Vec o Diseases T ea men Based on
In e media e Complexion Using Tex ile
Subs a es
Fab icio Maes á Beze a1,*; Taís La issa Sil a1; Manuel J Lis2
1Tex ile Enginee ing (COENT), Fede al Uni e si y o Technology Pa ana (UTFPR), Apuca ana, B azil.
2INTEXTER-UPC, Colon, 15, 08222. Te assa. Ba celona. Spain.
*Co espondence o: Fab icio Maes á Beze a, Tex ile Enginee ing (COENT), Fede al Uni e si y o Technology Pa a-
na (UTFPR), Apuca ana, B azil.
Email: [email p o ec ed]
Chap e 5
Ad ances in Tex ile
Enginee ing
1. In oduc ion
 Insec -bo nediseases(Vec o diseases)a ec millionso peoplee e yyea ,especially
in opicalandsub opicalcoun ies[1].Thepa hogens ansmi edby heseinsec sa e e-
sponsible o mos in ec iousdiseaseson heplane [2].Exampleso  hesediseases ansmi -
ed ohumansincludemala ia,dengue e e , ila iasis,yellow e e ,chikungunya,Zika i us,
Wes Nile i us,Japaneseencephali isando he s[3-7].
 Peilae al.[1],shows ha amongbasicp ecau ions op e en  ansmi eddiseasesa e
heuseo  epellen s.Repellen sa esubs ances ha ac  oinhibi insec s,p oducingaba ie 
ha p e en scon ac be ween he ec o andhumano animalskin[8].Thesubs ancesmaybe
ombo hsyn he icandna u alo igin.
 Themos e icien insec  epellen sa eDEET(N,N-die hhyl-me a- oluamide) om
syn he ico iginandci onellaessen ialoil omna u alo igin[9].Howe e , he ea eo he 
p oduc s ha canalsobeusedasinsec  epellen s omsyn he ico igin,suchas:DEPA(N,
N-Die hylPhenylace amide),Ica idin,IR3535andPe me h inand,o na u alo igin: Ca apa
guianesis, A emisia ulga is, Ocimim., basilicum, Cinnamomum campho a, Co ymbia
ci iodo a, Eucalyp us sp, Cymbopogon, Men ha pulegium,[10-14].
 All hosep oduc sa e hebasiso mos comme cial epellen s;howe e  heac iono 
hese epellen siso sho du a ion,due o he ola ili yo  hechemicalcompoundso  hese
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Ad ancesinTex ileEnginee ing
Beze a FM
p oduc sand, he e o e heyo e anuncon olled elease.Theau ho s[15]ha eshown ha 
he ewouldbeanal e na i e ocon ol hei  eleasebasedon hecomplexa iono  heac i e
p inciple( he epellen oil).Thus, he epellen willha ei sp olongede ec andwillp o ec 
heuse longe .
 Theac i ep inciplecanbeusedin epellen p oduc s,applied o heskin iasp ayo 
canbeusedon ex iles.Acco ding oLisA iase al.[16]whenusedin ex iles, hesep oduc s
becomebio unc ional,enabling hedeli e yo asse s o cosme o ex ilesapplica ions.Due o
i sspeci ic esponse,bio unc ional ex ilesa eespeciallyuse ulwhen he ex ilecomesin o
closecon ac wi h heskin[17].Thus, hesep oduc scanbeusedasinsec  epellen s, educing
henumbe o in ec ionscausedby hese ec o s[18].
2. Repellen
(Table 1)shows hemainsyn he iccompoundsandab ie desc ip ion.
Table 1:Syn he iccompoundsusedas ec o  epellen sandi sdesc ip ion.
Compound Desc ip ion
DEET
DEETis hemos common epellen usedin hewo ldand he epellen p ope ieso  hisp oduc canbe
a ibu ed oac i a iono ol ac o y ecep o neu ons(ORNs)inmosqui oan ennae.DEEThasas ong
epellingac ionandi suseisno  ecommendeddu ingp egnancyand ochild en[19,20].
DEPA DEPAwasde eloped om heuna ailabili yo achemicalcomponen  o  hep oduc iono DEETinIndia.
I haslow oxici yandisused o  a ious ec o species[21].
ICARIDIN Ica idin o  2-(2-hyd oxye hyl)-1-me hylp opyls y ene 1-pipe idine ca boxyla e is a ola ile oil ha  is
e ec i ein epellingmosqui oes, lies,bees, icksand leas.I hasalonge las ingac ion hanDEET[22].
IR3535
IR3535ou3-(N-n-bu yl-N-ace yl)-aminop opionicacide hyles e ,isana u alde i a i eo aminoacid
β-alanine,i hasnoskincon ac  oxici ymakingi a epellen  ha canbeapplied ochild en,bu i haslowe 
epellency hanDEET[23].
PERMETHRIN I hashigh oxici y o heen i onmen andnoad e see ec onhumans.Canbeusedin eedand ood,
clo hingands illhasmanyapplica ionsinag icul u eandanimalheal h[20].
Table 2shows hemainessen ialoils omplan susedasinsec  epellen s.Theseoilsha eala genumbe o bioac i e
compounds,allowingapplica ionin a iousindus ies[24].
Compound Desc ip ion
Andi oba
Andi obaoilisknown o i sinsec icidalandmedicinalusesasanan i- heuma ic,analgesic,an i-in lamma o y
and healing agen .Also, i  is used in soaps, candles and cosme ics due o i s insec  epellen  powe . The
compounds esponsible o  hise ec a e e ano i e penoids,limonoidso meliacins[25,26].
Ci onella
Ci onellaoiliscomposedo ci onellol,ge aniol,limonene,me hylisoeugenol,amongo he compounds.This
oilhasbeenusedasaninsec  epellen ,alsoina oma he apy,indeodo an s,showingheal hbene i s[27].
Ci onella oil s ill has se e al biological e ec s, including: an i ungal, an ibac e ial, an ioxidan  and insec 
epellen ac i i ies[24,28,and29].
Lemon
eucalyp us
The main elemen  is 1,8-cineole (cineole o  eucalyp ol), oil used in a ious a eas, including pe ume y,
pha maceu icalsandnu aceu icals.Lemoneucalyp usis heonlyCDCapp o edhe bal epellen  o usein
endemicmala ia[30,31].
Table 2:Na u alcompoundsusedas ec o  epellen sand hei desc ip ion.
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Ad ancesinTex ileEnginee ing
 Due o hep ope ieso  epellen agen s, heycanbeapplied o ex ilea icles u he 
ex ending hei ac ion.Theseapplica ionsa epossibleby ex ile inishingp ocesses.
3. Tex ile Finishing
 Tex ile inishingp ocessesconsis o ase ieso ope a ionsapplied o ab icsino de 
oimp o e hei p ope ies.Thesep ocessescanoccu in h eeways:physical,chemicaland
biological,asshownin(Figu e 1).
Figu e 1: Tex ile inishingclassi ica ion.
 The echniquesused o  inishingwilldepend,basically,on hes uc u eand ypeo  ibe 
(na u alo chemical) ha willbeused[32].Someo  hedesi edp ope iesa eacqui edwi h
unc ional inishes,suchas:bac e icidalp ope ies[33]d ug elease[34]andgasadso p ion
[35].Fo  hesep ope ies oha ea unc ionon heskin,i isnecessa y ha agen sbeapplied
on he issuesu ace,make hebioac i ecomplexa ionand eleasein o heskin,b inging
bene i s o heuse [36].
 Thus, hee ec o  heac i eing edien willbep olongeddue o hep o ec ionp o ided
by hecomplexingagen .In hede elopmen o newp ope ies o  he ab ic,oneo  he
ac o s ha mus beconside edis he inishdu abili y;i means hep olonga iono  hee ec 
isessen ial o  hecomme cializa iono  he ex ilea icle.
 The ea ese e alp o ec ionme hods.Table3showssome echniqueso p o ec iono 
ac i eing edien susedas epellen agen s.
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Table 3:Techniques o  hep o ec iono ac i eing edien sused o insec  epellency.
TECHNIQUE ACTIVE
PRINCIPLE REFERENCE
Cyclodex in Ci onella [15]
Mic ocapsule Eucalyp us [37]
Mic o/Nanoemulsion Andi oba [38]
Liposome DEET [39]
Hyd ogel IR3535 [40]
SolidLipidMic o/nanopa icle DEET [41]
Figu e 2showsgela inandguma abicmic ocapsulesaswallma e ialsandci onella
essen ialoilasac i eing edien [42].
 On heo he hand,a e  hep ocesso inclusiono mic oencapsula ion,i isnecessa y o
elease he appedac i ep inciple,a adesi ed a e.Cos aandLobo[43]poin ou  ha  he elease
o  hoseencapsula edsubs ancesgene ally ollows,basically, h eemechanisms:di usion,
ac i a ion eleaseandpolyme icb eakdown/e osion.Thecon olo  hesemechanisms,can
cause hee ec o p olonga iono ac i ep inciple ooccu ,p o idingg ea e du abili yo  he
inalanddesi ede ec .Figu e3showsingene al hep oduc ions epso a unc ional ex ile
a icle.
Figu e 3:Applica iono ac i eing edien son ex ilesubs a es.
 Rega dlesso  hecomplexa iono inmobiliza ion, echniqueused, he eleaseo  he
ac i ep inciple(na u alo syn he ic)willbe esponsible o  he epellency.Islame al.[44]
shows ha  hemechanismo ac iono  epellen sis ela ed o he o ma iono a apo laye on
Figu e 2:Ci onellainsec  epellen mic ocapsules.
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Ad ancesinTex ileEnginee ing
heskinwi hanunbea ableodo  o heinsec  ha de lec s hepa h,p e en ingcon ac wi h
hehos .Thuswhen heac i ep incipleis eleased om he issuei will o malaye on he
skincausing heinsec di ec ionchange,a oidingi scon ac on heuse whouses he ex ile.
 Thus,in hissys emi isimpo an  o ela e he ypeo  ibe wi h hecompound obe
imp egna edin he ab ic.Bo hmus ha ein e ac ion omake he inishe ec i e.Figu e 4
shows hemaincha ac e is ics ha a ab icmus ha e obea epellen bio unc ionala icle.
Figu e 4:Cha ac e is icso aninsec  epellen  ex ilea icle.
 The epellen  ex ilep oduc ,assugges edbyTa a ese al.[20]), obeaccep edin he
ma ke o  epellen s,mus accomplish,asmaincha ac e is ics:
Repel hela ges numbe o insec species;•
Non oxic;•
Dono i i a e heskin;•
Odo less ohumansandanunbea ableodo  omosqui oes;•
Wa e  esis ance(washing);•
Good esis ance o ic ionandab asion;•
Lowcos .•
4. Repellence Ac i i y Tes s
 The ea ese e alme hods ha canbeused o  ocheck hee iciencyo  hesys em
o medwi h epellen s.Gene ally, hemajo i yo  heseme hods,need hein e en iono 
humanbeings,and he e o e, heya esubmi ed osomese e e egula ions,(Figu e 5).

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Figu e 5: Thehumanlandingca ch(HLC)me hod o measu ing hee icacyo  opical epellen sunde  ieldcondi ions.
Mosqui oesaligh ingon he ea edandexposedlowe legwe easpi a edbyamou haspi a o andkep inFalcon ubes
o speciesiden i ica ionin helabo a o y.Apa  om he ea eda ea hewholebodywas ullyp o ec edbyajumpsui ,
abeekeepe ’sha andla exglo es h oughwhichmosqui oescanno bi e[45].
 Ame hodused o  hee alua iono mosqui obeha io whilesea ching o ahos is
sugges edbyRibei oe al.,[46].Thesys emconsis so  woac ylicboxes(25cm×21cm×
60cm),oneco esponding o hecon olando he  o he es .Eachboxisdi idedin o wo
equalchambe s(AandB).Inchambe Baanes he izedandimmobilizedRa usno egicus
(Wis e lineage)isin oducedasablood- eedingbai .Inchambe A,100A.s ephensi(no 
ed,3 o5daysold)a e eleased,allowingpassage omonechambe  oano he .The e o e,
ou  es sa epe o medon ea edandun ea ed issues.Eachsamplemus be25x21cmand
s ayin heboxes o 60minu es.Thus he eco dso  henumbe o mosqui oespassing om
chambe A ochambe Ba edone.A  heendo  he es , henumbe o li emosqui oesis
coun ed.Andonecancalcula e heblood eeding educ ionindex(BFI):
 Whe e he e m ea ed ep esen s hep opo iono  ed emalescap u edin he es 
unneland hecon ol ep esen s hep opo iono  ed emalescap u edin hecon ol unnel.
 Ano he way oe alua e epellencyin ex ilea iclesisp oposedbyZhange al.[28],
Caoe al.[47]andShiomu ae al.[48].In hiscase,adul insec sabou 2weeksolda e
used.Solu ionswi hdi e en concen a ionso  heac i eing edien  obe es eda ep epa ed
andapplied o6cmdiame e  il e pape ,hal o  hepape isapplied o heac i ep inciple
solu ion(150µL)and heo he hal  o hesolu ionwi hou  hep incipleac i e(150µL),
only hesol en .Thesol en is hene apo a edand hepape isplacedinape idish.Insec s
a eplacedon hepape su aceandcoun eda e 2and4h.The epellingpe cen age(RP)is
calcula edby ollowing heequa ion:
7
Ad ancesinTex ileEnginee ing
Whe eNcis henumbe o insec sp esen onhal o pape wi hnoac i eing edien andN is
henumbe o insec sp esen onhal o  ea edpape .
Figu e 6:Thea m-in-cage(AIC) es  o measu ing hee icacyo  opicalmosqui o epellen sunde labo a o ycondi ions
[45].
 Specose al.[49]pe o m he epellency es usingglo es( ea edandun ea ed issue)in
boxescon aininginsec s(a mincage,AIC,Figu e 6).In hisP ocess he ea edandun ea ed
glo esa ehungou doo sdu ing he es pe iod.Repellen ac i i yisassessedbyinse inga
humanhandandglo eda min oachambe (50x50x50cm)wi hin1minu e.In he es 
chambe  he ea eapp oxima ely200 emaleinsec s,and hecon ac numbe iscoun ed.
5.Conclusion
 Vec o sa e esponsible o  he ansmissiono  a iousdiseaseswo ldwide,mainlyin
opicalandsub opicalcoun ies.Theuseo  epellen s,na u alo syn he ic,isanal e na i e o
p e en  hesp eado diseasessuchasdengue,yellow e e ,mala ia,Zika i usando he s.
 Howe e ,applyingsome epellen son heskinmaycausealle giesandsho p o ec ion
due o he ola ili yo  hesep oduc s.Thus hep o ec iono  heac i eagen andi scon olled
eleasecaninc ease hep o ec i ee ec agains  hese ec o s,aswellas educe heunwan ed
e ec son heuse 'sskin.
 Fo be e p o ec ion heseencapsula edo complex epellen scanbeapplied o ex iles,
clo hing,cu ains, ugsando he p oduc s.Thesep oduc sa ecalled ex ile inishesandcan
helpwi hmosqui oesand hediseasescausedby hem.Tex ilea iclesc ea e epellen ba ie s
bykeepingmosqui oesaway om hei wea e .Thus, ex ilescanbeusedin a ious o ms o 
hepu poseo  epelling.
6. Re e ences
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8
Ad ancesinTex ileEnginee ing
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