Uni e si a Poli `ecnica de Ca alunya
Escola T`
ecnica Supe io d’Enginye ia Indus ial
de Ba celona. ETSEIB
Design, modeling and
simula ion o a PV powe
plan .
Bachelo ’s inal p ojec
Au o : Pablo Poza Fe agu
Supe iso : O iol Gomis Bellmun
Junio 2020
Summa y
The ise o he pho o ol aic ene gy du ing he las decades and mainly du ing he las
yea s has many indica o s; he as g ow h o he global p oduc ion capaci y, he inno-
a ions ela ed o he sola ene gy echnologies o he con inuous adap a ion o he law
code o i a wide a ie y o scena ios and condi ions.
Addi ionally he ecen imp o emen s ha e gi en La ge Scale PV powe plan (LS-PVPP)
he capabili y o wo k as baseload powe plan s elie ing di ie sou ces o ene gies. How-
e e one o he bigges disad an ages in on o con en ional ene gy sou ces is he cos .
In he las yea s PV echnologies ha e achie ed highe cos -e ec i e a io and now a e
able o compe e agains non- enewable p oduc ion me hods.
Fo his eason he p esen wo k is cen e ed in he de elopmen o a ool o in eg a ion
o LS-PVPP in he ac ual ene gy dis ibu ion sys em ha allows he use o op imize
and s udy he design and unc ionali y o he plan .
A MATLAB based p og am and di e en unc ions ha e been de eloped o pe o m a
powe low analysis. Di e en g id codes equi emen s ha e been analyzed o LS-PVPP.
App oaches om di e en yea s a e aken in o accoun and he endency o uni ying
some pa s o hese g id codes o achie e highe le els o ene gy sha e is discussed oo.
Examples o con ol implemen a ion o mee hese equi emen s a e also included.
The example used o es he Powe low equa ions (PFE) sol e is composed o cen al
in e e s. Acco ding o [2] his con igu a ion is he mos cos -e ec i e nowadays despi e
he s ing in e e s a e close and p esen a se ies o bene i s ela ed wi h he e sa ili y
and con ol.
Con en s
1 P e ase 8
1.1 Objec i e .................................... 8
1.2 Mo i a ion ................................... 8
2 Powe low analysis 9
2.1 P ocedu e.................................... 9
2.2 Powe low equa ion basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Fo mula ion................................... 11
2.3.1 Bus admi ance ma ix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Limi a ions and conside a ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5 Solu ionme hods. ............................... 12
2.6 De ini ions.................................... 13
2.6.1 Slack bus................................. 13
2.6.2 Load bus; PQ ype. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6.3 Vol age con olled bus; PV ype. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.7 The New on-Raphson powe low solu ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.7.1 P oblem gene al o m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.7.2 Mul i-Va iable NRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.8 Load lows o he sys em . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 Valida ing he esul s 18
3.1 Conside a ions.................................. 18
3.1.1 Limi a ions ............................... 18
3.1.2 Dis ibu ion sys em limi a ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1
3.1.3 Pa ame e s unde s udy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 Examplecase................................... 20
3.2.1 Pe uni alues ............................. 21
3.2.2 Ini ial alues and supposi ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 Resul compa ison e sus MATPOWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3.1 Fi s compa ison: Ac i e and eac i e powe demand a ia ion wi h
PQbuses................................. 23
3.3.2 Second compa ison: Ac i e and eac i e powe gene a ion a ia ion
wi hPQbuses.............................. 26
3.3.3 Thi d compa ision: Ac i e powe gene a ion and g id ol age a i-
a ionwi hPVbuses........................... 28
3.4 Analysis o maximum and minimum ol age de ia ions and loses. . . . . . 30
3.4.1 Pa icula case: di e en alues o each con e e ou pu . . . . . 30
4 G id code equi emen s 33
4.1 In oduc ion................................... 33
4.2 S a ic egula ion ................................ 35
4.2.1 Powe ac o egula ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2.2 Powe Cu ailmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2.3 Ac i e powe ese es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2.4 Vol age ange and Con ol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2.5 Remo e Vol age Con ol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2.6 F equency................................ 37
4.2.7 Flicke .................................. 38
4.3 G id suppo ; eac i e powe compensa ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5 En i onmen al impac analysis 42
5.1 La ge scale PV powe plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.1.1 Cons uc ion .............................. 43
5.1.2 Ope a ion................................ 43
5.1.3 Decommission.............................. 44
5.1.4 Po en ial en i onmen al consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.1.5 Po en ial ecological consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.1.6 T ansmission sys em impac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.1.7 Conclusions............................... 45
2
6 P ojec s budge 47
6.1 La ge Scale PV powe plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.2 Ancilla yse ices................................ 48
6.3 In oduc ion................................... 51
6.4 Sc ip s...................................... 51
6.5 Fi s compa ison powe low esul s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.6 Second compa ison powe low esul s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.7 Thi d compa ison powe low esul s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3

Lis o Figu es
2.1 Example o a 5 bus sys em wi h he impedance o he lines. . . . . . . . . 10
3.1 Rela ion be ween he Pdc and Vdc and main poin s o analyze. . . . . . . . 19
3.2 Example case wi h designa ed buses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3 Ele en h bus alues (1s case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.4 Second bus alues (1s case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.5 Se en h bus alues (1s case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.6 Ele en h bus alues (2nd case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.7 Second bus alues (2nd case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.8 Se en h bus alues (2nd case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.9 Ele en h bus alues (3 d case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.10 Second bus alues (3 d case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.11 Se en h bus alues (3 d case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.12 Example scheme wi h ol age magni ude and phase alues . . . . . . . . . 31
3.13 Example scheme wi h ol age magni ude and phase alues . . . . . . . . . 31
3.14 Real and Imagina y losses changing he g id ol age om 0.9 o 1.1 . . . 32
4.1 Powe ins alled in Spain om 2007 o 2018. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.2 Summa y o he o al ene gy managed by he ancilla y se ices in he
spanishpeninsula. ............................... 34
4.3 Reac i e powe equi emen s o Pue o Rico, Sou h A ica and China,
Ge manyandRomania. ............................ 35
4.4 Powe cu ailmen equi emen s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.5 Summa y o g id codes equi emen s o LS-PVPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.6 Scheme o he connec ion poin s con ex ualized in he cu en example . . 39
4
4.7 F om le o igh ; ou pu PoC and g id PoC phaso diag ams when PF is
se ouni y.................................... 40
6.1 B eakdown o ancilla y se ices cos in he a e age inal p ice o ene gy in
hepeninsula sys em ............................. 49
6.2 Ac i e and eac i e powe demand (1s case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.3 Ac i e and eac i e powe gene a ion (1s case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.4 Imagina y and eal losses (1s case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.5 Ac i e and eac i e powe demand (2nd case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.6 Ac i e and eac i e powe gene a ion (2nd case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.7 Ac i e and eac i e powe gene a ion (2nd case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.8 Ac i e and eac i e powe demand (3 d case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.9 Ac i e and eac i e powe gene a ion (3 d case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.10 Ac i e and eac i e powe gene a ion (3 d case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5
Lis o Tables
3.1 P esen wo k sys em pa ame e s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2 Example’s pa ame e s in pu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 Requi ed pa ame e s o each bus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4 Requi ed pa ame e s o each bus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.5 Selec ed a iables and anges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.6 Selec ed a iables and anges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.7 Selec ed a iables and anges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.8 Ini ial alues o he con e e ou pu buses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.1 Compa ison o li e cycle emissions o sola echnologies and con en ional
ca bon-in ensi e sys ems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.1 PV plan CAPEX cos s and cu en p ojec budge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6.2 PVplan OPEX ................................ 48
6
Ac onyms
DES Dis ibu ed ene gy sis ems. 19, 36, 37
ENSTO-E Eu opean Ne wo k o T ansmission Sys em Ope a o s o Elec ici y. 33
eSCR Equi alen sho ci cui a io. 40
LS-PVPP La ge Scale PV powe plan . 1, 4, 34, 37–40, 42–45, 47
MPP maximum powe poin . 19
MPPT Maximum powe poin acke . 30
NRA New hon-Raphson algo i hm. 14, 16, 17, 24, 26, 51
PF Powe ac o . 5, 35, 38, 40
PFC Powe ac o con ol. 39
PFE Powe low equa ions. 1, 23, 28, 34
PoC poin o connec ion. 5, 38–41
R G Ne wo k Code on Requi emen s o G id Connec ion applicable o all Gene a o s.
33
SCR Sho ci cui a io. 39, 40
TSO T ansmission sys em ope a o . 33, 36
7
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 14
2.6.2 Load bus; PQ ype.
This classi ica ion e e s o he buses whe e he eal and eac i e powe a e speci ied. I
is ecommended o designa e any bus wi h injec ed complex powe as a load bus. The
ol age magni ude and angle adap o he si ua ions c ea ed by he powe injec ions.
I has o be men ioned ha he ol ages ha e limi a ions o ensu e smoo h and secu e
ol age anges o he de ices connec ed o he g id. Usually hese anges go om 90 o
110% o he nominal ol age.
2.6.3 Vol age con olled bus; PV ype.
As i s name desc ibes he ol age is con olled adding a ol age con olle module ha
se s he ol age in a na ow ange ha can be unde s ood as cons an . In addi ion he eal
powe is also speci ied. Consequen ly he eac i e powe is a a iable wi h a limi a ions
wi h uppe and lowe bounds. In a eal si ua ion a PV bus always ha e a gene a o ha
mee s he equi emen s o be a a iable sou ce o eac i e powe .
2.7 The New on-Raphson powe low solu ion.
2.7.1 P oblem gene al o m
In his sec ion he New on-Raphson algo i hm is desc ibed; in he i s pa he p esen-
a ion and gene al o m o he p oblem a e in oduced. In he second pa he ma icidal
powe low solu ion is discussed.
In p ac ice, he bus appa en ne powe Siis a pa ame e mo e accessible han he
bus cu en s Ii he e o e NRA eo ganizes he equa ions ollowing he nex p ocedu e.
Reg ouping e ms he gene ic admi ance exp ession is ob ained:
Yij =|Yij|∠θij =|Yij|cos θij +j|Yij |sin θij =Gij +jBij (2.12)
Using he Gauss powe low (2.8) S∗
ican be exp essed as:
S∗
i=V∗
iIi=V∗
i
n
X
j=1
(YijVj) (2.13)
Now eo ganizing equa ion (2.8) in co ela ion wi h he gene ic admi ance eo ganiza ion
(2.12) and he appa en powe conjuga e S∗
iequa ion (2.13) esul s he nex exp ession:
S∗
i=Pi−jQi=
n
X
j=1
|YijViVj|∠(θij +δj−δi) (2.14)
Finally 2nequa ions a e ob ained ollowing he gene ic o m o :
Pi=|Vi|2Gii +
n
X
j=1,
j6=i
|YijViVj|cos (θij +δj−δi) (2.15)

Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 15
Qi=|Vi|2Bii +
n
X
j=1,
j6=i
|YijViVj|sin (θij +δj−δi) (2.16)
The key idea behind he New on-Raphson algo i hm is o use a sequen ial linea iza ion
whe e unc ion depending on xis equaled o ze o. S a ing om he ini ial guess e e y
s ep an inc emen o ∆xis de ined:
(ˆx) = 0 (2.17)
∆x( )III =x−x( )(2.18)
Rep esen ing (x) by a Taylo se ies whe e he componen s o 2nd o de o highe a e
neglec ed. This can be done and pe o ms well because he equa ion equals o ze o. The
exp essions emains now as:
(ˆx) = (x( )) + d (x( ))
dx ∆x( )(2.19)
Finally i can be sol ed o ∆x( )and s a a new i e a ion se ing he alue o x( +1) as
he new one.
∆x( )=−d (x( ))
dx −1
(x( )) (2.20)
This algo i hm has a quad a ic con e gence meaning he e o dec eases quickly when
app oaching he solu ion and he esul depends on he ini ial guesses ha can be se o
he ol ages. Two a e conside ed; x(0) = 0 o x(0) =−1. The i e a ion s op when he
absolu e alue o he unc ion wi h he cu en x(n)is lowe han a ole ance, se by he
use .
2.7.2 Mul i-Va iable NRA
The i s change o no ice is ha in he mul i- a iable case he a iables and unc ions ˆx,
(ˆx) and he e o e he inc emen ∆xbecome ec o s con aining he pa ame e s o each
bus. In addi ion he de i a i e componen is now a ma ix known as he Jacobian. This
ma ix con ains he pa ial de i a i e o each unc ion (ˆx) o e e y a iable xn.
J(x) =






∂ 1(x)
∂x1
∂ 1(x)
∂x2. . . ∂ 1(x)
∂xn
∂ 2(x)
∂x1
∂ 2(x)
∂x2. . . ∂ 2(x)
∂xn
.
.
..
.
.....
.
.
∂ n(x)
∂x1
∂ n(x)
∂x2. . . ∂ n(x)
∂xn






(2.21)
The sys em has a ma ix s uc u e he e o e he ope a ions mus be pe o med in acco -
dance. Following he solu ion scheme o p e ious sec ions he jacobian is in e ed o sol e
o he inc emen ∆x.
III : ep esen s he cu en s ep
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 16
The NRA applica ion o powe low need a e o mula ion o he powe equa ions associ-
a ed o each bus. Taking in o accoun he equa ions (2.12) and he conjuga e o (2.14)
and de ining he nex exp essions:
Vi=|Vi|ejθi=|Vi|∠θi
ejθ = cos θ+jsin θ
θij =θi−θj
The ollowing equa ion can be ob ained:
Si=
n
X
j=1
|Vi||Vj|ejθij (Gij −jBij) (2.22)
And esol ing in o he eal and imagina y pa s he equa ions used in he algo i hm can
be ound.
Pi=
n
X
j=1
|Vi||Vj|(Gij cos θij +Bij sin θij) = PGi −PDi (2.23)
Qi=
n
X
j=1
|Vi||Vj|(Gij sin θij −Bij cos θij) = QGi −QDi (2.24)
Wi h he i s bus designa ed as he slack bus and se ing i s ol age magni ude and angle
he es o he ol ages and phases a e ound ollowing he nex scheme:
x=










θ2
.
.
.
θn
|V2|
.
.
.
|Vn










(x) =










P2(x)−PG2+PD2
.
.
.
Pn(x)−PGn +PDn
Q2(x)−QG2+QD2
.
.
.
Qn(x)−QGn +QDn










A he beginning o he i e a ion he numbe o s eps is se o 0, = 0 and he ini ial
guesses a e in oduced. Each s ep he numbe is inc easing in one, = +1 The s opping
c i e ia is he same as seen be o e o a gi en ole ance, .
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 17
PV cases
As long as he PV buses a e ixed in ol age magni ude he e’s no need o include he
unknown in he sys em o w i e he eac i e powe balance equa ions; i a ies o main ain
he ixed ol age wi hin a easonable limi s. Howe e hose can be included w i ing he
ol age cons ain as |Vi|−Vise poin = 0. I hey a e no included in he sys em he sc ip
used in his wo k con ains a simple limi iola ion es . I checks i he limi s in oduced
in he bus da a a e iola ed. I he bounds a e o e passed he p og am displays a message
indica ing which bus is ha ing issues and he magni ude o hese.
2.8 Load lows o he sys em
Once he NRA con e ged he Vol age magni udes and angles a e known and he line lows
and losses a e ob ained.
Fi s o all he Line Cu en Flows a e calcula ed in each b anch using Ohm’s law in bo h
di ec ions o he b anch. The esul ing exp essions a e shown nex : The om bus- o bus
cu en exp ession is ob ained:
Iij =−(Vi−Vjab anch)Yij /a2
b anch +bb anch/a2
b anchVi(2.25)
and he e e se di ec ion exp ession esul s in:
Iji =−(Vj−Viab anch)Yji/a2
b anch +bb anchVj(2.26)
Whe e ais he ap se ing and is se o 1 o all simula ions. This ap se ing is a
unc ionali y ound in some ans o me s. I allows he ans o me o ha e a iable u n
a ios o keep he changes o he p ima y side. The g ound admi ance is ep esen ed by
b. In his wo k he g ound admi ance is he hal o he suscep ance p esen in any o
he wo buses con o ming he line. Secondly, he Line Powe Flows in MVA and he line
losses a e ob ained using he appa en powe equa ions:
Sij =ViI∗
ij ∗Sbase (2.27)
Lij =Sij +Sji (2.28)
Finally, he Bus Powe Injec ions esul om applying he equa ion (2.27) in addi ion o
he ini ial bus cu en appa en powe .
S∗
i=
Busn
X
j=1
V∗
iVjYij (2.29)
Whe e he eal pa is he ac i e powe Pi= eal(Si) and he imagina y is he eac i e
powe Qi=−imag(Si).
Chap e 3
Valida ing he esul s
3.1 Conside a ions.
In his chap e he p ocess o alida e he esul s is desc ibed and esul s o di e en cases
a e discussed.
The p ocess o alida ing consis in conside ing di e en cases and unning hem in a
consolida ed powe low algo i hm. In his wo k MATPOWER is se as he e e ence.
The di e ences be ween he inal esul s in bo h p og ams a e discussed wi h he pu pose
o explaining hem.
Once he eliabili y o he p esen wo k’s p og am is se di e en scena ios a e es ed
ocusing on desc ibing he beha iou o he sys em. The me hodology o he analysis is
based on a ying he alue o signi ican pa ame e s o he sys em in a ange ha include
ealis ic and common si ua ions and obse e he eac ion o he powe lows o he sys em.
The sc ip con ains di e en limi a ions ha a e commen ed in he nex sec ions. Some
o hem a e he eac i e powe limi a ion (Qmax, Qmin) when wo king wi h PV buses o
he capabili y cu e o he con e e s.
3.1.1 Limi a ions
In eal si ua ions he e a e a lo o physical limi a ions ha can be easily missconside ed.
The aim o his sec ion is o ci e all he limi a ions ha ha e been aken in o accoun
and i i is possible de ine a p ocedu e o deal wi h each one.
Capabili y cu e o he con e e
In he pape [2] he dependency o he in e e ’s capabili y cu e on ambien empe a u e,
sola i adiance, he dc ol age a ia ion and he in e e ope a ion. The con e e used
o pe o m he analysis ound in [2] is an in e e o med by wo s ages; he i s one is
18
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 19
a dc-dc s age used o s ep up he ol age o keep wo king on he maximum powe poin
(MPP). The second one make he p ope con e sion o an ac signal.
The i s wo pa ame e s, ambien empe a u e and sola i adiance, a e en i onmen al
due o i he alues can no be chosen. The es o he pa ame e s a e elec ical and
can be modi ied wi h obus p ocedu es. The dc ol age a ia ion is limi ed in he lowe
limi a ion (Vmin) by he minimum ol age o keep he ac side unde he nominal alues.
These nominal alues a e dic a ed by he g id code applied. The uppe limi a ion (Vmax)
in se by he open ci cui ol age o each panel imes he numbe o panels connec ed in
se ies. In he igu e (3.1) he ela ion be ween he Vdc and Pdc and he main poin s unde
s udy a e ep esen ed.
Figu e 3.1: Rela ion be ween he Pdc and Vdc and main poin s o analyze.
3.1.2 Dis ibu ion sys em limi a ions
To ensu e a co ec and smoo h pene a ion o he DES, especially sola ene gy based
gene a ion sys ems, many limi a ions a e imposed. Depending on he de ini ion o he
buses, PQ o PV he emaining pa ame e s ha e limi a ions. In i s case he PQ achie e
he gi en powe alues by egula ing he ol age angle and magni ude. The bounda ies
and hei s ic ness a e se depending on he local poin o he sys em and i s possible
implica ions on he de ices connec ed o i . In sec ion 4 he egula ion and he examples
o some g id codes can be ound. In second case and analogously he P V buses main ain
he ol age cons an by egula ing he eac i e powe . Thus, hose a e a ached o he
eac i e powe limi a ions ha a e explained in sec ion 4
3.1.3 Pa ame e s unde s udy.
The indica o s chosen o s udy and alida e his wo k’s esul s a e lis ed nex .
•Se en h bus angle and magni ude (V7 hbus): he capaci o is connec ed be ween he
g ound and he se en h bus he e o e i is included is he analysis.

Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 20
•Ele en h bus angle and magni ude (V11 hbus): bo h o he su ace sc ip and linea
sc ip impose he same changes in each o he ou p a ays (buses 11,12,13,14).
Thus, he las bus included is he ele en h bus due o he balanced and symme ic
g id in he p esen example.
•Second bus angle and magni ude (V2ndbus): he second bus ol age is chosen due o
he p oximi y o he connec ion poin .
•To al ac i e and eac i e powe demand.
•To al ac i e and eac i e powe gene a ion.
•Real and imagina y losses.
3.2 Example case.
Figu e 3.2: Example case wi h designa ed buses.
The igu e 3.2 illus a es he sys em unde s udy and he posi ion o he buses. I emains
he same o all he buses du ing all he scena ios.
The nex able 3.1 con ains he alue o he di e en elemen s om he sys em
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 21
Table 3.1: P esen wo k sys em pa ame e s.
Elemen Value
Rc 8E-03 ohms
Xc (4,28E-05 H) 1,345E-2 ohms
Xcap1 (4,20E-04 F) 7,5788 ohms
Rcab 1,475E-02 ohms
Xcab (1,42E-04 H) 4,446E-2 ohms
R 1,60E-05 ohms
L (1,45E-04 H) 4,5553E-02 ohms
R hi 0,01 ohms
L hi (9,55E-05 H) 3E-2 ohms
Rg 5,33E-02 ohms
Lg (1,697653E-03 H) 5,33E-1 ohms
3.2.1 Pe uni alues
The exis ence o ans o me s which ha e di e en a io in he sys em make pe uni
alues a g ea ool o wo k wi h. In o de o change he alues o pe uni he base alues
shall be de ined. The base appa en powe emains he same in all he ans o me sides.
The base ol age is he one se by he ans o me side whe e he impedance is loca ed.
Finally he ela ion be ween his base pa ame e s and he cu en and impedance bases
is se by he Ohm’s law which is ep esen ed nex :
Sbase =VbaseIbase =V2
base
Zbase
(3.1)
Wi h he base alues he con e sionIo all he alues is pe o med esul ing in he nex
able:
Table 3.2: Example’s pa ame e s in pu.
Zbase1Zc(0,2 + 0,33615j) pu
Zcap (-5,2778E-03j) pu
Z i (1,6E-07 + j4,5553E-04) pu
Zbase2Zcab (1,475E-04 + j4,461E-04) pu
Z h i (1E-04 + j1,152E-04) pu
Zbase3Zg(5,333E-06 + j5,3333E-04) pu
3.2.2 Ini ial alues and supposi ions
As i is discussed in he Powe Flow analysis sec ion he sc ip need some o he pa ame e s
o s a a new case. In one hand in e ms o he bus da a he equi emen s a e lis ed in
IZbase1= 0,04 ohms, Zbase2= 100 ohms and Zbase3= 10 kohms.
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 22
able (3.3).
Table 3.3: Requi ed pa ame e s o each bus.
Bus Bus id
Type 1- Slack bus, 2- PV bus and 3- PQ bus.
Vsp Vol age speci ied a he beginning o bus i.
he a The V phase o bus i.
PGiReal powe gene a ed a each bus.
QGiReac i e powe gene a ed a bus i.
PLiAc i e powe as load in bus i.
QLiReac i e powe as load in bus i.
Qmin In e io limi s o eac i e powe .
Qmax Supe io limi o eac i e powe .
In he i s cases he ollowing supposi ions a e assumed:
•The su ace sc ip is a me hod o alida ing he esul s agains MATPOWER and
he e a e no inal conclusions ex ac ed.
•The i s bus is always he slack bus. In he cu en si ua ion he g id bus is se as
bus 1 and se as angle e e ence.
In he o he hand he alue o he lines is equi ed. The pa ame e s included a e shown
in able 3.4.
Table 3.4: Requi ed pa ame e s o each bus.
F om bus Bus id o he beginning o he line
To bus Bus id o he end o he line
R [pu] Resis ance o he line.
X [pu] Reluc ance o he line.
B/2 G ound admi ance
X’me TAP ap alue.
The supposi ions o he line pa ame e s a e:
•The Qmax and Qmin, in case o choosing P V buses, a e se o -99 MVA and 99
MVA espec i ely ha mean he e a e no limi a ions o hose a e conside ed wide
enough o he sys ems powe magni ude.
•The ap alueII used o adjus he eac i e powe in he bus e minals is always
equal o 1 in o de o simpli y he ini ial e i ying ope a ions and he exis ence o
powe elec onics.
II he ap alue is a capabili y some ans o me s ha e o change he u ns a io. I is used o manage
he eac i e powe . Nowadays he powe elec onics a e mo e e icien and much less cos -e ec i e.
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 23
•The g ound admi ance e e ed o he admi ance o he shun elemen s connec ed
o he bus. The alue e e s o he hal o he o al suscep ance (B) o he node due
o he alue is epea ed in he wo b anches ha include he pa icula bus.
3.3 Resul compa ison e sus MATPOWER
Wi h he aim o alida ing ha he p esen wo k’s PFE sc ip is obus enough o ex ac
conclusions o i , di e en cases a e es ed. Two MATLAB based p og ams a e included
in his wo k: he su ace sc ip and he linea sc ip .
The linea sc ip pe o ms mul iple simula ions in bo h p og ams; PFE and MATPOWER
changing one o he ini ial pa ame e s and plo s he esul s o he a iables o in e es
discussed in sec ion 3.1.3 in a 2D g aphic. I is used o e alua e he e ec s o changing
one o he inpu s o he sys em wi h he aim o inding ou i s beha iou .
The su ace sc ip pe o ms mul iple simula ions changing wo o he ini ial alues and
plo s su aces ep esen ing all he combina ions o a pa icula ange o he wo a iables.
I is used o alida e he esul s e sus MATPOWER. Bo h o hem a e limi ed due o
he impossibili y o applying di e en condi ions on each PV a ay. Howe e some cases
will be pe o med manually, applying di e en condi ions in some o he PV a ays (buses
11, 12, 13, 14). The su ace sc ip is use ul o iden i y in e es poin s such as minimum
o maximum alues depending on he wo a iables changing.
In he nex sec ions a summa y o he cases and he esul s o each p og am a e discussed
ollowing he same s uc u e:
1. Pa icula case ini ial alues and conside a ions.
2. Resul compa ison.
3.3.1 Fi s compa ison: Ac i e and eac i e powe demand a i-
a ion wi h PQ buses.
Ini ial alues and conside a ions
The eason o choosing he ollowing pa ame e s is discussed in he sec ion 3.1.3. This
case is con o med o es he capabili y o he PFE sol e o wo k wi h PQ buses.
The alues used o he simula ion a e shown in he nex able and a e e e enced o he
buses 11, 12, 13 and 14. In he eal sys em hese buses ep esen he PV a ays in o he
collec ion g id:
Resul s
Fi s ly he esul s o he ol age and angle o he buses o in e es a e displayed in igu es
3.3, 3.4, 3.5. The o iginal colo s a e black wi h 60% o opaci y and g een. As he esul s
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 30
3.4 Analysis o maximum and minimum ol age de i-
a ions and loses.
In his sec ion indi idual simula ions and a e pe o med wi h he aim o de ining he
beha iou o he sys em. Fo he nex simula ions all he con e e ou pu s a e se as
PV ype buses as he majo i y o de ices need a ange o ol ages o wo k co ec ly and
he magni ude o he changes in he sys em’s ol ages a e commonly wide han hose
anges. In sec ion 4.3 a new ype o bus is de ined whe e he eac i e powe is a unc ion
o he ol age wi h he aim o educing he losses and he e o e he s ess o he sys em
among o he bene i s.
3.4.1 Pa icula case: di e en alues o each con e e ou pu
In his case he ol age o he con e e s (buses 11, 12, 13 ,14) a e se o di e en alues
o simula e a eal si ua ion whe e he di e ences be ween componen s and condi ions se
di e en e iciencies in each PV a ay. Fo example; di e en dus densi ies in he panels
o shades ha educe he e iciency o he Maximum powe poin acke (MPPT)III.
The ini ial da a o he buses is summa ized in he able 3.8 Using he sc ip Indi idual
Table 3.8: Ini ial alues o he con e e ou pu buses.
Bus id Vol age [p.u.] P demand [MW] P gene a ion [MW]
11 1.02 0.65 0.43
12 1.01 0.59 0.44
13 1.03 0.62 0.41
14 1.09 0.66 0.40
case he esul s a e ob ained and ep esen ed in igu e 3.12. I can be obse ed ha he
maximum ol age de ia ion in pe uni , excep ing he ol age egula ed buses, is ound
in bus 5 wi h an inc emen o 0,0161% which ans o med o eal alues is an inc emen
o 322 V. The minimum ol age de ia ion is ound in bus 2 wi h a pe uni inc emen o
0,0094% and eal alue o 188 V.
The losses and injec ed appa en powe s in each bus a e illus a ed in igu e 3.13. The
eal and imagina y losses a e simila o he magni udes o hesu ace sc ip o he same
g id ol age alue and ac i e powe gene a ion igu e 6.10. In ac i he linea sc ip is
used o e alua e he ela ion be ween he g id ol age and bo h imagina y and eal losses
using he same ini ial da a. The esul s om igu e 3.14 co espond o a a ia ion in g id
ol age om 0.9 o 1.1 p.u. I can be concluded ha bo h losses p esen a minimum when
he g id ol age is 1.
IIIMPPT: is a de ice ha se he ol age in he a ay o mee he maximum ac i e powe ou pu . I
has o wo k wi h he lowe ol age on he a ay he e o e i one panel is pe o ming poo ly he es o
he a ay is a ec ed. I is conside ed as a ype o loss.

Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 31
Figu e 3.12: Example scheme wi h ol age magni ude and phase alues
Figu e 3.13: Example scheme wi h ol age magni ude and phase alues
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 32
Figu e 3.14: Real and Imagina y losses changing he g id ol age om 0.9 o 1.1
Chap e 4
G id code equi emen s
4.1 In oduc ion
A G id Code is a echnical documen con aining he ules go e ning he ope a ion, main e-
nance and de elopmen o he ansmission sys em. I is necessa y due o he exis ence o
di e en ene gy supplie s ha wo k wi h he same T ansmission sys em ope a o (TSO).
In he g id code all he equi emen s a e speci ied and discussed o ensu e s abili y and
quali y o elec ical sys ems in con inuous ope a ion as well as du ing aul ’s o ex ao -
dina y e en s. G id codes a e di e en and depend on he coun y hey a e con o med.
Each coun y elabo a es one and he di e ences be ween hem a e mo i a ed by he cha -
ac e is ics o he coun y and he pa icula needs c ea ed by he local elec ical sys em.
Howe e acco ding o [7] he e is a endency o ha monize g id codes in di e en EU
coun ies wi h documen s such as: Ne wo k Code on Requi emen s o G id Connec ion
applicable o all Gene a o s (R G) d a ed by Eu opean Ne wo k o T ansmission Sys-
em Ope a o s o Elec ici y (ENSTO-E). These documen s a e used as amewo k while
de eloping g id codes.
The inc easing pene a ion o enewable ene gies du ing he las decades ha e o ced im-
p o emen s in he echnology and sys em’s beha iou con ol. These changes a e mainly
mo i a ed by he in insic cha ac e is ics o enewable ene gies, such as he dependency
on he en i onmen and he in e mi en beha iou o he na u al ene gy esou ces. These
a ia ions can conclude in undesi ed aul s c ea ing damages o he ansmission sys em
elemen s and all he equipmen connec ed o he ne wo k. The g id codes a e cons an ly
upda ed o ensu e smoo h and co ec unc ioning in all si ua ions.
Fo example he g id code o a la ge coun y wi h a good numbe o sou ces and a
low pene a ion o enewable ene gies mus ha e less s ic condi ions o ansmission
sys em equency han a li le island which has an equal p opo ion o enewable and
non- enewable ene gy sou ces.
The e a e wo ypes o equi emen s: s a ic and dynamic. S a ic equi emen s e e o
he con inuous ope a ion s a e and he dynamic collec he p ocedu es o ollow du ing
aul sequences and dis u bances. The g id codes include wo s case scena ios o co e
33
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 34
all he possible e en s ha can ake place including s ic measu es as he comple e
disconnec ion.
The enewable ene gies p esen a big lexibili y o pene a e in he ma ke as hey can be
in oduced as wind a ms, PV plan s, Hyd o-powe ed s a ions... The sola ene gy is one
o he esou ces ha a e expe iencing a as g ow h du ing he las decades. In he pape
[6] p esen ed in MPDI jou nal i is exposed ha he powe ins alled capaci y in Spain
o sola ene gy inc eased o e a 5 GW om 2007 o 2018 wi h a posi i e endency. The
e olu ion is ep esen ed in igu e 4.1.
Figu e 4.1: Powe ins alled in Spain om 2007 o 2018.
In he p esen wo k he g id code equi emen s o a La ge Scale PV powe plan (LS-
PVPP) a e discussed and con ex ualized o di e en g id codes. The pa icula solu ion
p esen ed in [8] o compensa ing eac i e powe is in oduced in he p esen wo k PFE
sol e .
Acco ding o [11] he amoun o ene gy managed ia he peninsula sys em’s ancilla y
se ices in GWh is illus a ed in igu e 4.2.
Figu e 4.2: Summa y o he o al ene gy managed by he ancilla y se ices in he spanish
peninsula.
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 35
4.2 S a ic egula ion
In gene al he s a ic egula ion o enewable ene gies depend on he esou ce used and
i s in insic cha ac e is ics. Fo example o sola and wind sou ces powe cu ailmen is
needed due o he unp edic able a ailabili y and he as and wide a ia ions hey can
su e due o en i onmen al condi ions. Powe cu ailmen limi s he powe ex ac ion in
wo di e en si ua ions: when he powe ex ac ed is g ea e han he nominal alue o
he plan in peak gene a ion e en s o when he demand is lowe han he p oduc ion.
In [4] an analysis o he connec ion equi emen s o wind powe gene a ion uni s o six
g id codes is ca ied ou .
4.2.1 Powe ac o egula ion
The powe ac o is he a io o eac i e o appa en powe consump ion, hus i s equi e-
men s and he eac i e powe a e simila in he di e en G id Codes. Any induc ance
wi h no capaci o s a ached consumes eac i e powe . Consequen ly his eac i e powe
consump ion mus be p oduced somewhe e in he g id. One hing o conside is ha he
dis ibu ion o eac i e powe is cos in ensi e and he eac i e powe is no p o i able
al hough i is used in some cases o suppo he g id du ing pa icula e en s. In [5] an
example o di e en G id Codes powe ac o / eac i e powe equi emen s is p esen ed:
Figu e 4.3: Reac i e powe equi emen s o Pue o Rico, Sou h A ica and China, Ge -
many and Romania.
The mos es ic i e PF equi emen in igu e (4.3) is he ed line e e ing he G id code
om Sou h A ica. F om 100% o 20% o p oduc ion he maximum PF a e 0.975 leading
and 0.975 lagging.
One o he limi a ions commen ed in sec ion 3.1.1 a e he eac i e powe bounds o PV
buses. Those limi a ions should be es ablished in o de o mee he G id Code guidelines

Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 36
o eac i e powe consump ion.
4.2.2 Powe Cu ailmen
Powe cu ailmen in oduces he possible educ ion o gene a ed ac i e powe depending
on g id equi emen s. Two common si ua ions whe e powe cu ailmen is e ec i e a e:
•The possible o e loading a peak gene a ion hou s o na u al esou ces as wind o
sola ene gy. Due o he inhe en cha ac e is ics o hose.
•When he demand is lowe han he gene a ed ac i e powe wi hou powe cu ail-
men .
The o e loading is egula ed by he TSO because i would cause an inc emen o he
equency, he e o e an inc emen in he ine ia o he ansmission sys em.
The powe cu ailmen is no ou lined p ecisely in mos o he G id Codes and i de-
pends on en i onmen al condi ions, ins alled capaci y and economics. Acco ding o [4]
an indica o o apply his equi emen is he equency su plus. In Eu opean coun ies,
wi h a g id equency o 50 Hz, he bound o s a applying powe cu ailmen was 50,5
Hz. When he equency de ia ion dec eases he ees ablishmen o he ac i e powe has
i s own limi a ions. I should be less han he 10% o he ne wo k capaci y pe minu e.
Figu e 4.4 ex ac ed om [4] illus a es he ope a ion condi ions when he ne wo k is
o e loading.
Figu e 4.4: Powe cu ailmen equi emen s
4.2.3 Ac i e powe ese es
The endency o in oducing mo e and mo e Dis ibu ed ene gy sis ems (DES) based
on enewable ene gies in exis ing dis ibu ion ne wo ks gene a es new p oblems. The
di icul y o p edic ion and in e mi ency o enewable ene gy sou ces in addi ion o he
high densi y o DES lead o ol age and equency issues in he dis ibu ion ne wo k.
Fo example he p oximi y o PV plan s due o he land es ic ions submi hem all o
he same en i onmen al condi ions. I has o be no iced ha he mos common peaks o
sola p oduc ion a e ound in he middle o he day whe e he demand is low. The ene gy
su plus is edi ec ed in o he g id howe e in a dis ibu ion ne wo k wi h a high densi y
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 37
o DES i can conclude in bidi ec ional powe lows, o e loads o o e ol ages on some
b anches o ans o me s.
To ix his issues and ensu e a smoo h pene a ion o he DES in he dis ibu ion ne wo ks
wo solu ions a e ound. The i s one is he use o ba e ies as ene gy s o age sys ems
o supply he ac i e powe demand in comp omised si ua ions. Al hough i has been
expe imen ally implemen ed p esen ing good esul s i is s ill cos -p ohibi i e and is no
cos -compe i i e i compa ed wi h o he sou ces. The main p oblem is he cu en ene gy
s o age echnology ha p esen s a low e iciency and a high main enance and p oduc ion
cos s a his powe a ings. The al e na i e me hod is he ac i e powe egula ion. I is
based on he powe cu ailmen . In a si ua ion whe e he ene gy p oduc ion can each
he nominal alues he ac i e powe ou pu is egula ed o o e a ound an pe cen age
o he maximum capaci y. The emaining capaci y is se as ac i e powe ese es. This
app oach is easie o implemen bu i causes a educ ion in he e iciency o he plan .
4.2.4 Vol age ange and Con ol
The PV plan mus be able o un a a ed ol age plus he speci ied ol age ange. The
a ed ol age and he ol age ange a ies depending on he ansmission sys em, which
depends on he coun y. The ol age anges a he di e en a ed alues, o limi ed
pe iods o ime du ing aul o pa icula e en s, a e also speci ied. Acco ding o [4] he
equi emen o all nominal alues in con inuous ope a ion a ies a ound ±10% o he
nominal alue.
4.2.5 Remo e Vol age Con ol
Addi ionally in mos o he g id codes i is equi ed ha he LS-PVPP o powe s a ion
con ains a closed loop ol age egula ion sys em.
The ol age egula ion ollow he basis o he PV bus de ini ion whe e a ol age se poin
is speci ied and egula ed by con inuously modula ing he eac i e powe ou pu in he
accep able anges. In addi ion he ol age se poin shall be wi hin he limi s.
The ime esponse o he ol age egula ion sys em is also speci ied in some o he g id
codes analyzed in [4].
4.2.6 F equency
The gene a o ’s plan mus be capable o wo king in acco dance wi h speci ied equency
anges. The majo i y o he g id codes p esen ed [4] mus be able o un con inuous
ope a ion in equencies be ween 47,5 Hz and 52 Hz. Time delays migh be necessa y in
some ange o equencies. The p ocedu e in case o b eaking he limi s is o educe he
ac i e powe ou pu and emain connec ed. Disconnec ion is only pe mi ed a equencies
below 47 Hz and abo e 53 Hz and wi h no ime delay.
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 38
4.2.7 Flicke
A licke is a single, apid change o he oo mean squa e ol age. The connec ion o
di e en elemen s such as capaci o s, lines, cables, ans o me s and o he elemen s may
cause ansmission sys em s ep changes.
I mus be men ioned ha a lo o g id codes do no men ion licke ’s, acco ding o [4]
he Danish g id code speci ies he nex p ocedu e.
Di e en h esholds a e se depending on he ime in e al whe e he licke magni ude
is e alua ed. The sho e m licke is a weigh ed a e age o he licke con ibu ion o e
en minu es. The long e m licke is de ined o e 2 hou .
Finally in igu e 4.5, ex ac ed om [5], a summa y o he equi emen s o a LS-PVPP
is illus a ed o a be e unde s anding.
Figu e 4.5: Summa y o g id codes equi emen s o LS-PVPP
4.3 G id suppo ; eac i e powe compensa ion
As he p esen wo k is cen e ed in enewable ene gies and hey a e based on na u al
esou ces usually he gene a ion plan s a e loca ed in emo e a eas. Consequen ly he
ansmission leng hs a e long enough o conside he ansmission line impedance signi -
ican . As he ansmission lines a e mos ly composed o induc ance elemen s, which a e
pa o he imagina y domain, and ans o me s.
The in e e is synch onized o a poin o connec ion (PoC) and he eedback measu e-
men s a e aken a his poin . As he cu en ed o he PoC lows h ough he g id
impedance a quan i y o eac i e powe is c ea ed al hough he in e e is wo king a
uni y PF. Thus, he ac i e powe o he PV in e e becomes coupled wi h he eac-
i e powe seen by he g id. This undesi ed eac i e powe causes a bad beha iou ha
includes an inc ease in ansmission losses and consequen ly educes he maximum ans-
mission capaci y, comp omises sys em s abili y and s ains he g id.
The undesi ed eac i e powe depends on he g id cu en and g id impedance. I he
impedance is high he PoC cu en has a signi ican impac on he local ol ages. A g id
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 39
Figu e 4.6: Scheme o he connec ion poin s con ex ualized in he cu en example
wi h a high impedance is de ined as a weak g id. A pa ame e o measu e he deg ee o
weakness is he Sho ci cui a io (SCR) which is de ined by he nex exp ession:
SCR =V2
n
SnZg
(4.1)
Whe e Vnis he nominal ol age, Snis he nominal appa en powe (usually in dis i-
bu ion gene a ion sys ems is he alue o he in e e due o he ans o me s ha e he
same powe a io) and Zgis he ansmission sys em impedance. Once he alue o he
SCR is less han 5 i can be conside ed weak. As i is commen ed in p e ious sec ions
he enewable ene gy gene a ing plan s a e loca ed a emo e loca ions he impedance
become signi ican , hus he g id is conside ed weak.
Acco ding o [8] he eac i e powe has been managed using synch onous gene a o s,
capaci o banks as he p esen wo k case examples o wi h FACTSIde ices. The e-
ac i e powe o an in e e is ela i ely easy o con ol wi hou he need o addi ional
in es men s.
The eac i e powe con ol has wo goals: ol age egula ion and eac i e powe op imiza-
ion o a comp omise be ween hem. In ac hey can no be op imized simul aneously as
hey a e ela ed. In [8] and in he p esen wo k he ol age egula ion is no conside ed
as he buses a e se as PV buses and a no i ica ion pops up i he Q limi s a e iola ed
wi h he cu en ol age se poin .
Acco ding o he au ho s o [8] he mos common app oach o con ol eac i e powe in
LS-PVPP is he Powe ac o con ol (PFC) whe e he eac i e powe is p opo ional o
he ac i e powe eed. Con en ional PFC assumes he ac i e powe - eac i e powe a io
(Q/P) cons an al hough he eac i e powe injec ion om in e e a ec s he PoC ol age
changing he commen ed Q/P a io and he e o e he PFC achie es op imal decoupling
only when he in e e is ope a ing a nominal alues. In enewable gene a ion sys ems he
ac i e powe ou pu changes d as ically along wi h he en i onmen al condi ions he e o e
i adi ional PFC is applied i leads o subop imal eac i e powe compensa ion.
IFACTS: lexible al e na ing cu en ansmission sys em: sys em o s a ic componen s used o he
AC ansmission used o enhance con ol and inc ease powe ans e capabili y o he ne wo k. I is
usually based on powe elec onics.
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 46
deep s udy on he loca ion, a mi iga ion plan and a co ec law code ha p o ec s he
mo e sensi i e a eas can conclude in many en i onmen al and social bene i s.

Chap e 6
P ojec s budge
The p esen wo k is cen e ed in he op imiza ion o a PV plan by including a ool
ha allows he use o ake ad an age o eal ime in o ma ion o educe losses and
choose he bes se ings a each si ua ion. The cos o implemen a ion is ela i ely low
in compa ison o he o al budge o c ea ing an en i e PV powe plan and i can ha e
posi i e economic e ec s as consequences. Di e en concep ion cos s pe ene gy uni a e
p esen ed. In i s place he CAPEXI(capi al expendi u e, able 6.1) da a o a LS-
PVPP p ojec a e p esen ed. In second place OPEXII (Ope a ional expendi u es, able
6.2) de i ed om he con inuous ope a ion o he PV plan a e abula ed. Finally a small
e iew o he economic impac o he ancilla y se ices is p esen ed acco ding o Red
El´ec ica de Espa˜na.
6.1 La ge Scale PV powe plan
The p ices shown on able 6.1 a e ex ac ed om [2]. The da a is ex ac ed om
Bloombe g New Ene gy Finance which is a eliable ene gy ela ed da abase. The ba e y
sys em commen ed in sec ion 4 is included o illus a e he high cos pe kWh o his
me hodology. The miscellaneous cos include an a e age land p ince and he enginee ing,
he de i ed cos o legal pe missions and he cons uc ion among o he s.
Whe e EUR/Wnis he cos pe wa o nominal powe . The Balance o he sys em (BOS)
encompasses all he componen s o a pho o ol aic sys em o he han pho o ol aic panels
and he in e e s. This concep includes wi ing, swi ches, moun ing sys em and some
mechanism used o inc ease he e iciency o he PV powe plan such as he maximum
powe poin acke (MPPT) o he GPS sola acke ha changes he o ien a ion o he
panels depending on he posi ion o he Sun.
In he able 6.2 he con inuous ope a ions cos o a yea o p oduc ion is p esen ed. The
PV echnologies need ene gy o s a con e ing ene gy and he in e mi ency o he sola
ICAPEX; he in e sion cos o s a unning he PV plan .
IIOPEX; he ope a ion and main enance cos o unning he PV plan .
47
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 48
Table 6.1: PV plan CAPEX cos s and cu en p ojec budge
CAPEX componen Cos pe Wa Cu en p ojec
Modules 0,31 EUR/Wn1,24 M. EUR
Cen al in e e s 0,03 EUR/WAC 0,12 M. EUR
Balance o he sys em 0,17 EUR/WAC 0,68 M. EUR
Miscellaneous cos 0,30 EUR/WAC 1,2 M. EUR
Powe cu ailmen wi h ba e ies (op ional) 400 EUR/kWh -
sou ce o he nigh pe iods c ea e si ua ions whe e he consumed ene gy is highe han
he p oduc ion. The dus emo al, panel cleaning, main enance p oduc s and sala ies a e
included. The acke sys em ope a ion cos is isola ed o illus a e he associa ed cos
o implemen ing a sola acking sys em.
Table 6.2: PV plan OPEX
OPEX componen Cos pe MW
OPEX PV plan ope a ion 9500 EUR/MW
OPEX acke ope a ion (i included) 900 EUR/MW
6.2 Ancilla y se ices
The g id codes equi emen s ha e an impac on he a e age inal p ice o ene gy. In he
epo o Red El´ec ica de Espa˜na o 2018 abou he ancilla y se ices [11] a b eakdown
o he componen s con o ming ha p ice is pe o med. The igu e 6.1 illus a es i . The
g id suppo equi emen s seen in sec ion 4 in oduce a educ ion on he inal p ice. The
magni ude o i s educ ion is small in compa ison wi h he inal p ice bu he ad an ages
in ene gy managemen in e ms o eliabili y and secu i y make hei applica ion essen ial.
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 49
Figu e 6.1: B eakdown o ancilla y se ices cos in he a e age inal p ice o ene gy in he
peninsula sys em
Conclusions and u he wo k
Du ing he las yea s sola ene gy has pene a ed in he ene gy ma ke as an al e na i e
o ossil uel-based ene gy. I has been possible due o he ad ances in powe elec onics
mixed wi h he au oma ic con ol me hodologies ha pe mi ed he mi iga ion o he
unin ended beha iou o enewable ene gies. The balance o he en i onmen al e ec s
b ough by hese enewable ene gies is mos ly posi i e howe e in sec ion 5 is shown
ha he e ec s on he en i onmen a e di e se and s ongly dependen on he si ua ion
and he ecosys em sensibili y. In some cases hose consequences a e unknown and can
conclude in a pe manen change in he su oundings o he ins alla ion wi h impo an
losses in biodi e si y and na u al weal h. In consequence a deep s udy on he biodi e si y
and p esen ecosys em shall be pe o med in o de o mi iga e hose nega i e e ec s. The
soil and physic en i onmen a e also a ec ed as a pa o he ene gy hey we e usually
ecei ing o de elop na u al p ocesses is used o p oduce ene gy o human consump ion
causing changes in he local empe a u e and soil nu ien s de elopmen .
In he cu en wo k a p og am based on [3] o sol e he powe lows o a gi en sys em
is de eloped and alida ed e sus MATPOWER. I models he buses using adi ional
me hods as PQ and PV buses. A summa y o he mos common s a ic egula ion p esen
in mos o he g id codes is included. A pa icula solu ion o mi iga e he nega i e e ec s
o he unin ended eac i e powe on la ge dis ibu ion sys ems based on egula ing he
amoun o eac i e powe as a unc ion o he ol age is also included. In u he wo k he
implemen a ion o ha bus model and mo e g id code equi emen s can be pe o med.
Al hough he good esul s achie ed by ene gy s o age sys ems and he new de elopmen s
he implemen a ion cos is s ill high in o de o be compe i i e. Thus, he ac i e powe
ese es me hodology discussed in sec ion 4.2.3 leads o a e iciency dec ease.
50
Annex
6.3 In oduc ion
In his chap e di e en images and sc ip in o ma ion om his wo k can be ound.
6.4 Sc ip s
A b ie desc ip ion o he sc ip s used in he p esen p ojec is included nex . The sc ip s
can be ound in he .zip ile annexed o his p ojec .
•The sc ip s named busda as and lineda as a e ex ac ed om [3] and a e used o
in oduce each case ini ial da a. The in o ma ion abou he da a in oduc ion is
discussed in sec ion 3.2.2.
•yma ix is used o c ea e he admi ance ma ix.
•p eq and p eq2 a e he co e o he NRA. Thei esul s a e he ol age and phase
alues o he buses. The di e ence be ween hem is he way o displaying he esul s.
•load lows1 and load lows2 a e used o pe o m he load low analysis. They a e
called om p eq and p eq2 espec i ely.
•The Su ace sc ip is used o alida e he esul s agains MATPOWER and iden i y
pa icula poin s i needed. I a ies wo pa ame e s o he sys em and plo he
esul s in di e en su aces o bo h p og ams. The di e en pa ame e s ha can
be changed a e: ac i e and eac i e powe demand (Pl,Ql), ac i e and eac i e
powe gene a ion (Pg,Qg), all con e e s ol age a he same a e (only PV buses;
V11,V12,V13 and V14) and he g id ol age (V1).
•The linea sc ip is made o a wo dimension compa ison o s udy he beha iou
in a mo e isola ed manne han in he Su ace sc ip .
•The linea p e sc ip pe o m simula ions o changing one pa ame e and plo s he
esul s in wo dimension g aphics. The a ailable pa ame e s o change a e he same
om su ace sc ip .
51

Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 52
•The indi idual case sc ip pe o m one simula ion o he selec ed case and displays
an accu a e summa y o he alues o he sys em. A b eakdown o he b anches
and buses alues as well as he o als a e included. In addi ion in cases including
PV buses he limi iola ions a e also displayed.
6.5 Fi s compa ison powe low esul s
(a) Ac i e powe demand in KW (b) Reac i e powe demand in KVA
Figu e 6.2: Ac i e and eac i e powe demand (1s case)
(a) Ac i e powe gene a ion in KW (b) Reac i e powe gene a ion in KVA
Figu e 6.3: Ac i e and eac i e powe gene a ion (1s case)
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 53
(a) Real losses in KW (b) Imagina y losses in kVA
Figu e 6.4: Imagina y and eal losses (1s case)
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 54
6.6 Second compa ison powe low esul s
(a) Ac i e powe demand in KW (b) Reaci e p`owe demand in KVA
Figu e 6.5: Ac i e and eac i e powe demand (2nd case)
(a) Ac i e powe gene a ion in KW (b) Reaci e p`owe gene a ion in KVA
Figu e 6.6: Ac i e and eac i e powe gene a ion (2nd case)
(a) Real losses (b) Imagina y losses in kVA
Figu e 6.7: Ac i e and eac i e powe gene a ion (2nd case)
Design, modeling and simula ion o a PV powe plan 55
6.7 Thi d compa ison powe low esul s
(a) Ac i e powe demand in KW (b) Reac i e powe demand in KVA
Figu e 6.8: Ac i e and eac i e powe demand (3 d case)
(a) Ac i e powe gene a ion in KW (b) Reac i e powe gene a ion in KVA
Figu e 6.9: Ac i e and eac i e powe gene a ion (3 d case)
(a) Real losses (b) Imagina y losses
Figu e 6.10: Ac i e and eac i e powe gene a ion (3 d case)