Final Deg ee Thesis
Mas e 's deg ee in Indus ial Enginee ing
De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by
an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on
MEMORY
Au ho : Daniel Sabio Ruiz
Di ec o : Al edo de Blas del Hoyo
Summon: June 2017
Escola Tècnica Supe io
d’Enginye ia Indus ial de Ba celona
De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on 1
Summa y
This wo k con ains he p ocess ollowed o unde s and and simula e how a speci ic se o ma e ials
a e ac i a ed. The main issue consis s in how o shield hese kind o ma e ials o ensu e ha
anyone will be exposed o ha m ul adia ion.
Fo his speci ic p oblem, he ac i a ed ma e ial is called a ge . I is a cylind ical objec placed
inside ISIS Synch o on o be i adia ed by a p o on beam o 800 MeV o gene a e neu ons,
which a e used o pe o m expe imen s.
A model had o be de eloped o assu e ha his o u u e ac i a ed a ge s will be co ec ly
shielded and managed. In o de o do i was necessa y o unde s and he physics behind ionizing
adia ions and how o implemen i in a Mon e-Ca lo code (FLUKA) o p oduce a consis en
simula ions.
The esul s o he model simula ion a e compa ed wi h a simila s udy published ha uses
MCNPX (ano he Mon e-Ca lo code), in associa ion wi h he CINDER’90 ansmu a ion code.
The esul s a e also compa ed wi h measu ed alues. Bo h compa a i es ha e a e y good
ma ch, which means ha he model wo ks.
A he end o his wo k he e a e also possible u u e wo king o keep de eloping his opic.
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Con en s
In oduc ion 11
Objec i es........................................... 11
1 ISIS Synch o on acili y 13
1.1 Desc ip ion ....................................... 13
1.2 Mainpa s ....................................... 14
1.2.1 Ionsou ce.................................... 15
1.2.2 Radio F equency Quad upole (RFQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2.3 LINAC (LINea ACcele a o ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.4 Synch o on................................... 17
2 Physical In e ac ions 19
2.1 In e ac ion be ween elec ons and ma e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.1 Inelas ic collision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.2 B emss ahlung adia ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 In e ac ion be ween neu ons and ma e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3 In e ac ion be ween pho ons and ma e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.1 Pho o-elec ic e ec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.2 Comp on sca e ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.3 Pai p oduc ion................................. 20
2.4 Elec omagne ic cascade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.5 Quan i ica ion o he ionizing adia ion abso bed by ma e . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.5.1 Abso beddose ................................. 21
2.5.2 Equi alen dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.5.3 E ec i edose.................................. 21
3 Radiological p o ec ion 23
3.1 Wo ke s ......................................... 23
3.2 Wo kinga eas...................................... 23
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4 FLUKA p og amme 25
5 Modelling o he sys em 27
5.1 Geome y and ma e ials o a ge and lask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2 I adia ionp o ile.................................... 30
5.3 Physicse en s...................................... 31
5.4 T anspo ........................................ 32
5.5 Sco ing ......................................... 33
6 De e mina ion o adionuclides and equi alen dose 35
6.1 De e mina ion o he adionuclides gene a ed in he a ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.1.1 Radionuclides s a is ics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.1.2 Radionuclide p oduc ion by egions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.2 De e mina ion o he equi alen dose a ound he a ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.2.1 Equi alen Dose maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.2.2 Flask Su ace Equi alen Dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.2.3 Equi alen Dose S a is ics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7 Valida ion o he simula ion wi h measu ed alues 51
7.1 Flask Su ace Equi alen Dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
7.2 Ta ge Equi alen Dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.2.1 Ta ge Su ace Equi alen Dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.2.2 Ta ge Bo om Equi alen Dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
8 Conclusions and u u e wo king 57
Taskspe o med ....................................... 57
Conclusions.......................................... 57
Possible u u e wo king . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
A Budge 59
A.1 O icesupplies...................................... 59
A.2 Human esou ces.................................... 60
A.3 O he cos s ....................................... 60
A.4 To albudge ...................................... 60
B Analysis ools 61
C Ex ended iso ope sou ce 63
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De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on 5
D Lis o documen s 65
D.1 Tungs en a ge module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
D.2 Con aine module.................................... 65
Bibliog aphy 67
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Lis o Figu es
1.1 Schema ic lay-ou o ISIS Accele a o . Sou ce: O iginal .............. 14
1.2 Ion sou ce. Sou ce: [2]................................. 15
1.3 Schema ic o RF wo king. Sou ce: [3]........................ 16
1.4 Elec ic ield in a LINAC ca i y. Sou ce: [3]..................... 16
1.5 Boos e FODO la ice schema ic. Sou ce: [4].................... 17
2.1 Schema ic o elec omagne ic cascade. Sou ce: Radia ion P o ec ion Dosime y
Ox o d jou nals websi e ................................ 20
3.1 A e age con ibu ion o di e en sou ces o na u al backg ound adia ion . . . . 24
4.1 FLUKA logo. Sou ce: [5]............................... 25
5.1 Beam inpu ca ds o an i adia ion p o ile. Sou ce: O iginal ........... 27
5.2 Image o he a ge . Sou ce: ISIS Synch o on ................... 28
5.3 Tungs en a ge module, plane X. Sou ce: O iginal ................. 29
5.4 Tungs en a ge module, plane Y. Sou ce: O iginal ................. 29
5.5 I adia ion p o ile inpu ca ds. Sou ce: O iginal ................... 30
5.6 Physics inpu ca ds o an i adia ion p o ile. Sou ce: O iginal .......... 31
5.7 T anspo inpu ca ds o an i adia ion p o ile. Sou ce: O iginal ......... 32
5.8 RESNUCLEi inpu ca ds. Sou ce: O iginal ..................... 33
5.9 USRBIN inpu ca ds. Sou ce: O iginal ........................ 34
6.1 Equi alen Dose map in [pS /s] a cooling 0. Sou ce: O iginal .......... 44
6.2 Equi alen Dose E o map a cooling 0. Sou ce: O iginal ............. 44
6.3 Equi alen Dose map in [pS /s] a cooling 1 day. Sou ce: O iginal ........ 45
6.4 Equi alen Dose E o map a cooling 1 day. Sou ce: O iginal .......... 45
6.5 Equi alen Dose map in [pS /s] a cooling 6.5 yea s. Sou ce: O iginal ...... 46
6.6 Equi alen Dose E o map a cooling 6.5 yea s. Sou ce: O iginal ......... 46
6.7 Equi alen Dose map su ace in mS /h a cooling 0. Sou ce: O iginal ...... 47
6.8 Equi alen Dose E o map su ace a cooling 0. Sou ce: O iginal ........ 47
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6.9 Equi alen Dose map su ace in mS /h a cooling 1 day. Sou ce: O iginal . . . . 48
6.10 Equi alen Dose E o map su ace a cooling 1 day. Sou ce: O iginal ...... 48
7.1 Equi alen Dose measu ed a he su ace o he lask in [µS /h]. Sou ce: ISIS
Synch o on ....................................... 51
7.2 Equi alen Dose map su ace in [mS /h] a cooling 6.5 yea s. Sou ce: O iginal .52
7.3 Equi alen Dose E o map su ace a cooling 6.5 yea s. Sou ce: O iginal . . . . 52
7.4 Equi alen Dose measu ed a he su ace and bo om o he a ge . Sou ce: ISIS
Synch o on ....................................... 53
7.5 Equi alen Dose map a he su ace o he a ge in [mS /h]. Sou ce: O iginal .53
7.6 Equi alen Dose E o map a he su ace o he a ge . Sou ce: O iginal . . . . 54
7.7 Equi alen Dose map a he bo om o he a ge in [pS /s]. Sou ce: O iginal .55
7.8 Equi alen Dose E o map a he bo om o he a ge . Sou ce: O iginal . . . . 55
7.9 Equi alen Dose map a he bo om o he a ge in [S /h]. Sou ce: O iginal . . 56
7.10 Equi alen Dose E o map a he bo om o he a ge . Sou ce: O iginal . . . . 56
C.1 Beam inpu ca ds o an ex ended iso ope sou ce. Sou ce: O iginal ........ 63
C.2 Physics and anspo inpu ca ds o an ex ended iso ope sou ce. Sou ce: O iginal 63
C.3 Sco ing inpu ca ds o an ex ended iso ope sou ce. Sou ce: O iginal ....... 64
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The equa ion ha de ines he a ia ion o ene gy in a pa icle is:
dW
d =~
dz
d ·
~
dp
d =q·
~
dz
d ·(~
E+~
dz
d ×~
B) (1.1)
As i is shown in he equa ion, he ene gy can be gained using elec ic ields o magne ic ields,
in a synch o on elec ic ields a e used o accele a ions and magne ic ields o ocusing and
bending he beam.
The pa h ha is ollowed by he p o ons is explained in he ollowing sec ions.
1.2.1 Ion sou ce
The p ocess s a s in he injec o whe e hyd ogen gas is ionised, wi h an elec ical discha ge
c ea ing plasma, o ob ain H−ions.
Figu e 1.2: Ion sou ce.
Sou ce: [2]
The H−ions eaches an ene gy o 35 keV going h ough a DC accele a ion gaps in se ies.
1.2.2 Radio F equency Quad upole (RFQ)
The RFQ is he only linea accele a o ha can accep a low ene gy con inuous beam o pa icles,
o mo e de ailed in o ma ion see [6]. I uses an in ense adio equency elec ic ields o accele a e
he pa icles and o c ea e ocused bunches o p o ons, he physical p ocess is explained in he
nex sec ions. The H−ions eaches an ene gy o 665 keV.
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1.2.3 LINAC (LINea ACcele a o )
The e a e se e al me hods o accele a e a pa icle using elec ic ields, he me hod implemen ed
in ISIS is using a adio equency (RF) LINAC. I consis s in a RF powe sou ce ha p o ides
an elec omagne ic wa e wi h he desi ed equency, his wa e is conduc ed o a me allic ca i y,
which ha e o concen a e he induced elec ic ield in he beam a ea, minimize losses o RF
powe and con ol he limi ing ac o s, in o de o p oduce a esonance wi h he wa e equency.
To do all o his i is necessa y a e y accu a e geome y. When pa icles pass h ough his
ca i y, wi h an app op ia e phase, hem a e accele a ed.
Figu e 1.3: Schema ic o RF wo king.
Sou ce: [3]
The solu ion o he Maxwell equa ion o elec omagne ic wa es in his medium desc ibe he
elec ic ield induced in a ca i y wi h he ollowing equa ion. Fo mo e de ailed in o ma ion see
[3].
E(x, y, z, ) = E(x, y, z, )·exp(−jω ) (1.2)
The i s e m is unc ion o space and he second one is unc ion o ime oscilla ing a equency
ω
2π. Then he ene gy gain o a pa icle q on axis a phase θis ob ained wi h he in eg al o he
elec ic ield along he ca i y leng h.
∆W=ZL
0
q·E(x, y, z, )·exp(−jω ) (1.3)
Figu e 1.4: Elec ic ield in a LINAC ca i y.
Sou ce: [3]
The ISIS LINAC, which is 10 m long, accele a es he H−ions, using he RF p ocess, up o 70
MeV. The d i spaces a e used o be able o ma ch he app op ia e phase o he p o ons and
he wa es o he elec ical ield gene a ed.
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1.2.4 Synch o on
A synch o on is a se o machines, which o m a ci cula ajec o y, ha inc ease he ene gy o
he elec ons a each u n.
To do his is used a FODO ype la ice ha consis in a uni cell composed by a bending magne
(dipole) oge he wi h a ocusing and one de ocusing quad upole. Ten o hese cells uni s a e
dis ibu ed along he ing o close a ci cula o bi o adius 26 m.
No e ha FODO means Focusing - O(d i space) - De ocusing - 0(d i space).
Figu e 1.5: Boos e FODO la ice schema ic.
Sou ce: [4]
A he en ance all he elec ons o H−ions a e emo ed using a 0.3 µm hick aluminium oxide
s ipping oil and he esul ing p o ons (H+) a e accumula ed, in a la ge numbe , be o e he
injec ion.
Once he injec ion is comple ed, he p o on beam is spli in wo di e en bunches and accele a ed
using RF (same p inciple as explained o LINAC). Ne e heless, now he beam is ollowing a
ci cula o bi hanks o he FODO la ice. This equi es a pe ec synch onisa ion be ween he
accele a ing ield, he RF equency and he s eng h o he magne s o main ain he ajec o y.
The beam makes abou 10,000 o bi s a ound he 163 m long o he synch o on as i is accele a ed
up o 800 MeV, be o e being kicked in a single e olu ion in o he Ta ge S a ion 1 o Ta ge
S a ion 2. Whe e he p o on beam collides wi h a a ge o gene a e neu ons and muons o
he expe imen s.
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Chap e 2
Physical In e ac ions
The main disad an age o a synch o on machine is ha i gene a es undesi ed adia ion. This
adia ion comes om he in e ac ion o a pa icle (p ima y o seconda y) o pho ons wi h he
ma e (machine o acili y). The mos common in e ac ions a e succinc ly explained in his
chap e .
2.1 In e ac ion be ween elec ons and ma e
2.1.1 Inelas ic collision
An elec on ans e s ene gy o an o bi al elec on when hey collide in an inelas ic way. In
unc ion o he ans e ed ene gy:
•I he ene gy is su icien , he second elec on is exci ed and i goes o a highe o bi al.
•I he ene gy is highe , he o bi al elec on lea es he a om. I means ha his eleased
elec on can also in e ac wi h ma e and he a om is ionized, ha o en implies highly
eac i i y.
The emp y space gene a ed is illed wi h o he o bi al elec on, which emi a pho on.
2.1.2 B emss ahlung adia ion
When a cha ged pa icle change his mo emen an elec omagne ic adia ion is p oduced. I
happens when an elec on in e ac s wi h he elec ic ield gene a ed by an a omic nucleus. This
nucleus can be om he ube pipe, hen his ype o adia ion is called solid b emss ahlung,
o i can be om he esidual gas inside he acuum chambe , hen his ype is called gas
b emss ahlung.
2.2 In e ac ion be ween neu ons and ma e
Neu ons can also p oduce elas ic and inelas ic collisions o be abso bed by an a omic nucleus.
I may p oduce ioniza ion, in he i s case, o an iso ope change, in he second one, and i his
iso ope is no s able i will p oduce ionizing adia ion.
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2.3 In e ac ion be ween pho ons and ma e
2.3.1 Pho o-elec ic e ec
An elec on can be emo ed om an o bi al o he inne shells i a pho on wi h enough ene gy
( h eshold equency) impac wi h i .
2.3.2 Comp on sca e ing
I is an inelas ic collision o a pho on wi h he bounda y elec ons.
2.3.3 Pai p oduc ion
A pho on wi h high ene gy (a leas E= 2 ·mec2= 1.022 MeV) can p oduce an elec on and a
posi on when i in e ac s wi h he Coulomb ield o an a omic nucleus, he p obabili y o his
con e sion inc ease wi h he ene gy. This p oduc ion is comple ely symme ic and ollows he
Eins ein’s equa ion E=m·c2.
γ→e−+e+(2.1)
2.4 Elec omagne ic cascade
All o hese e ec s lis ed abo e can happen consecu i ely, as a esul o he in e ac ions o one
p ima y pa icle wi h high ene gy un il he ene gy o seconda y pa icles is oo low o p oduce
mo e eac ions. This chain o e en s is named elec omagne ic cascade. The leng h o his e en
depends on he ene gy and on he ma e ial whe e he pa icles a e in e ac ing.
dE
dx =−1
LR
·E(2.2)
Ex=E0·exp(−x
LR
) (2.3)
dE
dx : A e age a e o ene gy loss pe cm pa h leng h.
LR: Radia ion leng h o he ma e ial. I can be in e p e ed as he a e age hickness o ma e ial
ha educes he mean ene gy o he cha ged pa icle by a ac o e, which depends on he inciden
pa icle and he ma e ial.
Figu e 2.1: Schema ic o elec omagne ic cascade.
Sou ce: Radia ion P o ec ion Dosime y Ox o d jou nals websi e
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2.5 Quan i ica ion o he ionizing adia ion abso bed by ma e
These in e ac ions explained abo e can p oduce, di ec ly o indi ec ly, ionizing adia ion, which
is ene gy ansmi ed h ough he space o h ough ma e ial medium ha can ionize a oms o
molecules, and b eak chemical bounds.
The ene gy comes om an uns able a om o nucleus ha emi s i . This emission is adioac i e
i includes alpha o be a pa icles, gamma ays o con e sion elec ons. This s ochas ic p ocess
is named adioac i e decays o adioac i i y. The uni o adioac i i y in he SI is he Becque el
(Bq), i is de ined as he quan i y o nuclea ansi ions (decays) pe second.
This kind o ene gy is ha m ul and i is manda o y be ca e ul wi h he exposu e o i , he e a e
di e en o ms o e alua e i .
2.5.1 Abso bed dose
I is he concen a ion o ene gy deposi ed pe mass as a esul o an exposu e o ionizing
adia ion. I is used o di ec ly e alua e he e ec o he adia ion in he inanima e ma e . SI
uni s: G ey =Joule/kg
DT=dE
dmT
(2.4)
2.5.2 Equi alen dose
I ep esen s he p obabili y o cause se ious damage in a human body. I is based on he ab-
so bed dose, aking in o accoun he biological e ec i eness o he adia ion, which is dependen
on he adia ion ype and ene gy. SI uni s: Sie e =Joule/kg
HT,R =XDT,R ·wR(2.5)
2.5.3 E ec i e dose
I is he issue-weigh ed sum o he equi alen doses o all o gans and issues o he body. This
issue weigh ing ac o akes in o accoun he abso bed dose o all o gans o he body, he ela i e
ha m le el o he adia ion and he sensi i i ies o each o gan o adia ion. Sie e =Joule/kg
E=XHT·wT(2.6)
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Chap e 3
Radiological p o ec ion
I is obliga o y, by law [7], o limi he exposi ion o wo king people o adia ion. Mo eo e ,
all he acili ies ha p oduces ionizing adia ion mus ollow he ALARA p inciple. I is an
ac onym o ”as low as (is) easonably achie able” which means o make e e y easonable e o
o main ain exposu es o ionizing adia ion as a below he dose limi s as p ac ical, aking in o
accoun all he pa ame e s ha applies. Fo mo e de ailed in o ma ion see [8].
3.1 Wo ke s
The e a e he limi s o he e ec i e dose, in unc ion o he wo ke , ha hey can be exposed in
hei job:
•Exposed wo ke :
–Type A: Can be exposed o 100 mS /yea in 5 yea s, wi h a maximum dose o 50
mS pe o icial yea .
–Type B: Can ecei e a maximum dose o 6 mS pe o icial yea .
•Non exposed wo ke s, gene al public and women du ing p egnancy can be exposed o 1
mS pe o icial yea .
3.2 Wo king a eas
Also wo king a eas a e classi ied in unc ion o he adia ion in i , o de e mina e which exposed
wo ke s can go inside i .
•Wa ched Zone: The e is a dose le el be ween 1 mS and 6 mS pe o icial yea .
•Con olled Zone: The e is a dose le el highe han 6 mS pe o icial yea
–Limi Access Zone: dose highe han 100 mS o 5 yea s.
–Ruled Access Zone: high dose a e in a sho pe iod.
–P ohibi ed Access Zone: high dose in a single exposi ion.
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24 De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on
O cou se he ime ha one wo ke need o be in one zone is decisi e o de ine he ype o his
zone.
To con ol he exposu e o he wo ke s, all o hem shall use pe sonnel dosime e s and he dose
in each a ea wi h adia ion is measu ed wi h de ec o s.
All o hose limi s men ioned abo e do no ha e in o accoun he na u al adia ion ha he e is
in he Ea h, which comes om di e en sou ces, he bigges pa o i comes om he na u e.
The wo ldwide a e age dose is 2.4 mS /yea .
Figu e 3.1: A e age con ibu ion o di e en sou ces o na u al backg ound adia ion
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De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on 31
5.3 Physics e en s
PHYSICS ca ds a e ac i a ing he coalescence mechanism and he e apo a ion model wi h-
ou hea y e apo a ion agmen s, se ing he maximum kine ic ene gy e y high o apply he
Peanu package always a he han he s anda d FLUKA ea men o physics p ocesses. The
Peanu package includes a e y de ailed Gene alised In a-Nuclea Cascade (GINC) and a p e-
equilib ium s age.
PHOTONUCL ca d, which ac i a es gamma in e ac ions wi h nuclei, is disabled o a oid an
unnecessa y was e o CPU ime ( om he examples abo e men ioned, i is only used in [14] and
he simula ion is less complex). Knowing ha hese in e ac ions will no a ec so much o he
esul s, he elec omagne ic cascade is killed in he p omp pa , while lea ing i un ouched in
he decay pa .
PAIRBREM is ac i a ed o also simula e pai p oduc ion and b emss ahlung by high-ene gy
muons, cha ged had ons and ligh ions (up o alpha’s). I is e y demanding in compu e ime.
Ne e heless, hese e ec s mus be aken in o accoun o a co ec simula ion a high ene gies.
Figu e 5.6: Physics inpu ca ds o an i adia ion p o ile.
Sou ce: O iginal
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
32 De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on
5.4 T anspo
The simula ion o adioac i e decays is ac i a ed using RADDECAY ca d (Ac i e in his case).
I is pe o m an on-line ime e olu ion o decay adia ion acco ding o he i adia ion p o ile,
which is desc ibed in he p e ious sec ion 5.2, o ixed decay imes ia he exac analy ical
solu ion o he Ba eman equa ions.
Radia ion anspo will be pe o med only once, and he e olu ion will be applied as a weigh
depending on he decay ime associa ed o each de ec o . This ac o accoun s o he build-up
and decay o he pa en nucleus a he speci ied decay ime. In o de o imp o e s a is ics, each
adioac i e nucleus is decayed h ee imes.
Th ee decay imes, o adioac i e p oduc sco ing, a e de ined using DCYTIMES: a he end
o he i adia ion (0 seconds), a 1 day and a 6.5 yea s. Due o he esul s a e going o be
compa ed wi h he esul s o Findlay e al., he decay ime is going o be called cooling ime, as
hey do.
A he beginning, e y low h esholds o he p oduc ion and anspo o he elec ons and
pho ons ha e been se , bu he simula ion ook so much ime. Fo his eason a small simula ion
was also de eloped, by he au ho o his wo k, o see he pene a ion o he elec ons inside he
lead, his simula ion shown ha he h eshold can be a leas 10 MeV, see [15] o mo e de ailed
in o ma ion. Fo his eason he EMFCUT ca d is ac i a ed.
The ull anspo o all ligh and hea y ions is ac i a ed by he IOTRANS ca d. And he
PART-THR ca d se s di e en ene gy anspo cu o s o had ons, muons and neu inos.
I is also used he DELTARAY ca d o ac i a e del a ay p oduc ion (disc e e ene gy ans e )
by muons and cha ged had ons o e he h eshold ene gy.
Figu e 5.7: T anspo inpu ca ds o an i adia ion p o ile.
Sou ce: O iginal
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on 33
5.5 Sco ing
The sco ing de ec o s, which a e lis ed in he ollowing igu es, a e:
•RESNUCLEi: I gene a es a lis o s opping nuclei in each ma e ial. Exp essed in Bq.
•USERBIN: I sco es he equi alen dose whe e he bins a e placed, in his case he bins
a e in cylind ical coo dena es a ound he a ge . Exp essed in pS /s.
All he de ec o s ha e a DCYSCORE, which associa es he selec ed sco ing de ec o o each
cooling ime.
Figu e 5.8: RESNUCLEi inpu ca ds.
Sou ce: O iginal
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
34 De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on
Figu e 5.9: USRBIN inpu ca ds.
Sou ce: O iginal
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on 35
Chap e 6
De e mina ion o adionuclides and
equi alen dose
The simula ion has been launched using 80 milions o p ima y pa icles, which de ine he s a is-
ics quali y. Du ing he calcula ion FLUKA gene a es a lo o iles ha ha e o be p ocessed o
ex ac he use ul in o ma ion, se e al ools ha e been de eloped o do i (see annex B o mo e
in o ma ion).
As i was men ioned be o e, wo di e en de ec o s ha e been used in his wo k; RESNUCLEi
o de ec he adionuclides gene a ed in he a ge and USRBIN o sco e he equi alen dose
a ound i .
6.1 De e mina ion o he adionuclides gene a ed in he a ge
The adionuclei lis gene a ed by FLUKA has hund eds o elemen s o each ma e ial, hese lis s
ha e been compiled o each cooling ime. Then, he ac i i y is compa ed wi h Findlay e al.
esul s.
The ollowing ables 6.4 and 6.5 show he op hi y adionuclides calcula ed wi h FLUKA
compa ed wi h Findlay e al. esul s. The ables a e so ed by highes FLUKA ac i i y, wi h a
i s column ha indica es he Findlay e al. esul s o de . I can be app ecia e ha he o de
is e y simila .
The o als a e o all adionuclides, no jus he hi y, his ype o lis s ha e been p oduced
wi h and wi hou lask. The ollowing able 6.1 summa ize he o al ac i i ies.
Table 6.1: Summa y o o al ac i i ies
Sou ce: O iginal
Wi h Flask Wi hou Flask
Cooling 0 1 day 0 1 day
Findlay e al. 1.59E+16 7.53E+15 1.59E+16 7.53E+15
FLUKA 1.18E+16 4.08E+15 1.02E+16 3.45E+15
%Di e ence -25.79% -45.85% -35.93% -54.16%
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
36 De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on
Table 6.2: Top hi y adionuclides calcula ed wi h FLUKA compa ed wi h Findlay e al.,
cooling 0 and wi h lask.
Sou ce: O iginal
Findlay e al. FLUKA % Di e ence
Findlay e
al. o de Symbol A Bq Cumul.
Bq Bq Cumul.
Bq Bq Cumul.
Bq
To al 1.59E+16 100.00% 1.18E+16 100.00% -25.79% 0.00%
1 Ta 182 7.61E+15 47.96% 6.30E+15 53.55% -17.15% 11.65%
2 W 183 9.06E+14 53.68% 1.02E+15 62.18% 12.15% 15.85%
4 W 187 8.41E+14 58.98% 1.70E+14 63.63% -79.77% 7.89%
5 W 185 5.63E+14 62.52% 3.21E+14 66.35% -43.01% 6.13%
6 Ta 178 3.06E+14 64.45% 1.89E+14 67.96% -38.10% 5.45%
3 Ta 180 2.96E+14 66.32% 1.77E+14 69.47% -40.22% 4.75%
11 W 179 2.37E+14 67.81% 1.36E+14 70.62% -42.38% 4.15%
7 W 181 1.72E+14 68.89% 1.13E+14 71.58% -34.30% 3.90%
12 Mn 56 1.52E+14 69.85% 5.92E+12 71.63% -96.10% 2.55%
15 Ta 183 1.50E+14 70.80% 1.57E+13 71.77% -89.54% 1.37%
8 Ta 177 1.30E+14 71.62% 1.66E+14 73.18% 27.53% 2.18%
17 Ta 176 9.22E+13 72.20% 1.30E+14 74.28% 40.94% 2.89%
20 Tm 166 8.64E+13 72.74% 3.52E+13 74.58% -59.20% 2.53%
18 Yb 166 8.55E+13 73.28% 3.44E+13 74.87% -59.74% 2.17%
25 Ta 179 8.36E+13 73.81% 1.15E+14 75.84% 36.98% 2.76%
19 Lu 166 7.99E+13 74.31% 3.06E+13 76.10% -61.64% 2.41%
23 Ta 175 7.81E+13 74.80% 1.06E+14 77.00% 35.37% 2.94%
29 H 175 7.74E+13 75.29% 8.46E+13 77.72% 9.34% 3.23%
31 W 178 7.68E+13 75.78% 7.53E+13 78.36% -1.95% 3.41%
36 H 173 7.18E+13 76.23% 8.64E+13 79.10% 20.36% 3.76%
30 Lu 169 7.13E+13 76.68% 5.30E+13 79.55% -25.68% 3.74%
34 C 51 7.10E+13 77.12% 5.49E+13 80.01% -22.62% 3.75%
22 Lu 171 6.53E+13 77.54% 6.88E+13 80.60% 5.25% 3.95%
21 Lu 168 6.48E+13 77.95% 4.23E+13 80.96% -34.71% 3.86%
33 Ta 174 5.84E+13 78.31% 8.23E+13 81.66% 40.82% 4.27%
41 Tm 165 5.50E+13 78.66% 2.96E+13 81.91% -46.15% 4.13%
24 E 165 5.39E+13 79.00% 2.98E+13 82.16% -44.76% 4.00%
109 Yb 165 5.36E+13 79.34% 2.81E+13 82.40% -47.57% 3.86%
63 Ta 173 5.29E+13 79.67% 6.50E+13 82.95% 23.03% 4.12%
37 H 171 5.25E+13 80.00% 5.88E+13 83.45% 11.95% 4.31%
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on 37
Table 6.3: Top hi y adionuclides calcula ed wi h FLUKA compa ed wi h Findlay e al.,
cooling 1 day and wi h lask.
Sou ce: O iginal
Findlay e al. FLUKA % Di e ence
Findlay e
al. o de Symbol A Bq Cumul.
Bq Bq Cumul.
Bq Bq Cumul.
Bq
To al 1.59E+16 100.00% 1.18E+16 100.00% -25.79% 0.00%
1 Ta 182 4.72E+15 62.69% 2.40E+15 58.77% -49.23% -6.25%
2 W 185 5.12E+14 69.49% 1.83E+14 63.26% -64.30% -8.97%
6 Ta 177 9.85E+13 70.80% 1.25E+14 66.33% 27.37% -6.31%
7 Ta 179 8.35E+13 71.91% 1.14E+14 69.14% 36.98% -3.85%
4 W 181 1.71E+14 74.18% 1.12E+14 71.90% -34.26% -3.08%
3 W 187 4.17E+14 79.72% 8.43E+13 73.97% -79.77% -7.22%
8 H 175 7.70E+13 80.75% 8.43E+13 76.04% 9.48% -5.83%
9 Ta 178 7.45E+13 81.74% 7.30E+13 77.83% -1.91% -4.78%
10 W 178 7.44E+13 82.73% 7.30E+13 79.62% -1.95% -3.75%
14 Lu 171 6.24E+13 83.55% 6.23E+13 81.15% -0.10% -2.88%
12 C 51 6.92E+13 84.47% 5.36E+13 82.47% -22.62% -2.38%
18 Lu 170 4.14E+13 85.02% 4.98E+13 83.69% 20.12% -1.57%
19 H 173 3.99E+13 85.56% 4.77E+13 84.86% 19.45% -0.82%
39 Lu 173 1.57E+13 85.76% 4.16E+13 85.88% 164.49% 0.13%
15 Yb 169 4.51E+13 86.36% 3.80E+13 86.81% -15.82% 0.52%
20 Tm 167 3.87E+13 86.88% 3.43E+13 87.65% -11.48% 0.89%
24 Lu 172 2.36E+13 87.19% 3.38E+13 88.48% 43.40% 1.48%
16 Lu 169 4.38E+13 87.77% 2.95E+13 89.20% -32.73% 1.63%
46 H 172 1.31E+13 87.95% 2.93E+13 89.92% 124.15% 2.25%
11 Tm 166 7.24E+13 88.91% 2.92E+13 90.64% -59.65% 1.95%
13 Yb 166 6.39E+13 89.76% 2.57E+13 91.27% -59.73% 1.69%
32 Fe 55 1.79E+13 90.00% 2.49E+13 91.88% 39.56% 2.10%
17 E 165 4.26E+13 90.56% 2.31E+13 92.45% -45.83% 2.08%
21 Ta 180 3.85E+13 91.07% 2.30E+13 93.01% -40.17% 2.13%
38 Ta 175 1.64E+13 91.29% 2.22E+13 93.56% 35.18% 2.48%
43 Ta 176 1.42E+13 91.48% 1.99E+13 94.05% 40.80% 2.81%
30 H 3 1.81E+13 91.72% 1.88E+13 94.51% 3.65% 3.04%
34 H 170 1.72E+13 91.95% 1.79E+13 94.95% 4.07% 3.26%
22 Tm 165 3.20E+13 92.37% 1.72E+13 95.37% -46.18% 3.24%
44 H 171 1.36E+13 92.55% 1.52E+13 95.74% 11.68% 3.44%
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
38 De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on
Table 6.4: Top hi y adionuclides calcula ed wi h FLUKA compa ed wi h Findlay e al.,
cooling 0 and wi hou lask.
Sou ce: O iginal
Findlay e al. FLUKA % Di e ence
Findlay e
al. o de Symbol A Bq Cumul.
Bq Bq Cumul.
Bq Bq Cumul.
Bq
To al 1.59E+16 100.00% 1.02E+16 100.00% -35.93% 0.00%
1 Ta 182 7.61E+15 47.96% 4.80E+15 47.18% -36.98% -1.64%
2 W 183 9.06E+14 53.68% 9.88E+14 56.89% 8.96% 5.99%
4 W 185 5.63E+14 57.22% 3.07E+14 59.91% -45.44% 4.70%
5 Ta 178 3.06E+14 59.15% 1.89E+14 61.78% -38.12% 4.44%
6 Ta 180 2.96E+14 61.02% 1.76E+14 63.51% -40.39% 4.09%
11 Ta 177 1.30E+14 61.84% 1.66E+14 65.14% 27.55% 5.35%
3 W 187 8.41E+14 67.14% 1.53E+14 66.65% -81.85% -0.73%
7 W 179 2.37E+14 68.63% 1.37E+14 67.99% -42.32% -0.93%
12 Ta 176 9.22E+13 69.21% 1.30E+14 69.27% 40.88% 0.08%
15 Ta 179 8.36E+13 69.74% 1.15E+14 70.39% 36.98% 0.94%
8 W 181 1.72E+14 70.82% 1.13E+14 71.51% -34.34% 0.96%
17 Ta 175 7.81E+13 71.32% 1.06E+14 72.55% 35.44% 1.73%
20 H 173 7.18E+13 71.77% 8.64E+13 73.40% 20.29% 2.27%
18 H 175 7.74E+13 72.26% 8.47E+13 74.23% 9.40% 2.73%
25 Ta 174 5.84E+13 72.62% 8.23E+13 75.04% 40.88% 3.33%
19 W 178 7.68E+13 73.11% 7.53E+13 75.78% -1.95% 3.65%
23 Lu 171 6.53E+13 73.52% 6.88E+13 76.46% 5.28% 3.99%
29 Ta 173 5.29E+13 73.85% 6.50E+13 77.10% 22.96% 4.39%
31 W 177 5.16E+13 74.18% 6.21E+13 77.71% 20.37% 4.76%
36 Lu 170 4.65E+13 74.47% 6.15E+13 78.31% 32.46% 5.16%
30 H 171 5.25E+13 74.80% 5.88E+13 78.89% 11.96% 5.47%
34 W 176 4.67E+13 75.10% 5.81E+13 79.46% 24.27% 5.81%
21 Lu 169 7.13E+13 75.55% 5.30E+13 79.98% -25.74% 5.87%
33 H 170 4.83E+13 75.85% 5.03E+13 80.48% 4.07% 6.10%
41 Ta 172 4.18E+13 76.11% 4.83E+13 80.95% 15.58% 6.36%
24 Lu 168 6.48E+13 76.52% 4.23E+13 81.37% -34.75% 6.33%
109 Lu 173 1.57E+13 76.62% 4.16E+13 81.78% 165.18% 6.73%
63 W 175 3.15E+13 76.82% 3.93E+13 82.16% 24.87% 6.96%
37 Yb 169 4.62E+13 77.11% 3.89E+13 82.55% -15.93% 7.05%
54 Ta 171 3.59E+13 77.34% 3.82E+13 82.92% 6.33% 7.22%
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on 39
Table 6.5: Top hi y adionuclides calcula ed wi h FLUKA compa ed wi h Findlay e al.,
cooling 1 day and wi hou lask.
Sou ce: O iginal
Findlay e al. FLUKA % Di e ence
Findlay e
al. o de Symbol A Bq Cumul.
Bq Bq Cumul.
Bq Bq Cumul.
Bq
To al 7.53E+15 100.00% 3.45E+15 100.00% -54.16% 0.00%
1 Ta 182 4.72E+15 62.69% 1.82E+15 52.81% -61.38% -15.75%
2 W 185 5.12E+14 69.49% 1.75E+14 57.89% -65.80% -16.70%
6 Ta 177 9.85E+13 70.80% 1.26E+14 61.52% 27.39% -13.10%
7 Ta 179 8.35E+13 71.91% 1.14E+14 64.84% 36.97% -9.83%
4 W 181 1.71E+14 74.18% 1.12E+14 68.10% -34.31% -8.20%
8 H 175 7.70E+13 75.21% 8.44E+13 70.54% 9.54% -6.20%
3 W 187 4.17E+14 80.75% 7.57E+13 72.74% -81.85% -9.92%
9 Ta 178 7.45E+13 81.74% 7.30E+13 74.85% -1.91% -8.42%
10 W 178 7.44E+13 82.73% 7.30E+13 76.97% -1.95% -6.96%
14 Lu 171 6.24E+13 83.55% 6.24E+13 78.78% -0.08% -5.72%
18 Lu 170 4.14E+13 84.11% 4.98E+13 80.22% 20.14% -4.62%
19 H 173 3.99E+13 84.64% 4.76E+13 81.60% 19.38% -3.59%
39 Lu 173 1.57E+13 84.84% 4.16E+13 82.81% 164.39% -2.40%
15 Yb 169 4.51E+13 85.44% 3.79E+13 83.91% -15.88% -1.80%
20 Tm 167 3.87E+13 85.96% 3.43E+13 84.90% -11.58% -1.23%
24 Lu 172 2.36E+13 86.27% 3.38E+13 85.88% 43.35% -0.46%
16 Lu 169 4.38E+13 86.85% 2.95E+13 86.73% -32.79% -0.14%
46 H 172 1.31E+13 87.03% 2.93E+13 87.58% 123.97% 0.63%
11 Tm 166 7.24E+13 87.99% 2.92E+13 88.43% -59.63% 0.50%
12 C 51 6.92E+13 88.91% 2.88E+13 89.26% -58.34% 0.40%
13 Yb 166 6.39E+13 89.76% 2.57E+13 90.01% -59.71% 0.28%
17 E 165 4.26E+13 90.32% 2.30E+13 90.68% -45.98% 0.39%
21 Ta 180 3.85E+13 90.84% 2.29E+13 91.34% -40.34% 0.56%
38 Ta 175 1.64E+13 91.05% 2.22E+13 91.98% 35.25% 1.02%
43 Ta 176 1.42E+13 91.24% 1.99E+13 92.56% 40.73% 1.45%
30 H 3 1.81E+13 91.48% 1.87E+13 93.11% 3.56% 1.77%
34 H 170 1.72E+13 91.71% 1.79E+13 93.62% 4.10% 2.09%
22 Tm 165 3.20E+13 92.14% 1.72E+13 94.12% -46.32% 2.16%
32 Fe 55 1.79E+13 92.37% 1.61E+13 94.59% -10.02% 2.40%
44 H 171 1.36E+13 92.55% 1.52E+13 95.03% 11.69% 2.67%
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
40 De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on
6.1.1 Radionuclides s a is ics
The aim o his compa ison is o know how di e en a e he esul s, no jus he o de and he
o al ac i i y. To do so he absolu e numbe o he pe cen ages be ween Findlay e al. and
FLUKA da a ha e been used o calcula e he s a is ics shown in he ollowing ables 6.6,6.7
and 6.8. No e ha :
•Sample is he se o pe cen ages calcula ed in absolu e alue.
•The ows a e o il e he da a ha de ia es oo much om he expec ed alues (anomalies),
which means ha i is only aken in o accoun he alues ha a e below he h eshold
shown in he sample column. I is a easonable hypo hesis due o he % Elemen s column
shows ha he e a e ew il e ed elemen s.
Table 6.6: S a is ics o he di e ences be ween Findlay e al. and FLUKA, wi h lask.
Sou ce: O iginal
Sample Numbe o
elemen s
%
Elemen s
S anda d
de ia ion
A a age
di e ence
Cooling 0
All 798 100.00% 13252.44% 766.55%
<185% 763 95.61% 29.74% 58.38%
<100% 743 93.11% 27.09% 56.35%
<80% 578 72.43% 23.30% 47.04%
Cooling 1 day
All 466 100.00% 2.04551E+41 9.49E+39
<185% 422 90.56% 28.86% 56.41%
<100% 409 87.77% 25.95% 54.13%
<80% 347 74.46% 22.92% 47.83%
Di e ences
be ween
coolings
All -332 -58.40% - -9.49E+39
<185% -341 -55.31% - 1.97%
<100% -334 -55.05% - 2.22%
<80% -231 -60.03% - -0.79%
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on 47
6.2.2 Flask Su ace Equi alen Dose
The alues ha a e a he su ace o he lask ha e been ex ac ed o know how secu e is o
manipula e i a e each cooling. The ollowing igu es show ha he highes equi alen doses
a e always be ween 30 cm and 100 cm, whe e he a ge is placed.
The bins used a e a R= 50 cm wi h a olume o 1 cm heigh by 1 cm wid h by 2 ◦. No e ha
he coo dina es used a e sphe ical.
Figu e 6.7: Equi alen Dose map su ace in mS /h a cooling 0.
Sou ce: O iginal
Figu e 6.8: Equi alen Dose E o map su ace a cooling 0.
Sou ce: O iginal
Wi h an a e age s a is ical e o o 27 % (22 % be ween 30 and 100 cm). The equi alen dose
is oo high o be di ec ly manipula ed by a human, o his eason i is used a emo e handling
con ol and i is s o ed in a Ho Cell.
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
48 De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on
Figu e 6.9: Equi alen Dose map su ace in mS /h a cooling 1 day.
Sou ce: O iginal
Figu e 6.10: Equi alen Dose E o map su ace a cooling 1 day.
Sou ce: O iginal
Wi h an a e age s a is ical e o o 19 % (15 % be ween 30 and 100 cm). The equi alen dose is
almos h ee imes less han he p e ious case bu i is s ill oo high o be di ec ly manipula ed
by a human.
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on 49
6.2.3 Equi alen Dose S a is ics
The equi alen dose s a is ics, so ed by Z posi ion, a he su ace o he lask a e in he ollowing
able 6.11.
Table 6.11: Equi alen Dose S a is ics in [mS /h].
Sou ce: O iginal
Cooling 0 Cooling 1 day Cooling 6.5 yea s
Z [cm] Min. A e age Max. Min. A e age Max. Min. A e age Max.
To al 572.40 2748.06 6289.20 97.27 980.04 2710.44 0.00 6.53 23.18
150 1536.48 1892.56 2384.64 187.38 463.44 679.68 0.00 2.40 7.72
140 966.60 1478.12 1829.16 415.80 577.08 703.08 0.00 2.06 7.97
130 978.12 1848.78 2465.64 548.64 844.38 1351.44 0.00 1.39 5.49
120 1397.16 2071.62 3271.68 643.32 837.14 1082.52 0.00 5.34 14.09
110 1361.88 2616.23 3331.80 592.92 977.87 1319.76 0.00 4.29 12.10
100 1889.64 2881.69 3327.84 652.68 1089.83 1412.28 0.00 5.62 20.59
90 2709.72 3843.72 4554.00 826.92 1397.23 1719.00 1.35 7.97 18.24
80 2880.36 4241.84 5886.00 1096.56 1596.92 2710.44 4.90 12.00 18.72
70 2886.48 4160.16 5295.60 788.40 1567.48 2217.60 1.68 12.05 21.09
60 2934.72 4533.80 6289.20 882.36 1598.65 2082.60 0.00 8.68 16.41
50 3145.32 3948.55 5284.80 899.64 1412.96 1911.24 4.36 10.31 23.18
40 2995.92 3438.22 5130.00 711.00 1230.70 2062.80 4.17 9.60 16.40
30 1536.48 2389.18 2829.96 491.40 776.74 1242.36 1.45 7.95 20.49
20 1376.28 1953.25 2772.72 329.72 611.96 828.00 3.97 7.16 10.32
10 572.40 1282.14 2210.40 114.23 354.87 512.64 0.00 4.44 14.75
01069.20 1389.10 1914.84 97.27 343.38 554.04 0.00 3.30 7.78
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
50 De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on 51
Chap e 7
Valida ion o he simula ion wi h
measu ed alues
Some measu es done a ound he a ge and lask, a e 6.5 yea s o cooling, ha e been p o ided
by ISIS Synch o on o alida e his model.
7.1 Flask Su ace Equi alen Dose
A eading was aken a he same poin on each o he ou aces o he lask using a de ec o
ype 41 and he ludlum 9-3. All eading in µS /h gamma.
Figu e 7.1: Equi alen Dose measu ed a he su ace o he lask in [µS /h].
Sou ce: ISIS Synch o on
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
52 De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on
The alues calcula ed by FLUKA ha a e a he su ace o he lask ha e been ex ac ed o
compa e i wi h he measu ed da a. The bins used a e a R= 50 cm wi h a olume o 1 cm
heigh by 1 cm wid h by 2 ◦. No e ha he coo dina es used a e sphe ical.
Figu e 7.2: Equi alen Dose map su ace in [mS /h] a cooling 6.5 yea s.
Sou ce: O iginal
Figu e 7.3: Equi alen Dose E o map su ace a cooling 6.5 yea s.
Sou ce: O iginal
The alues a e h ee o de s o magni ude di e en . I is caused because he e a e no enough
p ima y pa icles o ha e a good s a is ic ou side he lask. This e ec can be seen in:
• he igu e 7.3, whe e he s a is ical e o is oo high, he a e age is 76 %.
• he igu e 7.2, whe e alues a e going om 0 o 26,650 µS /h, con a y o he measu ed
alues ha a e e y homogeneous.
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on 53
7.2 Ta ge Equi alen Dose
The ollowing measu emen s we e aken on 2/11/2016 using a de ec o AMP 100. No e ha
he bo om o he a ge co esponds o Z= 29 cm and he op o Z= 101 cm in he model o
FLUKA.
Figu e 7.4: Equi alen Dose measu ed a he su ace and bo om o he a ge .
Sou ce: ISIS Synch o on
7.2.1 Ta ge Su ace Equi alen Dose
The alues calcula ed by FLUKA ha a e a he su ace o he a ge ha e been ex ac ed o
compa e i wi h he measu ed da a. The bins used a e a R= 15 cm wi h a olume o 1 cm
heigh by 1 cm wid h by 2 ◦. No e ha he coo dina es used a e sphe ical.
Figu e 7.5: Equi alen Dose map a he su ace o he a ge in [mS /h].
Sou ce: O iginal
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
54 De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on
Figu e 7.6: Equi alen Dose E o map a he su ace o he a ge .
Sou ce: O iginal
Wi h an a e age s a is ical e o o 38 %. The equi alen dose s a is ics a he su ace o he
a ge a e in he ollowing able 7.1. I is so ed by Z posi ion.
Table 7.1: Equi alen Dose S a is ics a he su ace o he a ge in [mS /h].
Sou ce: O iginal
Z [cm] Minimum A e age Maximum
To al 0.12 168.76 805.11
110 0.12 18.02 36.73
100 6.42 18.62 30.73
90 7.72 33.11 78.20
80 25.15 56.88 87.33
70 56.38 98.68 141.09
60 122.72 246.23 403.89
50 236.13 459.79 753.40
40 227.92 480.80 805.11
30 60.22 229.46 385.81
20 29.53 46.05 69.52
The calcula ed alues ha e he same o de o magni ude han he measu ed alue (513 mS /h).
Specially a Z= 50cm, whe e he measu e was aken, he alues a e almos he same.
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on 55
7.2.2 Ta ge Bo om Equi alen Dose
The ollowing igu es show he equi alen dose map a he bo om o he a ge and he associa ed
s a is ical e o .
Figu e 7.7: Equi alen Dose map a he bo om o he a ge in [pS /s].
Sou ce: O iginal
Figu e 7.8: Equi alen Dose E o map a he bo om o he a ge .
Sou ce: O iginal
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
56 De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on
The exac alues calcula ed by FLUKA ha a e a he bo om o he a ge ha e been ex ac ed
o compa e i wi h he measu ed da a. I has been done om adius = 0 o adius = 4 cm o
see how i dec ease as a i is measu ed om he poin whe e he beam impac s.
The bins used a e a Z= 28 cm wi h a olume o 1 cm heigh by 1 cm wid h by 2 ◦. No e ha
he coo dina es used a e sphe ical.
Figu e 7.9: Equi alen Dose map a he bo om o he a ge in [S /h].
Sou ce: O iginal
Figu e 7.10: Equi alen Dose E o map a he bo om o he a ge .
Sou ce: O iginal
The calcula ed alues a e almos equal o he measu ed alue (7.7 S /h), specially a R= 0,
whe e he measu e was aken.
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on 63
Annex C
Ex ended iso ope sou ce
An ex ended iso ope sou ce can be de ined o simula e he a ge i i is known he adioac i e
elemen s ha gene a e he dose and his ac i i y. Ne e heless, his me hod only allows o
simula e one iso ope each ime. Se e al simula ions can be launched in pa allel and a he end
ake in o accoun all he con ibu ions o he dose.
An example o inpu ca ds ha can be applied in his kind o simula ions a e he ollowing ones:
Figu e C.1: Beam inpu ca ds o an ex ended iso ope sou ce.
Sou ce: O iginal
Figu e C.2: Physics and anspo inpu ca ds o an ex ended iso ope sou ce.
Sou ce: O iginal
The RADDECAY ac i a es he adioac i e decays. In he case o an iso ope sou ce i mus be
se in Semi-Analogue mode, each adioac i e nucleus is ea ed like all o he uns able pa icles
(pu e Mon e Ca lo me hod: imes a e sampled andomly om he co esponden exponen ial
dis ibu ion, adia ion and daugh e s also andomly).
All seconda y pa icles/nuclei ca y ime s amp (”age”). This mode is called semi-analogue
because he adia ion spec a a e inclusi e (no co ela ion in he emi ed adia ion. i.e. no
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
64 De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on
co ela ed gamma cascade). In an e en -by-e en analysis a ull co ela ion is no gua an ee.
Figu e C.3: Sco ing inpu ca ds o an ex ended iso ope sou ce.
Sou ce: O iginal
The DCYSCORE habili a es he de ec o o sco e he pa icles o igina ed by adioac i e decays.
I mus be se in Semi-Analogue i he RADDECAY is se also in Semi-Analogue mode. The
uni s o he de ec o esul s a e [pS /decay (DOSE-EQ), cm−2/decay (FLUENCE)].
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on 65
Annex D
Lis o documen s
D.1 Tungs en a ge module
D.2 Con aine module
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
NOT FOR MANU
FACTUR
E
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
II
J
16
K
SI-5401-417_00 D
FINISH
?
REMOVE ALL BURRS
?
Ra
DRAWING CONFORMS TO BS 8888
TOLERANCING ISO 8015
PROJECTION
TOLERANCES UNLESS STATED
X
X.X
X.XX
± 0.5
± 0.3
± 0.1
ANGLE
± 0.2°
MATERIAL & SPEC.
SEE ITEMS LIST
DIMENSIONS IN mm UNLESS STATED
© STFC 2015
SURFACE TEXTURE UNLESS STATED
ISSUE DATE MOD. No. DRAWN BY CHKD BY APPD BY STATUS
03.09.2015 IN WORK
D
DWJB
MANUFACTURE ONLY
WHEN STATUS IS
ISSUED
SI-5401-417_00
D
SHEET
TITLE
USED ON
RUTHERFORD APPLETON LABORATORY
, HARWELL OXFORD, DIDCOT, OXFORDSHIRE, OX11 0QX
TUNGSTEN TARGET MODULE F/M
TARGET MODULE
? ? ? ?
1 OF 1
SI-5401-417_00 D
TS1
ISIS DESIGN DIVISION
A1
A1
A1
DO NOT SCALE
ISIS DRAWING TEMPLATE VERSION: 5
PRINTED ON 03.09.2015 AT 09:33
APPROXIMATE MASS 80.7 kg
A
ASECTION A-A
108.0
118.0
2
WATER
11.0
TUNGSTEN
15.0
TUNGSTEN
18.0
TUNGSTEN
21.0
TUNGSTEN
26.0
TUNGSTEN
34.00
TUNGSTEN
40.0
TUNGSTEN
46.0
TUNGSTEN
46.0
TUNGSTEN
22.0
TANTALUM
3.0
ST.STL
2
TANTALUM
19.0
TANTALUM
2
TANTALUM
2
WATER
80.0
O
11.00
TUNGSTEN 13.50
TUNGSTEN
12.00
TUNGSTEN
80.0
TUNGSTEN
L
M
I
J
K
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 221 234567 8 9 10 11 12
J
K
L
M
N
E
F
G
H
I
B
C
D
A
N
23
O
P
SHEET
TITLE
USED ON
RUTHERFORD APPLETON LABORATORY
, HARWELL OXFORD, DIDCOT, OXFORDSHIRE, OX11 0QX
TS1 TARGET FLASK PACKAGE
SI-7013-097
---- ---- ---- ----
2 OF 2
SI-7013-097 A
----
ISIS DESIGN DIVISION
FINISH
N/A
REMOVE ALL BURRS
CLEAN
Ra
DRAWING CONFORMS TO BS 8888
TOLERANCING ISO 8015
PROJECTION
TOLERANCES UNLESS STATED
X
X.X
X.XX
± 0.5
± 0.3
± 0.1
ANGLE
± 0.2°
MATERIAL & SPEC.
SEE ITEMS LIST
DIMENSIONS IN mm UNLESS STATED
© STFC 2015
SURFACE TEXTURE UNLESS STATED
ISSUE DATE MOD. No. DRAWN BY CHKD BY APPD BY STATUS
? IN WORK
A
DWJB
MANUFACTURE ONLY
WHEN STATUS IS
ISSUED
----
SI-7013-097 A
SI-7013-097
A
A0
A0
A0
DO NOT SCALE
NOT FOR MANUFACTURE
SECTION A-A
1:2
20
167
10
5
35
8
162
108
30
8
30
6
168
16
30
ALUMINIUM ALLOY
STEEL
STEEL
LEAD
STAINLESS STEEL
STAINLESS STEEL
LEAD
STEEL
STEEL
STAINLESS STEEL
LEAD
STEEL STEEL
LEAD
STAINLESS STEEL
42 AL.ALLOY
540
1005
605
2
66 De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
De e mina ion o he Equi alen Dose emi ed by an i adia ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on 67
Bibliog aphy
[1] Findlay, D. J. S. e al. (2017) Expe imen al e i ica ion o spalla ion in en o y calcula ions,
Applied Radia ion and Iso opes 125, (Ma ch), pp. 1-3. 25
[2] ISIS - ISIS Home Page. A ailable a : h p://www.isis.s c.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 14 Ap il 2017).
7,13,15
[3] Lallemen , J. and Dimo , V. (2015) LINACS, in. 7,16
[4] Koubychine, Y. (2014) Enginye ia accele ado s de pa icules T1.6, in, p. 6. 7,17
[5] The o icial FLUKA si e: FLUKA home. A ailable a : h p://www. luka.o g/ luka.php
(Accessed: 10 Ma ch 2017). 7,25
[6] Lomba di, A. (2005) Radio F equency Quad upole, (CAS). 15
[7] Eu opean Pa liamen (2014) Council Di ec i e 2013/59/Eu a om o 5 Decembe 2013 laying
down basic sa e y s anda ds o p o ec ion agains he dange s a ising om exposu e o
ionising adia ion, (Decembe 2013), pp. 1-73. 23
[8] NC S a e Uni e si y (Radia ion Sa e y Di ision), Radia ion Sa e y and ALARA, En i on-
men al Heal h. 23
[9] Fe a i, A. e al. (2005) FLUKA: a mul i-pa icle anspo code, (Oc obe 2005), pp. 1-402.
26
[10] Ashc o , D. F. (2012) The Radionuclide In en o y o ISIS Tan alum Ta ge Numbe 4.
Technical epo . 27,30
[11] FLUKA Beginne Cou se (2015), Induced Ac i i y. 30
[12] Noza , M. (2012) O e iew o ISAC Ta ge s. 30
[13] FLUKA Ad anced Cou se (2014) Radioac i i y. 30
[14] Ad anced Fluka Cou se (2014) Exe cise 7: Ac i a ion. 30,31
[15] Sabio, D. (2015) FLUKA simula ions o an ac i a ed a ge in ISIS Synch o on. Technical
epo . 32
Daniel Sabio Ruiz
