O e iew o he Ene gy S o age Sys ems o
Wind Powe In eg a ion Enhancemen
M. ĝZLHUF] ĔVNL
Aalbo g Uni e si y
[email p o ec ed]
R. Teodo escu
Aalbo g Uni e si y
[email p o ec ed]
C.N. Rasmussen
Aalbo g Uni e si y
[email p o ec ed]
P. Rod iguez
Aalbo g Uni e si y
p o@ie .aau.dk
H. Vikelgaa d
Ves as Wind Sys ems
he ik@ es as.com
Abs ac -As he ins alled wo ldwide wind ene gy capaci y
inc eases abou 30% annually and Kyo o p o ocol ha came in
o ce in 2005, wind pene a ion le el in powe sys em is
conside ed o signi ican ly inc ease in nea u u e. Due o
inc eased pene a ion and na u e o he wind, especially i s
in e mi ency, pa ly unp edic abili y and a iabili y, wind
powe can pu he ope a ion o powe sys em in o isk. This can
lead o p oblems wi h g id s abili y, eliabili y and he ene gy
quali y.
One o he possible solu ions can be an addi ion o ene gy
s o age in o wind powe plan .
This pape deals wi h s a e o he a o he Ene gy S o age
(ES) echnologies and hei possibili y o accommoda ion o
wind u bines. O e iew o ES echnologies is done in espec o
i s sui abili y o Wind Powe Plan (WPP). Se ices ha ene gy
s o age can o e bo h o WPP and powe sys em a e discussed.
Mo eo e examples o al eady exis ing ins alla ions a e shown.
Index Te ms-Wind Powe Plan (WPP), Ene gy S o age (ES),
T ansmission Sys em Ope a o (TSO).
I. INTRODUCTION
N he pas decades he gene a ion o elec ici y was mos ly
based on ossil uels and a omic ene gy. Howe e in ecen
yea s he en i onmen al conce n and con inuously g owing
p ice o ene gy om ossil uels was one o he easons o
he apid g ow h o wind ene gy as a clean and inexhaus ible
ene gy sou ce all a ound he wo ld [1], [2].
Acco ding o newes da a om Wo ld Wind Ene gy
Associa ion (WWEA), e en in he yea 2009 which is he
yea o global inancial c isis, he o al ins alled capaci y
wo ldwide will each 152 000 MW by he end o 2009 [3].
This means ha in 2009 he e will be 30 300MW o new
ins alled capaci y wha co esponds o 25% g ow h in
compa ison o p e ious yea (Fig.1).Wha is mo e, acco ding
o he epo o The Eu opean Wind Ene gy Associa ion
(EWEA), yea 2008 in he EU was he i s yea in which
mo e wind powe was ins alled han any o he elec ici y
gene a ing echnology, (Fig.2) [4]. In 2008 in EU 8484MW o
new wind capaci y was ins alled, bea ing all o he powe
echnologies like coal, gas, and nuclea powe . As he
ecen ly se ambi ious Eu opean plans o u u e sha es o
enewables, he g ow h o wind powe can be expec ed o
con inue [5].
Howe e u he wind ene gy in eg a ion o powe sys em
encoun e s many new challenges. One o hem is he ac ha
inhe en a iabili y and pa ly unp edic abili y o wind cause
powe luc ua ions in he sys em ha can be e en mo e
di icul o manage han load a ia ions including load-
o ecas ing e o s [5]. Wind powe inc eases he need o he
egula ion o powe and equi es ese es in he minu e o
hou ime ames [6]. I inc eases he in eg a ion cos o wind
powe because ese es a e o en p o ided by con en ional
gene a ing uni s [7], [8]. Gene ally, he g ea e he wind
powe pene a ion in o he powe sys em is, he bigge ese e
powe is needed in o de o balance he g id du ing weak
wind condi ions [9]. The U.S. Depa men o Ene gy
es ima es ha , o e e y GW o wind capaci y added, 17
MWs o spinning ese es mus also be buil o accoun o
he sys em’s a iabili y [10]. Wha is mo e, he bes wind
esou ces a e o en ound in u al a eas a om exis ing high
capaci y ansmission lines [11]. One o he ac ions ha can
be aken o dec ease wind powe luc ua ions and a iabili y
and allow u he inc ease o wind pene a ion in powe
sys em can be an in eg a ion o ene gy s o age echnology
wi h Wind Powe Plan (WPP).
Fig. 2. Newly ins alled powe capaci y in EU, 2008 [4].
I
Fig. 1. Global accumula i e ( ed) and global annual (g een) ins alled
wind ca
p
aci
y
.
(
2009*
p
edic ed alue
)
.
978-1-4244-6392-3/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE 3749
Ene gy s o age has al eady wide a ie y o applica ions like
supplying powe o po able de ices, UPS and ecen ly in
hyb id ca s o educe uel consump ion, e c. Howe e ,
addi ion o ene gy s o age echnology o WPP is no a good
explo ed a ea ye .
In mo e ecen imes, he complemen a i ies be ween
s o age and enewables has become o pa icula in e es ,
bo h in e ms o cap u ing enhanced alue om such
essen ially in e mi en esou ces and in main aining s abili y
in he elec ical powe sys em [12].
This pape makes a e iew o ene gy s o age echnologies
in espec o sui abili y o wind powe luc ua ion
supp ession. In pa III po en ial applica ions o ES a e
illus a ed and equi emen s o each applica ion a e s a ed.
Pa IV assigns echnologies o applica ions and is ollowed
by examples o ac ually exis ing ins alla ions o WPP wi h
ES.
II. OVERVIEW OF ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Ene gy s o age has he g ea es po en ial o sol e many
wind in eg a ion issues [13]. Howe e , ES echnologies a e
ha ing di e en po en ial and a e on he di e en s adium o
de elopmen .
Elec ical ene gy can be s o ed in o m o di e en kind o
ene gies: mechanical, elec o-chemical, elec omagne ic,
he mal. Fig. 3 p esen s a classi ica ion o ene gy
echnologies.
Sho desc ip ion o ene gy s o age echnologies and hei
possibili y o accommoda ion o wind powe is u he
p esen ed in his pape .
A. Pumped Hyd o Ene gy S o age (PHES)
I is he la ges and he mos ma u e echnology a ailable
[14] wi h abou 300 sys ems ope a ing wo ldwide [15]. PHES
consis s o wo ese oi s and body o wa e a a ela i ely
high ele a ion ep esen s po en ial o s o ed ene gy [15]. The
p inciple o ope a ion is simple and du ing ene gy p oduc ion
i is simila o hyd oelec ic powe plan . Du ing he
“cha ging” p ocess wa e om lowe ese oi is pumped up
o he uppe one. In “discha ging” p ocess wa e om uppe
ese oi is eleased and lows h ough hyd o u bines which
a e connec ed o gene a o s, p oducing elec ical ene gy [16].
Fig. 3. Ene gy s o age echnologies classi ica ion
In case o hyd o powe plan pumping is i ele an . In mos
cases he hyd o acili y could be used as s o age wi hou any
pumping because i has a supply o wa e om a i e . So
simply educing he ou pu om he hyd o acili y is
equi alen o “cha ging” he s o age wi h p ac ically 100% o
e iciency.
PHES is a good solu ion o wind a ms. Ideal applica ion
o PHES seems o be load le eling [14].
Wind a m suppo possibili ies:
One o he p oblems o building hese s a ions is he lack
o sui able places and he impac in he na u e en i onmen
[17]. Rela i ely new app oach which can gi e mo e
deploymen lexibili y is Unde g ound Pumped Hyd oelec ic
Ene gy S o age (UPHES). This gi es a lexibili y o UPHES
loca ion wha in consequence his echnology can be placed
in ideal loca ions o unc ion wi h wind a ms [14]. Howe e ,
he p oblem is e y high echnical imma u i y o UPHES.
Hyd o powe plan s a e one o he bes s o age solu ions o
supp essing luc ua ions caused by WPP.
B. Comp essed Ai Ene gy S o age (CAES)
CAES is also a qui e old echnology; howe e he numbe
o ins alla ions in he wo ld is jus wo [18]. CAES sys ems
a e comp essing ai ia elec ical comp esso s in unde g ound
ca i ies (sal ca e n, abandon mines, ock s uc u es e c.) and
s o e i in a high p essu e. When ene gy is needed
comp essed ai is eleased h ough a u bine, bu he
ope a ing uni s wo ldwide inco po a e combus ion p io o
u bine expansion in o de o inc ease he o e all e iciency
[16], [18].
High powe and ene gy capaci y make CAES a good
s o age solu ion o wind a ms. CAES can be used o
equen s a -ups and shu downs. Cu en esea ch in CAES
is ocused on he de elopmen o sys ems wi h ab ica ed
s o age anks. Such an app oach will emo e he geological
dependency and comp essed ai will be s o ed in anks wi h a
highe p essu e. Sys em a ing will be smalle (se e al MW)
because o he ank cos . The possible lack o geological
dependence migh make CAES an in e es ing solu ion o
in eg a ion wi h wind a ms [19].
Wind a m suppo possibili ies:
C. Flywheel Ene gy S o age (FES)
Flywheels a e ene gy s o age de ices which a e s o ing
ene gy in o m o kine ic ene gy ( o a ing mass). Flywheels
a e made up o sha ha o a es on wo magne ic bea ings in
o de o dec ease ic ion [14]. Whole s uc u e is placed in a
acuum o educe windage losses. The p inciple o ope a ion
is simple. Du ing ‘cha ging’ p ocess o o is accele a ed o a
e y high speed by a mo o and ene gy is main ained in a
sys em as kine ic ene gy [14]. In ‘discha ge’ p ocess
lywheels a e eleasing ene gy and d i ing he machine which
is wo king now as a gene a o .
Flywheels a e no e y well sui ed o wind a m suppo .
They a e able o supp ess as wind powe luc ua ions bu
Wind a m suppo possibili ies:
Ene gy S o age
MECHANICAL ELECTRO
MAGNETIC
ELECTRO
CHEMICAL THERMAL
Pumped Hyd o
Comp essed Ai
Flywheels
Supe capaci o
SMES
Hyd ogen
Flow Ba e ies
Ba e ies
Vanadium Redox
Zn-B
Polysulphide B omine
Lead Acid
Ni-Cd
Li-ion
NaS
Zeb a
LONG
TIME SCALE
MEDIUM SHORT
3750
wi h a small ime scale. They can be conside ed as a suppo
o wind u bines in combina ion wi h ba e y sys em a he
han s and alone. Howe e ene gy densi y is low and
mo eo e sel discha ge a io is high. Une co Powe
Technologies has demons a ed he applica ion o kine ic
ene gy s o age o he smoo hing o he ou pu o wind u bine
sys ems [12].
Mos o cu en esea ch is ocused on high speed
lywheels which a e able o o a e wi h a speed e en up o
100 000 pm.
D. Supe capaci o Ene gy S o age (SES)
In SES ene gy is s o ed in elec ic ield. P inciple o
ope a ion is he same as in con en ional capaci o ; howe e
supe capaci o s use pola ized liquid laye s be ween
conduc ing ionic elec oly e and conduc ing elec ode o
inc ease he capaci ance. Due o he ac ha capaci ance is
dependen also on he su ace a ea o elec odes, highly
po ous ma e ial is used in o de o inc ease he a ea [16].
Supe capaci o s can be a ed e en up o 5000F.
SES a e ha ing simila esponse cha ac e is ics and small
ene gy densi y like FES bu hey do no ha e mo ing pa s
and a e ha ing small sel discha ge a io. They a e able o
supp ess as wind powe luc ua ions bu wi h a small ime
scale. They can be conside ed as a suppo o wind u bines
in combina ion wi h a ba e y sys em a he han s and alone.
Wind a m suppo possibili ies:
E. Supe conduc ing Magne ic Ene gy S o age (SMES)
SMES s o es ene gy in magne ic ield. SMES consis s o
supe conduc i e coil, powe condi ioning sys em, e ige a o
and acuum [14]. Magne ic ield is p oduced by DC cu en
ci cula ing h ough a supe conduc ing coil [16]. In o de o
ge id o he esis i e losses caused by cu en low, he coil
is kep in supe conduc ing s a e. Cooling medium is liquid
helium o ni ogen.
SMES a e unlikely o be used o in eg a ing enewables
[14]. Supe conduc i e coil is e y sensi i e o empe a u e
changes; mo eo e SMES has small ene gy densi y and
powe capaci y up o 2 MW. SMES is now usually u ilized in
indus ial powe quali y ma ke .
Wind a m suppo possibili ies:
F. Lead Acid Ba e y Ene gy S o age (LAES)
I is he mos ma u e ( esea ch o e 140 yea s) and he
mos commonly used ba e y s o age echnology a p esen
[16], [14]. The e can be dis inguished wo kinds o lead acid
ba e ies: looded (FLA) and al e- egula ed (VRLA). FLA
ba e ies a e cons uc ed om wo lead pla es which a e
imme sed in a mix u e o sulphu ic acid and wa e . In case o
VRLA ba e ies he ope a ional p inciple is he same;
howe e hey a e sealed wi h a p essu e- egula ing al e
which p e en s en ing o he hyd ogen and elimina es he ai
om he cell. VRLA a e ha ing highe ini ial cos and sho e
li e ime, howe e hey ha e an ad an age o e FLA in
smalle weigh, olumes and lowe cos o main enance.
LAES can be conside ed as a suppo o wind powe . The e
exis s a iona y applica ion o LAES in he wo ld a ed in
MW o powe sys em applica ions; howe e LAES usually
lose wi h o he ba e ies when i comes o wind powe
in eg a ion, mainly because o smalle powe densi y, low
dep h o discha ge, li e cycle capabili y and ex eme
sensi i i y o empe a u e changes. Also dep h cycles a e
dec easing he li e ime o LA ba e ies.
Wind a m suppo possibili ies:
Cu en ly e o is pu in esea ch o LA ba e ies ha can
be cha ged in minu es [14]. I is a he unlikely ha his
echnology will be playing impo an ole in a u u e as a
la ge scale s o age de ice, mainly due o e y limi ed numbe
o cycles. Mo eo e , an in e es ing solu ion seems o be also
ul a ba e y which is LAES wi h in eg a ed supe capaci o in
one uni cell de eloped by CSIRO. Ul a ba e y can p o ide
high powe discha ge and cha ge wi h a long, low-cos li e
[25].
G. Nickel Cadmium Ba e y Ene gy S o age (NCES)
Nickel Cadmium is a ma u e solu ion simila like a LA
ba e ies [18]. NCES consis s o posi i e elec ode (nickel
hyd oxide) and nega i e one (me allic cadmium). Elec odes
a e sepa a ed by nylon di ide and aqueous po assium
hyd oxide is he elec oly e. Du ing discha ging p ocess
nickel oxyhyd oxide eac s wi h wa e and p oduces nickel
hyd oxide and a hyd oxide ion. A he nega i e elec ode
cadmium hyd oxide is p oduced. Du ing cha ging p ocess o
he ba e y p ocess is e e sed.
NiCd ba e ies can ope a e in wide empe a u e ange in
compa ison o LA. I NiCd ba e ies a e ope a ed wi h small
dep h o discha ge, hen hey a e able o achie e much mo e
cycles.
I is a he unlikely o use his echnology o WPP
pu poses [14]. I exis a possibili y o o al ban o NiCd
ba e ies by Eu opean Commission [16]. Li e span o NiCd
ba e ies can be signi ican ly educed o a deep cycles. Wha
is mo e his echnology su e s om memo y e ec . O he
p oblem is he en i onmen al impac o he echnology.
Cadmium is a oxic hea y me al and he e a e conce ns
ela ed o disposal.
Wind a m suppo possibili ies:
H. Li hium Ion Ba e y Ene gy S o age (LIES)
This echnology was i s comme cially a ailable in 1990
[16]. The ca hode is li hia ed me al oxide while anode is
g aphic ca bon wi h laye s uc u e [26]. The elec oly e is a
li hium sal in o ganic sol en . In his case du ing discha ging
li hium mig a es om anode o ca hode. Du ing cha ging
e e se p ocess occu s. The weigh o LIES is app oxima ely
one hal compa ed o NCES o simila capaci y and olume is
40 o 50% smalle han NCES [27].
This echnology can be sized in MW and he e o e become
a se ious playe in la ge scale applica ions. LIES seems o be
ele an o WPP. Cha ac e is ic ea u e o his echnology is
Wind a m suppo possibili ies:
3751
small weigh , high e iciency and high cell ol age and powe
densi y. LIES can be shaped in o a wide a ie y o shapes and
sizes. Mo eo e his echnology does no ha e a memo y
e ec . O he ea u es a e small sel discha ge (0.1% pe
mon h) and long li e o deep cycles. I is likely ha LIES
pe o mance will be signi ican ly imp o ed because o a lo
o esea ch is done especially in espec o elec ic ca s.
I. Sodium Sulphu Ba e y Ene gy S o age (NaSES)
Sodium Sulphu ba e ies became comme cially a ailable
in 2000. The cell is usually cons uc ed in a all cylind ical
con igu a ion. Posi i e elec ode con ains mol en sulphu and
nega i e elec ode om mol en sodium [14]. Elec oly e in
WKLVFDVHLVVROLGȕ-alumina. Thus, du ing discha ging o he
ba e y, sodium ions pass h ough elec oly e and combines a
posi i e elec ode wi h sulphu , c ea ing sodium polysul ide.
In cha ge p ocess eac ion is e e sed.
NaSES ba e y can be classi ied o g oup o high
empe a u e ba e ies. Because sulphu has o be kep in
liquid o m, cell has o ope a e in empe a u e ange 320-
340°C.
I cooled down when no ully cha ged, he ba e ies will
su e se ious damage. Due o his a diesel gense is o en
implemen ed oge he wi h a NaSES ins alla ion, in case o
powe ou age.
This echnology can be sized in MW and he e o e i can
become a se ious playe in la ge scale applica ions. NaSES
seems o be ele an o WPP. The e a e cu en ly wo king
applica ions o NaSES wi h WPP.
Wind a m suppo possibili ies:
Cha ac e is ic ea u e in NaSES is high ene gy densi y
( h ee imes highe in compa ison o LAES) [14]. Wha is
mo e NaS ba e ies a e able o deli e powe in single
con inues mode as well as la ge sho pulses. NaSES a e
capable o su i e much mo e cycles in compa ison o LA
ba e ies. Cos o NaS ba e ies now is ela i ely high,
howe e i is conside ed o d op wi h a mass p oduc ion
because hese ba e ies a e cons uc ed om inexpensi e,
abundan and ecyclable ma e ials [14].
Cu en ly howe e he e is only one manu ac u e o
NaSES ba e ies, NGK Insula o s in Japan.
J. Sodium Nickel Chlo ide Ba e y Ene gy S o age (ZEBRA)
Sodium Nickel Chlo ide ba e y, popula ly called ZEBRA
a e belonging o he amily o high empe a u e ba e ies.
Nega i e elec ode consis s o liquid sodium (like NaS) bu
posi i e elec ode is nickel chlo iGH $OVR ȕ-alumina
elec oly e is used bu in addi ion he e is a second liquid
elec oly e (sodium chlo oalumina e) which is used o allow
as anspo o sodium ions o m he solid nickel chlo ide
elec ode o and om ce amic elec oly e [20]. The bes
pe o mance o a cell is achie ed o he empe a u e ange
250-350 °C.
ZEBRA ba e ies a e able o play a ole in he u u e in
in eg a ion o enewables. Howe e , igh now ZEBRA
ba e ies aim mainly in e-mobili y. This echnology is
cha ac e ized by high ene gy densi y (5 imes highe han
LA). They a e esis an o sho ci cui s. Wha is mo e in
compa ison o NaS, Zeb a ba e ies a e able o su i e ce ain
o e cha ge and discha ge and ha e a be e sa e y
cha ac e is ics and a highe cell ol age [16].
Wind a m suppo possibili ies:
K. Flow Ba e y Ene gy S o age (FBES)
The e can be dis inguished ollowing h ee kinds o low
ba e ies: Vanadium Redox (VR), Polysulphide B omide
(PSB), Zinc B omine (ZnB ). Flow ba e ies p inciple o
ope a ion di e s om con en ional ba e ies. Ene gy is
s o ed as a po en ial chemical ene gy by means o e e sible
eac ion be ween wo elec oly es. Ene gy is s o ed in he
elec oly e solu ions. This makes he powe and ene gy
capaci y decoupled. The size o he cell s ack de e mines he
powe capaci y, while he olume o elec oly e de e mines
ene gy capaci y [16]. Two cha ged elec oly es a e pumped o
he cell s ack. In he cell s ack a chemical eac ion occu s
[14]. Fo each echnology cha ge o discha ge a ion is 1:1
and ba e ies do no su e om dep h discha ge.
Ope a ion o Polysulphide B omide (PSB) is simila o VR.
Cha ac e is ic ea u e is e y as eac ion ime. PSB ba e ies
can be used o equency esponse and ol age con ol. The
disad an age is he ac ha small quan i ies o b omine,
hyd ogen and sodium sulpha e a e p oduced wha imposes
some main enance [14].
In case o Zinc B omine (ZB) echnology, ope a ion
p inciple is di e en han in p e iously men ioned VR and
PSB ba e ies, howe e i con ains he same componen s.
Du ing p ocess o cha ging he elec oly es o zinc and
b omine ions low o he cell s ack. The elec oly es a e
sepa a ed by a mic opo ous memb ane. The di e ence is ha
elec odes in a ZnB low ba e y ac as subs a es o he
eac ion. As he eac ion occu s, zinc is elec opla ed on he
nega i e elec ode and b omine is e ol ed a he posi i e
elec ode (simila o con en ional ba e y ope a ion).
This echnology can be sized in MW and he e o e i can
become a se ious playe in la ge scale applica ions. FBES
seems o be ele an o WPP. The e a e al eady exis ing
applica ions o VR wi h WPP.
Wind a m suppo possibili ies:
L. Hyd ogen Ene gy S o age (HES)
Hyd ogen ene gy s o age is one o he mos imma u e
echnologies [14]. Hyd ogen elec ic ene gy s o age is no
a single de ice bu he p ocess is di ided in o h ee pa s:
xc ea e hyd ogen
xs o e he hyd ogen
xc ea e ene gy om hyd ogen
Hyd ogen can be c ea ed by: ex ac ion o ossil uels,
eac ing s eam wi h me hane and by elec olysis. P oducing
hyd ogen om elec olysis is he mos economical solu ion
among he o he s. P oduc ion om ossil uels is ou imes
mo e expensi e han using he uel i sel [14]. And
p oduc ion o hyd ogen om eac ion o s eam wi h me hane
3752
p oduces pollu ion. Du ing he p ocess o elec olysis,
hyd ogen is p oduced om wa e and oxygen is dissipa ed
in o a mosphe e. La es ad ances inc eased he e iciency o
hyd ogen p oduc ion o 85%. S o ing o hyd ogen can be
done by comp essing i , by lique ying i o by me al hyd ide
[14].The mos o en use op ion is o comp ess hyd ogen (65-
75% e iciency). Hyd ogen can be also s o ed in lique ied
o m by p essu ing and cooling i . Howe e keeping he
hyd ogen liquid is ene gy demanding because o he e y low
empe a u e ha has o be main ained.
To c ea e ene gy om hyd ogen wo me hods a e used:
In e nal Combus ion Engine (ICE) and Fuel Cell (FC).
Round ip e iciency is be ween 30-50%.
Fuel cell is ela i ely new echnology and do no ha e any
mo ing pa s, no emissions, a e ligh and eliable. Hyd ogen
has a highe ene gy densi y pe weigh bu lowe pe olume
han a gasoline. These ea u es gi e a lo o po en ial in a
u u e, also wi h enewable applica ions howe e echnology
needs o be mo e ad anced.
Wind a m suppo possibili ies:
Compa ison o ES echnologies can be ound in Table 1.
III. APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY STORAGE FOR WPP
AND GRID SUPPORT
Ope a ion o ES as a pa o WPP can no only educe
powe luc ua ions bu also enable in oduc ion o WPP in o
new ma ke s. WPP cha ac e is ics can be made e en mo e
like con en ional powe plan s.
The challenge o wind powe esou ces in eg a ion is no a
signi ican issue as long as he pene a ion a es a e small,
ypically <10%. As pene a ion inc eases and becomes >20%,
o he load, he e is equi ed added egula ion and spinning
ese e esou ces o assu e g id s abili y con ol. Wha is
mo e, inc eased wind gene a ion migh educe he egula ion
capabili y o he con ol a ea by displacing o he gene a ion
uni s (usually he less economical ones). G id ope a o may
manda e ha all he wind gene a o s ha e o mee ce ain
s abili y equi emen s as a condi ion o g id access [21].
Ene gy s o age sys ems can be applied o he wind esou ce
in o de o p o ide all o some po ion o he addi ional
egula ion con ol and spinning ese es [21].
Se ices ha ene gy s o age can o e o g id and WPP
can be classi ied as ollows:
xImposed by g id codes
xAncilla y se ices (no equi ed by TSOs)
A. Applica ions imposed by g id codes
The pu pose is o supp ess luc ua ions o he equency in
G id equency suppo
a g id which ha e a sou ce in imbalance be ween gene a ion
and load [21]. In g ids wi h high wind pene a ion, sudden
educ ion o wind powe can con ibu e o equency d op. I
is possible o suppo g id equency wi hou ene gy s o age
in ce ain ange by u ilizing d oop con ol and o o ine ia.
Wi h ES, equency can be con olled wi hou any
cu ailmen s o wind powe .
The p edic abili y o he p oduc ion om a WPP depends
on he quali y o he wea he o ecas and o he se ice
o ecas [11]. Fo ecas accu acy is dependen on ime scale,
si e and season. In some coun ies o ecas is equi ed,
howe e he e a e a ely any penal ies i o ecas is inco ec .
In o he ma ke s, like Spain, he e a e penal ies imposed on
wind ene gy supplie s when gene a ion does no ma ch
amoun o gene a ion bid o deli e y [21].
P oduc ion p edic abili y ( o ecas imp o emen )
The e is usually a need o o ecas wi h 15min esolu ion.
P oduc ion p edic abili y can be imp o ed (in consequence
penal ies dec eased) wi h ES which can compensa e o some
ex end un o eseen changes in he wind [11]. This se ice
equi es ha wind ene gy in excess o bid amoun s is s o ed
and eleased when he amoun o wind powe is insu icien .
Ine ia emula ion is men ioned in he new d a o Spanish
g id code as a u u e equi emen o a WPP connec ed o he
g id [22]. Typically alue o ine ial cons an o wind u bine
is dependen o he mass and is in ange o 4-9s. Inc eased
ine ia in a g id educes equency a iabili y and makes he
g id less sensi i e o sudden load and/o gene a ion changes.
Addi ion o ES can signi ican ly inc ease he appa en ine ia
o WPP.
Ine ia
I is also a new u u e equi emen ha can be ound in
[22]. I no dis u bance is p esen , ela i e angula posi ions o
synch onous machines o o s emain cons an . Sudden o
signi ican changes o powe lows in an in e connec ed
ansmission sys em some machines can loss synch onism.
This se ice equi e ha powe oscilla ions be mi iga ed by
injec ing and/o abso bing eal powe a equencies o 0.5 o
1 Hz, and may be encoun e ed in sys ems wi h long
ansmission lines [23].
Oscilla ion damping
Main aining adequa e eac i e powe is c ucial o ol age
s abili y. This se ice can be ob ained by ull scale con e e
connec ed o he g id wi hou ene gy s o age; howe e
addi ion o ES is imp o ing egula ion pe o mance.
Vol age con ol suppo
Du ing he dis u bance in he g id wind u bines has o
keep unning o ce ain pe iod o he black g id. This
suppo s g id e-es ablishmen . Again LVRT can be done
wi hou ES bu i equi es addi ional de ices and/o
cu ailmen s in powe p oduc ion in o de o keep ol age on
he DC link capaci o in sa e ange. Addi ion o ES can
suppo LVRT by cha ging ES du ing aul and p o ec he
DC link capaci o agains o e ol age.
LVRT
3753

TABLE I
COMPARISON OF ES TECHNOLOGIES.
B. Ancilla y Ene gy S o age applica ions
dP/d limi a ion o wind powe ou pu is a se ice ha limi s
he a e o change o WPP. This allows o egula e addi ional
dP/d limi a ion
gene a ion as enough o compensa e wind luc ua ions.
In some si es (especially emo e) i can happened ha wind
de elope s ins alled mo e wind powe han ansmission
T ansmission enhancemen sa ing
Technology Powe
capaci y
[MW]
Ene gy
Capaci y
[MWh]
E iciency
[%]
Li e ime Ins alla ions
(examples)
Manu ac u e s
PHES 30-4000 500 - 8000 70 - 85 Up o 50
yea s
-The e is o e 90 GW in mo e han
240 PHES acili ies in he wo ld.
Gugle GmbH, Sulze , No h
Am. Hyd o, Wa e Alchemy,
Ha is
CAES 50-300 500- 2500 64 - 75 Up o 40
yea s
-Hun o plan , Ge many, 290 MW,
580MWh
- McIn osh plan , USA, 100MW,
2600MWh
Tu boexpande , Als om,
D esse -Rand, Sulze
FES
Up o
1,6MW ( o
a LSF)
Up o hou
( o a HSF) 80 - 90 20 yea s
-Usually u ilized o UPS
-P opulsion applica ions like engines
and oad ehicles
Ac i e Powe , Beacon, Hi ec,
Pille , Pen adyne,
Teledyne, U enco
SES Up o 1MW
Up o
se e al
seconds
90 - 98 10 yea s -Powe quali y applica ions
- Hyb id ca s
Maxwell, NESS Capaci o ,
EPCOS, ESMA, NEC
SMES Up o 2MW 0,5-5MWh 90 - 99 20 yea s
-Se e al used o powe quali y
con ol
-In Wisconsin, a s ing o dis ibu ed
SMES uni s was deployed o
enhance s abili y o a ansmission
loop.
Accel, Ha c, Supe conduc i i y
Inc, In e magne ics Gene al
Co po a ion
Flooded
LAES
0,01-10MW Up o
40MWh 75 - 85 Up o 2000
cycles
-CHINO, Cali o nia, 10MW, 40
MWh
-PREPA Pue o Rico, 20MW,
14MWh
Ene sys , GNB (Exide)
Val e-
Regula ed
LAES
-HELCO Hawaii, 10MW, 15MWh
-VERNON Cali o nia,
3MW,4.5MWh
C&D Technologies , Hawke
Ene gy (Ene sys)
NCES 0.01–40MW
Up o
se e al
hou s
60 - 70
1000 –
3500
cycles
-Golden Valley, Fai banks, Alaska
40 MW o 7 minu es Sa , Alcad
NaSES Up o
200MW
Up o1200
MWh 86 - 89
4500
cycles, up
o 15 yea s
-Rokkasho, Japan 34MW/245MWh
-Hi achi Plan 8MW/58MWh
NGK Insula o s
ZEBRA
-In ehicles
up o se e al
hund ed
kW,
-Can be up
o se e al
MW
In ehicles
up o
se e al
hund ed o
kWh
-Can be up
o se e al
MWh
90
Mo e han
3000
cycles, up
o 10 yea s
-ZEBRA ba e y plan has been buil
in S abio,
Swi ze land
40MWh
-mainly in hyb id ehicles
Be a R&D
LIES Up o
se e al MW
Up o
se e al
MWh
90 - 95
Mo e han
20000
cycles
- a ie y o po able elec onic
de ices
- he e a e es s in MW ange
Valence Johnson Con ol, Lucky
Golds a Chemical, Sa , Li-Tec
Ba e y GmbH, A123 Sys ems,
BYD
FBES
VR
Up o
se e al MW
Up o
se e al
MWh
70 - 80
>10000
cycles,
7-15 yea s
-Se e al ins alla ions alongside wi h
wind u bines P uden Ene gy
FBES
PSB 75 >2000
cycles
FBES
ZB 75 - 80 >2000
cycles
-Two p oduc s comme cially
a ailable ZESS 50kWh, ZESS
500kWh,
-A ew ins alla ions planned in nea
u u e wi h WTs
ZBB Ene gy
3754
TABLE II
OVERVIEW OF ES POWER AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR GIVEN SERVICE.
in as uc u e can ans e . Addi ion o ES can de e g id
upg ades. Ene gy can be s o ed du ing pe iods o insu icien
ansmission capaci y and discha ged when capaci y becomes
a ailable [21].
The abili y o a powe sou ce o go om a shu down
condi ion o an ope a ing condi ion wi hou assis ance om
he elec ical g id and o hen ene gize he g id o help o he
gene a ing uni s s a a e a blackou occu s [23].
Black s a
Sepa a ion o he ene gy p oduc ion ins an s and he
ins an s o ene gy selling. In many g id a eas he p ice
a ia ion can be e y high om hou o hou [24]. In o de o
inc ease e enues ES sys em can be ully u ilized, i.e., ha
powe is pu chased om he g id when o -peak wind
gene a ion is insu icien o comple ely cha ge he ene gy
s o age media [21].
Ene gy a bi age
ES is s o ing ene gy when consump ion is low and
eleasing i when consump ion is high o la en he ypical
“moun ain and alley” shape o he load cu e [24].
Peak sha ing
The p oduc ion o a WTG a ies wi h he wind. This can be
le eled by ES.
P oduc ion le elling
So S op amps down he wind powe plan ou pu mo e
slowly han he u bine amp a e, gi ing o he ene gy sou ces
ime o s a up. This can e.g. be done, by he means o an ES
[24].
So s op
Powe sou ces online, synch onized o he g id ha can
inc ease ou pu immedia ely in esponse o a majo gene a o
o ansmission ou age and can each ull ou pu wi hin 10
minu es [23].
P ima y ese e
Same as p ima y ese e, bu need no espond
immedia ely; he e o e uni s can be o line bu s ill mus be
capable o eaching ull ou pu wi hin he equi ed 10 minu es
[23].
Seconda y ese e
Same as seconda y ese e, bu wi h a 30-minu e esponse
ime, used o es o e p ima y and seconda y ese es o hei
p e-con ingency s a us [23].
Te ia y ese e
Because o he ac ha ene gy s o age is expensi e
solu ion i is unlikely ha single indi idual se ice may
become economically iable. Thus, he e o should be pu o
combine as many applica ions as possible; howe e some ES
applica ions canno be combined wi h o he s because o
di e en s a egy o ES managemen .
P esen ed s o age applica ions can be g ouped depending
on powe and ene gy equi emen s o ES as i is shown in
Table 2.
I can be seen ha mos se ices can be me wi h s o age
able o ope a e wi h Ps ~ 50% o nominal plan powe and in
ime scale o 1 hou [11].
IV. ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES VERSUS
APPLICATIONS
The e a e many ypes o ES echnologies desc ibed in II bu
none o hem is able o sol e all p oblems o wind powe
in eg a ion in powe sys em. Pa icula ES selec ion is
applica ion and imescale dependen and o WPP should be
conside ed in ela ion o se ices ha a e demanded. Table 3
p esen s ES echnologies and applica ions ha hey a e able
o gi e.
I can be seen ha om he compa ison o s o age
echnologies in espec o applica ions, he bes choices o
WPP in eg a ion seems o be: PHES, CAES, LIES, FBES,
NaSES and LAES. Howe e PHES and CAES echnologies
placemen a e dependen o geological issues. Hyd ogen
seems o ha e a huge po en ial in a u u e, howe e p esen
s a e o de elopmen o his me hod makes i less e icien
and e y expensi e solu ion o WPP. Supe capaci o s wi h
combina ion wi h ba e y can be a good solu ion because o
hei e y high cycling possibili y. I looks like as LAES a e
less ele an o WPP in eg a ion han LIES, NaSES and
FBES mainly because o smalle ene gy densi y, smalle
dep h o discha ge and big sensi i i y o empe a u e changes.
V. EXAMPLES OF ALREADY EXISTING APPLICATIONS
OF ENERGY STORAGE FOR WIND POWER PLANT
Combined s o age and wind u bines ins alla ions ha e a
sho his o y, hus he e is only a ew examples o he ES
applica ions. The eason o ha is he ac ha ES
echnologies a e ela i ely expensi e solu ions (a leas
a p esen ). Ano he aspec is ha un il now, he elec ic
u ili y g id has se ed as a la ge-scale ene gy balancing and
edis ibu ion sys em o in e mi en wind ene gy and i
p o ided some le el o damping o luc ua ing wind powe .
I is conside ed ha a numbe o coexis ing WPP and ES will
~25% o P ~30 -75% o P
nom ~ 100% o
P
nom
msĺPLQ
nom
Black S a ,
LVRT,
Vol age con ol,
Oscilla ion
damping
F equency con ol,
Reg. Rese es,
So s op,
Peak Sha ing,
Black S a ,
Oscilla ion
damping,
Ine ia
F equency
con ol,
Reg. Rese es,
So s op,
Ine ia
1min –
60min
Black S a ,
T ansmission
enhancemen
sa ing,
Fo ecas
imp o emen
Reg. Rese es,
So s op,
Peak Sha ing
So s op,
Reg. Rese es,
Peak Sha ing
1-10h
Fo ecas
imp o emen
Ene gy
a bi age
Peak Sha ing,
Ene gy a bi age,
P oduc ion
le elling
Reg. Rese es,
P oduc ion
le elling
10hĺFo ecas
imp o emen
P oduc ion
le elling
P oduc ion
le elling
3755
TABLE III
COMBINATION OF ES TECHNOLOGIES WITH THEIR APPLICATIONS.
inc ease in nea u u e as he pene a ion o wind gene a ion
g ows [13].
TABLE IV
COMBINED WIND POWER AND ENERGY STORAGE INSTALLATIONS
Place Applica ion Speci ica ion ES Yea
Rokkasho,
Japan
Fo ecas imp o emen ,
S eng hening weak
g id, Peak sha ing
shi ing, Powe
egula ion, p ima y
ese e
34MW/245MW
h o 51MW
wind a m
NaS
ES
2008
Tomamae
Wind a m,
Hokkaido
Wind u bine
s abilisa ion
4MW/6MWh
o 30.6 MW
wind pa k
VR 2005
I eland,
So ne Hill
Wind Fa m
Peak sha ing, powe
quali y and eliabili y
imp o emen
1.5MW/12MWh
o 38MW wind
a m
VR 2006
Aus alia,
King
Island
Local esiden ial g id
s eng hening,
equency and ol age
con ol
200kW/800kWh
o i e wind
u bines anged
259-850kW
VR 2003
Wind
powe ,
Hokkaido
S abiliza ion wind
u bine ou pu
170 kW/1MWh
o 270kW wind
u bine
VR 2001
The lis o he combined WPP and s o age ins allmen s is
p esen ed in Table 4.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Elec ical ene gy s o age is one o he mos p omising
solu ions o he challenges ela ed o wind in eg a ion.
S o age solu ions equi e signi ican in es men s and a e
in oducing ene gy losses o WPP. These ea u es ha e o be
weighed agains he bene i s ha s o age can p o ide.
The e a e a numbe o di e en ES echnologies a ailable
on he ma ke wi h di e en po en ial, cha ac e is ics and
di e en applica ions ha can p o ide o WPPs. Some o he
echnologies like NaSES and FBES a e al eady ha ing
exis ing applica ions wi h WPP. I is also expec ed ha LIES
will play a ole in he u u e in he WPP in eg a ion.
The main ba ie s o widesp ead comme cial
implemen a ions o ES wi h WPPs a e high cos o ES
echnologies, imma u i y o some echnologies and
unce ain y o e he quan i ied bene i s. Mo eo e , he u u e
shape o he elec ici y ma ke will a ec decisi ely he
iabili y o elec ical ene gy s o age. Fu u e scena ios in
de egula ed ma ke like ancilla y se ices ading and s o age
as a paid se ice o e ed o he g id can be decisi e [18].
Go e nmen subsidies o ES would also speed up
widesp ead use o he new ES ins alla ions wi h WPPs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This wo k is a pa o he esea ch being ca ied ou o he
Ves as Powe p og am. The p og am is unded by Ves as
Wind Sys ems A/S, Denma k and Aalbo g Uni e si y,
Denma k. The au ho s g a e ully acknowledge he inancial
and echnical suppo o Ves as Wind Sys ems A/S.
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Technology
Se ice
Sodium sulphu
Flow ba e y
Li hium Ion
Supe capaci o
Lead Acid
Pumped-Hyd o
CAES
SMES
Flywheel ES
Ni-Cd
Zeb a
Fo ecas imp o emen
Ine ia
Oscilla ion damping
G id equency suppo
Vol age con ol suppo
LVRT
T ansmission enh. sa ing
Black s a
S o age a bi age
Peak sha ing
P oduc ion le elling
So s op
P ima y ese e
Seconda y ese e
Te ia y ese e
3756