A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com
ScienceDi ec
Ene gy Repo s 8 (2022) 526–532
www.else ie .com/loca e/egy
The 8 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ene gy and En i onmen Resea ch ICEER 2021, 13–17
Sep embe
In eg a ed li e cycle assessmen o a sou he n Eu opean house
add essing di e en design, cons uc ion solu ions, ope a ional
pa e ns, and hea ing sys ems
Helena Mon ei oa,∗, Nelson Soa esb
aLow Ca bon & Resou ce E iciency, R&Di, Ins i u o de Soldadu a e Qualidade, Po ugal
bUni e si y o Coimb a, ADAI, Depa men o Mechanical Enginee ing, Po ugal
Recei ed 22 Janua y 2022; accep ed 9 Feb ua y 2022
A ailable online xxxx
Abs ac
The cons uc ion indus y is esponsible o a subs an ial ac ion o ma e ials and ene gy consump ion, was e gene a ion,
CO2and o he pollu an emissions. Li e cycle assessmen (LCA) can be used o s udy and compa e he en i onmen al impac s
o buildings unde di e en scena ios. This s udy compa a i ely assesses he impac o se e al design op ions, en elope solu ions
and ope a ional condi ions on he ene gy li e cycle (LC) o a single- amily house in sou he n Eu ope (Po ugal) aken as case-
s udy. The ollowing pa ame e s a e e alua ed: loca ion, o ien a ion, building shape, windows placemen and sizing, insula ion
le el, ex e io wall cons uc ion, ope a ional pa e n, en ila ion le el, hea ing sys em, and end-o -li e (EoL) scena ios. The non-
enewable p ima y ene gy (NRPE) esul s a e p esen ed o he o al LC o he house. A e wa d, he o e all embodied ene gy
is analyzed and he esul s a e p esen ed pe componen and LC p ocess o he house, in o de o assess he con ibu ion o
each componen . Finally, di e en ci cula economy EoL scena ios a e analyzed o assess hei po en ial bene i s. As buildings
a e ypically unique, complex, and di icul o compa e wi h each o he , he esul s o his pape will con ibu e o u u e
compa ison pu poses, in o de o os e LCA s udies de o ed o Medi e anean houses.
© 2022 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license
(h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o he 8 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ene gy and En i onmen Resea ch, ICEER, 2021.
Keywo ds: End-o -li e; LCA; Li e cycle; Medi e anean house; Pa ame ic s udy; P ima y ene gy
1. In oduc ion
The ising e idence o clima e change associa ed o he human-induced g eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
emphasizes he need o shi human ac i i ies owa ds a low-ca bon socie y. Buildings ha e a conside able sha e o
wo ldwide ene gy use, esou ces consump ion, and was e gene a ion, among o he en i onmen al haza ds. To mee
ca bon educ ion goals, a buil en i onmen wi h educed ene gy needs, lowe GHG emissions and educed was e is
∗Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed],[email p o ec ed] (H. Mon ei o).
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.egy .2022.02.101
2352-4847/© 2022 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p:
//c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o he 8 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ene gy and En i onmen Resea ch, ICEER,
2021.
H. Mon ei o and N. Soa es Ene gy Repo s 8 (2022) 526–532
equi ed [1]. Li e cycle assessmen (LCA) is a scien i ic me hodology ha can be applied o es ima e he po en ial
en i onmen al bu dens o buildings du ing he di e en phases o hei li e cycle (LC): om ma e ial ex ac ion,
p ocessing, building cons uc ion and use, ill hei end-o -li e (EoL). The e o e, LCA can help es ablishing mo e
sus ainable buildings, wi h mo e en i onmen ally iendly cons uc ion choices and p ocedu es. I can also be used
o compa ison pu poses, o example o compa e he en i onmen al impac s o al e na i e cons uc ion and/o
di e en ope a ional scena ios, such as di e en design, building en elopes, sys ems, ope a ional condi ions, and
EoL op ions.
In he las yea s, p io i y has been gi en o educe he ope a ional ene gy o buildings and o assess cos -e icien
ene gy- eno a ion measu es [2], since ope a ion is he longes LC s age o buildings, neglec ing somehow he
ela i e en i onmen al impac s associa ed wi h cons uc ion and EoL phases. Howe e , his end is shi ing, since
educing he ope a ional impac , may boos he ela i e impac s o cons uc ion and EoL phases when an in eg a ed
LCA s udy is pe o med [3]. Mo eo e , he colossal olume o cons uc ion and demoli ion was e (C&DW) calls
o a mo e ci cula economy app oach, and he need o con e ing building EoL ma e ials in o mo e sus ainable
inno a i e alue-added p oduc s. Indeed, one o he key a ge s poin ed ou by he Eu opean Union’s g een deal is
he educ ion o he impac s o esiden ial buildings [4]. This s udy aims a compa ing he impac o se e al design
solu ions, building en elopes and ope a ional condi ions in he LC ene gy o an independen house in sou he n
Eu ope (Po ugal), aken as a case-s udy. Fo ha pu pose, some da a published by he au ho s (de o ed o he same
house) and sca e ed in he li e a u e was compiled, compa a i ely analyzed and discussed in his a icle [3,5–7].
In a i s pape , Mon ei o and F ei e [7] e alua ed se en al e na i e ypes o ex e io walls and compa ed h ee li e
cycle impac assessmen (LCIA) me hods. In a second pape , Mon ei o e al. [6] e alua ed he LC non- enewable
p ima y ene gy (NRPE) imp o emen po en ial o he house by analyzing ou hea ing/cooling ope a ional pa e ns
(di e en schedules and se -poin s), ou hea ing sys ems (ope a ing wi h di e en ene gy sou ces), and al e na i e
elec ici y gene a ion mix scena ios. In ano he wo k, Mon ei o e al. [3] e alua ed h ee ypologies o ex e io
walls, six insula ion ma e ials, i e deg ees o insula ion and ou en ila ion le els. Mo eo e , insula ion hickness
ipping-poin s we e iden i ied o al e na i e ope a ional pa e ns and walls, conside ing six en i onmen al impac
ca ego ies. Recen ly, Mon ei o e al. [5] e alua ed he impac o h ee design pa ame e s on he p ima y ene gy and
en i onmen al pe o mance o he same house: building o ien a ion, shape and openings sizing.
This pape p o ides a big pic u e o he wo k ca ied ou so a , summa izing p e ious esul s in an in eg a ed
way and compa ing he LC in luence o op ions a di e en le els. Indeed, se e al se s o al e na i e scena ios
ela ed wi h di e en design and ope a ional pa ame e s a e e alua ed (e.g., loca ion, building o ien a ion, building
shape, windows placemen and sizing, insula ion le el, ex e io wall ype, ope a ional pa e n, en ila ion le el,
HVAC sys em, e c.) and he NRPE esul s a e p esen ed o he o al LC o he house. A e wa d, he embodied
ene gy o he house is p esen ed pe p ocess and building componen in o de o e alua e he ini ial and ecu en
embodied impac o each componen . The po en ial bene i s o di e en ci cula economy EoL scena ios a e also
e alua ed.
2. Me hodology
2.1. Li e cycle assessmen and case s udy de ini ion
An independen house loca ed in sou he n Eu ope (40.2 No h, 8.4 Wes ) was aken as case s udy, based on
p e ious esea ch [3,5–7]. Inhabi ed by a household o ou people, he 133 m2building had ypical Po uguese
cons uc ion elemen s: b ick walls, conc e e s uc u e, aluminum windows. Fig. 1 shows he eas and wes ( on )
acades o he house. Following he LCA me hodology (ISO 14040/14044), a ibu ional LCA s udies ha e been
pe o med o he house du ing 50 yea s li e ime — unc ional uni . Aiming o compa a i ely analyze he
LC in luence o building op ions a di e en le els, he main pa ame e s conside ed in his pa ame ic s udy a e
p esen ed in Fig. 1. All he in o ma ion equi ed o he LC in en o y, embodied ene gy o p oduc ion, anspo ,
cons uc ion (A1–A5), main enance (B3–B4), and model simpli ica ions a e p esen ed in Re s. Mon ei o e al. [3,5,6]
and Mon ei o and F ei e [7]. LC esul s a e accoun ed o non- enewable p ima y ene gy om cumula i e ene gy
demand me hod.
To e alua e he LC impac o al e na i e building design decisions, se e al aspec s we e conside ed:
– Eigh building o ien a ions (s a ing om base case Wes –Eas and assuming a 45◦ o a ion among al e na i es)
assuming he windows a e placed in opposi e acades (as shown in Fig. 1).
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H. Mon ei o and N. Soa es Ene gy Repo s 8 (2022) 526–532
Fig. 1. Eas and wes acades o he e e ence house and main building op ions conside ed in he pa ame ic LCA.
– Di e en windows placemen : H1 Wi(Fig. 1) and H1 Wi-b, as explained in Re . Mon ei o e al. [5]. H1 Wi
scena io has i e openings placed in he on - acade and six openings in he back- acade, while H1 Wi-b
al e na i e has he same windows (numbe and a ea) as H1 Wi( o he same ia ea ac o ), bu place hem in
h ee acades: wo in he on , se en in he la e al, and wo in he back- acade.
– Fou window- o-wall a ios (WWR): 5, 10, 15 and 20% WWR. This means ha he in luence o inc emen al
window sizes (Wi,i=1, 2, 3, 4) we e analyzed o he windows placemen op ions e e ed. The base-case
building (Fig. 1) co esponds o a 5% WWR (Wi,i=1) wi h all windows o alizing 11 m2 acade a ea [5].
– Al e na i e building shapes: he compac base case (H1), a single-g ound loo house (H2), and a less compac
house wi h wo loo s (H3).
Mo e de ails abou his pa ame ic s udy can be ound in Re . Mon ei o e al. [5].
To assess he impac o he ex e io walls h ee cons uc ions we e e alua ed: double hollow b ick mason y,
ligh weigh conc e e block mason y, and wooden wall (wood ame and cladding). Mo e in o ma ion abou he
ex e io walls can be ound in Re . Mon ei o e al. [3]. Mo eo e , i e insula ion hickness (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 cm),
and six insula ion ma e ials (XPS, XPS-CO2, co k, ock wool, EPS, PUR) we e e alua ed o he base b ick-wall
case house [3].
To assess he in luence o he ope a ional condi ions, h ee di e en ope a ional pa e ns we e conside ed:
OP100, OP50 and OP25. The OP100 conside s con inuous indoo he mal com o condi ions 365 days a yea , wi h
empe a u e se -poin s be ween 20–25◦C (hea ing–cooling season). I also conside s 4 W/m2o in e nal hea gains
pe use ul a ea. The OP50 ep esen s an a e age occupancy o he house wi h a medium HVAC le el, equi ing
a ound hal o he OP100’s ene gy consump ion (simula ed). The OP25 ope a ional pa e n exempli ies a modes
occupancy and a low HVAC le el, compa able o s a is ical da a ( om Po uguese households), and i includes only
a qua e o OP100’s simula ed ene gy consump ion. The annual HVAC ene gy demand o he building al e na i es
we e ob ained using DesignBuilde 3.0, which uns on Ene gyPlus he mal dynamic simula ion. Mo e de ails on he
ope a ional pa e ns and ene gy simula ions can be ound in Re s. Mon ei o e al. [3,5,6]. Fou o al en ila ion le els
(0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 ac/h) we e also conside ed in he pa ame ic s udy as explained in Re . Mon ei o e al. [3]. Six
loca ions we e also conside ed (Coimb a, B aganc¸a, ´
E o a, Po o, Lisbon and Fa o) as p esen ed in [8]. To e alua e
he impac o he hea ing sys em selec ion, ou sys ems and h ee elec ic gene a ion mixes we e conside ed as
epo ed by Mon ei o e al. [6]: esis ance hea e s, hea pump (ai –wa e ), na u al gas condensing boile and wood
pelle s boile .
Las ly, o assess he EoL s age impac , h ee EoL scena ios o C&DW we e modeled: EoL 1 (land ill); EoL 2
(ma e ial ecycling o seconda y cons uc ion wo ks eplacing g a el and back illing ma e ials); EoL 3 (ma e ial
ecycling o subs i u e bo h g a el/back illing ma e ials (50%) and cemen powde s (50%), and window and doo
elemen s eco e y and euse).
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H. Mon ei o and N. Soa es Ene gy Repo s 8 (2022) 526–532
3. Resul s and discussion
3.1. Join in luence o building en elope, design, and ope a ional condi ions
Fig. 2 shows he a ia ion on li e cycle NRPE o he house induced by he al e na i e cons uc ion, design, and
ope a ional op ions s udied. The a ia ion is coded in h ee colo s: black ba s esul om a ying bo h embodied
and ope a ional ene gy; ed ba s, p esen mainly an ope a ional ene gy a ia ion; blue ba s, depic ed a a ia ion due
o embodied ene gy. As can be seen, many cons uc ion and design pa ame e s a ec bo h ope a ion and embodied
impac (black), usually wi h ade-o s. Ne e heless, some ope a ional and design pa ame e s may hold iden ical
embodied ene gy and a ec di e en ly he ope a ional equi emen s ( ed).
Fig. 2. LC NRPE a ia ion o he base case house o he building en elope, design and ope a ional op ions assessed (black ba s esul om
a ying bo h embodied and ope a ional ene gy; ed ba s, p esen mainly an ope a ional ene gy a ia ion; blue ba s, depic ed a a ia ion due
o embodied ene gy).
Rega ding use s in luence, he simula ed hea ing and cooling loads o achie e a con inuous com o condi ion
(OP100), ep esen 43% o LC ene gy, being a abo e ypical ene gy equi emen s o Po uguese households. As
Po uguese dwelle s usually adap o widesp ead in e io com o condi ions compa ed o no h-Eu opeans, he
ope a ional equi emen s in a mild clima e can be be ween a qua e o a hal o OP100, which esul s in a educed
LC impac o ope a ional s age (16%–28%), e en wi hou changing he house embodied bu dens.
Al e na i e cons uc ion op ions known o c i ically in luence he he mal pe o mance o buildings we e also
assessed, such insula ion hickness and en ila ion a es. Despi e he mal insula ion is usually conside ed one o he
key measu es o cu -down hea ing equi emen s, esul s show ha adop ing a lowe en ila ion le el (an ai - igh
house wi h 0.3 ac/h) has a highe in luence han inc easing he mal insula ion hickness abo e 6 cm o educe LC
NRPE. Resul s also depic ha high en ila ion le els ( o ins ance, 1.2 ac/h, due o use s) can easily hwa he
bene i o ha ing an adequa e he mal insula ion le el. In addi ion, he LC p ima y ene gy sa ings achie ed wi h
an inc eased insula ion le el (e.g., om 3 o 9 cm XPS) a e in e io o he educ ion a ained by using al e na i e
cons uc ion componen s such wooden walls, as a subs i u e o he base-case b ick walls. These esul s highligh he
impo ance o accoun ing he embodied ene gy, especially in new Medi e anean houses, ag eeing wi h o he LC
s udies [9,10]. Mo e speci ically, his wo k e eals ha he li e cycle impac o use phase he mal equi emen s may
be signi ican ly lowe han hose inco po a ed in building componen s. Thus, a building design s age, designe s
should conside he in luence o speci ic building componen s and hei ini ial and ecu ing embodied ene gy,
as a decision ac o , since i may ep esen 3 o 7 imes he he mal ope a ional ene gy (i OP50 wi h a hea
pump o a wood pelle s hea e a e selec ed, espec i ely). In buildings and clima e condi ions whe e he mal
ene gy needs ha e a po en ially small con ibu ion, he cu en building egula ions, which a e mainly ocused on
529
H. Mon ei o and N. Soa es Ene gy Repo s 8 (2022) 526–532
ope a ional pe o mance, may miss ele an LC impac s and oppo uni ies o imp o emen owa ds a low ca bon
buil en i onmen .
Analyzing he impac o simple design decisions (house o ien a ion, window sizing and dis ibu ion, building
shape), he s udy shows ha hese may induce a li e cycle NRPE a ia ion ha exceeds he e ec o a ying he mal
insula ion om 3 o 9 cm. Thus, i he in luence o design op ions is dis ega ded om a LC pe spec i e, un hinking
design may o e shadow he po en ial use s age sa ings o using adequa e he mal insula ion and ai igh ness.
Indeed, simple design choices appea o be as signi ican as he en elope cons uc ion op ions and hence should be
simul aneously assessed.
Li e cycle NRPE is also shown o be highly in luenced by ope a ional condi ions: ope a ional pa e ns ( ep e-
sen ing al e na i e o ms o inhabi a building), HVAC sys ems, and he ene gy supply chain. Unde mild clima ic
en i onmen s and cul u ally low ope a ional pa e ns, designing he buildings o easonable ope a ional condi ions
ha ep esen he use s’ beha io a iabili y is impe a i e.
A new dwelling wi h elec ic hea ing o e en wi h a na u al gas condensing boile may be esponsible o a
highe LC NRPE han a less insula ed house using a wood-pelle s boile , despi e he new building imp o ed he mal
pe o mance and lowe inal ene gy needs. P e ious li e a u e also poin ed ou ha , depending on he hea ing sys em
adop ed, passi e buildings may ha e close o highe LC impac han s anda d o con en ional buildings [11]. Some
au ho s de ended ha he supply chain o ene gy sou cing hea ing equi emen s had a g ea e in luence on p ima y
ene gy han building cons uc ion op ions [12].
The esul s o his pape suppo p eceding s udies, ex ending hei each o a di e en clima ic and ope a ional
con ex . Typically, he cold clima e passi e dwellings p e iously analyzed a e designed o ha e con inuous in e io
he mal com o , being cha ac e ized by hick insula ion laye s, iple-glazing windows, and en ila ion sys ems
wi h hea eco e y. In con as , in his esea ch, he s udied building is a s anda d Po uguese new house, which
mee s he passi e house s anda d, due o mild sou he n Eu opean clima ic condi ions (i.e. Coimb a loca ion) and
cha ac e is ic Po uguese dwelle beha io (pa ial and in e mi en use o HVAC sys ems). Assessing di e en
Po uguese loca ions showed ha he ope a ional s age magni ude can be signi ican ly inc eased in cold-win e
and ho -summe loca ions such as B aganc¸a, bu i emained small in o he Po uguese loca ions (i.e. Coimb a,
Lisbon, Fa o, Po o).
The use s age NRPE o he house a ied abou 37%, solely due o he changes o he Po uguese elec ic
gene a ion mix (o e 5 yea s). Such wide a ia ion did no a ec he selec ion o he HVAC sys em wi h he lowes
NRPE (wood pelle s boile ), bu wi h he elec ic mix ha ing a lowe impac , using a esis ance hea ing sys em may
ha e simila NRPE o using a na u al gas boile . O he au ho s [11], s udied he e ec o he ene gy supply chain
and elec ici y p oduc ion mix in ope a ional esul s. They highligh ed ha besides hea ing needs, o he household
ene gy needs can highly in luence o al ope a ional impac , since hese ep esen a signi ican sha e o new houses
ope a ion. Lowe ing he LC impac o hese needs can be mos ly achie ed h ough ene gy-conscious use beha io ,
appliances e iciency and supply-chain imp o emen s.
3.2. Embodied ene gy and EoL scena ios
Fig. 3 shows he embodied ene gy pe cons uc ion componen pe li e cycle o p esen hei magni ude in e ms
o ini ial (cons uc ion A1–A5) and ecu en (main enance and epai B2–B3) embodied impac s, compa ed o
ope a ional ene gy use (B6) and o he al e na i e EoL scena ios (C1–C3) including he po en ial a oided bu dens
(D), when applicable.
NRPE esul s a e p esen ed o he whole house o e 50 yea s. Fig. 3shows ha he p ima y ene gy associa ed o
he house componen s (cons uc ion A1–A5, and main enance- epai B2–B3) was oughly 4.7 GJ/m2, om which
87% was equi ed o cons uc he house, p io i s use (A1–A5). These quan i a i e esul s a e align wi h he ange
ound on p e ious li e a u e: 3.1–7.6 GJ/m2[13,14]. The a io among use phase B2–B3 ac i i ies and he ini ial
embodied ene gy is small (15%), which is jus i ied by socio-economic d i e s and he way Po uguese dwelle s
inhabi and main ain hei buildings. In he con ex co e ed, main enance ac i i ies a e s ill mos ly co ec i e, as
poin ed ou by o he s udies [15].
The mos impac ul building cons uc ion elemen we e he ex e io walls (double hollow b ick), which we e
accoun able o abou 40% o he house ini ial embodied ene gy (A1–A5) and abou hal o ecu ing ene gy (B2–
B3). I is in e es ing o no e ha he embodied ene gy o ex e io walls was highe han he he mal use s age ene gy
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H. Mon ei o and N. Soa es Ene gy Repo s 8 (2022) 526–532
Fig. 3. House LC p ima y ene gy pe LC s age and cons uc ion componen .
o he house wi h OP50 (B6). O he signi ican cons uc ion componen s in e ms o ini ial embodied ene gy we e
by descending o de : he loo s (23%), he oo (16%), and he in e io walls (9%). These esul s a e aligned wi h
p e ious li e a u e o Medi e anean dwellings ha ound ha bo h ex e nal walls, and slabs ( loo s and oo s) we e
he elemen s ha a ec ed mos he house’s embodied ene gy [16].
The analysis o he EoL esul s shows ha land ill (EoL 1) is he wo s scena io. Demolish, anspo and land ill
mo e han 230 ons o C&DW ep esen s an addi ional LC NRPE o 8% (C1–C4). The wo scena ios assuming
ecycling (EoL 2 and EoL 3), ake ad an age o C&DW, p esen ing a ound 6% addi ional NRPE o demolish
and p ocess hese ma e ials o be ecycled (C1–C3). When conside ing a sys em expansion, ecycling a oids he
ex ac ion o p ima y ma e ials (such as g a el and back illing ma e ial) o se ing signi ican p ima y ene gy (i.e.,
a ne educ ion o 16% o A1–A5 in EoL 2 and 64% in EoL 3). O e all, he esul s show ha ci cula economy
solu ions, namely ocused in disman ling and euse building componen s (e.g., doo s and windows) and o use
mine al C&DW o p oduce seconda y agg ega es and powde able o eplace bu densome p ima y ma e ials (e.g.,
cemen ) should be p e e ed (EoL 3). Thus, imp o ing EoL o C&DW and adop ing ci cula economy solu ions
can educe he embodied ene gy le els in buildings and p omo e esou ce e iciency
4. Conclusion
This s udy compa a i ely assessed he impac o al e na i e design op ions, building en elope solu ions and
ope a ional condi ions in he LC ene gy o a sou he n Eu opean independen house loca ed in Po ugal. In he
pa ame ic s udy, al e na i e pa ame e s we e e alua ed: loca ion, building o ien a ion, building shape, window
placemen and sizing, insula ion le el, ex e io wall ypology, ope a ional pa e n, en ila ion le el, hea ing sys em,
and end-o -li e scena io. I is concluded ha in mild Medi e anean clima e, he embodied ene gy o cons uc ion
elemen s (e.g. conc e e s uc u e, slabs, b ick ex e io and in e io walls) may ep esen mos o LC NRPE o houses.
The esul s sugges ha design op ions a e as signi ican as he en elope cons uc ion op ions and he e o e, hey
should be simul aneously add essed. C&DW ep esen s massi e was e lows. The EoL scena ios assessed showed
ha new ci cula economy solu ions, namely ocused in disman ling and euse building componen s (e.g., doo s
and windows) and o p oduce seconda y agg ega es and powde s om C&DW o eplace bu densome p ima y
ma e ials (e.g. cemen ) can p omo e ma e ial esou ce e iciency and educe he embodied ene gy le els o u u e
buil en i onmen and cons uc ion wo ks.
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
Helena Mon ei o: In es iga ion, Fo mal analysis, Valida ion, Visualiza ion, W i ing – o iginal d a , W i ing –
e iew & edi ing. Nelson Soa es: W i ing – o iginal d a , Visualiza ion, W i ing – e iew & edi ing.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could
ha e appea ed o in luence he wo k epo ed in his pape .
531
H. Mon ei o and N. Soa es Ene gy Repo s 8 (2022) 526–532
Acknowledgmen s
This wo k builds on esea ch unded by FCT SFRH/BD/33736/2009 and, i is aligned wi h esea ch ocused on
indus ial sus ainabili y o building and cons uc ion indus y de eloped in he scope o Eu opean Union’s Ho izon
2020 esea ch and inno a ion p og amme unde he G an s Ag eemen 894511, and 810764.
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