. Finally, we show he heo e ical and p ac ical implica ions o ou wo k oge he
wi h he limi a ions iden i ied and sugges u u e lines o esea ch, ending he a icle
wi h he mos ele an conclusions.
Re iew o he ela ed li e a u e
Co po a e en ep eneu ship s a egy
No wi hs anding he ela ionship be ween CE and CES, hey a e no synonymous
(Mazzei e al., 2017). While CE ocuses on iden i ying and gene a ing oppo uni ies
o i ms (Gi ma-A agaw e al., 2024), CES ep esen s a speci ic mani es a ion o en e-
p eneu ship in a company (I eland e al., 2009). CES ocuses on he esul s o s a egic
inno a ion, as well as on new p oduc s, p ocesses, and/o inno a ions in he business
model ha do no necessa ily imply he in oduc ion o new lines o business (Ku a ko &
Aud e sch, 2013; Ku a ko e al., 2015a, 2015b).
Based on a p e ious s a egic managemen model, he i s e e ence o CE linked o
o ganiza ional s a egy appea s in Bu gelman (1983a, 1983b). His model is g ounded on
he exis ence o wo ypes o s a egic needs ha a e i al o he su i al o an o gan-
iza ion: on he one hand, hose ela ing o o de and, on he o he hand, hose abou
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Baena‑Lunaand Ga cía‑Río Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2025) 14:64
di e si y. The subsequen CE models p oposed ha e emphasized he need o a link
be ween s uc u e, s a egic decision-making, en i onmen , managemen and p ocesses,
and en ep eneu ial o ien a ion (Ku a ko e al., 2015a, 2015b). I eland e al., (2009, p.
21) s a e ha CES is “en ep eneu ial beha io ha pu pose ully and con inuously eju-
ena es he o ganiza ion and shapes he scope o i s ope a ions h ough he ecogni ion
and exploi a ion o en ep eneu ial oppo uni ies.” CES equi es beha io s leading o
pe o mance o be based no only on he c ea i e ac pe se, bu also on he en ep e-
neu ial spi i o an o ganiza ion (Mazzei, 2018). The unde lying no ion o CES consis s
o connec ing en ep eneu ial men ali y wi h s a egic hough , i espec i e o he com-
pany’s size, en i onmen , o esou ces (Kim, 2018).
Toge he wi h his objec i e, he iden i ied oppo uni ies should help o ganiza ions
gain a compe i i e ad an age. G ow h and weal h gene a ion ough o be he p ac ical
esul o combining en ep eneu ial a i ude and s a egic managemen (I eland e al.,
2003). S a egic managemen a ec s en ep eneu ial ac i i y h ough he ollowing i e
a iables: scanning in ensi y, planning lexibili y, planning ho izon, locus o planning,
and con ol a ibu es (Bluedo n & Ba inge , 1999).
Addi ionally, CES necessa ily in ol es a p ocess o s a egic enewal wi hin he o gani-
za ion (Elia & Ma ghe i a, 2018). In eg a ing en ep eneu ial ac ions wi h s a egic man-
agemen occu s na u ally in some o ganiza ional a eas (Ti us & Ande son, 2016). Those
companies pu suing CES h ough s a egic inno a ion mus be p epa ed o be ans-
o med, adap , and wo k ac i ely o change as hey le e age hei compe i i e ad an-
ages (Mazzei, 2018).
An in eg a i e model o co po a e en ep eneu ship s a egy
Acco ding o I eland e al.. (2009), he impo ance o he CES e e ence model lies in how
i di e s om p e ious models, which ocused on elemen s ha we e no longe in o ce
in o ganiza ions. I in ol es adop ing a sole and iden i iable o ganiza ion-wide s a egy.
These au ho s de eloped hei model a e ha ing e iewed nine p e ious con ibu ions
based on i e c i e ia: “[T]he ocal en ep eneu ial phenomenon, he locus o en ep e-
neu ship, he ela ionship be ween he en ep eneu ial phenomenon and s a egy, he
causally adjacen an eceden s o he en ep eneu ial phenomenon, and he causally adja-
cen ou comes o he en ep eneu ial phenomenon” (I eland e al., 2009, p. 21–23).
Un il his in eg a i e model o CES eme ged, knowledge o CES had been agmen a y
(C aw o d & K eise , 2015). The model by I eland e al. (2009) in eg a es se e al essen-
ial aspec s o launching a CES, as seen in Fig.1. On he one hand, he ex e nal en i-
onmen o he i m, wi h i s ex e nal en i onmen al condi ions and he en ep eneu ial
alues and cogni ions o he membe s o he company o o ganiza ion in ques ion, and
on he o he hand, he in e nal en i onmen consis s o h ee undamen al pilla s: An
en ep eneu ial s a egic ision: he model e lec s how companies ensu e he necessa y
cong uence be ween hei s a egic ision and he cohe en beha io s o hei pe sonnel
h ough a p o-en ep eneu ship o ganiza ional a chi ec u e, and a se ies o en ep eneu -
ial p ocesses and beha io s, e lec ing he beha io s necessa y o ensu e ha he imple-
men a ion o a CES in a company o o ganiza ion is easible and con ibu es o achie ing
he es ablished objec i es (I eland e al., 2009). Las ly, his CES p o ides some speci ic
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Baena‑Lunaand Ga cía‑Río Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2025) 14:64
consequences o i s implemen a ion (ou comes): compe i i e capabili ies and s a egic
eposi ioning (C aw o d & K eise , 2015).
The e o e, he CES e e ence model is no in ended “ o ep esen how en ep eneu -
ship commonly in e enes o in e aces wi h an o ganiza ion’s s a egic p ocesses” (I e-
land e al., 2009, p. 20). On he con a y, he me e ac ha au onomous beha io s exis
in an o ganiza ion o ha hese a e alida ed by p ocesses o eseen by i does no imply
implemen ing a CES.
Me hods
The e iew pe o med using he bibliome ic echnique in his s udy is di ided in o wo
main ca ego ies: pe o mance analysis and scien i ic mapping. Pe o mance analysis
p o ides in o ma ion on au ho s, ins i u ions, jou nals, and coun ies. Scien i ic map-
ping ocuses on unde s anding he ela ionships, connec ions, and ne wo ks wi hin he
esea ch domain, allowing he de elopmen o a hema ic map (Alka hi i e al., 2024).
The c i e ia o s udy selec ion we e he same o pe o mance analysis as o scien i ic
mapping o achie e g ea e consis ency and compa abili y o esul s in bo h app oaches.
This s udy e iewed 456 e e ences, ci ing I eland e al.’s pape “Concep ualizing Co -
po a e En ep eneu ship S a egy” (2009). To his end, WoS and Scopus we e consul ed.
These da abases we e chosen because hey index many p es igious, high-impac jou nals
(Janik e al., 2020). Mos bibliome ic analyses ha e da a sou ces in common: WoS om
Thomson Reu e s and Scopus om Else ie (Mongeon & Paul-Hus, 2016). Conce ning
quali y and con en con ol, WoS applies basic p inciples o objec i i y, selec i i y, and
collec ion dynamics, using a se o quali y and impac c i e ia o e alua e jou nals (Man-
gan, 2017). Simila ly, Scopus uses c i e ia o ensu e ha indexed publica ions main-
ain high s anda ds o schola ly quali y and con ibu e signi ican ly o hei espec i e
ields o s udy. Bo h da abases p esen quali y assu ance o he sou ces by WoS, apply-
ing he ool o use and consul a ion o Jou nal Ci a ion Repo (JCR) da a, and Scopus,
employing Scimago Jou nal Rank (SJR), among o he impac me ics. The non-inclusion
o di e en da abases is due o he possible lack o gua an ee ha he documen s ha e
unde gone pee e iew, he lack o p o en impac me ics, and po en ial biases.
Acco ding o Yada and Bane ji (2023) he s udy and analysis o he da a col-
lec ed we e ca ied ou in wo ways: i s , desc ip i e, h ough he analysis o he
Fig. 1 Elemen s o he CES e e ence model. Sou ce: Au ho ´s elabo a ion based on I eland e al. (2009)
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Baena‑Lunaand Ga cía‑Río Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2025) 14:64
bibliome ic in o ma ion de i ed, ocusing on he"sou ces","jou nals""au ho s"and
"documen s", and second, h ough echniques ha ollow he so-called"Scien i ic
mapping", he"ne wo k analysis"and" hema ic maps" hus enabling a complemen a y
e iew o he li e a u e in a ield o scien i ic knowledge.
Da a collec ion
Fo da a collec ion, he WoS and Scopus da abases we e sea ched. The ollowing que-
ies we e used o sea ch hese da abases. Fi s , he sea ch c i e ion aimed o iden i y
all he a icles ci ing he wo k men ioned abo e. The inclusion c i e ion ela ed o he
documen ype, “a icle”, conside s a icles o be he main sou ce o upda ed and o ig-
inal scien i ic in o ma ion. A icles ep esen p ima y esea ch and usually unde go
a igo ous pee e iew p ocess o publica ion. To ensu e ha he a icles ci ing he
wo k ha is he objec o his esea ch co espond o he subjec ma e ela ed o
CES, a c i e ion has been added ega ding he s udy a ea ha encompasses subjec s
ela ed o business, managemen , and/o business economics. The p eselec ed docu-
men s we e also ob ained using he"English language" il e (Yada & Bane ji, 2023).
The s udy pe iod was om Janua y 2009, when I eland e al. published hei pape ,
o Decembe 2023. The pape s’bibliome ic analysis (Fig.2) was pe o med based on
adap ing he Schema ic o Gene al Wo k low in Scien i ic Mapping me hodology.
This allows o managing la ge da ase s and educing possible da a agmen a ion
(Xie e al., 2020).
This i s consul a ion in WoS and Scopus yielded 1133 documen s by he es ab-
lished c i e ia. In WoS, 506 documen s we e ob ained, and in Scopus, 627 pape s. The
inclusion and exclusion c i e ia ela ed o he documen ype, language, and a ea o
esea ch ca ego y we e applied in he second s ep. Once he abo e c i e ia we e used,
he a icles we e educed o 367 in WoS and 397 in Scopus. The sea ch s ing in WoS
was “Ci a ions o Concep ualizing Co po a e En ep eneu ship S a egy and A i-
cle (Documen Types) and English (Languages) and Business Economics (Resea ch
A eas) and Business o Managemen o Economics (Web o Science Ca ego ies)” and
in Scopus, “ALL(”concep ualizing co po a e en ep eneu ship s a egy“) and (limi -
o (doc ype, ‘a ’)) and (limi - o (language, ‘english’)) and (limi - o (subja ea, ‘busi’) o
limi - o (subja ea, ‘econ’))”.
Fig. 2 Flowcha esea ch me hodology
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Baena‑Lunaand Ga cía‑Río Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2025) 14:64
Bibliome ic analysis ools
In he i s phase, he da abases we e que ied by il e ing by he p e iously de ined
sea ch c i e ia. The esul s ob ained om he wo selec ed da abases we e expo ed in
BibTeX o ma in he case o Scopus and plain ex in he case o WoS. The nex s ep
ela ed o p ocessing he esul s ob ained in he p e ious phase equi ed R S udio so -
wa e, which allowed he uni ica ion and cleaning p ocess o be ca ied ou , de ec ing
possible duplici ies and elimina ing hem om he inal collec ion. Di e en R packages
we e used o pe o m his ask, and he R S udio lib a ies “ idy e se” and “ os ” we e
downloaded and un. To analyze he concep ual s uc u e, i was necessa y o no malize
he au ho ship and a ilia ion in o ma ion o he au ho s, which was ca ied ou using
he same ool. In he mapping phase, p incipal componen and g ouping analysis is pe -
o med o cons uc he scien i ic map, which allows da a analysis, ne wo ks, and maps
and hei subsequen g aphical isualiza ion and in e p e a ion o esul s.
R S udio and he Bibliome ix package wi h i s Biblioshiny in e ace (Ab Rashid &
Aziz, 2022) we e used. Bibliome ix is ecommended o bibliome ic analysis and isual
p esen a ion o he whole p ocess, such as o s a is ical analysis, da a p ep ocessing,
cons uc ion o co-occu ence ma ices, co-ci a ion analysis, co-wo d analysis, and Bib-
lioshiny clus e analysis, which inco po a es analysis and g aphs o h ee-le el me ics
(sou ce, au ho , and documen ) and h ee knowledge s uc u es: concep ual, in ellec ual
and social (A ia & Cuccu ullo, 2017). Bibliome ix analyzes mul iple co espondences
possible h ough he Concep ual S uc u e Map unc ion. This es ablishes he concep-
ual s uc u e o he ield and a g ouping o K-means ha shows se s o elemen s ha
add ess common concep s (A ia & Cuccu ullo, 2017).
Biblioshiny allows wo le els o analysis. On he one hand, i will enable an analysis
o au ho s (scien i ic p oduc ion and i s e olu ion, ci a ion o indexes by au ho ), an
analysis o documen s (ci a ion and e e ences o keywo ds), and an analysis o sou ces
(numbe o publica ions, ci a ions o indexes by sou ces); and on he o he hand, om a
s uc u al poin o iew, an analysis o he concep ual s uc u e (co-occu ence ma ix,
hema ic map, hema ic e olu ion o ac o ial analysis), in ellec ual s uc u e (co-ci a-
ion ne wo k o his o iog aphy) and social s uc u e collabo a ion ne wo k o collabo a-
ion map.
A e he uni ica ion (elimina ion o duplica es), homogeniza ion, and ha moniza ion
o hese pape s, he inal numbe o documen s unde s udy was 456.
Findings
Desc ip i e analysis
Table1 p o ides desc ip i e in o ma ion abou he 456 pape s analyzed. I shows he
pe o mance s udy, o al publica ions, numbe o au ho s (single au ho and co-au ho -
ship), numbe o ac i e yea s o publica ion, p oduc i i y pe yea o publica ion, me ics
ela ed o o al and a e age ci a ions, and he collabo a ion index.
Figu e3 shows he g ow h o he scien i ic p oduc ion o pape s ci ing he CES e -
e ence model. The e olu ion o scien i ic p oduc ion shows an inc easing end. A
p onounced decline was obse ed be ween 2014 and 2022. Looking a he numbe o
ci a ions, 2018 p esen s he highes numbe , ollowed by 2011–2013.
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The mos ci ed e e ence (Table2) is he a icle by Teece. published in Long Range
Planning in 2018. This esea ch del es in o he ela ionship be ween business models,
dynamic capabili ies and s a egy, and in e dependencies. This esea ch o als 1297 ci a-
ions, well ahead o Wales W.J.’s 2016 pape wi h 412 ci a ions. In his a icle, a e iew o
key esea ch on en ep eneu ial o ien a ion is conduc ed o guide esea che s conce n-
ing en ep eneu ial o ien a ion.
Jou nals
The pape s appea ed in a wide ange o scien i ic jou nals, hose publishing he highes
numbe being as ollows: Small Business Economics, In e na ional En ep eneu ship and
Managemen Jou nal, Jou nal o Business Resea ch, En ep eneu ship Theo y and P ac-
ice, Business Ho izon, In e na ional Jou nal o En ep eneu ial Beha io and Resea ch,
Jou nal o En ep eneu ship in Eme ging Economies, Jou nal o P oduc Inno a ion
Table 1 Da a se summa y Sou ce: Au ho ’s elabo a ion
Desc ip ion Resul s
Timespan 2009:2023
Sou ces (jou nals) 216
Documen s (a icles) 456
Annual g ow h a e % 11.16
Documen a e age age 6.31
A e age ci a ions pe doc 37.31
Re e ences 34,792
Keywo ds Plus (ID) 546
Au ho s 979
Au ho s o single‑au ho ed docs 50
Single‑au ho ed docs 59
Co‑au ho s pe doc 2.76
In e na ional co‑au ho ships % 3.289
Fig. 3 G ow h in scien i ic p oduc ion. Sou ce: Au ho ´s elabo a ion
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Managemen and S a egic En ep eneu ship Jou nal. These en scien i ic jou nals pub-
lished 112 pape s, ep esen ing 23.7% o he jou nals ha ci ed he CES e e ence model.
Small Business Economics alone ep esen s almos 5% o he jou nals in which he
CES e e ence model has been ci ed, as does En ep eneu ship: Theo y and P ac ice ( he
jou nal in which he CES e e ence model was published), which has published ele en
pape s in which he model unde s udy is ci ed.
Au ho s andau ho s´ collabo a ion
Among he au ho s wi h he mos signi ican impac o he CES e e ence model ou
o 979, as shown in Table3, whe e he en au ho s wi h he mos c ucial numbe o
pape s appea , Ku a ko D.F. s ands ou . This au ho has pa icipa ed in 24 pape s
Table 2 Mos ci ed e e ences Sou ce: Au ho ´s elabo a ion
Re e ences Ti le To al ci a ions
Teece, (2018) Business models and dynamic capabili ies 1297
Wales, (2016) En ep eneu ial o ien a ion: A e iew and syn hesis o p omising
esea ch di ec ions 412
K aus e al., (2012) En ep eneu ial o ien a ion and he business pe o mance o SMEs:
a quan i a i e s udy om he Ne he lands 336
Nadka ni and P ügl (2020) Digi al ans o ma ion: a e iew, syn hesis, and oppo uni ies o
u u e esea ch 333
Foss e al., (2013) The ole o ex e nal knowledge sou ces and o ganiza ional design
in he p ocess o oppo uni y exploi a ion 321
Halme e al., (2012) Inno a ion o Inclusi e Business: In ap eneu ial B icolage in Mul i‑
na ional Co po a ions 291
Bouwman e al., (2019) Digi aliza ion, business models, and SMEs: How do business model
inno a ion p ac ices imp o e pe o mance o digi alizing SMEs? 284
Wales e al., (2011) The O ganiza ional Pe asi eness o En ep eneu ial O ien a ion 280
Chen e al., (2015) IT capabili ies and p oduc inno a ion pe o mance: The oles o
co po a e en ep eneu ship and compe i i e in ensi y 250
K eise e al., (2013) Disagg ega ing en ep eneu ial o ien a ion: he non‑linea impac
o inno a i eness, p oac i eness, and isk‑ aking on SME pe o ‑
mance
247
Table 3 Mos ele an au ho s Sou ce: Au ho ´s elabo a ion
h_index: numbe o a icles wi h some ci a ions g ea e han o equal o h; g_index: he (unique) mos signi ican numbe
such ha he op g a icles ecei ed ( oge he ) a leas g2 ci a ions; m_index: shows he h‑index pe yea since i s
publica ion; TC: imes ci ed; NP: numbe publica ions; PY_s a : yea s a
Au ho /s h_index g_index m_index TC NP PY_s a
Ku a ko, D 19 24 1.188 2004 24 2009
Ho nsby, J 12 15 0.75 1041 15 2009
U ban, B 8 12 0.615 171 15 2012
U bano, D 10 11 0.667 576 11 2010
Hughes, M 10 10 0.769 1109 10 2012
Co in, J 9 9 0.563 1174 9 2009
Gue e o, M 8 8 0.667 375 8 2013
Wales, W 8 8 0.571 1292 8 2011
Kea ney, C 6 7 0.400 136 7 2010
K eise , P 6 6 0.400 771 6 2010
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can be seen in Fig.13 om i s di ision in o ou quad an s. Those conside ed as d i -
ing hemes appea in he high-densi y and cen ali y quad an s. Low densi y and high
cen ali y ep esen he co e opics add essed. High densi y and low cen ali y show he
niche opics. Finally, low densi y and cen ali y o e he eme ging hemes.
A comp ehensi e li e a u e e iew
To know he s a e o he li e a u e, he p ima y pape s ha accumula e a highe numbe
o ci a ions ha e been analyzed. This begins wi h he pape by Teece, (2018) wi h 1297
ci a ions, which is used wi hin he amewo k o dynamic capabili ies and he s a egy
business models. In his pape , he au ho iden i ies he dynamic solid capabili ies ha
enable he c ea ion and implemen a ion o p ac ical business models, and he impo -
ance o a company’s s a egy in managing he o ganiza ion’s dynamic capabili ies.
The second highes numbe o ci a ions is he wo k o Wales, (2016), wi h 412, which
deals wi h en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and he cons uc o he Mille /Co in and Sle in
concep ualiza ion. In his case, he cons uc o en ep eneu ial o ien a ion is add essed
independen ly and no as pa o an en ep eneu ial co po a e s a egy, so ha he
o ganiza ion’s en ep eneu ial o ien a ion acqui es i s independen ele ance conce n-
ing o he po en ial in e nal elemen s. Thi d, he a icle by K aus e al., (2012) in he
Fig.12 Thema ic e olu ion. Sou ce: Au ho ´s elabo a ion
Fig. 13 Thema ic map. Sou ce: Au ho ´s elabo a ion
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Ne he lands shows ha he p oac i e beha io o i ms con ibu es posi i ely o he pe -
o mance o SMEs du ing he economic c isis.
The s udy o 536 Danish companies indica es ha using ex e nal knowledge sou ces
is posi i ely associa ed wi h exploi ing s a egic oppo uni ies in he wo k o Foss e al.,
(2013). Halme e al., (2012) discuss an in e es ing e m, co po a e en ep eneu ship, in
la ge o ganiza ions, and social co po a e en ep eneu ship, which is cen e ed on inno a-
ion o inclusi e business. Wales e al., (2011) p opose h ee models o how en ep e-
neu ial o ien a ion can mani es dynamically h oughou an o ganiza ion, opening new
a enues o u u e esea ch. They also de elop a heo e ically g ounded model Chen
e al., (2015) ha aces he pa h om in o ma ion echnology capabili ies o a i m’s
p oduc inno a ion pe o mance h ough he media ing ole o co po a e en ep eneu -
ship. K eise e al., (2013) sugges ha h ee dimensions o en ep eneu ial o ien a ion
(inno a i eness, p oac i i y, and isk- aking) may ha e di e en ial ela ionships wi h
pe o mance in smalle i ms.
The eading o he ci ed a icles indica es how esea ch in co po a e en ep eneu ship
s a egy ci ed by I eland e al., (2009) ocuses on a ious opics such as dynamic capa-
bili ies, knowledge o ex e nal sou ces, en ep eneu ial b icolage, o making p oposals
o modeling he eali y o co po a e en ep eneu ship.
Discussion
The CES e e ence model (I eland e al., 2009) has had an essen ial impac on he scien-
i ic li e a u e abou he concep s o CE and CES. Whene e he scien i ic communi y
d aws a en ion o he ele an elemen s and he esul s expec ed om implemen ing
a CES by a company o o ganiza ion, hey ine i ably e e o he wo k o I eland e al.,
(2009) and he elemen s o hei model. The numbe o wo ks ci ing hem is p oo o
his. The ac ha his wo k is so equen ly men ioned, oge he wi h he e e ences o
he model’s elemen s, con i ms he scien i ic communi y’s g owing in e es in CE and,
mo e speci ically, in he s a us o he CES in o ganiza ions.
F om he e iew o all he scien i ic li e a u e in which he model is ci ed, o he con-
side a ions can be made ela ed o applying he CES e e ence model. The model has ye
o be, o ally o pa ially, used in an empi ical s udy. This does no enable con i ming he
u ili y and easibili y o implemen ing a CES in o ganiza ions. All his makes pe o m-
ing an empi ically based analysis o he esul s ob ained om applying his model e en
less possible, and e i ying hese esul s in empi ical s udies allowed o es ablishing
elemen s o consensus and dissen on he po en ial bene i s o using his model e sus
o he CES models.
F om analyzing he esul s, answe s can be gi en o he esea ch ques ions ini ially
aised in his pape .
RQ1. Which a e he jou nals and au ho s in which he CES e e ence model has had
he g ea es impac ?
The esul s show he signi ican impac o his model on subsequen ela ed wo ks. A
ema kable ac is ha almos 25% o he scien i ic p oduc ion ci ed by he CES e e ence
model is concen a ed in en jou nals. These jou nals s and ou o hei high impac ac-
o in WoS and high posi ion in he Scopus qua iles. The p edominan a ea o knowl-
edge among he p ominen jou nals ha ha e impac ed publica ions ci ed by he CES
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e e ence model is Managemen , wi h he op en jou nals included in his ca ego y, bo h
in WoS and Scopus da abases.
A no ewo hy ac is ha he jou nal Small Business Economics includes 22 pape s ha
ci e he wo k unde s udy. Also impo an is he place occupied by he jou nal En ep e-
neu ship Theo y and P ac ice. This is he jou nal in which he CES e e ence model was
published in 200, wi h 11 pape s ci ing i .
Conce ning he au ho s wi h he highes numbe o pape s in which he CES e e ence
model is ci ed, D.F. Ku a ko, one o he h ee co-au ho s o he pape in which he CES
e e ence model was published, s ands ou in he i s place. Ano he o he pape ’s co-
au ho s, J. Co in, is among he en au ho s wi h he highes numbe o documen s ci ing
he CES e e ence model. Speci ically, he is he six h au ho wi h he highes numbe o
pape s.
A ele an elemen among he au ho s ci ing he CES e e ence model is ha he e
needs o be mo e collabo a ion be ween di e en au ho s, being highly concen a ed in
homogeneous and sus ained g oups o au ho s.
RQ2. In which coun ies ha e he CES e e ence model had he g ea es impac on
ela ed scien i ic wo ks?
Fi e coun ies— he USA, he UK, Ge many, Spain, and Sou h A ica—ha e he high-
es a ilia ions wi h pape s published in he WoS and Scopus da abases ha ha e ci ed
he CES e e ence model. This esul is aligned wi h he au ho s’a ilia ions, wi h he
highes numbe o pape s ci ing he wo k unde s udy.
A ele an ac de i ed om he analysis o he esul s is he sca ce collabo a ion
be ween au ho s wi h a ilia ions om di e en coun ies, so mos o he pape s ci ing
he CES e e ence model belong o a ilia ions in ins i u ions o he same coun y.
RQ3. Wha concep ual, in ellec ual, and social s uc u es we e gene a ed om he
analyzed scien i ic li e a u e ela ed o he CES e e ence model?
The main esul s ob ained om he concep ual s uc u e map and he mapping o
co-occu ence ne wo ks in"Keywo ds"and"Clus e analysis and mul iple co espond-
ence analysis o high- equency keywo ds"sec ion, oge he wi h he clus e analysis and
mul iple co espondence analysis o high- equency keywo ds in"Thema ic e olu ion
analysis"sec ion and he hema ic e olu ion analysis in"Thema ic map and co-occu ence
ne wo k mapping"sec ion conclude in wo majo concep ual a eas ela ed o scien i ic
p oduc ion. Fi s ly, and as a signi ican abs ac a ea, he e is he ele ance in he pape s
ha ci e he CES e e ence model o he eali y o inno a ion. This, in u n, appea s
wi h di e en concep s ela ed o managemen and he CE, highligh ing a mo e ecen
hema ic e olu ion owa d he dimensions o business managemen , such as dynamic
capabili ies, pe o mance, and i s connec ion wi h inno a ion in i s di e en business
meanings. Secondly, connec ing hese elemen s wi h he concep s and ac s o gene a -
ing new business models based on new business app oaches is no less c i ical. Undoub -
edly, his is no a decision applicable only o la ge companies; i can also be implemen ed
in di e en ypes o companies.
As shown in Fig.13, eme ging issues in wo ks ha ci e he CES e e ence model s and
ou , especially hose ha e e o en ep eneu ial co po a e ac ions o es ablished com-
pany pe sonnel and, on he o he hand, hei link wi h he necessa y ans e o knowl-
edge and echnology o companies ha ca y ou CES ac ions.
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RQ4. Wha exis ing and e ol ing issues can be explo ed h ough u he s udies?
The esul s o his wo k es ablish ascina ing and almos essen ial connec ions be ween
di e en elemen s ha make up he in e nal en i onmen o o ganiza ions and which,
om hei ela ionship and in e ela ion, will condi ion he esul s o an en ep eneu ial
s a egy o an o ganiza ion. The cons an linkage o esul s, such as he esul s o inno-
a i e ac i i ies, as well as he po en ial s a egic eposi ioning o companies, highligh
he need o deepen he in es iga ion o he elemen s ha can a o hose ha make up
a CES model, p ecisely and acco ding o he CES Re e ence Model: en ep eneu ial s a-
egic ision, p o-en ep eneu ship o ganiza ional a chi ec u e, and a se ies o en ep e-
neu ial p ocesses and beha io s.
How hese h ee elemen s should ela e and in e ela e wi h each o he in such a way
as o gene a e be e esul s o he o ganiza ions is an elemen ap opos o which o
deepen and con inue ad ancing wi hin he ela ed esea ch.
Theo e ical implica ions
Rega ding he heo e ical implica ions o his wo k, he p esen analysis o e s he i s
e iew o his model by I eland e al., (2009) wi hin he scien i ic li e a u e and one o
he a es bibliome ic analyses me ging wo di e en da abases.
Ou s udy makes a signi ican con ibu ion o he li e a u e on he CES, mainly hanks
o he in-dep h and de ailed analysis o he impac o he CES Re e ence Model. Despi e
i s high numbe o ci a ions in subsequen ela ed wo ks, i can be la gely seen ha he
impac o his model is g ounded on se ing as a heo e ical basis o he elemen s ha
subsequen CES model p oposals ha e used. The ela ionships and in e ela ionships
p oposed by he au ho s o he CES Re e ence Model make his model di icul o imple-
men and e en o con as empi ically. P oo o his is ha , as a as we know, he CES
Re e ence Model has no been used in empi ical wo k whe e i has been es ed in a eal
business and o ganiza ional en i onmen .
Thus, ou wo k also con ibu es o heo y by add essing he need exp essed in ecen
wo ks ha add essed he eali y o CES, such as hose o Ci e a and Meoli, (2024),
Funko e al., (2023) o U bano e al., (2022) highligh ing he need o syn hesize, in es-
iga e and analyze exis ing knowledge o iden i y knowledge gaps and de elop a u u e
agenda ega ding CES. By in eg a ing knowledge o he a iables ha in luence he ele-
men s o CES and he d i e s ha can imp o e hei o ganiza ional ou comes, his s udy
ex ended he exis ing heo e ical deba es on which d i e s enhance CES as a sou ce o
op imal o ganiza ional ou comes and new s a egic eposi ioning o he i m.
P ac ical implica ions
Also impo an a e he po en ial p ac ical implica ions o he esul s de i ed om his
wo k, mainly o company manage s who a e in ol ed in o wan o plan CES p ocesses.
Gi en he p esen e iew, i can be claimed ha implemen ing his CES model in an
o ganiza ion implies conside able di icul ies due o i s complexi y and he au ho s’ lack
o de ini ion o he a iables comp ising i . Thus, i is ough o pe o m an empi ical
s udy ha analyzes he le el o implemen a ion o his CES model and i s esul s. Like-
wise, he lack o indica o s o he expec ed esul s is a hind ance when a emp ing o
es ablish hei le el o achie emen in a hypo he ical empi ical s udy.
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Despi e he po en ial di icul y in implemen ing a CES model such as he one unde
s udy in his wo k, he elemen s i con ains and he conside a ion o he possible e ec o
dimensions ex e nal o he company and o ganiza ion make he CES Re e ence Model a
aluable ins umen . This ins umen has o do wi h e alua ing he consequences o he
ex e nal en i onmen wi h espec o he in e nal en i onmen o he la e o become a
ansla o o he o me and a o s he imp o emen o o ganiza ional esul s.
Howe e , he numbe o s udies ha add ess issues ela ed o he CES and wo ks ha
ci e he CES Re e ence Model makes i possible o de e mine he impo ance o his ype
o en ep eneu ial ac ion in he ield o o ganiza ions. This undoub edly shows he ele-
ance ha he po en ial esul s ob ained, and hei causes a e always a sou ce o in e es
in knowing how companies unc ion and he condi ions ha a o achie ing he desi ed
success h ough gene a ing and ob aining sus ainable compe i i e ad an ages o e ime.
Limi a ions and u u e esea ch lines
This wo k, like all esea ch, is no ee o limi a ions. Conce ning he choice o WoS and
Scopus as da abases, limi a ions ela ed o co e age a e de ec ed (Ma ín-Ma ín e al.,
2018). Also, he wo selec ed da abases p esen an Anglo-Saxon bias (Repiso-Caballe o
& Delgado-López-Cóza , 2013), wi h English sou ces ob aining an o e ep esen a ion o
he de imen o o he languages (Mongeon & Paul-Hus, 2016). The non-choice o some
o hese di e en da abases is based on c i icisms ha hey collec documen s and ci a-
ions conside ed as non-academic sou ces (Kulka ni e al., 2009), inconsis en ly accu a e
esul s, and inadequa e and less upda ed ci a ion in o ma ion (Falagas e al., 2008).
O he limi a ions a e de i ed om and inhe en o he applica ion o bibliome ic
echniques. Fi s ly, he ac ha all he pape s ci ing he CES Re e ence Model ha e been
analyzed (once he exclusion c i e ia ha e been applied) is no in i sel a gua an ee o
he le el o in luence and impac o a pape . Ano he possible limi a ion is ela ed o
he po en ial exis ence o join ci a ions, which do no always and in all cases imply a
concep ual connec ion. Finally, he e is undoub edly he exis ence o subjec i i y in he
au ho s’decision-making when se ing he h esholds and exclusion c i e ia applied. The
au ho s ind he impo ance o he a icles by I eland e al., (2009) in he bulk o he li -
e a u e ela ed o co po a e en ep eneu ship s a egy in e es ing. S ill, his decision o
do wi h he selec ion c i e ia may be a limi a ion as hey ha e no es ablished inclusion
c i e ia keywo ds ha would ensu e he subjec ma e o he selec ed pape s, such as
he e ms"CES"o "co po a e en ep eneu ship s a egy"(see Table1).
Rega ding u u e lines o wo k and esea ch, he i s elemen o conside is he pos-
sibili y o add essing some o he iden i ied limi a ions o his esea ch wo k in subse-
quen ela ed esea ch p ojec s. On he o he hand, i would be in e es ing o u u e
esea ch wo k o de ine each o he a iables ha make up he di e en elemen s o he
model. S udies o his ype would se e as a basis o con as ing he model in empi i-
cal esea ch. Then, i s possible implemen a ion in companies and o ganiza ions and
i s esul s could be analyzed longi udinally o co obo a e he heo e ical and p ac ical
implica ions highligh ed by he model’s au ho s.
In addi ion, his wo k shows he esul s o a ield o esea ch ha , despi e i s g ow h in
ecen yea s, is s ill incipien in i s connec ion wi h o he a eas ela ed o business man-
agemen . This is he case, o example, in he s udy o he CES and undamen al eali ies
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a p esen , such as i s e ec on sus ainable de elopmen by implemen ing inno a i e
s a egies ha make i possible o o e come esis ance o change and imp o e decision-
making p ocesses de i ed om en i onmen al condi ions.
Conclusions
In his pape , we ha e e iewed he applica ion o he CES e e ence model in he ela ed
scien i ic li e a u e and i s impac . Gi en ou esul s, h ee ele an conclusions can be
d awn. The pape in which he p oposed CES e e ence model has been ci ed and e -
e enced in many wo ks in he WoS and Scopus da abases. Secondly, ela ing o ci a-
ions and e e ences, his impac does no co espond o he ac ual applica ion o he
model in empi ical o concep ual s udies. I has only been pa ly applied in one abs ac
s udy o p opose such a model o he public sec o . Thi dly, one o he easons behind
he model’s lack o applica ion may be i s complexi y, among o he ac o s, because i
is based on h ee le els o o ganiza ional analysis a h ee di e en momen s. Fu he -
mo e, he di e se a iables comp ising he model’s elemen s—be ween which he neces-
sa y in e ac ions occu —and i s expec ed applica ion esul s ha e ye o be de ined o
es ablished. Gi en he la ge numbe o ci a ions ecei ed by he CES model p oposed
by I eland e al., (2009), we can assume i ep esen s a alid in e p e a ion o he ele-
men s and complexi ies in ol ed in any CES. Howe e , a p esen , i s le el o abs ac ion
is oo high o be applied. We call o esea che s o ocus on speci ic elemen s wi hin he
model and o y o ope a e hem.
Acknowledgemen s
No applicable.
Au ho con ibu ions
Bo h au ho s collabo a i ely gene a ed his a icle. Bo h au ho s we e esponsible o he concep ion and design, and
he co esponding au ho was mainly accoun able o he analysis and in e p e a ion o he da a. Bo h au ho s ac i ely
engaged in composing he pape , ca e ully e iewing i o in ellec ual con en , and ul ima ely g an ing hei inal
app o al o publica ion. Fu he mo e, bo h au ho s ha e accep ed esponsibili y o all pa s o he wo k.
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All au ho s ce i y ha hey ha e no a ilia ions wi h o in ol emen in any o ganiza ion o en i y wi h any inancial o
non‑ inancial in e es in he subjec ma e o ma e ials discussed in his manusc ip .
A ailabili y o da a and ma e ials
A ailable upon eques .
Decla a ions
Compe ing in e es s
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no compe ing in e es s.
Recei ed: 12 Decembe 2024 Accep ed: 25 Ap il 2025
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Publishe ’s No e
Sp inge Na u e emains neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and ins i u ional a ilia ions.
