Re is a de Es udios No eame icanos,
n!
4 ( 1996), pp. 129-
137
REAL
AND IMAGINARY CITIES
IN
DREISER'S SISTER CARRIE
DAN
FYFE
Uni e sidad
de
Las
Palmas
de
G an Cana ias
Richa d Ho s ad e once w o e ha «The Uni ed S a es was bom
in
he coun y
and has mo ed o he ci y»(The Age
o
Re o m, 23). Wha he mean , 1 hink, is ha
Ame ica has clung o u al
alues- he
Ag a ian
my h-in
spi e
o
he ac ha i has
been de eloping, om he e y beginning, in o a comme cial socie y. Thomas Je e son
idealized he simple i ues
o
he yeoman
a a
ime when «[ ]he a me himsel , in
mos cases, was
in
ac inspi ed
o
make money»(Ho s ad e , 23).
Fo
Ho s ad e , « he
ag a ian my h ep esen s a kind
o
homage ha Ame icans ha e paid o he ancied
innocence
o
hei o igins»(24). In Ame ica he e has always been a con usion
o
he
eal and he ideal.
By he end
o he
nine e
en
h cen u y
in
he Uni ed S a es he Indus ial Re olu ion
held sway; and Ame ican ci ies such as New Yo k and Chicago we e symbols
o
possibili y o a u al popula ion
o
Ame ican d eame s
in
pu sui o happiness- a pu sui
ha so o en ca ne
o
be iden i ied wi h weal h and s a us, ma e ial success, ye which
o en ended in ailu e.
By he
um
o
he cen u y Ame ica's ci ies had been g owing apidly, and no
wi hou p oblems:
One
o
he keys o he Ame ican mind a he end
o
he old cen u y and he
beginning
o he
new was ha Ame ican ci ies we e illing up in e y conside a-
ble pa wi h small- own
o
u al people. The whole cas
o
Ame ican hinking in
his pe iod was deeply a ec ed by he expe ience
o
he u al mind con on ed
wi h he phenomena
o
u ban li e, i s c owding, po e y, c ime, co up ion;
impe sonali y, and e hnic chaos
...
he ci y seemed no me ely a n
ew
social o m
o
way
o
li e bu a s ange h ea o ci iliza ion i sel . (Ho s ad e , 176)
130
DanF
y e
Ye despi e he ha sh eali ies
o
ci y li e; despi e he enomous he o ic
o
he
Populis s and he jou nalism
o
he muck ake s, who wa ned
o
co up obbe
ba ons
and Wall S ee conspi ing wi h in ema ional banke s; he ci y was he place o
go.
The
i n nense g ow h
o
Ame ica's ci ies o e ed new oppo uni ies o A ne icans in
sea ch
o
be e hings. Wi h i s appings
o
weal h and s a us, i became a symbol
o
possibil i y
in he Ame ican imagina ion.
Theodo e D eise 's Sis e Ca ie is an impo an
ex
in any discussion
ha
conce ns i sel wi h he Ame ican ci y. As Donald Pize no es, «no majo
Ame ican
au ho be o e D eise pa icipa ed so ully in he new indus ial and u ban
wo ld
o
Ame ica in he la e nine een h cen u y»(l). In Sis e Ca ie, Theodo e D eise
depic s
eal Ame ican ci ies, speci ically Chicago and New
Yo k,
in ali hei g andeu and squalo .
Th ough he consciousness
o
Ca ie Meebe , D eise 's he oine, we glimpse he
ci y
as
she imagines i could
be
o he - a place whe e happiness could be ound
amid
he
weal h and s a us. Though he no el belongs o he school
o
Ame ican Realis n, D eise ,
«mo e adically han anyone
o
his gene a ion
...
exposed as 'un ealis ic' he
mo al
ision ha con inued o
be
enac ed in so nany o he ealis no el s
...
»(Mi chell, xi). In
i s skill ul obse a ion
o
li e, along wi h an absence
o
e hical plo complica ion (Walcu ,
191
),
Sis e C a íe is al so conside ed o
be
an
example
o
Ame ican N a u alism. I s
essence, howe e , is i s blending
o
he eal and he i nagina y.
The main cha ac e s-D oue , Hu s wood, and
Ca ie-a e
assumed
o
be
ic ional c ea ions, he p oduc
o
h
e w i e 's imagina ion.
Ye
i
is aken as a
gi en
oday ha much
o
he plo was in luenced by he scandalous a ai s
o
D eise 's
sis e
Emma, who li ed wi h a Chicago a chi ec be o e eloping wi h L.A. Hopkins, a
u
s
ed
employee
o
an a luen Chicago saloon, who, like Hu s wood, had s olen mon
ey
om
he i n whe e he wo ked. D eise , weighing he
po
ssibili ies
o
wha could happen
o
bis sis e , ails o impose a e dic
o
guil y on Ca ie. Sis e Ca ie is no a me ely
ealis ic accoun
o his
sis e 's illici doings. Ra he , i is a e
x
ha debunks he
id
ealis ic
ene s
o
he my h
o
he Ame ican d eam ha mos o en held sway in he ea ly wen ie h-
cen u y Ame ican imagina ion. Donald Piz
e
con ends ha D eise « e ined»
h
e
cha ac e s
o
Ca ie and Hu s wood
in
o de
o «exp ess an abs ae!
u h-on
e
conce ning he na u e
o
li e in a g ea Ame ican ci y
in
which indi iduals
o
a ying
makeups ha e hei na u es cla i ied and hei a es shaped
by
he aw o ces
o
li e»(
6)
.
And he ise
o
he Ame ican
ci y-in
eali y and in he Ame ican
ima
gina ion
-has
su ely been he place whe e we pu sue he Ame ican d eam
o
ma e ial success.
D eise ques ions no ions
o
mo ali y, indus y, pe se e ance
o
ha d wo k,
gi es
us he
d eam-a
nd i s ailu e; indeed,
i
is Hu s wood who embodies any Ho a io
Alge
e hic
o
success:
He had isen by pe se e ance and indus y, h ough long hou s
o
se ice,
om he posi ion
o
ba kee
pe
in a commonplace saloon o his p esen al i-
ude. (46)
Real
and
Jmagina y Ci ies
in
D eise 's Sis e Ca ie
131
Ye
i is Hu s wood who ails, alling headlong in o des i u ion, illness, and inally,
suici
de
. As Cha les Child Walcu no es, «Hu s wood's degene a ion is a ema kable
ep esen a ion
o
he meaningless, almos unmo i a ed so
o
agedy ha
a
had, un il
hen, conspi ed o igno e»(l 88). Fo Richa d Lehan, « he ci y i sel is so much la ge
han he in
di
idual ha he human scale is
los -as
well as he alues ha go wi h he
human scale
...
» (69). Lehan no es he lack
o
a «mo al cen e » in Sis e Ca ie:
Wha we ge is human expe iencc as an amo al p ocess; cha ac e s mo e
a ound like d i wood caugh in he ocean's ide, ne e able o con ex ualize
hei place in he p ocess, always being spoken h ough by a la ge sel , which is
he oice
o
he ci y i sel , and by he desi e i s ma e iali y p oduces. (67)
D eise 's ealis ic accoun
o
success and ailu e in he big ci y- «The aga ies
o
o une a e indeed cu ious»(4
12
)-a oused
he indigna
i
on
o
an Ame ican public
(o i s li e a y c i ics,
a
leas ) weaned
upan
he my hic « ags o iches» success s o ies
o
such Ame ican icons
as
Benjamín F anklin, And ew J ackson, and Ab aham
Lincoln-
no o men ion he Alge boys; weaned upan he ideal
o
i ue being ewa ded. Bu in
Sis e Ca ie he eal cily sub c s such ideals.
D eise 's imagina y ci ies a e empe ed by ealism. He had his sis e 's s o y in
mind, bu , mo e impo an ly, he
had
seen he eali y
o
Ame ica 's ci ies h ough
joumalis ic eyes, which enabled
him
o desc ibe a de ailed, ealis ic se ing o he sad
s o y
o
his «Wai amid o ces.» As Willa d Tho p has no ed,
No Ame ican no elis
had
so ai h ully and minu ely ende ed Ii e in
ou
sp awling ci ies- he s ee s, mean and ashionable, he saloons and es au an s
and ho els, he depa men s o es (newly a i ed on he scene), he hea e s, he
apa men houses wi h ele a o s
and
doo men and dumbwai e s. He e was
ou
i s ull-scale ci y no el, so accu a e in i s de ails ha he much exed
M
.
Doubleday [D eise 's unen husias ic publishe ] a he
la
s! momen
be a
e
publica ion pe suaded D eise o mask he names
o
a ew ac ual
pe
sons and
places
o
business les he e be libe! sui s. (A e wa d o Sis e Ca ie, 472)
Though D eise may ha e changed a ew names
o
please his publishe , whose
wi e objec ed o he «immo al» con en
o
he no el,
h
e ci ies
o
C
hi
cago and New
Yo k depic ed
in
Sis e Ca ie a e as eal as any ci ies which ha e been lhe subjec
o
Ame ican w i e s:
Th oughou , D eise is ca e ul o depic cha ac e s mo ing abou in a ealm
o
eal ho els, es au an s, ba s, and ail oad s a ions exis
in
g in Chicago and
New Yo k du ing he l 880s and 1890
s.
He o e s, as well, a ch onicle
o
h
e
ashionable plays, sen imen al no els, d ess s yles, consume p ices, popula
132
Dan
Fy e
music, and cu en slang ha anyone in he pe iod would ha e aken o g an ed.
(Mi chell, x i)
As
a joumalis D eise leamed o dis inguish be ween he eal and he ideal:
As
Theodo e D eise , hen a young epo e , ecalled, hey became
ale
o
hypoc isy, pe haps a li le cynical hemsel es, bu undamen ally enligh ened
abou he immense gaps be ween he lo y ideals and public p o essions
o
he
edi o ial page and he di y eali ies
o
he business o ice and he news oom.»
(Ho s ad e , 191)
D eise 's ision o u ban
U.S.A.-his
eal
ci y- i es
he imagina ion
o
a
young
p o incial gi l om Columbia Ci y, Wisconsin:
The gleam
o
a housand ligh s is o en as e ec i e
as
he pe suasi e ligh
in a wooing and ascina ing eye ..
..
A bla e
o
sound, a oa o li e, a as
a ay
o
human hi es, appeal o he as onished senses
in
equi oca! e ms. Wi
hou
a
counselo a hand
o
whispe cau ious in e p e a ions, wha alsehoods may no
hese hings b ea he in o he ungua ded ea ! (Sis e Ca ie
8)
Ca ie comes o he ci y wi h he nai e hope o inding be e hings han
could
be had ou side he ci y walls; like many o he Ame icans we e doing, she !ca es
he
olling, g een ields
o
he epublic in sea ch
o
an
imagina y ci y:
To
he child, he genius wi h imagina ion, o he wholly un a eled
he
app oach o a g ea ci y o he i s ime is a wonde ul hing. Pa icula ly
i
i be
e ening- ha mys ic pe iod be ween he gla e and gloom o he wo ld when
li e
is changing om one sphe e o condi ion o ano he . Ah, he p omise
o
he
nigh . Wha
<loes
i no hold o he wea y! Wha old illusion
o
hope is no
he
e
o e e epea ed! (13)
This e oca ion o he nigh , and he wonde i can bes ow upon he ci
y,
esona es wi h Haw home 's app aisal
o
he moon shining h ough his window as he
con empla es he eal and imagina y ci y o Salem in The Cus om-House:
ali hese de ails, so comple ely seen, a e so spi i ualized by he unusual
ligh , ha hey seem o lose hei ac ual subs ance, and become hings
o
in ellec . ... Thus, he e o e, he loo o ou amilia oom has become a ai y-
land, whe e he Ac ual and he Imagina y may nee , and each imbue i se
l
wi h
he na u e o he o he . (CH, 28)
Real and lma
gi
na
y Ci ies
i11
D eise 's Sis e Ca ie 133
In Sis
e
Ca ie he ac ual and he imagina y me
e
when Ca ie a i es in Chicago:
«Amid ali
h
e maze, up oa , and no el y she el cold eali y aking he by he hand
}>
(
15
).
She
comes o Chicago looking o wo k; she will eside wi h
he
sis e , paying boa d in
an
aus e e la un il she can ind so ne menial employmen . Bu she sees ha «
[h]
e
sis e ca ied wi h he mos
o he
g imness
o
shi and oi1»(15). In a s a e
o
po e y,
Ca ie inds hankless wo k as a ac o y
gi
l; in he ha sh eali y
o he
si ua ion, she can
only imagine
he
wonde s she migh ind in he b igh ligh s and opulence
o
Chicago:
The
en i e me opoli an cen e possessed a hi
gh
and migh y a
i
calcula ed
o o e awe and abash he common applican , and
o
make he gu
l
be ween po e y
an
d success seem bo h wide and deep ...
.l
was ali wonde ul, all
a
s , all a emo-
ed, and she sank in spi i inwa dly and lu e ed eebly a he hea
...
(20
-21
)
The
im
ag
in
a y
Chica
go
o
he
d
ea
ms
only
exace
ba es Ca ie
's
disenchan men wi h he a duousness
o
he oil
a
h
e ac o y and he ugal na u e
o
he accommoda ion a he sis e 's la . He meag
e
exis
ence
is a odds wi h he beau y
and
wcal h
o
Chicago ha s i s he imag
in
a ion:
Ca ie ... had he blood
o
you h and s
o n
e imagina ion .... She co
uld
hink
o
hings s
he
would like o do,
o
clo hes she would like o wea , and
o
places she
would like o isi ....The li e
o
h
e s ee
s
con inued
o
a long ime o in e es Ca ie.
She ne e wea ied
o
wonde ing whe e he people
in
he ca s we e going
o
wha
hei enjoymen s we e. He imagina ion od a e y na ow ound, always winding
up a poin s which concemed money, looks, clo hes,
o
enjoymen . (52-53)
Fo a coun y gi l wi h ague
d
ea
ms
o
a be e
li
e
in he big ci y, he d udge y
o
ac o y li e
is
demeaning and dispi i ing. Ca ie
's
imagina
i
on
is he majo cause
o
he disillusion:
The machine gi ls [whe e she wo ked] imp essed he e en less a o ably
han he o
ema
n!. Th
ey
seemed
sa
is ied wi h he
i
lo , and we e in a sense
«common.» Ca ie had mo e imagina ion han hey. (54)
Ca ie's
im
agina ion- e
d upon Ame ican id
ea
l
s-is
he
ca
u
se
o
he discon cn
wi h ba e subsis ence.
In
i ia ed in o
h
e mo e a luen ways
o
he ci y h ough he
in ol emen wi h D oue , whose money and ine appea ance a e in s a k con as
o
he
eali y
o
Ca ie 's lowe class exis ence a he sis e
's
la , Ca ie gains en an
ce
o he
ype
o
li e she had ea li
e
been able only o imagine:
He e was he g ea , mys e ious ci y which was s ill a
ma
gne o he . Wha
she
had
seen only sugges ed i s possibili ies. (66)

134
DanFy e
Ca ie is
one
o
Ame ican
li e a u e's o emos d eame s: «S
he
had
ain
imaginings abou place and powe , abou a -o lands and magni icen people ....
She
was ... he ic im
o
he ci y's hypno ic in luence»(78-9). Wi h D oue suppo ing
he
,
Ca ie's imagina y ci y seems o
be
wi hin he
g a
sp:
She imagined ha ac oss hese ichly ca ed en ance ways,
whe e
he
globed and c ys alled lamps s
hon
e upon paneled doo s se wi h s ained
and
dcsigned panes
o
glass, was nei he ca e no unsa is ied desi e. She was pe ec ly
ce ain ha he e was happiness. (113)
Th ough D oue Ca ie is in oduced ·
o
he wo ld
o
he
h
ea
e
-a
n
imagina y
wo ld ha ca e s o he eal-and e én manages o ge a pa as an ac ess in a
small
p oduc ion. « When D oue was gone, she sa down in he ocking chai by he
window
o hink abou i . As usual, imagina ion exagge a ed he possibili ies o he
»(15
l)
.
Ca ie does no succeed, in Chicago, in becoming a amous ac ess; she lea es
D ou
e
o he cha ming Hu s wood, only o
di
sco e ha
Hu
s wood has decei ed
he
by
concealing om he he ac ha he is a ma ied man. Hu s wood hen s eals a
la ge
s
um
o
money
om his
employe s
and, despe a e bo h
o
lee Chicago and
o
ha
e
Ca ie,
de
ce
i es
he
in o
absconding
wi h
him
,
in
wha
u ns
ou
o
be
mo e
an
abduc ion
han
an
e
lopem
en . Ci cums ances o ce
Hu
s
wood
o
e
u n
he
bulk
o
he
money
he
has
s olen
and, a e a
b ie
e ea in o
Canada
, he
pai
descend
upon New Yo k, which becomes, o Ca ie, ano he imagina y ci y whicb she
d eams
o
conquc ing.
Fl
ee
ing Chicago in disg ace, Hu s wood loses his secu e posi ion, and Ca ie,
a
leas o he momen , he d eam
o
he good li e. Like
he
i s a i al in Chicago,
Ca ie
's
a i al in
New
Yo k makes he awa e
o
he
in
signi icance amid he bu
s le
o
Ame ica's g ea es ci y.
On
ce again, she is a «wai amid o ces.» And, once again,
h
e
allu e
o
he ci y cap i a es he imagina ion
o
he coun y gi l. She is be iended
by
a
neighbo , M s. Vanee, who is ob iously
o
a highe social class han Ca ie. She
shows
Ca ie he high side
o New
Yo k socie y, which se es o eawaken in Ca ie he longings
which she had en e ained
in
Chicago:
Wi h a s a
she awoke o ind ha she was in ashion
's
c owd, on
pa ade
in a show place-and such a show place! Jewele
's
windows gleamed along
h
e
pa h
wi h
ema kable
equency
. Fl
o is
s
hops
,
u ie s,
habe dashe s
,
con ec ione
s-
all ollowed in apid succession. (289)
D eise depic s
New
Yo k Ci y's allu e
o
ma e ialism, he p oduc s
o
he ci y,
eadily a ailable o !hose wi h he money o a o d hem.
Fo
Ca ie, such iches
can
only be possessed in he imagina ion. She bccomes pain ully awa e
o
he ci y's class
dis inc ions:
Real
and
lmagina y Ci ies
in
D eise 's Sis e Ca ie 135
The s ee was ull
o
coaches. Pompous doo men in immense co
a
s, shiny
b ass bel s and bu ons, wai ed in on
o
expensi e
sa
les ooms. Coachmen in
an boo s, whi e igh s, and blue
ja
cke s wai ed obsequiously o
h
e mis
e
sses
o
ca iages who we e shopping inside. The whole s ee bo e he la o
o
iches
and show, and Ca ie el ha she was no
o
i . (289)
In New Yo k c
i
y Ca ie is made
awa e-mo
e !han e e ---0 he in e io social
s a us. He eeling
o
inequali y causes shame; she hinks ha he iches
o
he ci y can
b ing happiness:
She could no ,
a
he li e
o
he , assume
h
e a i ude and sma ness
o
M s. Vanee, who,
in
he
beau y, was all assu ance. She could only
im
agine ha i
mus
be
e id
en
o many ha she was he less handsomely d essed
o
he wo. I
cu he
o
he quick, and she esol ed ha she would no come he e again un il
she Jooked be e .
Ac
he same ime she longed o eel he deligh
o
pa ading
he e
asan
equal. Ah, h
en
she would
be
happy! (289)
Ca ie, beguiled
by
he splendo
o
New Yo k ci
y,
is again en anced by he
«i
ma
gina y wo ld»
o
he s age. A che hea
e
she is able o d eam abou he li e which
has hus a eluded h
e
g asp. Indeed,
i
is he hea e which
ha
s a p o ound e ec upan
he mi
nd:
Almos in a iably she would ca y he i id imagina ions away wi h he
and b ood o e hem he nex
da
y alone. She li ed as much in he
se
hings as in
Lhe
eali ies which made
up
he daily li e. (2
90
)
The wo ld
o
he
hea e -a
eal place
o
imagina i
on-a
nd he opule
n
side
o
he ci y which she glimpses h ough he ie
nd
ship
wi
h M s. Vanee o ce Ca ie o
con empla e h
e
disillusion wi h he mundane eali y
o
h
e
own
si ua ion: «l ached h
e
o know ha she was no one
o
hem- ha , alas, she had d eamed a d eam and
i
had no
come ue»(29 !
).
Ca ie 's imagina y wo
ld
is a odds wi h
h
e aus e i y
o
h
e
exis ence
wi h Hu s wood, who s uggles o make ends mee in New Yo k.
I
is Ca ie 's penchan
o imagina ion which,
o
g
e
h
e
wi h
Hu
s woo
d's
g adually declining economic
si ua ion, Jeads o ouble be ween he ill- a ed pai :
When Hu s wood ca ne, Ca ie was mood
y.
She was si ing, ocking and
hinking, and did no ca e o ha e he en icing ima
gi
na ions b oken in upan; so
she said li le
o
no hing. (292)
When Hu s wood loses his in es men in he New Yo k ci y saloon whe e he has
been wo king, he spec e
o
po e y
lo
oms upon Ca ie 's ho izon. She is awa e
o
he
136
Dan
Fy e
con as! be ween he li e
in
Chicago and he inc easingly dingy exis ence
wi h
Hu s
wood
in NewYo k:
The glamo
o
he high li e
o
he ci y had, in he ew expe iences a o ded
he by he o me , seized
he
comple ely. She had
been
augh how o
d e
ss
and whe e o
go
wi hou ha ing
ample
means o
do
ei
he . Now,
he
se
hings-e e -p esen
eali ies as hey
we e- illed
he
eyes and
mind.
The
mo e ci cumsc ibed became he s a e, he mo e en ancing seemed his
o he .
And now po e y h ea ened o seize
he
en i ely and o emo e his
o he
wo ld
a
upwa d
like a
hea en
o
which
any
Laza us
migh
ex
end
,
appealingly, his hands. (313)
Hu s wood alls in o he w e ched abyss
o
homeless-ness,
despai ingly
decla es «Wh
a 's
he use», hen u ns on he gas in a seedy oom in
down own
New Yo k. Fo him, he s a k eali y
o
his des i u ion is some hing he
could
ne e
ha e imagined. Ca ie ises o s a dom, by chance, he a es seemingly
dealing
kindly wi h he : «The showy wo ld in which
he
in e es lay comple ely
abso bed
he »(406). Bu he money and s a us, he ine clo hes and ood, he ca iages and
ho
el
sui es, do no b ing happiness o Ca de. The ealiza ion
o
he d eams has no eclipsed
he pe pe u
a!
yeaming ha s alks he imagina ion
o
he Ame ican d eame . She
ha
s
a ained ha which she had c a ed, bu in he loneliness she s ill d eams
o
some hing
mo e. Ca ie 's pu sui
o
he imagina
y,
he omance
o
h
e beau i ul, has no led
o
he
happiness ha she imagined would be he s when she i s a e sed he da k olling
ields
o
he epublic
in
sea ch
o
some hing she hough he b igh ligh s
o
he ci y
migh bes ow:
...
she saw he ci y o e ing mo e
o
Io eliness han she had e e known,
and ins inc i ely, by o ce
o
he moods alone, clung
o
i . In ine aimen
and
elegan su oundings, men seemed o be con en ed. Hence, she d ew nea hese
hings. Chicago, New Yo k; D oue , Hu s wood; he wo ld
o
ashion and he
wo ld
o
s age- hese we e bu inciden s. No hem, bu
h
a which hey ep esen ed,
she Ionged
o .
(463)
Fo he Ame ican d eame
o
ea
l ci ies, he a ainmen
o
he ideal is ne e
as
sa is ying as he d eam which spu s i s pu sui . In he s uggle o ame and
o une-
and he happiness she belie es will come om he
se-Ca
ie mo es om one eal
Ame ican ci y
o
ano he . She ans o ns hese u ban places in o imagina y ci ies whe e
success-howe e g andly ealized-will ine i ably pale in compa ison wi h he idyllic
concep ions os e ed by he imagina ion. D eise ends his no el on a cau iona y no e:
he Ame ican d eam is no wha i appea s o be in he eal Ame ican cily:
Real
and
Imagina y Ci ies
in
D eise 's Sis e Ca ie 137
Know, hen, ha o you is nei he su ei no con en .
In
you ocking chai ,
by
you window d eaming, shall you long, alone. In you ocking chai ,
by
you window,
shall you d eam such happiness as you may ne e eel. (465)
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