Senso y p ocessing sensi i i y and heal h- ela ed quali y o li e: he
media ional ole o coping s a egies
Me cedes Bo da-Mas
a
, Magdalena S´
anchez-Fe n´
andez
a,*
, Ne ea Almeda
a
,
Manuela P´
e ez-Chac´
on
b
, Jose M. Mes e
c
a
Depa men o Pe sonali y, Assessmen and Psychological T ea men , Uni e si y o Se ille (Uni e sidad de Se illa), Se ille, Spain
b
Spanish Associa ion o High Sensi i i y P o essionals and Psychologis s (PAS Espa˜
na, Asociaci´
on de Psic´
ologos y P o esionales de la Al a Sensibilidad), Mad id, Spain
c
Neu opsychology and Expe imen al Psychology Lab, Uni e si y o Cadiz (Uni e sidad de C´
adiz), Cadiz, Spain
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
Senso y p ocessing sensi i i y
Heal h- ela ed quali y o li e
Men al heal h
Vi ali y
Coping s a egies
ABSTRACT
Coping s a egies ha e been ela ed o heal h- ela ed quali y o li e (QoL) in highly sensi i e indi iduals. Fu he
esea ch is needed on he possible media ing ole o coping s yle in he ela ionship be ween Senso y P ocessing
Sensi i i y (SPS) and heal h- ela ed QoL. The p esen s udy aimed o es ablish a model ha explains he asso-
cia ion be ween SPS and h ee heal h- ela ed QoL a iables (i.e., men al heal h, i ali y, and social unc ion)
h ough coping s a egies using s uc u al equa ion modelling. Pa icipan s (N =10,520) comple ed he High
Sensi i i y Pe son Scale, Sho Fo m Heal h Su ey, and Coping S a egies In en o y. Two s uc u al equa ion
models we e c ea ed. The esul s showed ha SPS was di ec ly associa ed wi h he h ee heal h- ela ed QoL
a iables. The ela ionship be ween SPS and men al heal h was pa ially media ed by wish ul hinking, sel -
c i icism, and social wi hd awal. The ela ionships be ween SPS and i ali y and be ween SPS and social unc-
ion we e pa ially media ed by emo ional exp ession, wish ul hinking, sel -c i icism, and social wi hd awal
s a egies. These indings sugges ha coping s a egies may, in pa , explain he associa ion be ween SPS and
heal h- ela ed QoL and ha e p ac ical implica ions o he de elopmen o p e en ion and in e en ion p og ams
o highly sensi i e indi iduals.
1. In oduc ion
Senso y P ocessing Sensi i i y (SPS) e e s o an inna e, s able, and
inhe i ed pe sonali y ai linked o indi idual di e ences in eac i i y
o in e nal and ex e nal s imuli (A on & A on, 1997). SPS is a ace o
en i onmen al sensi i i y, an umb ella e m ha e e s o heo ies ha
explain indi idual di e ences in he p ocessing o en i onmen al s imuli
(Pluess, 2015). Indi iduals wi h high SPS a e cha ac e ised by deep in-
o ma ion p ocessing, inc eased pe cep ion o en i onmen al sub le ies,
inc eased emo ional exp ession and empa hy, and suscep ibili y o
cen al ne ous sys em o e s imula ion (A on e al., 2012). I has been
es ima ed ha app oxima ely 15–20 % o he gene al popula ion exhibi
high le els o his ai (G e en e al., 2019). SPS is ela ed o o he
pe sonali y ai s (Hen ges e al., 2015). The e o e, high SPS le els ha e
been associa ed wi h in o e sion, neu o icism, and openness o expe-
ience (Hellwig & Ro h, 2021). Addi ionally, SPS componen s ha e been
associa ed wi h ulne able na cissism (Guble e al., 2025), which is
cha ac e ised by hype sensi i i y, emo ional ulne abili y, and a sense
o en i lemen (Mille e al., 2018).
Al hough SPS has been concep ualised as a empe amen al ai and
no a diso de (G e en e al., 2019), high eac i i y o di e en s imuli
wi h su icien in ensi y can p oduce dis u bances in daily li e (Sobocko
& Zelenski, 2015). The e o e, SPS appea s o be associa ed wi h poo
psychological and physical heal h (Kenemo e e al., 2023). SPS has a
nega i e impac on social, physical, cogni i e, and emo ional a eas o
quali y o li e (QoL), hus acili a ing luc ua ions in well-being, daily
unc ioning, and heal h (Cos a-L´
opez e al., 2021). Iimu a (2022)
showed ha SPS was posi i ely co ela ed wi h s ess and nega i ely
wi h esilience. P´
e ez-Chac´
on e al. (2023) ound nega i e co ela ions
be ween SPS le els and h ee heal h- ela ed QoL a iables (i.e. men al
heal h, i ali y, and emo ional ole).
Howe e , p e ious s udies ha e ound ha he e ec o SPS on
nega i e psychological s a es is media ed by o he a iables, such as a
lack o adap i e emo ional egula ion s a egies (Es¸kisu e al., 2022) o
maladap i e cogni ions (Wylle e al., 2017).
Ace edo (2020) s a ed ha he SPS ai can be adap i e. Howe e ,
* Co esponding au ho a : C. Camilo Jos´
e Cela, s/n, 41018 Se illa, Spain.
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (M. S´
anchez-Fe n´
andez).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Pe sonali y and Indi idual Di e ences
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/paid
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.paid.2025.113242
Recei ed 25 Janua y 2025; Recei ed in e ised o m 3 Ap il 2025; Accep ed 1 May 2025
Pe sonali y and Indi idual Die ences 243 (2025) 113242
A ailable online 7 May 2025
0191-8869/© 2025 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY license ( h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/ ).
SPS became maladap i e when people wi h high SPS do no ha e
adequa e coping s a egies o espond o en i onmen al needs. The e-
o e, i is likely ha o he psychological a iables ela ed o he abili y o
cope adequa ely wi h en i onmen al s imuli media e he ela ionship
be ween SPS and QoL.
Coping is de ined as a se o emo ional, cogni i e, and beha io al
esponses employed by indi iduals o manage o ole a e s ess (Skinne
e al., 2003). Au ho s dis inguished be ween adap i e and maladap i e
coping s a egies based on expec ed ou comes (Tobin e al., 1989). Thus,
he use o adap i e o maladap i e coping s a egies may de e mine
whe he indi iduals wi h high SPS can e ec i ely manage hei in ense
pe cep ion o en i onmen al s imuli. Consequen ly, his may ha e a
g ea e o lesse impac on o e all QoL.
Resea ch has shown ha indi iduals wi h high SPS le els end o use
a oidance o wi hd awal s a egies when aced wi h h ea ening s imuli
o si ua ions o p o ec hei men al heal h (P´
e ez-Chac´
on e al., 2023).
The e is also e idence o an associa ion be ween SPS and maladap i e
coping s a egies (B anje dpo n e al., 2019).
Coping s a egies ha e been consis en ly linked o heal h- ela ed
QoL. Se e al s udies ha e shown ha he use o posi i e coping s a e-
gies, such as ac i e p oblem-sol ing and posi i e eapp aisal, is associ-
a ed wi h imp o emen s in heal h- ela ed QoL (Alanazi e al., 2022;
Kupcewicz e al., 2020). In con as , he adop ion o maladap i e coping
s a egies, such as a oidance o denial, has been ound o co ela e wi h
de e io a ion in heal h- ela ed QoL (Alanazi e al., 2022).
Thus, i can be sugges ed ha coping s a egies may play a media ing
ole in he ela ionship be ween high SPS le els and poo heal h- ela ed
QoL. Howe e , al hough some s udies ha e linked high SPS le els o a
lowe quali y o li e and he use o maladap i e coping s a egies, no
s udy has examined he po en ial media ing ole o coping s a egies in
he ela ionship be ween SPS and heal h- ela ed QoL. Iden i ying such a
mechanism could be c ucial o de eloping e idence-based p e en ion
p og ams aimed a imp o ing he heal h and quali y o li e o highly
sensi i e indi iduals.
This s udy aimed o examine he associa ions be ween SPS, heal h-
ela ed QoL, and coping wi h s ess ul si ua ions, wi h he ul ima e
goal o ad ancing knowledge in he ield o indi idual di e ences in
senso y sensi i i y and gene a ing insigh s ha can help p e en he
nega i e consequences o SPS. To achie e his, a comp ehensi e analysis
will be conduc ed using s uc u al equa ion modelling (SEM) o explo e
he ela ionships be ween SPS, coping s a egies, and heal h- ela ed
QoL. SEM is a powe ul s a is ical echnique ha allows o es ing
complex ela ionships be ween obse ed and la en a iables and is
pa icula ly well-sui ed o analysing media ion models (Kline, 2015).
P e ious s udies ha e employed SEM o in es iga e simila media ion
models using c oss-sec ional designs in he ields o pe sonali y psy-
chology and heal h esea ch (e.g. G¨
okda˘
g, 2021), and SPS esea ch (e.g.
Cos a-L´
opez e al., 2024).
1.1. The p esen s udy
This s udy aimed o examine he associa ions be ween SPS, heal h-
ela ed QoL, and coping s a egies. Speci ically, i aimed o es ablish a
model ha explains he ela ionship be ween SPS and heal h- ela ed
QoL h ough coping s a egies.
The ollowing wo hypo heses (Hs) we e p oposed (Fig. 1):
1. SPS is nega i ely associa ed wi h heal h- ela ed QoL h ough an in-
c ease in maladap i e coping s a egies (H
1
).
2. SPS is nega i ely associa ed wi h heal h- ela ed QoL h ough a
dec ease in adap i e coping s a egies (H
2
).
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. Pa icipan s
The sample consis ed o 10,520 adul s (M
age
=33.61, SD =11.39,
ange 18–79 yea s). I was ec ui ed om a Spanish communi y con ex .
Con enience sampling was chosen. Pa icipan s had o mee he
ollowing inclusion c i e ia: (1) being a leas 18 yea s old, (2) p o iding
comple e and app op ia e da a and comple ing he ba e y o es s, and
(3) explici ly accep ing he in o med consen . The majo i y o he sam-
ple was emale (83.5 %), single (50.0 %), and college-educa ed (59.0 %).
2.2. P ocedu e
This was a c oss-sec ional s udy. The esea che s we e acul y
membe s wi h ecognised esea ch expe ience and p o essionals who
we e expe s in he unde s anding o highly sensi i e indi iduals. Fo a
be e unde s anding o his p ocedu e, please e e o P´
e ez-Chac´
on
e al. (2023) and Chac´
on e al. (2023).
Pa icipa ion in his s udy was olun a y and anonymous. All pa -
icipan s p o ided in o med consen and we e ee o wi hd aw om he
s udy. Da a we e collec ed acco ding o Spanish Law 3/2018 o ensu e
da a p o ec ion and con iden iali y o digi al igh s. Addi ionally, his
esea ch was conduc ed ollowing he code o e hics o he Wo ld
Medical Associa ion and was app o ed by he Doc o al S udies P og am
Academic Commi ee o he In e na ional Doc o al School o he Uni-
e si y o Se ille (EIDUS, om Spanish, ’Escuela In e nacional de Doc-
o ado de la Uni e sidad de Se illa’).
2.3. Measu es
In addi ion o he Ad Hoc Ques ionnai e o Sociodemog aphic In-
o ma ion, h ee scales we e used.
The High Sensi i i y Pe son Scale (HSPS) (A on & A on, 1997;
Spanish e sion: Chac´
on e al., 2021) was used o iden i y highly sen-
si i e pe son sensi i i y h ough i e dimensions: o e s imula ion,
aes he ic sensi i i y, low senso y h eshold, ine psychophysiological
disc imina ion, and ha m a oidance. This sel - epo scale consis s o 27
i ems wi h Like - ype scale esponse op ions (1 =s ongly disag ee/7 =
s ongly ag ee). In his s udy, he o al HSPS-S sco e demons a ed good
in e nal consis ency (
α
=0.92).
The Sho Fo m Heal h Su ey (SF-36) (Wa e & She bou ne, 1992;
Spanish e sion: Vilagu e al., 2005) was used o assess heal h- ela ed
QoL in he gene al popula ion. This scale consis s o 36 i ems o gan-
ised in o eigh ca ego ies: gene al heal h, men al heal h, physical ole,
emo ional ole, physical unc ion, social unc ion, bodily pain, and i-
ali y. Each i em p esen s se e al esponse op ions based on a Like -
ype scale, and each scale is punc ua ed independen ly. In his s udy,
he domains used we e men al heal h (MH; eelings o happiness,
calmness, and anquilli y s. eelings o anxie y and dep ession), i-
ali y (V; eeling dynamic and ene ge ic s. eeling i ed and/o
exhaus ed), and social unc ion (SF; engaging in no mal social ac i i ies
Fig. 1. Hypo hesised s uc u al model.
M. Bo da-Mas e al.
Pe sonali y and Indi idual Die ences 243 (2025) 113242
2
s. in e e ence in social ac i i ies due o physical o emo ional p ob-
lems). In he p esen s udy, he h ee subscales showed accep able le els
o in e nal consis ency (MH:
α
=0.87; V:
α
=0.84; SF:
α
=0.63).
The Coping S a egies In en o y (CSI) (Tobin e al., 1989; Spanish
e sion: Cano Ga cía e al., 2007) was used o assess he coping s a e-
gies used by indi iduals o deal wi h ad e se si ua ions in hei daily
li es. This 40-i ems ins umen assesses coping s a egies along wo
axes: engagemen s a egies (i.e., p oblem sol ing [PS], cogni i e
es uc u ing [CR], emo ional exp ession [EE] and social suppo [SS])
and disengagemen s a egies (i.e., p oblem a oidance [PA], wish ul
hinking [WT], social wi hd awal [SW] and sel -c i icism [SC]). I con-
sis s o i e i ems o each s a egy, wi h i e esponse op ions on a
Like - ype scale (1 =ne e /5 =almos always). In he p esen s udy,
engagemen s a egies we e conside ed adap i e coping s a egies, and
disengagemen s a egies we e conside ed maladap i e coping s a e-
gies (Cano Ga cía e al., 2007). These eigh subscales showed accep able
le els o in e nal consis ency (CR:
α
=0.60; EE:
α
=0.82; WT:
α
=0.87;
SC:
α
=0.88; PA:
α
=0.70; SW:
α
=0.77; PS:
α
=0.83; SS:
α
=0.87).
2.4. Da a analyses
Da a we e analyzed using JASP (JASP Team, 2024). Absolu e
skewness anged om 0.06 o 1.93, and ku osis om −0.27 o 6.44;
he e o e, he dis ibu ions we e conside ed no mal (Kim, 2013). S an-
da d de ia ions, eliabili y coe icien s, and Pea son’s co ela ions we e
calcula ed.
S uc u al equa ion modelling (SEM) was used o examine he ela-
ionship be ween SPS and heal h- ela ed QoL ia coping s a egies.
Coping s a egies we e included i hei co ela ion wi h he SPS
exceeded 0.10. Con i ma o y ac o analysis was used o assess he
measu emen model, and disc iminan alidi y was e i ied using he
Fo nell-La cke c i e ion (Ab Hamid e al., 2017).
Two s uc u al models we e de eloped: Model 1 (men al heal h) and
Model 2 ( i ali y and social unc ion), p edic ing heal h- ela ed QoL ia
SPS and media ed by coping s a egies. The ULS es ima o was used o
handle missing alues ia lis wise dele ion. Model i was e alua ed
using CFI, IFI, NFI, TLI, and RMSEA, conside ing he sensi i i y o
χ
2
o
sample size and RMSEA’s limi a ions wi h low deg ees o eedom
(Kenny e al., 2015). S anda dized pa h coe icien s es ed he hypo h-
eses, and indi ec e ec s we e analyzed ia boo s apping (5000
esamples).
Minimum sample size was de e mined using Sope ’s (2015) calcu-
la o o an e ec size o 0.10,
α
=0.05, powe =0.80, wi h eigh la en
and 12 obse ed a iables (Model 1), and nine la en and 13 obse ed
a iables (Model 2). The equi ed sample sizes (1889 o Model 1 and
1960 o Model 2) we e easily me .
3. Resul s
3.1. Desc ip i e analyses
Table 1 p esen s he co ela ions be ween SPS, heal h- ela ed QoL,
and coping s a egies. Nega i e co ela ions we e ound be ween SPS
and he h ee QoL a iables and be ween SPS and p oblem a oidance.
Wish ul hinking, sel -c i icism, and social wi hd awal we e also nega-
i ely co ela ed wi h he h ee QoL a iables. Men al heal h and social
unc ion we e nega i ely co ela ed wi h emo ional exp ession. Posi i e
co ela ions we e obse ed among he h ee QoL a iables and be ween
men al heal h, i ali y, and cogni i e es uc u ing. SPS co ela ed
posi i ely wi h cogni i e es uc u ing, emo ional exp ession, wish ul
hinking, sel -c i icism, social wi hd awal, and p oblem-sol ing.
Emo ional exp ession was posi i ely co ela ed wi h i ali y, social
unc ion wi h cogni i e es uc u ing, and he h ee QoL a iables wi h
p oblem a oidance, p oblem sol ing, and social suppo . The co ela ion
be ween SPS and social suppo was no signi ican .
3.2. S uc u al equa ional model
To es Hypo heses 1 and 2, s uc u al equa ion modelling was con-
duc ed. The measu emen model yielded an app op ia e i (CFI =0.97,
IFI =0.97, NFI =0.97, TLI =0.93, RMSEA =0.12). Disc iminan al-
idi y was adequa e o i ali y (√AVE =0.74) and social unc ion
(√AVE =0.71), bu ques ionable o men al heal h (√AVE =0.61),
gi en i s high co ela ions wi h i ali y ( =0.71) and social unc ion (
=0.66). The e o e, s uc u al equa ion models we e compu ed sepa-
a ely o men al heal h (Model 1) and i ali y and social unc ion
(Model 2).
The wo s uc u al models showed an accep able i (CFI =0.90, IFI
=0.90, NFI =0.90, TLI =0.80, RMSEA =0.11), wi h app oxima ely
explained a iances (MH: R
2
=0.30, V: R
2
=0.20, SF: R
2
=0.23). These
a e shown in Fig. 2 (Model 1) and Fig. 3 (Model 2).
Table 2 shows he di ec and indi ec e ec s a e con olling o age
Table 1
Pea son co ela ions o he s udy a iables (N =10,520).
Va iables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1. SPS –
2. Men al heal h −0.23*** –
3. Vi ali y −0.22*** 0.71*** –
4. Social unc ion −0.24*** 0.66*** 0.58*** –
5. P oblem sol ing (PS) 0.07*** 0.24*** 0.24*** 0.16*** –
6. Cogni i e
es uc u ing (CR)
0.05*** 0.32*** 0.28*** 0.17*** 0.49*** –
7. Emo ional exp ession
(EE)
0.14*** −0.01 0.04*** −0.04*** 0.29*** 0.28*** –
8. Social suppo (SS) −0.00 0.16*** 0.17*** 0.16*** 0.25*** 0.32*** 0.54*** –
9. Wish ul hinking (WT) 0.23*** −0.44*** −0.34*** −0.35*** −0.10*** −0.11*** 0.13*** 0.01 –
10. Sel -c i icism (SC) 0.22*** −0.48*** −0.35*** −0.38*** −0.06*** −0.12*** 0.08*** −0.07*** 0.61*** –
11. P oblem a oidance
(PA)
−0.09*** 0.12*** 0.10*** 0.03** 0.03** 0.39*** −0.02** 0.00 0.01 −0.04*** –
12. Social wi hd awal
(SW)
0.16*** −0.33*** −0.28*** −0.33*** −0.12*** −0.10*** −0.35*** −0.48*** 0.33*** 0.39*** 0.22*** –
M154.40 49.97 47.33 57.62 12.72 11.12 10.64 9.69 13.40 12.03 5.30 9.05
SD 22.42 16.72 17.91 26.55 4.12 3.89 4.75 4.89 4.91 5.00 3.58 4.38
Range 27–189 0–100 0–100 0–100 0–20 0–20 0–20 0–20 0–20 0–20 0–20 0–20
SPS: Senso y P ocessing Sensi i i y, M: mean, SD: s anda d de ia ion.
Adap i e coping s a egies: PS, CR, EE, SS; Maladap i e coping s a egies: WT, SC, PA, SW.
**
p <0.01.
***
p <0.001.
M. Bo da-Mas e al.
Pe sonali y and Indi idual Die ences 243 (2025) 113242
3
and sex. In e ms o di ec e ec s, SPS had a signi ican nega i e e ec
on he h ee heal h- ela ed QoL a iables. The indi ec e ec o SPS on
he h ee heal h- ela ed QoL a iables h ough coping s a egies was
nega i e and signi ican , excep o he e ec o SPS on i ali y h ough
emo ional exp ession, which was posi i e.
4. Discussion
Acco ding o p e ious e idence, high le els o senso y p ocessing
sensi i i y (SPS) a e associa ed wi h lowe quali y o li e (QoL) (Cos a-
L´
opez e al., 2021). Addi ionally, coping s a egies ha e been ound o
be associa ed wi h heal h- ela ed QoL in indi iduals wi h mode a e o
high SPS le els, such ha adap i e s a egies (i.e., cogni i e es uc-
u ing) a e linked o be e heal h- ela ed QoL, whe eas maladap i e
coping s a egies (i.e., wish ul hinking, sel -c i icism, social wi h-
d awal, and p oblem a oidance) a e associa ed wi h lowe men al
heal h- ela ed QoL (P´
e ez-Chac´
on e al., 2023). Mo eo e , o he a i-
ables media e he ela ionship be ween SPS and QoL (Es¸kisu e al., 2022;
Wylle e al., 2017).
This s udy aimed o examine he impac o SPS on heal h- ela ed
QoL, ocusing on he media ing ole o coping s a egies in a la ge
sample. S uc u al equa ion modelling was used o accoun o he
pa ial o e lap be ween he measu emen cons uc s. Gi en he high
co ela ion be ween he la en a iable o men al heal h and he o he
wo heal h- ela ed QoL dimensions ( i ali y and social unc ioning), and
conside ing he disc iminan alidi y o he cons uc s, wo sepa a e
models we e speci ied: one wi h men al heal h as he ou come a iable
and ano he simul aneously inco po a ing i ali y and social unc-
ioning as ou come a iables.
Rega ding co ela ions, SPS was signi ican ly nega i ely associa ed
wi h all h ee heal h- ela ed QoL a iables. This inding aligns wi h
p e ious esea ch, which concluded ha indi iduals wi h high SPS end
o epo lowe QoL (Cos a-L´
opez e al., 2021) and poo e physical and
men al heal h ou comes (Iimu a, 2022; Kenemo e e al., 2023; P´
e ez-
Chac´
on e al., 2023). In con as , SPS le els we e posi i ely co ela ed
wi h coping s a egies o emo ional exp ession, wish ul hinking, sel -
c i icism, and social wi hd awal. These indings pa ially di e ge om
expec a ions. While wish ul hinking, sel -c i icism, and social wi h-
d awal a e conside ed maladap i e coping s a egies and ha e been
posi i ely associa ed wi h SPS in p e ious s udies (Alanazi e al., 2022;
Kupcewicz e al., 2020), emo ional exp ession has been concep ualised
as an adap i e coping s a egy, and adap i e s a egies ha e been
nega i ely associa ed wi h SPS le els in ea lie esea ch (Alanazi e al.,
2022). This appa en con adic ion may be a ibu ed o he ac ha
Fig. 2. S uc u al model o he associa ions be ween SPS, coping s a egies, and men al heal h. S anda dized pa h coe icien s a e shown. Sex and age we e con olled
as co a ia es. ***p <0.001. Fo cla i y, he obse ed indica o s, esidual co a iances, and e o co a iance a e no p esen ed.
Fig. 3. S uc u al model o he associa ions be ween SPS, coping s a egies, i ali y, and social unc ion. S anda dized pa h coe icien s a e shown. Sex and age we e
con olled as co a ia es. ***p <0.001. Fo cla i y, he obse ed indica o s, esidual co a iances, and e o co a iance a e no p esen ed.
M. Bo da-Mas e al.
Pe sonali y and Indi idual Die ences 243 (2025) 113242
4
indi iduals wi h high SPS end o exhibi heigh ened emo ional eac-
i i y o nega i e e en s in hei daily li es. This inc eased sensi i i y
o en esul s in mo e in ense emo ional esponses o ad e se si ua ions,
such as emo ional exp ession (B indle e al., 2015; Van Reyn e al.,
2022).
The mul idimensional na u e o SPS o e s ano he explana ion, as i
enables he iden i ica ion o dis inc p o iles wi hin indi iduals wi h his
ai and emphasises i s po en ial posi i e aspec s (Chac´
on e al., 2021).
Fo example, esea ch has demons a ed ha he aes he ic sensi i i y
dimension o SPS is associa ed wi h posi i e a ec (Sobocko & Zelenski,
2015), sensi i i y o ewa ds and empa hy (Ace edo e al., 2017),
openness (De Guch e al., 2022), and he use o adap i e coping s a-
egies (Chac´
on e al., 2024).
No signi ican co ela ion was ound be ween SPS and social suppo ,
and he co ela ions be ween SPS and o he coping s a egies such as
cogni i e es uc u ing, p oblem a oidance, and p oblem sol ing we e
e y small. Consequen ly, hese a iables we e no included in ei he
model.
I was hypo hesised ha SPS was nega i ely associa ed wi h heal h-
ela ed QoL h ough an inc ease in maladap i e coping s a egies (H
1
).
Thus, H1 was pa ially suppo ed. The s udy showed ha he o al e ec s
o SPS on he h ee QoL a iables we e pa ially media ed by he h ee
maladap i e coping s a egies in oduced in each model (i.e., wish ul
hinking, sel -c i icism, and social wi hd awal). Rega ding men al
heal h, he indi ec e ec s o SPS h ough hese h ee s a egies
explained 54.1 % o he o al e ec . This esul is in line wi h he s udy
by B indle e al. (2015), who concluded ha di icul ies in emo ional
egula ion media e he ela ionship be ween SPS and men al heal h.
Simila ly, o i ali y and social unc ion, he pe cen ages we e 34.0 and
42.4 %, espec i ely.
Thus, people wi h high SPS ha e a wo se physical, men al, and social
heal h- ela ed quali y o li e, wi h maladap i e coping s a egies as
media o s. This sugges s ha in e en ions aimed a e ec i ely man-
aging sel -c i icism and wish ul hinking, as well as objec i ely eas-
sessing emo ional exp ession and eac ions o o he s’ opinions, could
po en ially imp o e his ela ionship. This esul is consis en wi h a
s udy by Kenemo e e al. (2023), who ound ha pe cei ed s ess, which
may be a consequence o maladap i e coping s a egies, is ela ed o
heal h le els.
I was hypo hesised ha SPS was nega i ely associa ed wi h heal h-
ela ed QoL h ough a dec ease in adap i e coping s a egies (H
2
). This
hypo hesis was pa ially suppo ed. The indings indica ed ha
emo ional exp ession pa ially media ed he ela ionship be ween SPS
and i ali y, as well as be ween SPS and social unc ioning, leading o
imp o emen s in hese wo dimensions o heal h- ela ed QoL. In-
di iduals wi h high SPS who employ adap i e coping s a egies end o
epo be e heal h ou comes, as hese s a egies unc ion as p o ec i e
ac o s ha enhance hei o e all QoL (Engel-Yege e al., 2020; P´
e ez-
Chac´
on e al., 2023).
In con as , he media ing e ec o emo ional exp ession on he
ela ionship be ween SPS and men al heal h was no signi ican . This
esul may be a ibu ed o he heigh ened emo ional eac i i y ypical
o indi iduals wi h high SPS (Van Reyn e al., 2022), which can lead o a
subs an ial emo ional bu den ha ad e sely a ec s hei men al heal h
(Dolla e al., 2023; Rippe e al., 2018). In such cases, emo ional
exp ession alone may be insu icien o media e his nega i e e ec .
Howe e , in he con ex o i ali y and social unc ioning, emo ional
exp ession may play a mo e p ominen ole in imp o ing he manage-
men o social ela ionships and os e ing a g ea e sense o ene gy
h ough he elease o accumula ed emo ional ension.
Finally, he ac ha he pe cen age o he indi ec e ec is highe o
men al heal h (54.1 %) han o i ali y (39.1 %) is consis en wi h
Engel-Yege e al. (2020), who epo ed ha coping s a egies play a
g ea e ole in p edic ing men al heal h- ela ed QoL han physical
heal h- ela ed QoL.
4.1. Limi a ions
This s udy had se e al limi a ions. Fi s , he c oss-sec ional design
limi s he abili y o in e causali y be ween he a iables. Consequen ly,
u u e esea ch should eplica e hese indings using a longi udinal
design o es ablish he di ec ionali y o he ela ionships be ween he
a iables s udied. Second, he s udy elied solely on sel - epo measu es
o e alua e he a iables, which in oduces limi a ions such as social
desi abili y and ecall biases. Fu u e esea ch should complemen sel -
epo ed da a wi h quali a i e me hods, such as ocus g oups and in-
e iews, o gain a deepe unde s anding o hese phenomena.
Addi ionally, he ins umen s used o assess SPS and coping s a e-
gies may be unsui able. Fo example, he SPS ins umen employed in
his s udy yielded high sco es ac oss he sample (M =154.40, SD =
22.42, ange: 27–189), aising conce ns ega ding i s app op ia eness.
Fu u e s udies should conside using al e na i e ins umen s o measu e
SPS, such as he Senso y and Beha io al Modula ion Ques ionnai e
(Engel-Yege , 2024). This ool e alua es senso y esponsi eness in
e e yday con ex s using h ee subscales: sensi i i y, habi ua ion o
Table 2
Boo s ap analyses o he signi icance o media ion (con olling o age and sex).
Model pa hways Es ima ed
a
(sig.)
95 % CI o B Pe cen age o e
o al e ec
Lowe Uppe
Model 1
To al e ec s
SPS → Men al heal h −0.24*** −0.26 −0.22 –
Di ec e ec s
SPS → Men al heal h −0.11*** −0.14 −0.09 45.9
Indi ec e ec s
SPS → Sel -c i icism →
Men al heal h
−0.06*** −0.07 −0.05 25.0
SPS → Emo ional
exp ession → Men al
heal h
0.00 −0.01 0.01 –
SPS → Social wi hd awal
→ Men al heal h
−0.02*** −0.03 −0.02 8.3
SPS → Wish ul hinking
→ Men al heal h
−0.05*** −0.05 −0.04 20.8
To al indi ec e ec s
SPS → Men al heal h −0.13*** −0.14 −0.12 54.1
Model 2
To al e ec s
SPS → Vi ali y −0.23*** −0.24 −0.20 –
SPS → Social unc ion −0.26*** −0.28 −0.23 –
Di ec e ec s
SPS → Vi ali y −0.13*** −0.16 −0.11 56.5
SPS → Social unc ion −0.14*** −0.16 −0.12 53.8
Indi ec e ec s
SPS → Sel -c i icism →
Vi ali y
−0.04*** −0.05 −0.03 17.4
SPS → Sel -c i icism →
Social unc ion
−0.04*** −0.05 −0.03 15.4
SPS → Emo ional
exp ession → Vi ali y
0.01*** 0.00 0.01 4.3
SPS → Emo ional
exp ession → Social
unc ion
−0.01*** −0.01 −0.00 3.8
SPS → Social wi hd awal
→ Vi ali y
−0.02*** −0.03 −0.02 8.7
SPS → Social wi hd awal
→ Social unc ion
−0.04*** −0.05 −0.03 15.4
SPS → Wish ul hinking
→ Vi ali y
−0.04*** −0.05 −0.03 17.4
SPS → Wish ul hinking
→ Social unc ion
−0.03*** −0.04 −0.02 11.5
To al indi ec e ec s
SPS → Vi ali y −0.09*** −0.10 −0.08 39.1
SPS → Social unc ion −0.12*** −0.12 −0.11 46.2
***
p <0.001.
a
S anda dised coe icien .
M. Bo da-Mas e al.
Pe sonali y and Indi idual Die ences 243 (2025) 113242
5
s imuli and a oidance. Addi ionally, he Senso y P ocessing Sensi i i y
Ques ionnai e (De Guch e al., 2022) e alua es his cons uc ac oss six
scales: senso y sensi i i y o sub le in e nal and ex e nal s imuli,
emo ional and physiological eac i i y, senso y discom o , senso y
com o , socioa ec i e sensi i i y, and aes he ic sensi i i y. Fu he -
mo e, u u e esea ch should explo e addi ional measu es, such as he
Di icul ies in Emo ion Regula ion Scale (DERS; G a z & Roeme , 2004),
o examine he media ing ole o emo ion egula ion s a egies in he
ela ionship be ween SPS and heal h- ela ed QoL. These ools can p o-
ide a mo e nuanced unde s anding o he mechanisms unde lying hese
ela ionships. Thi d, da a collec ion was conduc ed online, which
excluded indi iduals wi hou In e ne access. To ensu e equal oppo -
uni ies o all segmen s o he a ge popula ion, u u e s udies should
conside inco po a ing ace- o- ace da a collec ion me hods. Finally, he
sca ci y o p io esea ch in he ield o SPS p esen s ano he limi a ion,
as i cons ains he abili y o compa e he indings wi h hose o exis ing
s udies. Expanding he li e a u e on his opic is essen ial o con-
ex ualising and alida ing u u e esea ch ou comes.
5. Conclusions
This s udy makes a signi ican con ibu ion o he SPS ield. To ou
knowledge, his is he i s s udy o examine he media ing ole o coping
s a egies in he ela ionship be ween SPS and heal h- ela ed QoL. The
indings demons a e ha maladap i e coping s a egies, such as wish ul
hinking, sel -c i icism, and social wi hd awal, media e he nega i e
associa ions be ween SPS and h ee QoL indica o s: men al heal h, i-
ali y, and social unc ion. Con e sely, he adap i e s a egy o
emo ional exp ession was iden i ied as a p o ec i e ac o ha mi iga ed
he nega i e e ec s o SPS on i ali y and social unc ioning. These
indings suppo Ace edo’s (2020) idea ha he nega i e impac o his
ai on well-being can be mi iga ed by educing he use o maladap i e
coping s a egies o adequa ely add essing ex e nal and in e nal s imuli
when dealing wi h s esso s a ising om heigh ened en i onmen al
sensi i i y.
These indings ha e p ac ical implica ions o designing p e en ion
and in e en ion s a egies o add ess heal h- ela ed challenges in
highly sensi i e indi iduals. In e en ions aimed a imp o ing heal h-
ela ed quali y o li e in his popula ion should ocus on adequa ely
managing he cha ac e is ics o his pe sonali y ai , wi h special
emphasis on cogni i e and beha io al app oaches o coping s a egies,
p omo ing ei he a educed use o maladap i e s a egies (P´
e ez-Chac´
on
e al., 2024). Accep ing ha he use o s a egies such as sel -c i icism o
wish ul hinking en ails su e ing o ha social wi hd awal is employed
o a oid emo ional eac i i y can acili a e he managemen o hese
s a egies. Simila ly, e-e alua ing he in e p e a ion o o he s’ ac ions
o he sense o injus ice ha accompanies emo ional exp ession in highly
sensi i e indi iduals is essen ial o inc easing he use o his s a egy,
which is equen ly employed in in e pe sonal ela ionships, while
ensu ing ha i is adequa ely managed o p e en o e whelming
emo ional eac i i y. Mo eo e , his s udy highligh s he ele ance o
ailo ed psychological in e en ions, gi en ha indi iduals wi h high
SPS may exhibi g ea e esponsi eness o ea men han hose wi h
lowe SPS le els (Pluess & Boniwell, 2015).
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
Me cedes Bo da-Mas: W i ing – e iew & edi ing, Supe ision,
Me hodology, In es iga ion, Concep ualiza ion. Magdalena S´
anchez-
Fe n´
andez: W i ing – o iginal d a , Me hodology, In es iga ion,
Fo mal analysis, Concep ualiza ion. Ne ea Almeda: W i ing – o iginal
d a , In es iga ion, Concep ualiza ion. Manuela P´
e ez-Chac´
on: Su-
pe ision, Resou ces, In es iga ion. Jose M. Mes e: W i ing – e iew &
edi ing, Supe ision, Me hodology, In es iga ion, Concep ualiza ion.
In o med consen
All p ocedu es ollowed we e in acco dance wi h he e hical s an-
da ds o he esponsible commi ee on human expe imen a ion (ins i-
u ional and na ional) and wi h he Helsinki Decla a ion o 1975, as
e ised in 2000. In o med consen was ob ained om all pa icipan s o
being included in he s udy.
Decla a ion o Gene a i e AI and AI-assis ed echnologies in he
w i ing p ocess
To ensu e he highes linguis ic quali y, some pa ag aphs o his
manusc ip we e e ined wi h he assis ance o Cha GPT (GPT-4.5),
G amma ly and Pape pal. These ools we e used exclusi ely o enhance
cla i y and luency in English, while he scien i ic con en and in-
e p e a ions emain en i ely ou own.
Funding
M. S´
anchez-Fe n´
andez con ibu ions we e unded by he ‘VI Plan
P opio de In es igaci´
on y T ans e encia’ o he Uni e si y o Se ille.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s hank all he p o essionals who pa icipa ed in his s udy
o making i possible. We also hank he Spanish Associa ion o High
Sensi i i y P o essionals and Psychologis s: www.pasespana.o g.
Da a a ailabili y
Da a will be made a ailable on eques .
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