RESOLVD: ICT se ices and ene gy s o age o
inc easing enewable hos ing capaci y in LV
dis ibu ion g ids
And eas Sumpe ,
Pau Plana-Olle,
F ancesc Gi bau-Llis uella,
F ancisco Diaz-Gonzalez
Cen e d’Inno ació Tecnològica en
Con e ido s Es à ics i Accionamen s
(CITCEA-UPC),
Depa amen d’Enginye ia Elèc ica,
Uni e si a Poli ècnica de Ca alunya.
ETS d’Enginye ia Indus ial de
Ba celona,
A . Diagonal, 647, Pl. 2. 08028
Ba celona, Spain.
and eas.sumpe @upc.edu
Sanke Pu anik
Sma Inno a ion No way
Håkon Melbe gs ei 16, 1783 Halden,
No way
sanke .pu anik@sma inno a ionno wa
y.com
Isido os Kokos
In acom Telecom
19.7 km Ma kopoulou A e., Peania,
GR 19002, G eece
isik@in acom- elecom.com
Joaquim Meléndez i F igola
Dep . EEEA / IIiA
Uni e si a de Gi ona
c/Uni e si a de Gi ona, 6. 17003
Gi ona, Spain
[email protected]
Luisa Candido
Es abanell Dis ibució
c/ Rec, 28 - 08401 G anolle s, Spain
lcandido@es abanell.ca
Abs ac — This a icle p esen s he H2020 p ojec
RESOLVD (Renewable Pene a ion Le e ed by E icien Low
Vol age Dis ibu ion G ids). The pu pose o his p ojec is o
imp o e he e iciency o dis ibu ion ne wo ks a he same ime
while inc easing he hos ing capaci y o dis ibu ed enewable
gene a ion by in oducing lexibili y by s o age managemen
and con ol in he low ol age g id. This pape collec s he mos
signi ican insigh s om he RESOLVD p ojec by
summa izing he needs and expec a ions o he in ol ed
s akeholde s o gi e a comple e unde s anding o he con ex o
he p ojec . Subsequen ly, he RESOLVD echnology is
p esen ed, bo h he so wa e as well as he ha dwa e solu ions.
Nex , he exis ing and upcoming egula ion ini ia i es a e
p esen ed and analyzed. Finally, he conclusions o he p ojec
and ecommenda ions o s anda dizing and egula o y bodies
a e p o ided.
Keywo ds—Sma G id, ICT, Clean Ene gy Package,
Regula ion and S anda diza ion
I. I
NTRODUCTION
RESOLVD H2020 is a Eu opean Union- unded esea ch
and inno a ion ac ion consis ing o a conso ium o se en
pa ne s om Spain, G eece, Aus ia, No way and Slo enia
coo dina ed by he Uni e si a de Gi ona [1]. The main
objec i e o RESOLVD is o imp o e he e iciency o
dis ibu ion ne wo ks and o inc ease he hos ing capaci y in a
con ex o highly dis ibu ed enewable gene a ion scena io by
in oducing lexibili y and con ol in he low ol age g id. The
main poin s o esea ch and inno a ion o his p ojec a e [2]:
•a powe elec onics de ice (PED) wi h in eg a ed
s o age managemen capabili ies based on inno a i e
echniques
•cos -e ec i e phaso measu emen uni s (PMUs) o
enhanced obse abili y o low ol age g ids
•sho - e m o ecas ing algo i hms p edic ing demand
and local enewable gene a ion
•imp o ed obse abili y and imp o ed ene gy con ol,
h ough powe elec onics,
•an imp o ed g id moni o ing o he low ol age wi h
(local) wide a ea moni o ing sys em (WAMS)
capabili ies. I enables he de ec ion and o ecas o
c i ical episodes and he scheduling o op imal g id
con igu a ion and ene gy managemen h ough
he e ogeneous s o age elemen s.
These de eloped RESOLVD ools a e in eg a ed wi h he
dis ibu ion ope a o legacy sys ems (SCADA, AMI, MDMS,
e c.) in secu e and sa e condi ions. This sys em is being
alida ed in he pilo g id owned by he p ojec pa ne
Es abanell Dis ibució, Spain, un il he end o he p ojec in
2021. The pilo g id consis s o wo in e connec ed seconda y
low ol age subs a ions wi h p osume s ha ing pho o ol aic
ins alla ions.
II. N
EEDS AND EXPECTATIONS FROM INVOLVED SECTORS
A. S akeholde iden i ica ion
Dis ibu ion ne wo ks we e ini ially designed o anspo
elec ici y unidi ec ionally, om gene a ion (which can be
scheduled wi h high p edic abili y) h ough he ansmission
g id o “passi e” cus ome s. In oduc ion o dis ibu ed
gene a ion (DG) in he dis ibu ion ne wo k has led o a
signi ican impac on he powe low and consequen ly, in he
ol age (quali y o supply) and cu en (conges ion)
condi ions, which a ec s a ious pa s o he u ili y/consume
equipmen and p o ec ion de ices. To cope wi h challenges
a ising om DG, new solu ions a e being de eloped unde he
umb ella o sma g id echnologies.
DG, oge he wi h dis ibu ed ene gy esou ces like
elec ic ehicles (EV) and ene gy s o age echnologies ha e
led o he eme gence o new s akeholde s in he ene gy
domain, which can also be called new ma ke ac o s.
P osume s, agg ega o s, and cha ge poin ope a o s a e ew
such new s akeholde s.
Ene gy ansi ion has i s challenges and is ede ining he
oles o di e en s akeholde s. To add ess he challenges
which come wi h he ene gy ansi ion, needs and expec a ions
o a ious s akeholde s ha e o be eassessed. This shall
978-1-5386-0517-2/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
p o ide c i ical insigh s in o wha echnologies would be
equi ed in he ma ke in he nea u u e. Table I is lis ing he
iden i ied s akeholde s o he solu ion add essed in he
RESOLVD p ojec . Mo e de ailed in o ma ion on he
s akeholde analysis can be ound in [3, 4].
TABLE I. L
IST OF IDENTIFIED
S
TAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR NEEDS
S akeholde Needs
P osume s
•Highe in eg a ion o sel -gene a ed
elec ici y
•Be e in o ma ion o making decisions
on in es men s in enewables
•Lowe elec ici y p ice/g id a i
Dis ibu ions
sys em ope a o s
(DSO)
•High- esolu ion g id moni o ing
•Be e g id managemen o imp o ed
eliabili y and powe quali y
•Reducing losses
•Delaying upg ade in es men s
•Imp o ed cybe secu i y measu es
Balancing
Responsible
Pa ies (BRPs)
•Minimize imbalances
Agg ega o s
•Capi alize on lexibili y
•Be e demand and gene a ion o ecas ing
•New ma ke s and ma ke ac o s o
p o ide p oduc s and se ices.
Re aile s •Be e p edic ions o making low- isk
ading decisions
Dis ibu ed
gene a ion owne s
•Imp o ed in eg a ion o local ene gy
p oduc ion o inc ease p o i abili y
Ene gy
communi ies
•Inc eased consump ion om local ene gy
esou ces
•Imp o ed g id eliabili y
•Economic bene i s om lexibili y
•Possibly lowe elec ici y p ice/g id a i
Building
ope a o s,
mic og id
ope a o s, and
indus ies
•Inc eased a ac i eness h ough g een
p o iling and inno a i e ene gy solu ions
•Possibili y o ade ene gy lexibili y
asse s
•Be e in o ma ion o making decisions
on in es men s in enewables
•E icien managemen o acili ies -
educed elec ici y cos s
Cha ge poin
ope a o s / Cha ge
poin owne s
(CPO)
•Lowe peaks esul ing in lowe
connec ion cha ges
•Lowe ene gy cos s
•Be e managemen o lexibili y
a ailable om EVs
Supplie s
(ha dwa e,
so wa e, ICT
in as uc u es)
•Capi alize on new echnologies ela ed o
s o age, and ICT in as uc u es
•Gain a compe i i e edge in he ma ke
wi h no el echnologies in hei po olio
Ba e y
manu ac u e s/sup
plie s
•Inc ease ba e y sales
T ansmission
sys em ope a o s
(TSO)
•Be e g id managemen / eliabili y
•Recei e balancing se ices a lowe cos
B. S akeholde in e iews
To u he consolida e indings om s akeholde analysis,
ace- o- ace and elephonic in e iews ha e been conduc ed
wi h indus y expe s and membe s om GEODE associa ion.
GEODE membe s comp ise o independen dis ibu ion
companies o gas and elec ici y ep esen ing mo e han 1200
companies in 15 coun ies all e e Eu ope, bo h p i a e and
public owned. Toge he hey supply a popula ion o
app oxima ely 100 million people in he EU and ep esen
in luen ial oices o medium and small DSOs ac oss Eu ope
[5]. GEODE was a ge ed o in e iews because DSOs a e
p ime bene icia ies o RESOLVD p ojec . GEODE was
a ge ed o in e iews because DSOs a e p ime bene icia ies
o RESOLVD p ojec . In e iews aimed o unde s and he
iewpoin om he in luen ial s akeholde s abou issues
add essed by RESOLVD and ma ke pe spec i es on he
p ojec ou comes.
In e iew ques ions we e amed o collec iewpoin s o
indus y expe s on nex -gene a ion echnologies (bo h
ha dwa e and so wa e), which would be needed o e icien
ope a ions o u u e sma g id. The scope o hese ques ions
was limi ed o imp o ing he hos ing capaci y o he
dis ibu ion g id. The ques ions ocus on h ee aspec s: (1)
cu en and u u e challenges o DSOs unde DG, (2)
iden i ica ion and alida ion o alue p oposi ions ega ding
ad anced dis ibu ion managemen so wa e ools, highe
dis ibu ion g id isibili y, no el powe elec onics o
mul iple s o age managemen , and (3) how expe s pe cei e
he ole o DSOs in u u e sma g ids.
In o al, 7 i e iews we e conduc ed, which consis ed o
high-le el indus y expe s om di e en s akeholde classes.
In e iewees ep esen ed DSOs, egula o y bodies, and
s o age solu ion p o ide s. No way, Finland, Aus ia, and
Ge many we e he geog aphic loca ions whe e hese
s akeholde s a e loca ed.
C. Key ou comes o he in e iews
The ollowing lis summa izes he conclusions has been
d awn om he in e iew [4]:
•A gene al ag eemen is ha solu ions o manage LV
g id ac i ely a e equi ed, bu when such solu ions a e
needed depends upon DG pene a ion in a coun y as
well as how much in es men s ha e al eady been
done on g id upg ades.
•Nex , in es men s a e expec ed o happen a medium
ol age (MV) le el. In gene al, a end is being
obse ed in inc eased cos s associa ed wi h elec ici y
dis ibu ion and ansmission. Ru al a eas whe e g id
connec ions a e weake would equi e sma g id
echnologies i s .
•Capi al expendi u e iendly egula ion, as opposed o
ope a ional expendi u e iendly one, is a signi ican
ba ie o in es men in sma echnologies. To
suppo inno a ions which enhances ope a ional
e iciency in LV g id egula ions need o be adjus ed
acco dingly.
•Flexibili y se ices a e e ec i e in managing he g id.
Howe e , incen i es a e equi ed which shall allow
s akeholde s o capi alize on such se ices. Fu he
ma ke mechanisms a e equi ed o acili a e he
exchange o lexibili y se ices be ween a ious
ma ke pa icipan s.
•Expe s o esee ha egula ions will no allow DSO o
own s o age and in gene al, he e is consensus ha
DSO should p ocu e se ices om s o age h ough a
ma ke mechanism.
•I is expec ed ha he ba e y solu ion will become a
e y luc a i e op ion in he nex 2-5 yea s. Need o
ad anced g id ope a ion se ices like an i-islanding
and sel -healing will a ise a e i e yea s.
•Phaso measu emen uni s ma ke demand is expec ed
o a ise in he long e m (beyond i e yea s) and will
depend on economic easibili y a he han echnical.
•Reac i e powe managemen is a ele an issue aced
by DSO ac oss di e en coun ies, and in e iewees
ag ee ha his can be sol ed h ough powe
elec onics and ba e y echnologies.
•When asked abou business models o sma
echnologies, including s o age, all he s akeholde s
had di e en iews. S ill, hey ag eed ha egula ion
should play a i al ole in deciding wha business
model will wo k.
•The ole o he DSO will be simila as i is oday, bu
i has o play a mo e ac i e ole in u u e. He e again,
egula ions ha e o be clea on wha a e ma ke
bounda ies o DSO business.
•The e is no cla i y a he momen i DSO should
become a local ma ke acili a o o lexibili y.
A gene al obse a ion is ha o in es ing in new
echnologies and changing business models, s akeholde s
a e wai ing o egula o s o lead he way. Di e en
s akeholde s a e es ing new echnologies a an
expe imen al le el o unde s and i s impo ance and
al eady ha e an opinion on wha echnologies migh be
success ul. Howe e , when i comes o business models,
he e a e no s ong opinions.
III. T
HE
RESOLVD
S
OLUTION
The RESOLVD analyzed a se o use cases (Table II) ha
can po en ially imp o e he hos ing capaci y o low ol age
g ids [6].
TABLE II. L
IST OF IDENTIFIED
H
IGH
-
LEVEL USE CASES
(HLUC
S
)
HLUCs
HLUC01: P e en ion o conges ion and o e /unde ol age issues
h ough local s o age u iliza ion and g id econ ig.
HLUC02: Vol age con ol h ough eac i e powe injec ion o
consump ion.
HLUC03: Imp o ing powe quali y and educing losses h ough
powe elec onics.
HLUC04: Reduc ion o powe losses h ough local s o age
u iliza ion.
HLUC05: Sel -healing a e a aul .
HLUC06: Powe managemen in in en ional con olled island mode.
HLUC07: De ec ion and in e up ion o unin en ional uncon olled
islanding.
A. The pla o m as a so wa e solu ion
RESOLVD pla o m is a so wa e solu ion o in eg a e he
ad anced ac i e dis ibu ion g id managemen unc ionali ies
and moni o ing o he low ol age g id de eloped in he
p ojec [7]. The pla o m is comp ised o he ollowing se o
ools:
•En e p ise Se ice Bus (ESB), o e ing anspa en
in eg a ion wi h:
oLegacy sys ems o he DSO (i.e. MDMS,
SCADA, GIS),
oPowe Elec onic De ices (PEDs),
oEx e nal sys ems (i.e. Wea he se ices),
oWide A ea Moni o ing Sys em (WAMS);
•Da a Managemen Sys em, o e ing s o age o da a
om he e ogeneous da a sou ces and di e en da a
ypes p o iding da a alida ion and homogeniza ion
as well as gua an eeing accessibili y wi h speci ic
QoS cha ac e is ics;
•Supe ision and Analy ics Se ices, o e ing g id
moni o ing and op imal ope a ion abili ies, h ough
ad anced o ecas ing, g id e en de ec ion and
op imiza ion o g id asse dispa ch, as a se ice;
•Ope a ion Applica ions, p o iding he end-use
in e ace, o isualizing he s a us o he g id, he
pa ame e iza ion o he di e en business lows o he
ad anced g id unc ions, as well as o analysis o he
impac o asse dispa ch in he g id’s ope a ion.
A high-le el a chi ec u e o he solu ion is p esen ed in
Fig. 1, de ailing he in e ac ion o he abo e ools wi h hei
ecosys em.
Fig. 1. RESOLVD A chi ec u e: Componen iew
B. The PED as a ha dwa e solu ion
The Powe Elec onics De ice is de eloped in he p ojec
and is equipped wi h local ene gy s o age o p o ide lexibili y
o low ol age g ids. As an ene gy s o age sys em, i can
enhance he ope a ion and powe quali y o low ol age g ids
by, o ins ance, con ibu ing o he supply secu i y o
cus ome s in case o g id e en uali ies; con olling ac i e and
eac i e powe lows o he ne wo k ollowing economic and
/ o echnical c i e ia, and compensa ing cu en ha monics
h ough cables a ec ing cus ome s. Fu he mo e, an ene gy
s o age solu ion in he dis ibu ion g ids can also enhance he
hos ing o enewables, educe he impac o elec ic ehicles,
manage he g id asse s conges ion, and be an ene gy back-up
o u ili ies and communi ies.
The PED is composed o wo main subsys ems, which a e
amed in o he powe (ha dwa e) plane and he managemen
plane. The componen s included wi hin he ha dwa e plane
a e hose exchanging powe wi h he ex e nal ne wo k he
PED is connec ed o. So, in his ega d, he e a e he Powe
Con e sion Sys em (PCS- Fig. 2) and ba e ies. The powe
plane o he PCS is modula o in eg a e di e en ba e ies o
di e se cha ac e is ics. In de ail, he PCS a chi ec u e o
modula and hyb id ene gy s o age consis s o on -end
in e e modules oge he wi h pa allel dual ac i e b idge
modules. This powe a chi ec u e o e s excellen eliabili y,
e iciency, compac ness and beha io unde g id aul s.
Besides, i p o ides excellen lexibili y while in eg a ing
di e en ba e ies o di e en cha ac e is ics [8, 9].
The e o e, he elec ical speci ica ions o he PED a e
summa ized in Table III.
TABLE III. E
LECTRICAL SPECIFICATION OF
PED
Elec ical specs
In e e s age opology 4-wi es 3-phase b idge spli capaci o
AC a ed powe 75 kVA
Ra ed AC ol age (phase
o neu al)
400 V (230 V compa ible)
AC Vol age ange 85% - 110% (acco ding o EN 50438)
AC F equency 50 Hz (60 Hz compa ible)
AC Ra ed cu en 108.6 A
DC/DC s age opology DAB 1 (gal anic
isola ion)
DAB 2 (gal anic
isola ion)
DC a ed powe 20 kW 20 kW
DC a ed ol age 345 V 240 V
DC ol age ange (a
a ed powe )
315 V – 385 V 200 V- 270 V
DC a ed cu en 63.5 A 100 A
Fig. 2. PED cabine wi hou he on doo
IV. R
EGULATION FRAMEWORK
In No embe 2016 The Clean Ene gy Package (CEP) was
published as a “ ecas ” o he Thi d Ene gy Package (2009),
con aining a se o egula ions and di ec i es o con inue he
ene gy ansi ion wi hin he Ene gy Union.
Wi hin he CEP egula ions and di ec i es, he e-Di ec i e
(EC 2019/944; [10]) and he e-Regula ion (EC 2019/943;
[11]) a e he ones e e ing o he elec ic sec o . Thei subjec
ma e and scope is cen e ed on se ing “ he basis o an
e icien achie emen o he objec i es o he Ene gy Union
and in pa icula he clima e and ene gy amewo k o 2030
(e-Regula ion), ia he c ea ion o common ules o all he
asse s connec ed o he powe sys em, wi h a iew o c ea ing
uly in eg a ed, compe i i e, consume -cen e ed, lexible, ai
and anspa en elec ici y ma ke s in he Union”. Besides,
hey also ocus on es ablishing models o sys em ope a o s o
enhance coope a ion and se egali a ian egula ions o c oss-
bo de exchanges.
C ea ing ene gy ma ke s o suppo and ease he ansi ion
owa ds a dis ibu ed and RES-based powe sys em is one
c ucial objec i e o he e-Di ec i e and e-Regula ion. In his
sense, he CEP sees lexibili y ma ke s as i al o p omo e he
widesp ead o new agen s and echnologies in he ene gy
sec o [12]. In he e-Di ec i e, he ole o agg ega o s and
Ene gy S o age Sys ems (ESSs), is enhanced. They a e
men ioned con inuously as impo an agen s and echnologies,
which would bene i om ailo -made egula ions. Also, he
e-Regula ion a ge s he same objec i e s a ing “sa e and
sus ainable gene a ion, ene gy s o age and demand esponse
shall pa icipa e on equal oo ing in he ma ke […]”.
On lexibili y, he e-Regula ion se s i s scope on he
agg ega o ac o as a way o p omo e smalle loads ac i e
pa icipa ion in he powe sys em, while a he same ime
p omo es he long- e m in es men s ha will s ill be impo an
o he de elopmen o he ma ke s. This change o mindse
can also be obse ed in e-Di ec i e A .8 whe e membe s a es
a e equi ed o conside al e na i es such as demand esponse
and ene gy s o age be o e au ho izing he cons uc ion o new
capaci y.
The s a emen “Ma ke pa icipan s engaged in he
agg ega ion a e likely o play an impo an ole as
in e media ies be ween cus ome g oups and he ma ke ” is
ex ac ed om he e-Di ec i e p o ision (39). In his sense,
he cus ome s igh o eely pu chase agg ega ion se ices is
de ined on e-Di ec i e A . 13. Some hing simila happens
wi h balancing ma ke pa icipa ion o agg ega o s which
should no be hinde ed, and demand esponse h ough
agg ega ion, which is p omo ed in he CEP. O e all, he CEP
de ines a amewo k s a ing ha any consen o o he ma ke
pa icipan s should no hinde agg ega o s om en e ing
elec ici y ma ke s.
A icle 32 (2) o he e-Di ec i e se s he basis o lexibili y
ma ke s o local conges ion managemen , an eme ging
ma ke o dis ibu ion g id ancilla y se ices, whe e local
agg ega o s and ESSs can become ele an ma ke
pa icipan s.
Focusing on ESSs, he CEP ackles some o he conce ns
iden i ied by s akeholde s and esea che s o p e ious
di ec i es. The o icial de ini ion o Ene gy S o age om a
echnology-neu al app oach (e-Di ec i e: A . 2 (59) is one
o he c ucial con ibu ions o he CEP. I also p omo es he
use o ene gy s o age wi hin DSO ne wo k planning as an
al e na i e o sys em expansion in e-Di ec i e A . 32 (3). This
kind o conside a ions, show he CEP ision o ESSs and
o he echnologies o become c ucial in he powe sys em, o
ins ance p o iding s abili y and in es men de e al.
The CEP also add esses he willingness o he EU o
unbundle he elec ici y sec o . In A icle 36 o he e-
Regula ion, i is s a ed ha “Dis ibu ion sys em ope a o s
shall no own, de elop, manage o ope a e ene gy s o age
acili ies” o p o ide se ices ha can be ob ained ia exis ing
elec ici y ma ke s. This unbundling o he powe sys em aims
o p o ide a le el playing ield o all pa icipan s, which
should lead o a ai e elec ici y sys em.
F om he p osume iewpoin , e-Di ec i e A . 15 (5) aims
o sol e one c ucial issue ega ding ESSs and hei abili y o
ac as a gene a o and as a load. Poin (b) o he a icle
de e mines ha membe s a es shall ensu e ac i e cus ome s
owning ESSs ha would no be subjec o any double axa ion.
Fu he mo e, poin (d) allows he same s o age acili y owned
by an ac i e cus ome o p o ide se e al se ices
simul aneously, i echnically easible. Such de ini ions, o
ins ance (d), can become a c ucial d i e o he sp ead o
ESSs and o he new echnologies, because speci ic de ini ions
emo e ince i ude and allow o ake ad an age o ESSs ull
po en ial.
Howe e , while he CEP di ec i es and egula ions a e
aiming o be e in eg a e ESSs on he powe g id, he cu en
gene a ion [13] and Demand Connec ion [14] G id Codes,
exclude ESSs om hei scope and applica ion on A icle 3,
wi h he excep ion o Pumped Hyd oelec ic Ene gy S o age
(PHES).
To conclude, he CEP e-Regula ion A . 59 1(e) se s as a
u u e ou come he de elopmen o speci ic ne wo k codes o
ene gy s o age and agg ega ion. These new ne wo k codes
could suppose an essen ial d i e o ene gy s o age and
agg ega ion, as al eady ha e been he Elec ici y Balancing
guidelines o balancing ma ke s h oughou Eu ope.
V. C
ONCLUSIONS FROM THE
RESOLVD
P
ROJECT FOR
S
TANDARDIZATION AND
R
EGULATION
B
ODIES
A. Common In o ma ion Model
The Common In o ma ion Model (CIM) [15] can be
conside ed as one o he co e s anda ds o he ansi ion o
sma g ids. This model was ini ially de eloped o he
ansmission g id bu la e expanded by he desc ip ion o he
dis ibu ion g id as well as ene gy ma ke s ela ed in e ac ions.
Based on he CIM amily o s anda ds, a Canonical Da a
Model (CDM) was designed o he in o ma ion lowing
om/ o he RESOLVD Pla o m in he con ex o he con ol
cen e . Mo e speci ically, he ollowing s anda ds we e
conside ed du ing he da a modelling p ocess:
•IEC61968 se ies [16], which deals wi h in o ma ion
exchanges in elec ical dis ibu ion sys ems and was
de eloped by IEC Technical Commi ee 57,
•CGMES [17] ( 2.4.15), which was de eloped by
ENTSO-E as a Eu opean p o ile
1
o CIM, whils i
was adop ed by he IEC as IEC CGMES Technical
Speci ica ions (IEC TS 61970-600-1:2017 and IEC
TS 61970-600-2:20).
To add ess he speci ici ies o he p ojec , cus om schemas
we e c ea ed as subse s o he abo e p o iles o new da a
schemas we e c ea ed om exis ing CIM classes, and in some
occasions by ex ending exis ing classes o he s anda d da a
model. The modelling o he in o ma ion in ol ed he
ollowing in o ma ion objec s:
•Measu emen s: Inspi ed by IEC 61968-9 [18]
p o ile;
•Fo ecas s: The abo e measu emen model wi h some
ex ensions was used o handle ene gy and c i ical
e en o ecas ing p o ided by he Ene gy Fo ecas e ;
1
A p o ile is a subse model o he ull CIM model which can ac as a sel -
con ained model and ocuses on a speci ic applica ion domain.
•G id Model: C ea ed based on CGMES
“Equipmen ” (EQ) p o ile wi h some modi ica ion o
model he PED. Da a om he GIS we e con e ed
o his da a model;
•G id Con igu a ion/S a us: U ilizes he CGMES
“S eady S a e Hypo hesis” (SSH), “Topology” (TP)
and “S a e Va iables” (SV) p o iles o modelling he
s a us o he g id and he PED asse s, ackling as well
he communica ions wi h he Powe Flow Simula o
(PFS);
•G id Schedule: Ini ia es om he “Wi es” package
and models he schedules o he Swi chgea and he
PED, also u ilizing classes om “Co e” and
“LoadModel” packages. I mos ly ocuses on
communica ion wi h he Supe iso y Con ol and
Da a Acquisi ion sys em (SCADA) and he G id
Ope a ion Schedule (GOS);
•Faul s: Based on he “Faul s” package as well as
“Co e” can “Common”, a schema was iden i ied o
modelling he aul s occu ing in he g id, iden i ied
by Faul De ec ion Applica ion.
CIM p o ided a use ul guideline owa ds designing an
in e ope able solu ion, e en hough he e was a signi ican
o e head in he ini ial phases o he design, gi en he model
co e s a as domain, is ac ioned in many packages and he e
a e hund eds o classes and se e al ela ionships among hem.
Ne e heless, he model p o ides g ea lexibili y o
designing domain- ela ed in o ma ion. Fo ins ance, he e
we e se e al ways o model he PED in he g id model. On he
o he hand, his may c ea e con usion; hence, p ope guidance
is equi ed on applying he s anda ds in he modelling phase.
Following his expe ience wi h his s anda d se ies, wha was
also iden i ied, was an absence o modelling o ene gy
o ecas in o ma ion objec , which is i ial in applica ions
designed in he con ex o sma g ids.
B. Regula ion
As pa o he Clean Ene gy Package, bo h e-Regula ion
and e-Di ec i e we e app o ed in 2019, as a amewo k o
he ansi ion owa ds cleane and mo e sus ainable ene gy.
The Membe S a es a e now called o implemen and
anspose in o na ional laws his amewo k and o ensu e
consequen ly he ene gy indus y a s able legal en i onmen .
F om he ene gy indus y pe spec i e, hey a e also o ced o
adap hemsel es o his new egula ion amewo k, which can
b ing challenges as well as oppo uni ies.
A . 32 on Incen i es o he use o lexibili y in
dis ibu ion ne wo ks o he e-Di ec i e is es ablishing ha
dis ibu ion sys em ope a o s should p ocu e se ices om
p o ide s wi h anspa en non-disc imina o y and ma ke -
based p ocedu es. Howe e , such ma ke -based p ocedu es
a e no u he de ined. No cla i ica ion on cen alized o pee -
o-pee app oach, size, no ime ames a e gi en. He e ma ke
design will be undamen al o es ablish ules whe e
in es men in lexibili y asse s ope a ing on such ma ke s need
a s able amewo k o in es .
Ne wo k codes a e o eseen in e-Regula ion (A .59), and
hese codes need o be de eloped and adop ed o na ional law.
I is in e es ing o see he conclusion o GC0096 [19] on

Ene gy S o age (UK - G id Code modi ica ion epo ),
highligh ing ha he mos c ucial change o include ene gy
s o age in ne wo k codes is he p ope de ini ion o i s
capabili ies and con igu a ions, mo e han echnical
equi emen s. The e o e, om his pe spec i e, he changes on
he ne wo k codes ega ding including s o age o o he
se ices would no suppose a signi ican in e en ion. The
main issue lies in how no el asse s like s o age may
pa icipa e in ma ke -based p ocedu es.
T adi ionally, DSOs a e making hei in es men decisions
based on he in es men o no el asse s ollowing na ional
egula ion ha a e using schemes o ewa d he Capi al
Expendi u e (CAPEX) o hose in es men s. Wi h he
es ablishmen o ma ke -based p ocedu es o use lexibili y in
dis ibu ion ne wo ks, i is needed o explo e new hyb id
app oaches, also aking in o accoun he Ope a ional
Expendi u e (OPEX).
A
CKNOWLEDGMENT
This wo k has been de eloped unde he Eu opean p ojec
RESOLVD o he Ho izon 2020 esea ch and inno a ion
p og am ( opic LCE-01-2016-2017) and g an ag eemen N .
773715. All in o ma ion in his publica ion e lec s only he
au ho s’ iew. Au ho s signs on behal o he pa ne s’ eam.
RESOLVD p ojec would like o hank all he in e iewees,
especially GEODE and i s membe s o suppo he wo k done
in he p ojec by accep ing in e iews and p o iding hei
aluable insigh s on he opic.
R
EFERENCES
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